1.4 THE CARIBBEAN & LATIN AMERICA: REVOLUTION AND

INDEPENDENCEIB HOA

The Haitian Revolution (pages 35-37)

Spanish- American Wars of Independence (pages 38-45)

Brazil’s Path to Independence (Pages 46-47)

THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION , 1791-1804

THE ISLAND OF HISPANIOLA IN THE CARIBBEAN

• The east side of the island was colonized by the Spanish – “Santo Domingo” (Dominican Republic)

• The west side of the island was colonized by the French – “ Saint Domingue” (Haiti)

• Today, the island is divided into two countries; Haiti & the Dominican Republic

THE FRENCH COLONY OF SAINT DOMINGUE ( HAITI)

• French established a plantation economy in the 1600’s

• Cash Crop: Sugar

• Relied on slave labor

• 2/5th’s of the world’s sugar was produced in Sainte Domingue

• Profitable French colony

DEMOGRAPHICS IN THE COLONY OF SAINT DOMINGUE

• 1. Whites Dominant Group – 40,000

• Divided by class but equal in privileges

• Grand blancs – wealthy whites

• Petit blancs- middle & lower class whites

• 2. Free Gens de Coleur (Non-Whites) – 30,000

• Socially diverse

• Felt discriminated against

• 3. African Slaves - 500,000 !!

• Ethnically diverse

• The majority of the population

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ITS IMPACT ON HAITI

• French Revolution began in 1789

• The Free Gens de Coleur saw this as the perfect opportunity to rebel against whites.

• They sought:

• Equal rights

• The National Assembly in France granted them political rights in 1790

THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION BEGINS, 1791

• The whites in Haiti refused to grant the free gens de coleur their rights.

• 1791 members of the gens de coleur organized a rebellion

• By August of 1791, slaves revolted and attacked white plantations and their owners

THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION; FRANCE’S RESPONSE

• Despite their own revolution at home, French sent 6,000 troops to Haiti in 1792

• Fighting intensified

• In desperation, France abolished slavery in Haiti in 1793

• France attempted to restore power & control

TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE’S BATTLES

• Former slave, led successful revolt of slaves in Haiti

• Self -educated

• Inspired by enlightenment ideas

• Organized his people against the French troops

• Defeated the French

TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE’S BATTLES

• The British took advantage of the situation and invaded Haiti in 1793

• Toussaint L’Ouverture led his men in a fight against the British from 1793-1798

• The British gave fighting over control up in exchange for trading privileges

TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE’S BATTLES

• Once both the French and the British were defeated, civil war erupted between the former slaves ( Led by L’ouverture) and the free Gens de Coleur

• L’ouverture defeated the free people of color in 1800

TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE’S BATTLES

• In 1801 Toussaint conquered the eastern half of the island, the Spanish side.

• A constitution was adopted in 1801 uniting both sides of the island

WHY WAS THIS SLAVE REVOLT SUCCESSFUL?

• 1. France was pre-occupied with revolution

• 2. Slaves outnumbered French and free people of color

• 3. Toussaint Louverture’s leadership skills

NAPOLEON DECIDED HE DIDN’T WANT TO LOSE SAINT DOMINGUE (HAITI)

• Napoleon invited Toussaint L’ouverture to a negotiation meeting in 1802

• If you were L’ouverture, would you attend?

TOUSSAINT WAS BETRAYED BY NAPOLEON!

• Napoleon ordered L’ouverture’s capture

• L’ouverture was kidnapped, sent to France in chains, and imprisoned

• Toussaint L’ouverture died in France in his cell.

NAPOLEON THEN DECIDED HE DIDN’T NEED HAITI

• 1804 Haiti officially gained its independence and was proclaimed a Republic

• Haiti : the 2nd independent republic in New World…

• The most successful slave revolt in world history

• A threat to the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas

“BLACK IN LATIN AMERICA: HAITI AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC- THE ROOTS OF

DIVISION”• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6RlG4b3LV9o

• In groups of 2 or 3, please discuss the following questions

• Please respond (individually) to one of the following questions after group discussion.

• 1. Based on the video that you saw in class Haiti and the Dominican Republic, an Island Divided, why do you think that most Dominicans consider Spain as the "mother land" and Haitians consider Africa as their "mother land"? 2. Do you think that the Dominican Republic is acting appropriately by deporting thousands of Haitian immigrants back to Haiti, even if they have been working and raising a family in the DR for many years?3. Do you think that Haiti and the Dominican Republic are more alike or different? Explain your answer.

SPANISH -AMERICAN WARS OF INDEPENDENCE

Pages 38-45)

“NEW SPAIN”

SPANISH –AMERICAN WARS OF INDEPENDENCE

• The Spanish colonies did not unite in order to fight for independence ( as opposed to the British colonies)

• Why rebel against SPAIN?

• 1. Desire for social equality

• 2. Desire for political independence

THE WARS OF INDEPENDENCE IN THE SPANISH COLONIES VARIED

• Each region had its own leaders

• Each region had its own agendas/ goals

• Were encouraged and inspired by:

• 1. The ideas of the Enlightenment

• 2. The Revolutions in the U.S. and France

Were afraid of what happened in Haiti

COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA: DEMOGRAPHICS BY THE EARLY 1800’S

• 30,000 Peninsulares (born in Spain)

• 3.5 million Criollos of Spanish descent born in New World

• 10 million African slaves, Native Americans, mixed ancestry

WHAT CAUSED DISCONTENT?SOCIAL INEQUALITY

• 1. Peninsulares – born in Spain

• owned land, had rights, held powerful positions in government and church

• 2. Criollos (Creoles) – born in the Americas/ European parents

• resented their second class status, wanted political power

WHAT CAUSED DISCONTENT?SOCIAL INEQUALITY

• 3. Mestizos/Mulatos – mixed ancestry,

• were denied status, wealth, rights, & power available to whites

• 4. African Slaves – no rights, longed for freedom

• 5. Native Americans- no rights, suffered economic misery

NAPOLEON INVADED SPAIN IN 1807

• And overthrew the Spanish King

• NAPOLEON named his brother Joseph Bonaparte ruler of Spain

• As a result, Spanish authority was weakened in the American colonies

• Argument: without a “true” Spanish King, the people were sovereign ( in power)

MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE

*** 1810-1821***

FATHER MIGUEL HIDALGO

• “Father of Mexican Independence”

• Parish Priest: Dolores, Guanajuato

• Inspired by Enlightenment

• Fought Against:

• 1. injustice & social inequality

• 2. Political Oppression of Spain

• 3. Poverty , hunger,

SECRET SOCIETY- “ACADEMIA LITERARIA” (LITERARY ACADEMY)

• Father Miguel Hidalgo belonged to secret society

• Goal was to plan a rebellion against Spain

BETRAYAL!!

• A Secret society member was really a spy!

• Informed the Spanish of the planned conspiracy…

• AND gave names of those involved!

DONA JOSEFA ORTIZ DE DOMINGUEZ

• Wife of a Spanish government official

• Went to church, and during communion whispered to Father Miguel Hidalgo…

• “ Ellos saben” - “They know! “

SEPT. 16, 1810- EL GRITO DE DOLORES (THE CRY OF DOLORES)

• Father Miguel Hidalgo’s Call for Independence from Spain

• In Dolores, Guanajuato Mexico

• His speech appealed to Creoles, Native- Americasn, Mestizos, free blacks and mulattos

• Encouraged all to fight for independence & rights

OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE

• Becomes a symbol of the Mexican masses during the fight for Independence

• Symbolizes unity and an emerging “Mexican” Identity

1811 FATHER MIGUEL HIDALGO IS CAPTURED BY SPANISH

• Charged with treason and Sentenced to death

• Father Jose Maria Morelos led movement 1811-1815

• After Hidalgo’s death

FATHER JOSE MARIA MORELOS

• Was a Mestizo

• Wrote the Constitutional Decree for Liberty of Mexico in 1814

• Mexico’s Declaration of Independence included the abolition of slavery

• Morelos was executed by the Spanish in 1815

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cT60g-GlnLs

• 1

RANDOM JOSE MARIA MORELOS STATUE IN LINCOLN HEIGHTS

MEXICO GAINS INDEPENDENCE FORM SPAIN 1821

• Agustin Iturbide

• With support from: Mestizos, Criollos, Native Americans, Africans

• Overthrew the Spanish

• The Three Guarantees: (Plan de Ayala)

• 1. Mexican Independence

• 2. Protection of Catholic Faith

• 3. Equality

THE CREATION OF CENTRAL AMERICAN COUNTRIES

• Local leaders set up the United Provinces of Central America

• The Union soon fragmented in separate republics:

• Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica

• (Panama & Belize will gain Independence in the 20th century)

INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS IN SOUTH AMERICA

SIMON BOLIVAR

• Military & Political Leader

• Born in Venezuela

• Creole from wealthy background

• Educated in Europe

• Inspired by the Enlightenment

• Saw the U.S. as perfect example of constitutional democracy

SIMON BOLIVAR YOUNG LOVE…

• When

• Simón José Antonio de la

Santísma Trinidad Bolívar y

Palacios

• Met…

• MARIA TERESA RODRIGUEZ DEL

TORO Y ALAYSA!

SIMON BOLIVAR YOUNG LOVE…

• Married in 1802, she died a year later

• Simon Bolivar returned to Europe immersed himself in intellectual and political learning

• Found a new purpose in his life…

• Leading the Independence movement against Spain

BOLIVAR LED REVOLT IN VENEZUELA

• “Creole” Revolution originally did not include non-whites

• Bolivar welcomed all races into his army setting example of unity

• Freed his own slaves

• Inspired all races and classes to fight for independence from Spain

BOLIVAR’S STRATEGY FOR SUCCESS

• 1. Foreign Legion Volunteers:

• British volunteer soldiers who fought in Bolivar’s army

• “the saviors of my country!” – S.B.

• 2. Haitian Presisdent Alexandre Petion

• Provided money, volunteers, weapons

• Condition: That Bolivar liberate slaves

BY 1824 BOLIVAR ESTABLISHED INDEPENDENCE IN:

• A Region called “Gran Colombia” Became President of Region

• Could not change race and class systems

• Renounced Presidency in1830

• modern day : Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Panama established, 1830

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HFiSUjEzVs

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZjMJHMCfSmc

SIMON BOLIVAR, “EL LIBERTADOR” /”THE LIBERATOR”

BOLIVIA IS NAMED AFTER SIMON BOLIVAR

SAY WHAT, SIMON???

JOSE DE SAN MARTIN

• Born in Argentina, Creole

• Educated in Spain

• Led revolutions against Spanish rule in:

• Argentina

• Peru

• Chile

JOSE DE SAN MARTIN

• Felt that liberation of the Americas depended on the expulsion of the Spanish from the continent

• Crossed the Andes mountains with 3,000 troops in 1817 – “Army of the Andes”

• Joined with Bernardo O’Higgin’s army and defeated the Spanish in Chile

• Battle of Chacabuco, 1817

BERNARDO O’HIGGINS

• Joined with Jose de San Martin’s army and defeated the Spanish in Chile

• Was named Supreme Dictator of Chile (after San Martin declined)

• Instituted economic, social, political reforms

• Creoles threatened to overthrow him

• Resigned in 1823 and went to Peru

THE LIBERTADORES… LIKE ONE DIRECTION, BUT MORE REVOLUTIONARY!

INDEPENDENCE IN BRAZIL

INDEPENDENCE IN BRAZIL

• Portuguese colony

• Prince Escaped to the colony of Brazil When Napoleon invaded Portugal in 1808

• Prince Joao made Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) the capital of the Portuguese empire

• Banks, universities, were established in Brazil

• Became King of Portugal and Brazil 1815

INDEPENDENCE IN BRAZIL

• King Joao VI returned to Portugal in 1821

• Left his son, Dom Pedro as regent (ruler) of Brazil

• People in Brazil Wanted Independence

• What should Prince Dom Pedro do?

KING JOAO’S ADVICE TO HIS SON:

•“if Brazil demands Independence, proclaim it

yourself and put the crown on your head!”

INDEPENDENCE IN BRAZIL – DAMAGE CONTROL

• Dom Pedro declared Brazil Independent in 1822 and then

• Crowned himself emperor

• 1. Constitution in 1824-1889 included bicameral legislature:

• Lower house elected by male vote

• Upper house selected by emperor and served life terms

• 2. Catholicism adopted as official religion

Dom Pedro :

"By my blood, by my honor, and by God: I will make Brazil free."

THE AFTERMATH: FOREIGN RELATIONS IN THE AMERICAS, 1810-1823

***

THE U.S. RESPONDS TO LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS

• 1. Remained officially “neutral”

• 2. but advised revolutionaries and traded with them

• 3. Three Reasons U.S. Supported independence movements:

• Expansionist aims

• Trade with provinces

• Ideological sympathies

THE MONROE DOCTRINE, 1823

• U.S. Foreign policy

• U.S. would intervene if European powers interfered with newly formed Latin American nations

• “The American continents … are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.”

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS OF THE REVOLUTIONS ON THE AMERICAS

• 1. U.S.

• France replaced Britain as main trade partner’

• Trade with Spanish America escalated

• Industrialization

• 100,000 British loyalists moved to Canada

• Slavery continued

• Territorial Expansion between 1800-1848

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS OF THE REVOLUTIONS ON THE AMERICAS

• 2. Latin America (economics)

• Impact varied form place to place

• Few incentives to develop industry, produce and export goods

• As a result, relied on foreign investors who encouraged cheap labor

• Internal economic development limited

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS OF THE REVOLUTIONS ON THE AMERICAS

• 2. Latin America (social status)

• Class of elites based on race still dominated

• Unresolved social issues

• Laws meant to protect rights were not always enforced

• Discrimination persisted

• Slavery abolished