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January 10 1 1.02 Elements, Symbols and the Periodic Table 1.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table Dr. Fred O. Garces Chemistry 111 Miramar College

1.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table

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Page 1: 1.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table

January 10 1 1.02 Elements, Symbols and the Periodic Table

1.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table

Dr. Fred O. Garces

Chemistry 111 Miramar College

Page 2: 1.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table

January 10 2 1.02 Elements, Symbols and the Periodic Table

The Elements: Building block of Matter The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the chemical elements, first devised in 1869 by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev. Mendeleev intended the table to illustrate recurring ("periodic")

trends in the properties of the elements. The layout of the table has been refined and extended over time, as many new elements have been discovered, and new theoretical models have been developed to explain chemical behavior.

Groups

A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the elements. Groups are considered the most important way of classifying the elements. In some groups, the elements have very similar properties and exhibit

a clear trend in properties down the group — these groups tend to be given trivial (non-scientific) names, e.g. the alkali

metals, halogens and noble gases. Some other groups in the periodic table display fewer similarities and/or vertical trends (for example Groups 14 and 15). Modern quantum mechanical theories of atomic structure explain that elements

within the same group have the same electron configurations in their valence shell, which is the largest factor in accounting for their similar chemical properties.

Periods

A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table of the elements. Although groups are the most common way of classifying elements, there are some regions of the period table where the horizontal trends and similarities in

properties are more significant than vertical group trends. This can be true in the d-block (or "transition metals"), and

especially for the f-block, where the lanthanoids and actinoids form two substantial horizontal series of elements.

Page 3: 1.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table

January 10 3 1.02 Elements, Symbols and the Periodic Table

Elemental Symbols Chemical Elements: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element

A chemical element, or element for short, is a type of atom that is defined by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its nucleus. The term is also used to refer to a pure chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons. Common examples of elements are hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon. In total, 118 elements have been observed as of 2010, of which 98 occur naturally on Earth. Elements with atomic numbers greater than 82 (i.e., bismuth and those above), are inherently unstable and undergo radioactive decay. In addition, elements 43 and 61 (technetium and promethium) have no stable isotopes, and also decay. The decay is so long however it has yet to be determined experimentally. However, even the elements up to atomic number 94 with no stable nuclei are nevertheless found in nature, as a result of the natural decay processes of uranium and thorium.

More expensive than gold

Three forms

Tarnish silver Tarnish silver

Main source from meteor

Page 4: 1.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table

January 10 4 1.02 Elements, Symbols and the Periodic Table

Dmitri Mendeleev (1869) In 1869 Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer (Germany) published nearly identical classification schemes for elements known to date. The periodic table is base on the similarity of properties and reactivities exhibited by certain elements. Later, Henri Moseley ( England,1887-1915) established that each elements has a unique atomic number, which is how the current periodic table is organized.

http://www.chem.msu.su/eng/misc/mendeleev/welcome.html

Page 5: 1.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table

January 10 5 1.02 Elements, Symbols and the Periodic Table

Periodic Table: Before Dmitri Mendeleev

http://elementsunearthed.com/2010/03/09/periodic-table-history-videos-are-done/

Page 6: 1.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table

January 10 6 1.02 Elements, Symbols and the Periodic Table

The Periodic Table

A map of the building block of matter. 1IA

18VIIIA

11

H1.00797

2IIA Periodic Table 13

IIIA14IVA

15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2He4.0026

23

Li6.939

4Be9.0122

5B10.811

6C

12.0112

7N

14.0067

8O

15.9994

9F

18.9984

10Ne20.179

311

Na22.9898

12Mg24.305

3IIIB

4IVB

5VB

6VIB

7VIIB

8 9VIIIB

10 11IB

12IIB

13Al26.9815

14Si28.086

15P

30.9738

16S32.064

17Cl35.453

18Ar39.948

419K39.102

20Ca40.08

21Sc44.956

22Ti47.90

23V50.942

24Cr51.996

25Mn54.9380

26Fe55.847

27Co58.9332

28Ni58.71

29Cu63.54

30Zn65.37

31Ga65.37

32Ge72.59

33As74.9216

34Se78.96

35Br79.909

36Kr83.80

537

Rb85.47

38Sr87.62

39Y88.905

40Zr91.22

41Nb92.906

42Mo95.94

43Tc[99]

44Ru101.07

45Rh102.905

46Pd106.4

47Ag107.870

48Cd112.40

49In114.82

50Sn118.69

51Sb121.75

52Te127.60

53I

126.904

54Xe131.30

655

Cs132.905

56Ba137.34

57La138.91

72Hf178.49

73Ta180.948

74W183.85

75Re186.2

76Os190.2

77Ir192.2

78Pt195.09

79Au196.967

80Hg200.59

81Tl204.37

82Pb207.19

83Bi208.980

84Po[210]

85At[210]

86Rn[222]

787Fr[223]

88Ra[226]

89Ac[227]

104Ku[260]

105 106 107 108 109http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html

Tour of the Periodic Table: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fLSfgNxoVGk

Page 7: 1.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table

January 10 7 1.02 Elements, Symbols and the Periodic Table

Living Periodic Table Periodic Videos: Element Project: http:/www.periodicvideos.com/

Page 8: 1.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table

January 10 8 1.02 Elements, Symbols and the Periodic Table

Periodic Table: Metallic arrangement

Layout of the Periodic Table: Metals vs. nonmetals

1IA

18VIIIA

1 2IIA

13IIIA

14IVA

15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2

3 3IIIB

4IVB

5VB

6VIB

7VIIB

8 9VIIIB

10 11IB

12IIB

4

5

6

7

Metals

Nonmetals

Page 9: 1.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table

January 10 9 1.02 Elements, Symbols and the Periodic Table

Periodic Table: The three broad Classes Main, Transition, Rare Earth

Atomic number

Atomic mass

Element symbol

Main (Representative) and Transition metals

Page 10: 1.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table

January 10 10 1.02 Elements, Symbols and the Periodic Table

Reading the Periodic Table: Classification Nonmetals, Metals, Metalloids, Noble gases

Page 11: 1.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table

January 10 11 1.02 Elements, Symbols and the Periodic Table

Across the Periodic Table Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the

periodic table (rows 1-7) These elements have the same number of valence shells.

1IA

18VIIIA

1 2IIA

13IIIA

14IVA

15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2

3 3IIIB

4IVB

5VB

6VIB

7VIIB

8 9VIIIB

10 11IB

12IIB

4

5

6

7

2nd Period

6th Period

Page 12: 1.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table

January 10 12 1.02 Elements, Symbols and the Periodic Table

Down the Periodic Table Family: Are arranged vertically down the periodic table

(columns or group, 1- 18 or 1-8 A,B) These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most shells, the valence shell.

1IA

18VIIIA

1 2IIA

13IIIA

14IVA

15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2

3 3IIIB

4IVB

5VB

6VIB

7VIIB

8 9VIIIB

10 11IB

12IIB

4

5

6

7

Alkali Family: 1 e- in the valence shell

Halogen Family: 7 e- in the valence shell

Page 13: 1.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table

January 10 13 1.02 Elements, Symbols and the Periodic Table

Infamous Families of the Periodic Table

Notable families of the Periodic Table and some important members:

1IA

18VIIIA

1 2IIA

13IIIA

14IVA

15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2

3 3IIIB

4IVB

5VB

6VIB

7VIIB

8 9VIIIB

10 11IB

12IIB

4

5

6

7

Alkali Alkaline (earth)

Transition Metals

Noble Gas Halogen

Chalcogens

Page 14: 1.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table

January 10 14 1.02 Elements, Symbols and the Periodic Table

1IA

18VIIIA

1 2IIA

13IIIA

14IVA

15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2

3 3IIIB

4IVB

5VB

6VIB

7VIIB

8 9VIIIB

10 11IB

12IIB

4

5

6

7

Important members - the Elements

Individual members of selected Elements & their characteristics

H He

Li

Na

K Ca

Mg

Fe

I

Cl

F

P S Si

O N C

Al

Zn Cu Br Co

http://www.aomega.com/minerals/minerals.htm

Mn

B

Cr

Page 15: 1.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table

January 10 15 1.02 Elements, Symbols and the Periodic Table

Periodic Table: electron behavior The periodic table can be classified by the behavior of their electrons

1IA

18VIIIA

1 2IIA

13IIIA

14IVA

15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2

3 3IIIB

4IVB

5VB

6VIB

7VIIB

8 9VIIIB

10 11IB

12IIB

4

5

6

7

W e s t ( S o u t h ) M i d - p l a i n s E a s t ( N o r t h ) M E T A L S

A l k a l i A l k a l i n e

T r a n s i t i o n

M E T A L L O I D N O N - M E T A L S N o b l e g a s H a l o g e n s C a l c o g e n s

T h e s e e l e m e n t s t e n d t o g i v e u p

e - a n d f o r m C A T I O N S

T h e s e e l e m e n t s w i l l g i v e u p e - o r

a c c e p t e -

T h e s e e l e m e n t s t e n d t o a c c e p t e - a n d f o r m A N I O N S

Page 16: 1.02 Elements, Symbols and Periodic Table

January 10 16 1.02 Elements, Symbols and the Periodic Table

Periodic Table Expanded View The way the periodic table is usually presented is a compressed view, placing the Lanthanides and Actinides at the bottom of the stable.

The Periodic Table can be arrange by subshells. The s-block is Group IA and & IIA, the p-block is Group IIIA - VIIIA. The d-block is the transition metals, and the f-block are the Lanthanides and Actinide metals