1. Uvod PSE . neorganska hemija

7/23/2019 1. Uvod PSE . neorganska hemija

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ZI]HBACH _H_QIF ILIFICGQG

H GQBF_EH ZG]GFIQ]H

Zrifg pripbruoh HYZGO-g(Hctircgthbcgl Ychbc b` Zuri gcaGpplhia Onifhstry), krupi pirhbacbk shstifg ilificgtg

si bzcggvgdu grgpsehf mrbdivhfg 7 ab 7>.

7 = ? 1 9 0 ; > 8 7: 77 7= 7? 71 79 70 7; 7>(ba 78>>.k.)

HG HHG HHHG HPG PG PHG PHHG PHHHG HM HHM HHHM HPM PM PHM PHHM PHHHM

(ba 78;:.k.)

Zblbgd ilifictg u pirhbacbf shstifu ai`hchsgc dicdikbvbf ilietrbcsebf ebc`hkurgohdbf.

Mrbd pirhbaidiacge di klgvcbf evgctcbf mrbdu, c,

icirkitseh cgdvhi ilietrbcsei ldusei ebdg fbi mhthadilhfhcb hlh pbtpucb pbpucdicg.


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Ilietrbcsei ebc`hkurgohdi ilietrbcsehn lduseh

Zirhbai

(c6 7) E-lduseg4 7s= (= ilifictg) =x7=

(c6 =) L-lduseg4 =s= =p0 (> ilificgtg) =x==

(c6 ?) F-lduseg4 ?s= ?p0 ?a7: (> ilificgtg) =x==

(c6 1) C-lduseg4 1s= 1p0 1a7: 1`71 (7> ilificgtg) =x?=

(c6 9) B-lduseg4 9s= 9p0 9a7: 9`71 (7> ilificgtg) =x?= (c6 0) Z-lduseg4 0s= 0p0 0a1 (?= ilifictg) =x1=

(c6 ;) W-lduseg4 ;s= (=8 ilificgtg,

ciabvricg)

ZrhfdirhN 7s7 Ni 7s=

Lh 7s==s7 Mi 7s==s= M 7s==s= =p7 O 7s==s= =p=

C 7s==s= =p? B 7s==s= =p1 @ 7s==s= =p9 Ci 7s==s= =p0


5/25

_nifg pbpucdgvgcdg brmhtglg u gtbfu

Brmhtgli bariicbk icirkitsebk chvbg hfgdu hstuicirkhdu- bci su aikicirhrgci.

Icirkitseh di cgdstgmhlchdg brmhtglg ebdbd di zmhrvrhdiacbsth evgctchn mrbdivg ch lcgdfgcdh

Ba avhdu brmhtglg stgmhlchdg di bcg sg chbf vrhdiacbsth(c+l), g geb avhdi brmhtgli hfgdu hstu vrhdiacbst (c+l),stgmhlchdg di bcg sg chbf vrhdiacbsth c

Tgtb di 1s brmhtglg (c+l 6 1+: 6 1), stgmhlchdg ba

1p brmhtgli (c+l6 1+7 6 9)

h ?a brmhtgli (c+l 6 ?+= 69)


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_nifg pbpucdgvgcdg brmhtglg u gtbfu


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ithrh mlbeg pirhbacbk shstifg pbahdildicbk cg bscbvubakbvgrgduhn brmhtglg ebdi si pbpucdgvgdu ilietrbchfg


8/25

Mrbd krupipirhbacbk shstifg ilificgtg zgvhsh ba mrbdg

vglictchn ilietrbcg u cs-brmhtglh h cp-, (c-7)a- h (c-=)`-

brmhtglgfg.

Hzuzioh su N h Ni, g tgebir h p-ilificth =. h ?. pirhbaieba ebdhn zmhr cs- h cp-ilietrbcg bakbvgrg arukbd oh`rh

grgpsebk mrbdg krupg.

Zrvg h arukg, egb h krupi 7? ab 7> cgzhvgdu si klgvci

krupipirhbacbk shstifg ilificgtg. mrbd h prhrbag vglictchn ilietrbcg td. cdhnbv rgspbria u

gtbfsehf brmhtglgfg, bariudu nifhdseb pbcggcdinifhdsehn ilificgtg.

u bevhru bariici krupi si cglgzi ilificth slhchnsvbdstgvg, g cdhnbvg fgeshfglcg beshagohdseg stgcdg

ci fbku mhth vig ba mrbdg vglictchn ilietrbcg.


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Fgeshfglch beshagohdseh mrbd u klgvchf krupgfgdiacge di mrbdu krupi (s-ilificth), bacbscb mrbdukrupi ufgcdicbf zg 7: (p-ilificth).

Eba prilgzchn ilificgtg (?-7= krupi), btprhlhei abpblbvhci chzg fgeshfglch beshagohdseh mrbd bakbvgrg

mrbdu krupi, g zgthf si sfgcdudi.

Y Z_I, fcbkg svbdstvg ilificgtg si fhdicdgdu cg

fgcdi-vhi prgvhlgc cghc, pbsfgtrgduh u prgvouslhdivg cgaiscb, bacbscb ucutgr diaci krupi

babzkb prifg abldi.

_vbdstvg bariicbkilifictg fcbkb zgvhsi ba tbkg

u ebdbd si pirhbah cglgzh, cg ebf fdistu u pirhbah, gci sgfb ag lh si rgah b s-, p-, a- hlh `-ilifictu. Prlb di

vgcbag lh si ilifict cglgzh cg pbiteuhlh cg ergdupirhbai, cipbsriacb hzg a- hlh `-ilifictg h ar.


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Bariicg egrgetirhsthcg svbdstvg gtbfg (vilhhcg hicirkhdi pbtrimci zg btputgcdi, bacbscb prhfgcdiilietrbcg), pirhbahcb si fhdicdgdu u `uceohdh gtbfsebk

mrbdg ilifictg u Z_I. gtbfseg svbdstvg su zcggdcg zg ai`hchsgcdi svbdstgvg

nifhdsehn ilificgtg. Zbzcgvgcdi bvhn vgrhdgohdg

bfbkuudi priavhgcdi slhchn nifhdsehn pbcggcdg

ilificgtg miz uvhag u tgmilgrci pbagtei zg svgehilifict.

Cgdzcggdchdh pirhbahch, gtbfseh pgrgfitrh ilificgtgebdh si fhdicdgdu sg prbfdicbf gtbfsei strueturi su4

ahficzhdi gtbfg, i`iethvch cgmbd dizkrg, vilhhcg dbcg,icirkhdg dbchzgohdi h ilierbcseh g`hchtit gtbfg egb h

fitglcb - cifitglcg svbdstvg, tglhtgh vrilhtgilificgtg.


11/25

AHFICTHDI GQBFG

_vh thpbvh rgahdusg gtbfg su iespirhfictglci

vilhhci h zgvhsi ba uslbvg barihvgcdg, pg si ulhtirgturh fbku cgh rgzlhhti vrhdiacbsth, ci viiba cieblheb prboicgtg.

Zbkbacb di ebfpgrhrgth vrhdiacbsth zg gtbfseirgahdusi hzfdirici uz haicthciiespirhfictglciuvditi, egb cpr. ebvglictci rgahdusi.

Ebvglictch rgahdus di diacge pblbvhch rgstbdgcdghzfiu avg hstbvrscg gtbfg ebdh u pbvizgchebvglictcbf vizbf.

Ebvglictch rgahdush gtbfg cifitglg su diacgehcdhnbvhf gtbfsehf rgahdushfg, abe su ebvglictchrgahdush gtbfg fitglg zg beb 7:% fgcdh bacdhnbvhn gtbfsehn rgahdusg.


12/25

Z]BFDICG EBPGLICQCHN

]GAHDY_G ILIFICGQG

Fgeshfufhcg erhvgfg bakbvgrgdu ilificthfg 7. krupi, geglhdsehf fitglhfg,

g fhchfufhu =., ?., h 1. pirhbah ilificthfg 7;. k. krupi, nglbkichf ilificthfg.

_lheg 7.4 Zrhegz prbfdici ebvglictchn rgahdusg u `uceohdh gtbfsebk

mrbdg ilificgtg u pirhbacbf shstifu

=9:

Gtbfseh mrbd

pf


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Ebvglictch rgahdush bpgagdusg pbrgstbf gtbfsebk

mrbdg ucutgr pbdiahchn

pirhbag, g rgstu sg

pbrgstbf gtbfsebk mrbdg

ucutgr bariici krupi.


14/25

Icirkhdg dbchzgohdi

Icirkhdg dbchzgohdi - icirkhdg ebdg di pbtrimcg ag si bastrgch diagcilietrbc hz hzblhrgcbk gtbfg hlh dbcg ebdh di u kgsbvhtbf stgcdu4

Cg(k)Cg+

(k)+i

Btputgcdi ilietrbcgdi icabtirfgc prbois, dir di pbtrimcb utrbhth

icirkhdu ag si bastrgch ilietrbc ebdh di hcgi pba adilbvgcdif prhvlgchnshlg dizkrg.

Zbtb svh gtbfh bshf N hfgdu vih mrbd ilietrbcg, ai`hchrgcb di vhivrhdiacbsth icirkhdg dbchzgohdi. Zrvg icirkhdg dbchzgohdihfg uvhdie cgdchivrhdiacbsth. _lhdiaiiicirkhdi dbchzgohdi hfgdu vhivrhdiacbsth, dir isthog

sg ebdi si bastrgcdudi ilietrbc pbstgdi svi vhipbzhthvcb cgmhdicg. Zrvg icirkhdg dbchzgohdi priastgvldg icirkhdu pbtrimcu zg uelgcdgcdi

prvbk ilietrbcg hz ciutrglcbk gtbfg, g arukg di icirkhdg pbtrimcg ag si

btohdiph ilietrbc sg diacbstrueb pbzhthvcb cgmhdicbk dbcg hta.


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Zrbfdicg prvi icirkhdi dbchzgohdi

erbz pirhbai h ucutgr krupg u pirhbacbf shstifu


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Ilietrbcseh g`hchtit Ilietrbcseh g`hchtit di icirkhdg ebdg si bslbmgg hlh gpsbrmudi egag gtbf hlh

dbc u kgsbvhtbf stgcdu prhfg ilietrbc, cpr.

Ol(k)+ iOl-(k) IG6 - ?,07 iP fbl-7

Bacbsh si cg hzblhrgci gtbfi, h bmhcb di ikzbtirfcbk egrgetirg.Ikzbtirfcbst bvbk prboisg di pbsldiahog sfditgcdgprhfldicbk ilietrbcg uberuicdi u ebdif bc mhvg prhvuic ba strgci dizkrg, abe u suprbtcbfprboisu btputgcdg ilietrbcg di pbtrimcb ulbhth bariicu icirkhdu tb

uslbvgldgvg icabtirfcbst prboisg. u slugdivhfgprhfgcdg vhiba diacbk ilietrbcg icirkitseh bacbsh pbstgdu

arukghdh. Cpr. cgstgdgcdi B=-dbcg pbargzufhdivg prhfgcdi avg ilietrbcg.Zrvh ilietrbc ulgzh u ciutrglgc gtbf, abe arukh ilietrbc ulgzh u vidiacbstrueb cikgthvcb cgmhdic dbc. Ag mh si sgvlgagli bambdci shli ebdi prhtbfi cgstgdu, pbtrimcb di ulbhth rga, td. prbois pbstgdi icabtirfgc, pg diilietrbcseh g`hchtit arukbk ilietrbcg bmhcbicabtirfcg vilhhcg.

eba ikzbtirfcbk ilietrbcsebk g`hchtitg, priazcge di fhcus (-),

eba icabtirfcbk ilietrbcsebk g`hchtitg, priazcge di plus (+).

Ycutgr diaci pirhbai rgsti gpsblutcg vrhdiacbst ilietrbcsebk g`hchtitg slhdivgcg aiscb, g ucutgr diaci krupi uklgvcbf babzab prifg kbri.


18/25

Ilietrbcseh g`hchtith u iP(7iP 6 7,0:=:? x 7:78D)

N -:,;9 O -7,=0 @ -?,?8 Er +7,:

Lh -:,07 B +i -7,10 Ol -?,07 ^i +:,>

Cg -:,91 B. +i +>,;9 Mr -?,?0

E -:,9: _ +i -=,:; H -?,:9

]m -:,1> _. +i +9,97


19/25

Ilietrbcikgthvcbst


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Zrifg L. Zgulhcku, ilietrbcikgthvcbst di fdirgspbsbmcbsth diacbk gtbfg ag u diacbstgvcbf

ebvglictcbf spbdu prhvui simh ilietrbcizgdiachebkilietrbcsebk pgrg

ucutgr diaci pirhbai rgstiilietrbcikgthvcbst slhdivgcgaiscb, g ucutgr krupi cgdii bpgagbabzkb

prifg abldi. ]gzlheg ilietrbcikgthvcbsth hzfiuavg pgrtcirg ebdh

krgai vizu di fdirg pblgrcbsth (dbcsebk egrgetirg)vizi. tb di tg rgzlheg vig, tb di hzrgichdh dbcseh

egrgetir vizi.N-Ol, Ao 6 :,8, (=:% dbcseh egrgetir),

CgOl, Ao 6 =,7, (thphcgsb).


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Fitglch h cifitglch egrgetir ilificgtg

Cgdbphdg pbadilg ilificgtg u Z_I di cg fitgli h cifitgli.

_g pbvigcdifriacbk mrbdg u pirhbagfg bpgag fitglch egrgetir, gu krupgfg rgsti fitglch egrgetir ilificgtg.

oizhd (abcdh lhdivh ukgb u pirhbacbf shstifu)- cgdhzrghthdh fitgl,

`lubr(kbrcdh aisch ukgb u pirhbacbf shstifu)- cgdhzrgzhthdh cifitgl ahdgkbcglcg krgchogahdilh fitgli ba cifitglg4

prblgzh hzfiu M h Gl (7?. krupg),

_h h Ki (71. krupg),

Gs h _m (79. krupg)

Qi h Zb (70. krupg).

Cieh ba ilificgtg uz sgfu krgchou, _h, Ki, Gs, _m, Qi, geh _ihfgdu hfitglci h cifitglci bsbmhci, td. priastgvldgdu sifhfitgli.


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Zrbfdicg fitglcb-cifitglcbk egrgetirg

ilificgtg u pirhbacbf shstifu


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Qglhtg(t. tbpldicdg)hvrilhtg(t. eldugcdg)

Nifhdseh ilificth u cbrfglchf uslbvhfg ikzhsthrgdu usvhf gkrikgtchf stgcdhfg, glh su cgdvhizgstupldici vrstiilifictgrci supstgcoi ebdi si balheudu kibfitrhdsehprgvhlcbf rgspbadilbf gtbfg u prbstbru (erhstglcgriiteg).

Bscbvci strueturci diahcei ilifictgrchn tvgrh u vrstbfstgcdu fbku mhth gtbfh, fblieuli h fitglch dbch, tbbariudiklgvci thpbvi erhstglchn riiteh,g tb su4 gtbfseiriitei,fblieulgrcih fitglciriitei.

Qglhtg h vrilhtg ilifictgrchn supstgcoh, egb h bstglhnsupstgcoh su bariich dghcbf vizg hzfiu pbdiahchn

strueturchn diahceh u erhstglcbd riiteh. Ebfpbcicti gtbfsehn riitehsu gtbfh ebdh su fiusbmcb

pbvizgch ebvglictcbf vizbf. Gtbfh pbvizgchebvglictchf vizgfg cgdii priastgvldgdufgerbfblieulgrci gkrikgti, u ebdhfg su vizi vrlb dgei, pg

bvgevi supstgcoi hfgdu vhsbeg tglhtg h vrilhtg. (cpr. O uah gfgctu)


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Fblieulgrci riiteisu krgiciba fblieulg (H=, _>, Z1)prh ifuhzfiufblieulg adiludu Pgc air [gglsbvishli.Bvh ilificth si balheudu chsehf tglhtifh vrilhtif.

Fitglcg riiteg di krgicg ba fitglchn egtdbcg h

ilietrbcsebkplhcg. Qglhtg h vrilhtgfitglg si cglgzi urilgthvcb hrbebf rgspbcu. Qglhtg u 7. h =. kruphilificgtg bpgagdu ba Lh prifg Os h ba Mi prifg Mg5zifcbgleglhdseh fitglh hfgdu zcgtcb vhg tglhtg bagleglhdsehn fitglg.

Bpgagcdi tglhtgaukrupiZ_ bmdgcdgvgsi slgmldicdiffitglci vizi sg pbrgstbf ahficzhdg gtbfg, pbtb sipbvigvg rgstbdgcdi hzfiu vgcdsehn ilietrbcg h dizkrggtbfg fitglg, zmbk ikg si sfgcdudi prhvlgcbadilbvgcdi dizkrg cg ilietrbci.

Phg tglhtg zifcbgleglhdsehn fitglg u bacbsu cggleglhdsei bmdgcdgvg si dghf ilietrbstgthehfprhvlgicdifF=+-dbcg h ilietrbcg ilietrbcsebk plhcg.

Eba prilgzchn ilificgtg u stvgrgcdu fitglci viziuistvuduh a-ilietrbch h bpichtbtglhtgh vrilhtgprilgzchnfitglg rgstu sg pbrgstbf mrbdg cispgrichn ilietrbcg

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1. Uvod PSE . neorganska hemija