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1517-1648 The Protestant Reformation

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Page 1: 1517-1648. Since then Your Majesty and your lordships desire a simple reply, I will answer without horns and without teeth. Unless I am convicted by Scripture

1517-1648

The Protestant Reformation

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Since then Your Majesty and your lordships desire a simple reply, I will answer without horns and without teeth. Unless I am convicted by Scripture and plain reason– I do not accept the authority of popes and councils, for they have contradicted each other– my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise. God help me. Amen.April 18, 1521 Martin Luther before the

emperor and princess of Germany in the city of Worms.

Martin Luther

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The Protestant Reformation is the name given to the religious reform movement that divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups.

Martin Luther began the Reformation in the early 16th century.Although there were several earlier

developments that had set the stage for religious change.

Origins of the Protestant Reformation

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One of the reasons for religious change was intellectual thought that was caused by the Italian Renaissance.

Christian Humanism- The major goal of Christian Humanism is to reform the Catholic Church.

Humanists believed in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves.

Religious Change

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The best know of all the Christian humanists.A major belief of Erasmus was that

Christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis rather than provide a system of beliefs that people have to practice to be saved. This is called “the philosophy of Christ.”

Erasmus wanted to reform the Church in several different ways: spread the philosophy of Christ, provide education in the works of Christianity, and criticize the abuses in the Church.

Desiderius Erasmus

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Corruption in the Catholic Church. Between 1450 and 1520, a series of popes

failed to meet the Church’s spiritual needs.These popes where supposed to be the

spiritual leaders of the church but instead they were all too often concerned with Italian politics and worldly interests than with spiritual matters.

Many of the church leaders were also concerned with money and used their church offices to advance their careers and their wealth.

Why was there need for Reform?

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Many ordinary people desired meaningful religious expression and assurance of their salvation, or acceptance into Heaven.

For most salvation became a more worldly or material event.

People began to buy religious relics that would gain a person an indulgence.Indulgence- release from all or part of the

punishment for sin.

Salvation

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Professor and Monk at the University of Wittenberg in Germany.

Through his study Luther had found the answer to the problem of one’s certainty of salvation.

In Luther’s eyes, human beings were powerless in the sight of an almighty God and could never do enough good works to earn salvation.

This teaching was called Justification, the chief teaching of the Protestant Reformation.

Martin Luther

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Luther did not see himself as a rebel, but was very upset with the idea of indulgences because it went against everything that the Bible said about salvation.

“As soon as the coin in the coffer [money box] rings, the soul from purgatory springs.”

October 31, 1517, Martin Luther sent a list of Ninety-five Theses to his church superiors, especially the local bishop.

Ninety-Five Theses

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By 1520 Martin Luther had encouraged the German princes to overthrow the papacy in Germany and establish a reformed German church.

Luther also attacked the Catholic Church’s sacraments which Luther believed had destroyed the true meaning of the Gospel.

Luther wanted to keep two sacraments- baptism and Communion.

A Break with the Church

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By 1521 Luther had been excommunicated from the Catholic Church.

Luther was also summoned to appear in front of the legislative assemble of the Holy Roman Empire by the emperor Charles V who believed he could convince Luther to change his ideas.

The Edict of Worms , made Luther an outlaw within the Empire.

Charles V ordered all of Luther’s works to be burned and he himself to be arrested.

In 1522, Luther’s ruler Frederick of Saxony sent Luther into hiding and protected him in Wittenberg.

Trouble for Luther

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German leaders began to take over Catholic churches and began to established churches that were monitored by the government.

Luther designed a new service that would replace the Catholic Mass that consisted of: Bible readings, preaching of the word of God, and song.

This doctrine developed by Luther became known as Lutheranism. Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith.

The Rise of Lutheranism

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Political strife throughout the Holy Roman Empire, opposition from the pope, and the approaching Ottoman Empire greatly helped the German Reformation.

By the time Charles V could get military forces to enforce his views, the Lutheran princes were well organized. Unable to defeat them Charles V was forced to seek peace.

Politics in the German Reformation

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An end to religious warfare in Germany came in 1555 with the Peace of Augsburg.

This agreement formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany.

The German states were now free to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism.

Peace

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The idea of Christian unity had fallen apart within Europe with the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

Protestantism also saw some division within its own movement.

The Zwinglian Reformation

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Ulrich ZwingliUlrich Zwingli was a

priest in Zurich. The city council of Zurich, strongly influenced by Zwingli, began to introduce religious reforms.

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Removed Relics and imagesRemoved paintings and decorationsNew Church Service would replace Catholic

MassScripture readingPrayerSermons

Reforms Made by Zwingli

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In 1529 Luther and Zwingli debated over the Lord’s Supper.

Read the debate on page 774.

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War broke out in Switzerland between the Catholics and Protestants.

The Protestant army was soundly defeated with Zwingli being killed.

The Protestant leadership was now passed to John Calvin.

War in Switzerland

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Calvin and Calvinism John Calvin was educated in

his native country of France, however, once he converted to Protestantism he was forced to leave France.

In 1536, Calvin wrote Institutes of Christian Religion.

His writings were a summary of Protestant beliefs.

This work immediately gave Calvin a reputation as one of the new leaders of Protestantism.

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Calvin and Luther’s ideas about religion were very close, however, Calvin also placed a lot of emphasis on the all-powerful nature of God.

Calvin’s belief of the all-powerful nature of God lead him to the idea of predestination.

Predestination- God has determined in advance who would be saved (the elect) and who would be damned (the reprobate).

Calvin and Luther

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Calvin created a church government that used both clergy and laity in the service of the church.

The Consistory was a special body for enforcing moral discipline.

They punished crimes such as: dancing, singing obscene songs, drunkenness, swearing, and playing cards.

Protestant Geneva

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In England Reformation of the church began in politics unlike in Germany were reformation began with theology.

King Henry VII wanted to divorce his first wife.Catherine of Aragon

In order to remarry Henry needed the Pope to declare his marriage to Catherine invalid, but the Pope did not agree with divorce.

Henry therefore turned to the English church courts.

Reformation in England

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In 1534, at Henry’s request, Parliament moved to finalize the break of the Catholic Church in England with the pope in Rome.

The Act of Supremacy of 1534- the king was the only supreme leader on Earth of the Church of England.

This gave Henry control over religious doctrine, clerical appointments, and discipline.

Thomas Moore, a devout Catholic and Humanist, disagreed with Henry’s actions and was beheaded.

New Church

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“Bloody Mary”Henry VIII’s daughter would

eventually be crowned queen.

Mary, a devout Catholic, set out to restore the Catholic Church in England.

The Church of England had become more protestant than Catholic since the death of Henry.

Mary went about the restoration the wrong way burning protestants, earning her the name of “Bloody Mary.”

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Wanted separation of church and state.They believed the church was a voluntary

community of adult believers who had undergone spiritual rebirth and had then been baptized.

The Anabaptist allowed common ground for Protestants and Catholics. Both felt the Anabaptist should be persecuted.

The Anabaptist

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The Protestants were important in developing a new view of the family.

In Protestantism, the role of the woman was to obey her husband and to bear children.

For women, family life was the only reality for protestant women.

Effects on the Role of Women

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JesuitsThe society of Jesus

was founded by a Spanish Nobleman, Ignatius of Loyola.

Ignatius’ followers formed a small group called the Jesuits.

There duty was absolute obedience to the pope.

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In your notes describe the impact of the Jesuits and the Council of Trent on the Catholic Church throughout the world.Make sure to start with why the Catholic

Church needed reform.

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Catholic ReformationPaul III began the

Council of Trent to help reform the Catholic Church.

Catholic Clergy met in the City of Trent off and on for 18 years.

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The Council confirmed the Catholic teachings that opposed Protestant teachings.

With a clear direction in their beliefs, the Catholic Church was unified as a strong religious group behind the Pope.

Council of Trent