THE CIVIL WAR

1861 -1865THE CIVIL WAR

The Civil War: Union vs Confederacy

2What is in a Name???

OTHER NAMES FOR THE CIVIL WAR: War between the States War against Northern Aggression 2nd American Revolution The Lost Cause War of Rebellion The Brothers War Blue vs. Gray North vs. SouthSTRATEGIES

For the South: (Gray, Rebels, Confederates)1. Fight a defensive war2. Take Washington D.C . (If possible)

For the North: (Blue, Yankees, Union) 1. Block-aid around the South2. Split Confederacy in half3. Control the Mississippi River4. Seize control of the railroads5. Take RichmondJefferson DavisWas the president for the South. The Souths Capital was Richmond, Virginiahttp://www.heritagephotographs.com/presjefdav18.html

Main CausesStates RightsSlaveryCotton Gin by Eli Whitney in 1793Preserving the UnionUncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher StoweSlave vs. Free StatesPicture Credit: http://www.disciples.org/convo/Slavery.jpg

Advantages of the Union (North)?- population - 22 million- 90% of ind. goods, esp. munitions- efficient railroad system- controlled the navy, which could be used to blockade s. ports and shut down the s. eco.- but would have to fight an offensive war (long supply lines, unfamiliar territory...)- capable mil. leaders, inc. Ulysses S. Grant

8Confederate (Rebel) advantages (South) and disadvantagesConfederates had excellent generals too -Robert E. Lee and Thomas JacksonDefending is always easier than attacking - (familiar w/climate and territory, possible psychological advantages)Farmers fight better than factory workersProfitable eco. based on cotton exportsBut disadvantagesa smaller pop. of 9 million (inc. 3.5 million slaves)had to import ind. goods; verylittle munitions production

9Robert E. LeeHe named his horse Traveller.He said, I dont see how we could have an army without music. Lee owned a pet hen. The hen went with him everywhere. At Gettysburg, he had his Generals help him find his lost hen.

Picture Credit: www.guyartgallery.com/ civil%20war%20gallery.htm

Stonewall JacksonHe led a valley campaign for 3 months in 1862.He liked to suck on lemons all the time.He said, If this Valley is lost, Virginia is lost.His military reputation is perhaps greater than any other Civil War General because he won with a smaller army the majority of the time.Picture Credit: www.lib.utexas.edu/photodraw/ portraits/

GREAT BRITAINThe S. was looking for an add. adv., namely an alliance w/ GB (since GB industry was dependent on "King Cotton")...but GB was wary of events and did not want to become involved:GB had stockpiled cotton as the conflict was escalating; they had also found other sources (Madras, India)most Br. workers who lost their jobs in cotton factories had been able to find work in the new munitions factories that were mostly supplying the N. most Br. citizens resented slaveryBr. crop failures had led to increased grain trade w/ the N.

Front Sumter, South CarolinaSince South Carolina had seceded from the United States, it didnt want Northern soldiers on its land at Fort SumterSouthern General Bueargard tried to get the northern general Anderson to peacefully surrender Fort Sumter.Picture Credit: members.aol.com/larrykench/ W1861001.html

Fort SumterThe first major battle of the Civil War began on April 12, 1861.After 2 days, the North surrendered to the South.No one was killed in battle but 1 soldier was killed when a cannon backfired during the surrendering ceremony.Picture Credit: http://library.thinkquest.org/3055/graphics/battles/images/sumteranim.gif

The 1st Manassas or 1st Bull Run, VAJuly 21,1861The general for the confederates was Stonewall Jackson & Buearegard.The general for the Yankees was McDowell.The North had 387 soldiers killed while the South lost 460.The South won the battle.

Picture Credit: http://www.multied.com/civilwar/Bull.gif

Generals at Bull RunGeneral Irwin McDowell vs. General PGT Beauregard

The Battle of the IroncladsMarch 8-9, 1862The battle took place in Hampton Roads, VA.The South had built an iron ship called the Merrimac or the Virginia.The North challenged the Confederate ship with the northern iron ship called the Monitor.Picture Credit: http://www.mandia.com/kelly/webpage/99_student_pages/merrimack_monitor/battle.jpg

The IroncladsThe two iron ships fought for 5 hours and even collided 5 times. Neither side won except the North kept the South from getting supplies from the rest of the world.Picture Credit: http://www.mandia.com/kelly/webpage/99_student_pages/merrimack_monitor/battle.jpg

2nd Manassas or2nd Bull Run, VAAugust 29-30, 1862The general for the Confederate was Stonewall Jackson.The general for the Yankees was John Pope.The North lost 16,000 soldiers while the South lost only 9,000The South won the battle.Picture Credit: www.multied.com/civilwar/ SecondManassas.html

Antietam, MarylandSeptember 17, 1862The general for the Confederates was Robert E. Lee.The general for the Yankees was McClellan.A Union soldier found 3 cigars that helped the North to know what General Lee planned to do.

Picture Credit: memory.loc.gov/.../newsletter/ august01/feature.html

Antietam

The Battle took place in Farmer Millers cornfield.The battle is known as the Single bloodiest day in the Civil War.23,500 men were killed in the Bloody lane.The name of the bridge where the confederates held the Yankees for 4 hours is called, Burnside.The south used rocks when they ran out of ammunition.South won the battle.Picture Credit: www.trubador.com/bridge.htm

Battle of Antietam September 1862

Battle Of FredericksburgDec. 13-15, 1862The general for the Confederates was Robert E. LeeThe general for the Yankees was Burnside.The North had 122,000 soldiers while the South had 78,500

Picture Credit: www.multied.com/civilwar/ frederick.html

Battle Of Fredericksburg9,000 Union soldiers were killed while only 1,500 Southern soldiers were killed.The South won the battle.Lee said, It is well that was is so horrible, else we should grow too fond of it.Picture Credit: www.multied.com/civilwar/ frederick.html

Emancipation ProclamationJan 1st 1863 It freed the slaves only in states that have seceded from the Union.It did not free slaves in border states.

25Blacks in the Military

After the Emancipation Proclamation blacks began to join the Union ArmyInitially they were only used for manual laborEventually, Blacks saw live combat54th regiment out of Massachusetts William Carney26The 54th Regiment attack on Fort Wagner, SC- July 18, 1863

27ChancellorsvilleMay 1-14, 1863The general for the Confederates was Robert E. LeeThe general for the Yankees was Joseph Hooker.South had 45,000 soldiers and North had 70,000 soldiers.Picture Credit: www.civilwarcentral.com/ ShirtDetail.asp?prod=

ChancellorsvilleMajor battle on May 2 at 6 in the evening. With the smoke thick in the air some Yankees killed Yankees and Confederates killed Confederates.Stonewall Jackson was shot 3 times by his own men in the confusion. His last words were Let us cross over the river and rest under the shades of the trees.South won the battle.

Battle of Chancellorsville May 1, 1863

Joseph Fighting Joe Hooker

Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson Old Blue Light

James Ewell Brown 'Jeb' Stuart

31The Battle of Gettysburg, PAThe battle of Gettysburg, PA took place on July1-3, 1863.Major fighting occurred around Little Round top hill.The North won this battle.On November 19,1863. President Lincoln gave Gettysburg Address.Picture Credit: www.pennhomes.com/loc.htm

Gettysburg turning pointLee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it was crucial to attack the North on its own territoryJuly 1-3, 1863 - BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, Pa.Confed. bombardment; Union held firmon July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confed. Troops across open fields - Union mowed them down (= "Picketts Charge")Lee was defeated and retreated to VirgniaGettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere.Over 100, 000 people died in 3 days It was the last time the South invaded the North.

33Gettysburg Addressthat from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Abe Lincoln

34VicksburgJuly 4, 1863 - another Union victory - VICKSBURGwon by U.S. Grant, cut South in 1/2 and gave the Union control of Mississippi RiverGrant was then given control of all Union armies began a "scorched earth" policy to defeat the SouthGeneral Sheridan decimated Va.'s Shenandoah ValleyGeneral Sherman given task of taking Atlanta; his "March through Georgia" saw total destruction from Atlanta to Savannah

Appomattox Court HouseApril 9, 1865 Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox, court house, Virginia.

Picture Credit:http://www.26nc.org/PhotoGallery/CommandChangePhotos/McLeanHouseMusic.jpg

AppomattoxApril 3, 1865 - Grant took Richmond Va. - final blow to Lee's armyLee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSEAll Confed. troops forced to take an oath of loyalty to U.S.otherwise, terms of surrender were lenient Lincoln didn't want a humiliated South and further conflictissue of states' rights now "solved"- fed. gov't had asserted its status

After four bloody years of civil war, the South was defeated.38On slide:Graphic.Click 1:After four bloody years

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Over 618,000 military deaths during Civil War.39POLITICAL / ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTSw/o Southerners in fed. gov't, many changes occurred that benefited the North:1) Homestead Act passed by Congress in 1862 - encouraged W. expansion w/o slavery - 165 acres given to anyone who would farm it 5 yrs.2) Union-Pacific Railway was authorized - great trade potential, focused on the Northern States.3) Tariffs were put in place to protect Northern industry

4) Congress established a single federal currency - same value in all states - known as "Greenbacks" 5) to cover war debts, Union gov't issued war bonds and intro'd income tax6) in a further illustration of fed. gov't power, Lincoln's gov't restricted civil liberties so nothing would detract from Union war effort (suspended Habeas Corpus)- free press/ speech also interrupted7) 1864 Election - only in Union- pitted Republican Lincoln against Democrat General McClellan Lincoln won easily, assuring that war will continue (N. Democrats wanted an end)

EFFECTS OF CIVIL WARcreation of a single unified countryabolition of slaveryincreased power to fed. gov't killed the issue of states rights U.S. now an industrial nationa stronger sense of nationalismw. lands increasingly opened to settlementSouth was economically and physically devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled...thus Reconstruction (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North remained...