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    3G Long-term Evolution (LTE) andSystem Architecture Evolution (SAE)

    Background

    Evolved Packet System Architecture

    LTE Radio Interface

    Radio Resource Management

    LTE-Advanced

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    UMTS Networks 2Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    3GPP Evolution Background

    Discussion started in Dec 2004 State of the art then:

    The combination of HSDPA and E-DCH provides very efficient packet data

    transmission capabilities, but UMTS should continue to be evolved to meet the everincreasing demand of new applications and user expectations.

    10 years have passed since the initiation of the 3G programme and it is time toinitiate a new programme to evolve 3G which will lead to a 4G technology.

    From the application/user perspectives, the UMTS evolution should target atsignificantly higher data rates and throughput, lower network latency,and support of always-on connectivity.

    From the operator perspectives, an evolved UMTS will make business sense if it: Provide significantly improved power and bandwidth efficiencies Facilitate the convergence with other networks/technologies Reduce transport network cost Limit additional complexity

    Evolved-UTRA is a packet only network there is no support of circuit switched

    services (no MSC) Evolved-UTRA started on a clean state everything was up for discussion including

    the system architecture and the split of functionality between RAN and CN Led to 3GPP Study Item (Study Phase: 2005 4Q2006)

    3G Long-term Evolution (LTE) for new Radio Accessand System Architecture Evolution (SAE) for Evolved Network

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    UMTS Networks 3Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    LTE Requirements and Performance Targets

    High Peak Data Rates

    100 Mbps DL (20 MHz, 2x2 MIMO)

    50 Mbps UL (20 MHz, 1x2)

    Improved Spectrum Efficiency

    3-4x HSPA Rel6 in DL*

    2-3x HSPA Rel6 in UL

    1 bps/Hz broadcast

    Improved Cell Edge Rates

    2-3x HSPA Rel6 in DL*

    2-3x HSPA Rel6 in UL

    Full broadband coverage

    Support Scalable BW

    1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz

    Low Latency

    < 5ms user plane (UE to RAN edge)

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    UMTS Networks 4Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    Key Features of LTE to Meet Requirements

    Selection of OFDM for the air interface

    Less receiver complexity

    Robust to frequency selective fading and inter-symbol interference (ISI) Access to both time and frequency domain allows additional flexibility in

    scheduling (including interference coordination)

    Scalable OFDM makes it straightforward to extend to differenttransmission bandwidths

    Integration of MIMO techniques

    Pilot structure to support 1, 2, or 4 Tx antennas in the DL and MU-MIMOin the UL

    Simplified network architecture

    Reduction in number of logical nodes flatter architecture

    Clean separation of user and control plane

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    UMTS Networks 5Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    3GPP / LTE R7/R8 specifications timeline

    After Study Phase: Two Lines in 3GPP

    EVOLUTION of HSPA to HSPA+ (enhanced W-CDMA incl. MIMO)

    REVOLUTION towards LTE/SAE (OFDM based)

    Stage 2 (Principles) completed in March 07

    Stage 3 (Specifications) completed in Dec 07

    Test specifications completed in Dec 08

    RAN 32 March 06

    WI agreed, conceptsapproved

    LTERAN 35 March 07

    Stage 2 TechnicalSpecs

    RAN 37 Sept 07

    Stage 3 TechnicalSpecs- L1 & L2

    Corrections Phase(2008 andbeyond)

    RAN 34 Dec 06

    NEW WI (64/16 QAM)

    RAN 35 Mar 07

    WI Completion (inc 64QAM)

    RAN 36 Jun 07

    WI Completion 16QAM UL

    RAN 37 Sept 07

    WI Completion (performance)

    2006 2007 2008

    R7 HSPA+

    Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

    RAN 38 Dec 07Stage 3 Technical

    Specs L3

    RAN 42 Dec 08

    Test Specs

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    UMTS Networks 6Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    Terminology: LTE + SAE = EPS

    From set of requirements it was clear that evolution work would be requiredfor both, the radio access network as well as the core network

    LTE would not be backward compatible with UMTS/ HSPA !

    RAN working groups would focus on the air interface and radio accessnetwork aspects

    System Architecture (SA) working groups would develop the EvolvedPacket Core (EPC)

    Note on terminology

    In the RAN working groups term Evolved UMTS Terrestrial RadioAccess Network (E-UTRAN) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) areused interchangeably.

    In the SA working groups the term System Architecture Evolution

    (SAE) was used to signify the broad framework for the architecture For some time the term LTE/SAE was used to describe the new evolved

    system, but now this has become known as the Evolved PacketSystem (EPS)

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    7/62UMTS Networks 7Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    Network Simplification: From 3GPP to 3GPP LTE

    3GPP architecture

    4 functional entities on thecontrol plane and user plane

    3 standardized user plane &control plane interfaces

    3GPP LTE architecture

    2 functional entities on the

    user plane: eNodeB and S-GW SGSN control plane functions S-GW & MME

    Less interfaces, somefunctions will disappear

    4 layers into 2 layers

    Evolve GGSN integratedS-GW

    Moving SGSN functionalities toS-GW.

    RNC evolutions to RRM on aIP distributed network for

    enhancing mobilitymanagement.

    Part of RNC mobility functionbeing moved to S-GW &eNodeB

    GGSN

    SGSN

    RNC

    NodeB

    ASGW

    eNodeB

    MMF

    GGSN

    SGSN

    RNC

    NodeB

    Control plane User plane

    ASGW

    eNodeB

    MMF

    S-GW

    eNodeB

    MME

    Control plane User plane

    S-GW: Serving GatewayMME: Mobility Management Entity

    eNodeB: Evolved NodeB

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    Evolved UTRAN Architecture

    eNB

    eNB

    eNB

    MME/S-GW MME/S-GW

    X2

    EPC

    E-UT

    RAN

    S1

    S1

    S1S1

    S1

    S1

    X2

    X2

    EPC = Evolved Packet Core

    Key elements of networkarchitecture

    No more RNC

    RNC layers/functionalitiesmoves in eNB

    X2 interface for seamlessmobility (i.e. data/ contextforwarding) and interferencemanagement

    Note: Standard only defineslogical structure/ Nodes !

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    EPS Architecture Functional description of the Nodes

    internet

    eNB

    RB Control

    Connection Mobility Cont.

    eNB Measurement

    Configuration & Provision

    Dynamic Resource

    Allocation (Scheduler)

    PDCP

    PHY

    MME

    S-GW

    S1

    MAC

    Inter Cell RRM

    Radio Admission Control

    RLC

    E-UTRAN EPC

    RRC

    Mobility

    Anchoring

    EPS Bearer Control

    Idle State Mobility

    Handling

    NAS Security

    P-GW

    UE IP address

    allocation

    Packet Filtering

    eNodeB contains all radioaccess functions

    Admission Control

    Scheduling of UL & DLdata

    Scheduling andtransmission of paging andsystem broadcast

    IP header compression

    Outer ARQ (RLC)

    Serving Gateway

    Local mobility anchor for inter-eNB handovers

    Mobility anchor for inter-3GPP handovers

    Idle mode DL packet buffering

    Lawful interception

    Packet routing and forwarding

    PDN Gateway

    UE IP address allocation

    Mobility anchor between 3GPP and non-3GPPaccess

    Connectivity to Packet Data Network

    MME control plane functions

    Idle mode UE reachability

    Tracking area list management

    S-GW/P-GW selection

    Inter core network node signalingfor mobility bw. 2G/3G and LTE

    NAS signaling

    Authentication

    Bearer management functions

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    EPS Architecture Control Plane Layout over S1

    eNB

    PHY

    UE

    PHY

    MAC

    RLC

    MAC

    MME

    RLC

    NAS NAS

    RRC RRC

    PDCP PDCP

    UE eNode-B MME

    RRC sub-layer performs:

    Broadcasting

    Paging

    Connection Mgt Radio bearer control

    Mobility functions

    UE measurement reporting & control

    PDCP sub-layer performs:

    Integrity protection & ciphering

    NAS sub-layer performs:

    Authentication

    Security control

    Idle mode mobility handling

    Idle mode paging origination

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    EPS Architecture User Plane Layout over S1

    UE eNode-B MME

    eNB

    PHY

    UE

    PHY

    MAC

    RLC

    MAC

    PDCPPDCP

    RLC

    S-Gateway

    RLC sub-layer performs:

    Transferring upper layer PDUs

    In-sequence delivery of PDUs

    Error correction through ARQ Duplicate detection

    Flow control

    Segmentation/ Concatenation of SDUs

    PDCP sub-layer performs:

    Header compression

    Ciphering

    MAC sub-layer performs:

    Scheduling

    Error correction through HARQ Priority handling across UEs & logical

    channels

    Multiplexing/de-multiplexing of RLC

    radio bearers into/from PhCHs on TrCHs

    Physical sub-layer performs:

    DL: OFDMA, UL: SC-FDMA

    FEC

    UL power control

    Multi-stream transmission & reception (i.e. MIMO)

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    EPS Architecture Interworking for 3GPP and non-3GPP Access

    Home Subscriber Server (HSS) is the subscription data repository for permanent userdata (subscriber profile).

    Policy Charging Rules Function (PCRF) provides the policy and charging control (PCC)rules for controlling the QoS as well as charging the user, accordingly.

    S3 interface connects MME directly to SGSN for signaling to support mobility across LTEand UTRAN/GERAN; S4 allows direction of user plane between LTE and GERAN/ UTRAN(uses GTP)

    GERAN

    UTRAN

    E-UTRAN

    SGSN

    MME

    non-3GPP Access

    Serving GW PDN GW

    S1-U

    S1-MME S11

    S3

    S4

    S5

    Internet

    EPS Core

    S12

    SGi

    HSS

    S6a

    S10

    PCRF

    Gx

    Gxc

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    13/62UMTS Networks 13Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    LTE Key Radio Features (Release 8)

    Multiple access scheme

    DL: OFDMA with CP

    UL: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) with CP Adaptive modulation and coding

    DL modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM

    UL modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM (optional for UE)

    Rel-6 Turbo code: Coding rate of 1/3, two 8-state constituent encoders,

    and a contention-free internal interleaver. ARQ within RLC sublayer and Hybrid ARQ within MAC sublayer.

    Advanced MIMO spatial multiplexing techniques

    (2 or 4)x(2 or 4) downlink and 1x(2 or 4) uplink supported.

    Multi-layer transmission with up to four streams.

    Multi-user MIMO also supported.

    Implicit support for interference coordination

    Support for both FDD and TDD

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    LTE Frequency Bands

    LTE will support all band classes currently specified for UMTS as well asadditional bands

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    OFDM Basics Overlapping Orthogonal

    OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

    OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple-Access

    FDM/ FDMA is nothing new: carriers are separated sufficiently in frequencyso that there is minimal overlap to prevent cross-talk.

    OFDM: still FDM but carriers can actually be orthogonal (no cross-talk)while actually overlapping, if specially designed saved bandwidth !

    conventional FDM

    frequency

    OFDM

    frequency

    saved bandwidth

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    OFDM Basics Waveforms

    Frequency domain: overlapping sincfunctions

    Referred to as subcarriers

    Typically quite narrow, e.g. 15 kHz

    Time domain: simple gated sinusoidfunctions

    For orthogonality: each symbol hasan integer number of cycles overthe symbol time

    fundamental frequency f0 = 1/T Other sinusoids with fk= k f0

    4 5 6 7 8 9

    x 105

    -0.2

    0

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    0.8

    1

    freq

    Df = 1/T

    0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1-1

    -0.8

    -0.6

    -0.4

    -0.2

    0

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    0.8

    1

    time

    T = symbol time

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    OFDM Basics The Full OFDM Transceiver

    Modulating the symbols onto subcarriers can be done verry efficiently inbaseband using the FFT algorithm

    Serial toParallel

    .

    .

    .

    IFFT

    bit

    stream ..

    .

    Parallelto Serial

    D/A

    A/D

    Serial to

    Parallel

    .

    .

    .FFT

    .

    .

    .

    OFDM Transmitter

    OFDM Receiver

    Parallel

    to Serial

    addCP

    RFTx

    RF

    Rx

    remove

    CP

    Encoding +Interleaving

    + Modulation

    Demod +De-interleave

    + Decode

    Estimated

    bit stream

    Channel estimation& compensation

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    OFDM Basics Cyclic Prefix

    ISI (between OFDM symbols) eliminated almost completely by inserting aguard time

    Within an OFDM symbol, the data symbols modulated onto thesubcarriers are only orthogonal if there are an integer number ofsinusoidal cycles within the receiver window

    Filling the guard time with a cyclic prefix (CP) ensures orthogonality ofsubcarriers even in the presence of multipath elimination of same cellinterference

    CP Useful OFDM symbol time

    OFDM symbol

    CP Useful OFDM symbol time

    OFDM symbol

    CP Useful OFDM symbol time

    OFDM symbol

    OFDM Symbol OFDM Symbol OFDM Symbol

    TG TG

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    OFDM Basics Choosing the Symbol Time for LTE

    Two competing factors in determining the right OFDM symbol time:

    CP length should be longer than worst case multipath delay spread, and the OFDM

    symbol time should be much larger than CP length to avoid significantoverhead from the CP

    On the other hand, the OFDM symbol time should be much smaller than theshortest expected coherence time of the channel to avoid channel variabilitywithin the symbol time

    LTE is designed to operate in delay spreads up to ~5 s and for speeds up to 350 km/h(1.2 ms coherence time @ 2.6 GHz). As such, the following was decided:

    CP length = 4.7 s

    OFDM symbol time = 66.6 s(= 1/20 the worst case coherence time)

    Df = 15 kHz

    CP

    ~4.7 s ~66.7 s

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    Scalable OFDM for Different Operating Bandwidths

    With Scalable OFDM, the subcarrier spacingstays fixed at 15 kHz (hence symbol time isfixed to 66.6 s) regardless of the operating

    bandwidth (1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz,15 MHz, 20 MHz)

    The total number of subcarriers is varied inorder to operate in different bandwidths

    This is done by specifying different FFT

    sizes (i.e. 512 point FFT for 5 MHz, 2048point FFT for 20 MHz)

    Influence of delay spread, Doppler due to usermobility, timing accuracy, etc. remain the sameas the system bandwidth is changed robust

    design

    common channels

    10 MHz bandwidth

    20 MHz bandwidth

    5 MHz bandwidth

    1.4 MHz bandwidth

    3 MHz bandwidth

    centre frequency

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    21/62UMTS Networks 24Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    LTE Downlink Frame Format

    Subframe length is 1 ms consists of two 0.5 ms slots

    7 OFDM symbols per 0.5 ms slot 14 OFDM symbols per 1ms subframe

    In UL center SC-FDMA symbol used for the data demodulation referencesignal (DM-RS)

    slot = 0.5ms slot = 0.5ms

    subframe = 1.0ms

    OFDM symbol

    Radio frame = 10ms

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    Multiple Antenna Techniques Supported in LTE

    SU-MIMO Multiple data streams sent to the same user

    (max. 2 codewords) Significant throughput gains for UEs in high

    SINR conditions

    MU-MIMO or Beamforming Different data streams sent to different users

    using the same time-frequency resources Improves throughput even in low SINRconditions (cell-edge)

    Works even for single antenna mobiles

    Transmit diversity (TxDiv) Improves reliability on a single data stream Fall back scheme if channel conditions do

    not allow SM Useful to improve reliability on common

    control channels

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    MIMO Support is Different in Downlink and Uplink

    Downlink

    Supports SU-MIMO, MU-MIMO, TxDiv

    Uplink Initial release of LTE does only support MU-MIMO with a single transmit

    antenna at the UE Desire to avoid multiple power amplifiers at UE

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    LTE Duplexing Modes

    LTE supports both Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time DivisionDuplex (TDD) to provide flexible operation in a variety of spectrumallocations around the world.

    Unlike UMTS TDD there is a high commonality between LTE TDD & LTE FDD

    Slot length (0.5 ms) and subframe length (1 ms) is the same than LTEFDD with the same numerology (OFDM symbol times, CP length, FFT

    sizes, sample rates, etc.)

    UL/ DL switching pointsdesigned to allow co-existance with UMTS-TDD

    (TD-CDMA, TD-SCDMA)

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    UMTS Networks 28Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    LTE Half-Duplex FDD

    In addition to FDD & TDD, LTE supports also Half-Duplex FDD (HD-FDD)

    HD-FDD is like FDD, only the UE cannot transmit and receive at the sametime

    Note, that the eNodeB can still transmit and receive at the same time todifferent UEs; half-duplex is enforced by the eNodeB scheduler

    Reasons for HD-FDD

    Handsets are cheaper, as no duplexer is required

    More commonality between TDD and HD-FDD than compared to fullduplex FDD

    Certain FDD spectrum allocations have small duplex space; HD-FDD leadsto duplex desense in UE

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    UMTS Networks 29Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    LTE Downlink

    The LTE downlink uses scalable OFDMA

    Fixed subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz for unicast

    Symbol time fixed at T = 1/15 kHz = 66.67 s

    Different UEs are assigned different sets of subcarriers so that theyremain orthogonal to each other (except MU-MIMO)

    Serial toParallel

    .

    .

    .

    IFFT

    bitstream .

    .

    .

    Parallelto Serial

    addCP

    Encoding +Interleaving+ Modulation

    20 MHz: 2048 pt IFFT10 MHz: 1024 pt IFFT5 MHz: 512 pt IFFT

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    UMTS Networks 30Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    Physical Channels to Support LTE Downlink

    eNodeB

    Carries DL traffic

    DL resource allocation

    HARQ feedback for DL

    CQI reporting

    MIMO reporting

    Time span of PDCCH

    Carries basic systembroadcast information

    Allows mobile to get timing andfrequency sync with the cell

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    UMTS Networks 31Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    Mapping between DL Logical, Transport and Physical Channels

    LTE makes heavy use of sharedchannels common control,

    paging, and part of broadcastinformation carried on PDSCHPCCH: paging control channel

    BCCH: broadcast control channel

    CCCH: common control channel

    DCCH: dedicated control channel

    DTCH: dedicated traffic channel

    PCH: paging channel

    BCH: broadcast channel

    DL-SCH: DL shared channel

    BCCHPCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH

    BCHPCH DL-SCH MCH

    Downlink

    Logical channels

    Downlink

    Transport channels

    Downlink

    Physical ChannelsPDSCH PDCCHPBCH PHICHPCFICH PMCH

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    UMTS Networks 32Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    LTE Uplink Transmission Scheme (1/2)

    To facilitate efficient power amplifier design in the UE, 3GPP chose singlecarrier frequency domain multiple access (SC-FDMA) in favor of OFDMA

    for uplink multiple access.

    SC-FDMA results in better PAPR

    Reduced PA back-off improved coverage

    SC-FDMA is still an orthogonalmultiple access scheme

    UEs are orthogonal in frequency

    Synchronous in the time domainthrough the use of timing advance(TA) signaling

    Only need to be synchronouswithin a fraction of the CP length

    0.52 ms timing advance resolution

    Node B

    UE C

    UE B

    UE A

    UE A Transmit Timing

    UE B Transmit Timing

    UE C Transmit Timing

    a

    b

    g

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    UMTS Networks 33Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    LTE Uplink Transmission Scheme (2/2)

    SC-FDMA implemented using an OFDMA front-end and a DFT pre-coder, thisis referred to as either DFT-pre-coded OFDMA or DFT-spread OFDMA (DFT-SOFDMA)

    Advantage is that numerology (subcarrier spacing, symbol times, FFTsizes, etc.) can be shared between uplink and downlink

    Can still allocate variable bandwidth in units of 12 sub-carriers

    Each modulation symbol sees a wider bandwidth

    +1-1-1+1-1-1-1+1+1+1-1

    DFT pre-coding

    Serial toParallel IFFT

    bit

    stream ..

    .

    Parallelto Serial

    addCP

    Encoding +Interleaving+ Modulation

    .

    . DFT.

    .

    .

    .

    .Subcarriermapping

    h l h l l k

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    UMTS Networks 34Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    Physical Channels to Support LTE Uplink

    eNodeB

    Random access for initialaccess and UL timing

    alignment

    UL scheduling grant

    Carries UL Traffic

    UL scheduling request fortime synchronized IEs

    HARQ feedback for UL

    Allows channel stateinformation to beobtained by eNB

    M i b UL L i l T d Ph i l Ch l

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    UMTS Networks 35Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    Mapping between UL Logical, Transport and Physical Channels

    CCCH DCCH DTCH

    RACH UL-SCH

    Uplink

    Logical channels

    Uplink

    Transport channels

    Uplink

    Physical ChannelsPUSCH PUCCHPRACH

    CCCH: common control channel

    DCCH: dedicated control channel

    DTCH: dedicated traffic channel

    RACH: random access channel

    UL-SCH: UL shared channel

    PUSCH: physical UL shared channel

    PUCCH: physical UL control channelPRACH: physical random access channel

    D li k P k R t

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    UMTS Networks 36Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    Downlink Peak Rates

    bandwidth

    # of parallel streams supported

    1 2 4

    1.4 MHz 5.4 MBps 10.4 MBps 19.6 MBps

    3 MHz 13.5 MBps 25.9 MBps 50 MBps

    5 MHz 22.5 MBps 43.2 MBps 81.6 MBps

    10 MHz 45 MBps 86.4 MBps 163.2 MBps

    15 MHz 67.5 MBps 129.6 MBps 244.8 MBps

    20 MHz 90 MBps 172.8 MBps 326.4 MBps

    assumptions: 64QAM, code rate = 1, 1OFDM symbol for L1/L2, ignores subframes with P-BCH, SCH

    U li k P k R t

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    UMTS Networks 37Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    Uplink Peak Rates

    bandwidth

    Highest Modulation

    16 QAM 64QAM

    1.4 MHz 2.9 MBps 4.3 MBps

    3 MHz 6.9 MBps 10.4 MBps

    5 MHz 11.5 MBps 17.3 MBps

    10 MHz 27.6 MBps 41.5 MBps

    15 MHz 41.5 MBps 62.2 MBps

    20 MHz 55.3 MBps 82.9 MBps

    assumptions: code rate = 1, 2PRBs reserved for PUCCH (1 for 1.4MHz), no SRS, ignores subframes with PRACH,takes into account highest prime-factor restriction

    LTE R l 8 U E i t C t i

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    UMTS Networks 39Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    LTE Release 8 User Equipment Categories

    Category 1 2 3 4 5

    Peak rate

    Mbps

    DL 10 50 100 150 300

    UL 5 25 50 50 75

    Capability for physical functionalities

    RF bandwidth 20MHz

    Modulation DL QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

    UL QPSK, 16QAM QPSK,

    16QAM,

    64QAM

    Multi-antenna

    2 Rx diversity Assumed in performance requirements.

    2x2 MIMO Not

    supported

    Mandatory

    4x4 MIMO Not supported Mandatory

    S h d li d R All ti (1/2)

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    UMTS Networks 40Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    Scheduling and Resource Allocation (1/2)

    Basic unit of allocation is called a Resource Block (RB)

    12 subcarriers in frequency (= 180 kHz)

    1 timeslot in time (= 0.5 ms, = 7 OFDM symbols) Multiple resource blocks can be allocated to a user in a given subframe

    The total number of RBs available depends on the operating bandwidth

    12 sub-carriers

    (180 kHz)

    Bandwidth (MHz) 1.4 3.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0

    Number of availableresource blocks

    6 15 25 50 75 100

    Sched ling and Reso ce Allocation (2/2)

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    UMTS Networks 41Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    Scheduling and Resource Allocation (2/2)

    LTE uses a scheduled, shared channel on both the uplink (UL-SCH) and thedownlink (DL-SCH)

    Normally, there is no concept of an autonomous transmission; alltransmissions in both uplink and downlink must be explicitly scheduled

    LTE allows "semi-persistent" (periodical) allocation of resources, e.g. for VoIP

    14 OFDM symbols

    12

    subcarriers

    Slot =0.5ms

    Slot =0.5ms

    UE A

    UE B

    UE C

    Time

    Frequen

    cy

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    UMTS Networks 42Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    Uplink Power Control

    Open-loop power control is the baselineuplink power control method in LTE

    (compensation for path loss and fading) Open-loop PC is needed to constrain the

    dynamic range between signals received fromdifferent UEs

    Unlike CDMA, there is no in-cell interference tocombat; rather, fading is exploited by ratecontrol

    Transmit power per PRBTxPSD(dBm) = aPL(dB) + P0nominal(dBm)

    PLdB: pathloss, estimated from DL referencesignal

    P0nominal (dBm) = nominal (dB) + Itot (dBm) Sum of SINR target

    nominaland total interference

    Itot sent on BCH

    Fractional compensation factora 1 (PUSCH) only a fraction of the path loss is compensated

    Additionally, (slow) closed loop PC can beused

    June 2010 LTE Training

    Page 42

    TargetSINR

    Target SINR on PUSCH is now a function ofthe UEs path loss:

    SINR(dBm) = nominal (dB) + (1a)PL(dB)

    Interference Coordination with Flexible Frequency Reuse

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    UMTS Networks 43Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    Interference Coordination with Flexible Frequency Reuse

    Cell edge users with frequency reuse > 1,

    eNB transmits with higher power

    Improved SINR conditions

    Cell centre users can use whole frequency band

    eNB transmits with reduced power

    Less interference to other cells

    Flexible frequency reuse realized throughintelligent scheduling and power allocation

    a

    b

    g

    a

    b

    g

    a

    b

    g

    a

    b

    g

    a

    b

    g

    a

    b

    g

    a

    b

    g

    a

    b

    g

    a

    b

    g

    ab

    g

    a

    b

    g

    a

    b

    g

    a

    b

    g

    ab

    g

    Cell edge

    Reuse > 1

    Cell centre

    Reuse = 1

    Scheduler can place restriction on whichPRBs can be used in which sectors

    Achieves frequency reuse > 1

    Reduced inter-cell interference leads toimproved SINR, especially at cell-edge

    Reduction in available transmissionbandwidth leads to poor overall spectralefficiency

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

    Sectora Sectorb Sectorg

    F1 F2 F3

    Full Transmission Bandwidth

    Random Access Procedure

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    UMTS Networks 44Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    Random-Access Procedure

    RACH only used for Random Access Preamble

    Response/ Data are sent over SCH

    Non-contention based RA to improve access time, e.g. for HO

    UE eNB

    RA Preamble assignment0

    Random Access Preamble 1

    Random Access Response2

    UE eNB

    Random Access Preamble1

    Random Access Response 2

    Scheduled Transmission3

    Contention Resolution 4

    Contention based RA Non-Contention based RA

    LTE Handover

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    UMTS Networks 45Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    LTE Handover

    LTE uses UE-assisted network controlled handover

    UE reports measurements; network decides when handover and to whichcell

    Relies on UE to detect neighbor cells no need to maintain andbroadcast neighbor lists

    Allows "plug-and-play" capability; saves BCH resources

    For search and measurement of inter-frequency neighboring cells onlycarrier frequency need to be indicated

    X2 interface used for handover preparation and forwarding of user data Target eNB prepares handover by sending required information to UE

    transparently through source eNB as part of the Handover RequestAcknowledge message

    New configuration information needed from system broadcast

    Accelerates handover as UE does not need to read BCH on target cell Buffered and new data is transferred from source to target eNB until path

    switch prevents data loss

    UE uses contention-free random access to accelerate handover

    LTE Handover: Preparation Phase

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    UMTS Networks 46Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    LTE Handover: Preparation Phase

    UEUESource

    eNBSource

    eNB

    Measurement Control

    TargeteNB

    TargeteNB MMEMME sGWsGW

    Packet Data Packet Data

    UL allocation

    Measurement Reports

    HO decision

    Admission Control

    HO Request

    HO Request Ack

    DL allocation

    RRC Connection Reconfig.

    L1/L2signaling

    L3 signaling

    User data

    HO decision is made by source eNB based on UE measurement report

    Target eNB prepares HO by sending relevant info to UE through source eNB as part

    of HO request ACK command, so that UE does not need to read target cell BCCH

    SN Status Transfer

    LTE Handover: Execution Phase

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    UMTS Networks 47Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    LTE Handover: Execution Phase

    UEUESource

    eNBSource

    eNB

    TargeteNB

    TargeteNB MMEMME sGWsGW

    Detach from old cell,sync with new cell

    Deliver buffered packets and forwardnew packets to target eNB

    DL data forwarding via X2

    Synchronisation

    UL allocation and Timing Advance

    RRC Connection Reconfig. Complete

    L1/L2signaling

    L3 signaling

    User dataBuffer packets from

    source eNB

    Packet Data

    Packet Data

    RACH is used here only so target eNB can estimate UE timing and provide timing

    advance for synchronization; RACH timing agreements ensure UE does not need to

    read target cell P-BCH to obtain SFN (radio frame timing from SCH is sufficient to

    know PRACH locations)

    UL Packet Data

    LTE Handover: Completion Phase

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    UMTS Networks 48Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    LTE Handover: Completion Phase

    UEUESource

    eNB

    TargeteNB

    TargeteNB MMEMME sGWsGW

    DL Packet Data

    Path switch req

    User plane update req

    Switch DL path

    User plane update responsePath switch req ACK

    Release resources

    Packet Data Packet Data

    L1/L2signaling

    L3 signaling

    User data

    DL data forwarding

    Flush DL buffer,continue deliveringin-transit packets

    End Marker

    Release resources

    Packet Data

    End Marker

    LTE Handover: Illustration of Interruption Period

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    UMTS Networks 49Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    LTE Handover: Illustration of Interruption Period

    UL

    U-plane active

    U-plane active

    UEUESource

    eNBSource

    eNBTargeteNB

    TargeteNB

    UL

    U-plane active

    U-plane active

    UEs stops

    Rx/Tx on the old cell

    DL sync

    + RACH (no contention)+ Timing Adv

    + UL Resource Req andGrant

    ACK

    HO Request

    HO Confirm

    Handover

    Latency(approx 55 ms)

    approx20 ms

    MeasurementReport

    HO Command

    HO Complete

    HandoverInterruption

    (approx35 ms)

    Handover Preparation

    Tracking Area

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    UMTS Networks 50Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    Tracking Area

    BCCH

    TAI 1

    BCCH

    TAI 1

    BCCH

    TAI 1

    BCCHTAI 1

    BCCH

    TAI 1

    BCCH

    TAI 2

    BCCH

    TAI 2

    BCCHTAI 2

    BCCH

    TAI 2

    BCCH

    TAI 2

    BCCH

    TAI 2

    BCCH

    TAI 3

    BCCHTAI 3

    BCCH

    TAI 3

    BCCH

    TAI 3

    Tracking Area 1

    Tracking Area 2Tracking Area 3

    Tracking Area Identifier (TAI) sent over Broadcast Channel BCCH

    Tracking Areas can be shared by multiple MMEs

    One UE can be allocated to multiple tracking areas

    EPS Bearer Service Architecture

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    UMTS Networks 51Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    EPS Bearer Service Architecture

    P-GWS-GW Peer

    Entity

    UE eNB

    EPS Bearer

    Radio Bearer S1 Bearer

    End-to-end Service

    External Bearer

    Radio S5/S8

    Internet

    S1

    E-UTRAN EPC

    Gi

    E-RAB S5/S8 Bearer

    LTE RRC States

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    UMTS Networks 52Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    LTE RRC States

    No RRC connection, no context ineNodeB (but EPS bearers are retained)

    UE controls mobility through cellselection

    UE specific paging DRX cycle controlledby upper layers

    UE acquires system information frombroadcast channel

    UE monitors paging channel to detectincoming calls

    RRC connection and context in eNodeB

    Network controlled mobility Transfer of unicast and broadcast data

    to and from UE

    UE monitors control channelsassociated with the shared datachannels

    UE provides channel quality andfeedback information

    Connected mode DRX can beconfigured by eNodeB according to UEactivity level

    RRC_IDLE RRC_Connected

    Release RRC connection

    Establish RRC connection

    EPS Connection Management States

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    UMTS Networks 53Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    EPS Connection Management States

    No signaling connection between UEand core network (no S1-U/ S1-MME)

    No RRC connection (i.e. RRC_IDLE)

    UE performs cell selection and trackingarea updates (TAU)

    Signaling connection establishedbetween UE and MME, consists of twocomponents

    RRC connection

    S1-MME connection

    UE location is known to accuracy of

    Cell-ID Mobility via handover procedure

    ECM_IDLE ECM_Connected

    Signaling connection released

    Signaling connection established

    EPS Mobility Management States

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    UMTS Networks 54Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    EPS Mobility Management States

    EMM context holds no valid location orrouting information for UE

    UE is not reachable by MME as UElocation is not known

    UE successfully registers with MME withAttach procedure or Tracking AreaUpdate (TAU)

    UE location known within tracking area

    MME can page to UE

    UE always has at least one PDN

    connection

    EMM_Deregistered

    Detach

    Attach

    EMM_Registered

    LTE Status

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    UMTS Networks 55Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    LTE Status

    LTE standard (Rel. 8) is stable

    Rel. 8 frozen in 2Q2009

    Since 2010, LTE has been deployed worldwide

    Totally new infrastructure

    First target was often to provide broadband coverage for fixed users

    Currently, 111 LTE networks in 52 countries are in service (Nov. 2012)*

    Implemented according to Release 8/9

    Mostly FDD, but also some TDD networks Mobile packet data support with fallback to 3G/2G for CS voice service

    Spectrum allocation in new frequency bands as well as existing 2G/3Gbands (refarming)

    3GPP continues LTE development

    Rel. 9: technical enhancements/ E-MBMS

    Rel. 10/11: LTE-Advanced (cf. next slides)

    *http://www.4gamericas.org -> Statistics

    LTE-Advanced

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    UMTS Networks 56Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    LTE Advanced

    The evolution of LTE

    Corresponding to LTE Release 10 and beyond

    Motivation of LTE-Advanced

    IMT-Advanced standardisation process in ITU-R

    Additional IMT spectrum band identified in WRC07

    Further evolution of LTE Release 8 and 9 to meet:

    Requirements for IMT-Advanced of ITU-R

    Future operator and end-user requirements

    Work Item phaseStudy Item phase

    First submiss ion

    Final submissio n

    LTE release 10 (LTE-Advanced)

    2009 20102008

    Proposals

    Circular Letter

    3GPP WS

    IMT-Advanced

    Specification

    IMT-Advanc ed recommendation

    Evaluation

    3GPP

    ITU

    Evolution from IMT-2000 to IMT-Advanced

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    UMTS Networks 57Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    Evolution from IMT 2000 to IMT Advanced

    Interconnection

    IMT-2000

    Mobility

    Low

    High

    1 10 100 1000Peak useful data rate (Mbit/s)

    EnhancedIMT-2000

    Enhancement

    IMT-2000

    Mobility

    Low

    High

    1 10 100 1000

    Area Wireless Acc ess

    EnhancedIMT-2000

    Enhancement

    Digital Broadcast SystemsNomadic / Local Area Access Systems

    New Nomadic / Loc al

    IMT-Advanced w il l

    encompass the

    capabi l i t ies of p revious

    systemsNew capabi l i t ies of

    IMT-Advanced

    New Mobi le

    Access

    5

    7

    System Performance Requirements

    http://www.itu.int/imt
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    UMTS Networks 58Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    Peak data rate

    1 Gbps data rate will be achieved by 4-by-4 MIMO and transmissionbandwidth wider than approximately 70 MHz

    Peak spectrum efficiency DL: Rel. 8 LTE satisfies IMT-Advanced requirement

    UL: Need to double from Release 8 to satisfy IMT-Advanced requirement

    Rel. 8 LTE LTE-Advanced IMT-Advanced

    Peak data rate

    DL 300 Mbps 1 Gbps

    1 Gbps(*)

    UL 75 Mbps 500 Mbps

    Peak spectrum efficiency[bps/Hz]

    DL 15 30 15

    UL 3.75 15 6.75

    *100 Mbps for high mobility and 1 Gbps for low mobility is one of the key features as written in

    Circular Letter (CL)

    y q

    Technical Outline to Achieve LTE-Advanced Requirements

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    UMTS Networks 59Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    q

    Support wider bandwidth

    Carrier aggregation to achieve wider bandwidth

    Support of spectrum aggregation

    Peak data rate, spectrum flexibility Advanced MIMO techniques

    Extension to up to 8-layer transmission in downlink

    Introduction of single-user MIMO up to 4-layer transmission in uplink

    Peak data rate, capacity, cell-edge user throughput

    Coordinated multipoint transmission and reception (CoMP) CoMP transmission in downlink

    CoMP reception in uplink

    Cell-edge user throughput, coverage, deployment flexibility

    Relaying

    Type 1 relays create a separate cell and appear as Rel. 8 LTE eNB toRel. 8 LTE UEs

    Coverage, cost effective deployment

    Further reduction of delay

    AS/NAS parallel processing for reduction of C-Plane delay

    Carrier Aggregation

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    UMTS Networks 60Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    Frequency

    System bandwidth,

    e.g., 100 MHzCC, e.g., 20 MHz

    UE capabilities

    100-MHz case

    40-MHz case

    20-MHz case

    (Rel. 8 LTE)

    gg g

    Wider bandwidth transmission using carrier aggregation

    Entire system bandwidth up to, e.g., 100 MHz, comprises multiple basicfrequency blocks called component carriers (CCs)

    Each CC is backward compatible with Rel. 8 LTE

    Carrier aggregation supports both contiguous and non-contiguousspectrums, and asymmetric bandwidth for FDD

    Advanced MIMO Techniques

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    UMTS Networks 61Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    q

    Extension up to 8-stream transmission forsingle-user (SU) MIMO in downlink

    improve downlink peak spectrum

    efficiency

    Enhanced multi-user (MU) MIMO in

    downlink Specify additional reference signals (RS)

    Introduction of single-user (SU)-MIMO upto 4-stream transmission in uplink

    Satisfy IMT requirement for uplink peak

    spectrum efficiency

    Max. 8 streams

    Higher-order MIMO up

    to 8 streams

    Enhanced

    MU-MIMO

    CSI feedback

    Max. 4 streams

    SU-MIMO up to 4 streams

    Coordinated Multipoint Transmission/ Reception (CoMP)

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    UMTS Networks 62Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    p p ( )

    Enhanced service provisioning, especiallyfor cell-edge users

    CoMP transmission schemes in downlink

    Joint processing (JP) from multiplegeographically separated points

    Coordinated scheduling/beamforming(CS/CB) between cell sites

    Similar for the uplink

    Dynamic coordination in uplinkscheduling

    Joint reception at multiple sites

    Coherent combining or

    dynamic cell selection

    Joint transmission/dynamic cell selection

    Coordinated scheduling/beamforming

    Receiver signal processing at

    central eNB (e.g., MRC, MMSEC)

    Multipoint reception

    Relaying

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    UMTS Networks 63Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    eNB RNUE

    Cell ID #x Cell ID #y

    Higher node

    y g

    Type 1 relay

    Relay node (RN) creates a separate cell distinct from the donor cell

    UE receives/transmits control signals for scheduling and HARQ from/to RN

    RN appears as a Rel. 8 LTE eNB to Rel. 8 LTE UEs

    Deploy cells in the areas where wired backhaul is not available or very

    expensive

    Heterogenous Networks (HetNet)

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    UMTS Networks 64Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    Network expansion due to varying traffic demand & RF environment Cell-splitting of traditional macro deployments is complex and iterative Indoor coverage and need for site acquisition add to the challenge

    Future network deployments based on Heterogeneous Networks Deployment of Macro eNBs for initial coverage only Addition of Pico, HeNBs and Relays for capacity growth & better user experience

    Improved in-building coverage and flexible site acquisition with low power base stations Relays provide coverage extension with no incremental backhaul expense

    eICIC is introduced in LTE Rel-10 and further enhanced in Rel-11 Time domain interference management Cell range expansion Interference cancellation receiver in the terminal

    LTE References

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    UMTS Networks 65Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2012

    Literature:

    H. Holma/ A. Toskala (Ed.): LTE for UMTS - OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based RadioAccess, 2nd edition, Wiley 2011

    E. Dahlman et al: 3G Evolution, HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband, 3rd edition,Academic Press 2011

    S. Sesia et al:LTE, The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice,Wiley 2011

    T. Nakamura (RAN chairman): Proposal for Candidate Radio InterfaceTechnologies for IMT-Advanced Based on LTE Release 10 and Beyond LTE-Advanced), ITU-R WP 5D 3rd Workshop on IMT-Advanced, October 2009

    Standards

    TS 36.xxx series: RAN Aspects

    TS 36.300 E-UTRAN; Overall description; Stage 2

    TR 25.912Feasibility study for evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)and Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)

    TR 25.814Physical layer aspect for evolved UTRA TR 23.8823GPP System Architecture Evolution: Report on Technical Options and

    Conclusions

    TR 36.912 Feasibility study for Further Advancements for E-UTRA (LTE-Advanced)

    TR 36.814 Further Advancements for E-UTRA - Physical Layer Aspects

    Abbreviations

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    CP Cyclic Prefix

    DFT Discrete Fourier Transformation

    DRX Discontinuous Reception

    ECM EPS Connection Management

    EMM EPS Mobility Management

    eNodeB/eNB Evolved NodeB

    EPC Evolved Packet Core

    EPS Evolved Packet System

    E-UTRAN Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork

    FDD Frequency-Division DuplexFDM Frequency-Division Multiplexing

    FFT Fast Fourier Transformation

    HD-FDD Half-Duplex FDD

    HO Handover

    HOM Higher Order Modulation

    HSS Home Subscriber Server

    IFFT Inverse FFT

    ISI Inter-Symbol Interference

    LTE Long Term Evolution

    MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output

    MME Mobility Management Entity

    MU Multi-User

    OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-DivisionMultiplexing

    OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency-Division

    Multiple-AccessPCRF Policy & Charging Function

    PDN Packet Data Network

    P-GW PDN Gateway

    RA Random Access

    RB Resource Block

    RRC Radio Resource Control

    SAE System Architecture EvolutionSCH Shared Channel

    S-GW Serving Gateway

    SC-FDMA Single Carrier FDMA

    SU Single User

    TDD Time-Division Duplex

    TA Timing Advance/ Tracking Area

    TAI Tracking Area Indicator

    TAU Tracking Area Update

    UE User Equipment