19th Century ImperialismThe “New” Imperialism

Europe’s Race to Grab the World

Monroe Doctrine 1823

After the American Revolution, the United States wished to prevent foreign interference in America.

The Monroe Doctrine (issued by American President, James Monroe in 1823), alerted European powers that the American continents should not be considered for any future colonization by Europeans.

How did the Monroe Doctrine impact revolutions in Latin America?

Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent.

The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.

Monroe Doctrine The point of view expressed in this political

cartoon is that U.S. foreign policy under the Monroe Doctrine protected the Western Hemisphere from hostilities overseas.

ImperialismAPS Standards

Essential Understandings:Industrial nations in Europe needed natural resources

and markets to expand their economies.These nations competed to control Africa and Asia to

secure their economic and political success.Imperialism spread economic, political, and social

philosophies of Europe throughout the world.Resistance to imperialism took many forms including

armed conflict and intellectual movements.

ImperialismAPS Standards

Essential KnowledgeNationalism motivated European nations to compete for

colonial possessions. European economic, military, and political power forced colonized countries to trade on European terms. Industrially-produced goods flooded colonial markets and displaced their traditional industries. Colonized peoples resisted European domination and responded in diverse ways to Western influences.

ImperialismAPS Standards

Forms of imperialismColoniesProtectoratesSpheres of influence

ImperialismAPS Standards

Imperialism occurs when a strong nation takes over a weaker nation or region and dominates its economic, political, or cultural life.

ImperialismAPS Standards

Imperialism in Africa and AsiaEuropean domination European conflicts carried to the coloniesChristian missionary effortsSpheres of influence in ChinaSuez CanalEast India Company’s domination of Indian statesAmerican opening of Japan to trade 

ImperialismAPS Standards

Responses of colonized peoplesArmed conflicts (Events leading to the Boxer

Rebellion in China)Rise of nationalism (first Indian nationalist party

founded in the mid-1800s)

Forces Enabling African and Indian Imperialism

European technological superioritySteamboatsAutomatic machine gunLocomotiveTelegraphEuropeans had the means to control their empiresEasy travelWide spread communicationAfrican and Indian disunityHuge variety of culturesFighting among culturesHuge business interests and support from companies

Responses of Colonized Peoples

Armed conflicts (Events leading to the Boxer Rebellion in China)

Rise of nationalism (first Indian nationalist party founded in the mid-1800s)

Social Darwinist View of Imperialism

Some Europeans viewed imperialism as a moral responsibility to civilize what they considered primitive cultures

Why Imperialize?

Industrial nations in Europe needed natural resources and markets to expand their economies.

These nations competed to control Africa and Asia to secure their economic and political success.

Imperialism spread economic, political, and social philosophies of Europe throughout the world.

Vocabulary

Imperialism: Policy of building an empire to extend a nation's power and territory - when one country takes over another and its economy, culture and politics.

Colony: A settlement of people outside their homeland, linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control

Vocabulary

Protectorate: A country whose policies are guided by a foreign nation

Sphere of influence: An area in a country where a foreign power has exclusive rights to trade or invest

"Paternalism" comes from the Latin pater, meaning to act like a father, or to treat another person like a child

The True Size of Africa

Nationalism

Nationalism motivated European nations to compete for colonial possessions.

European economic, military, and political power forced colonized countries to trade on European terms.

Industrially-produced goods flooded colonial markets and displaced their traditional industries.

Colonized peoples resisted European domination and responded in diverse ways to Western influences.

Suez Canal

Europeans needed a faster way to get from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean

In 1869, the Suez Canal was completed to connect the Mediterranean to the Red Sea.

Suez Canal

Great Britain controlled the canal.Known by the British as their “Lifeline to

India”

Colonial Administrative Styles

Direct Rule- Local elites were removed from power and replaced with a new set of officials from the European country

Did not attempt to preserve African political institutionsFrench, German and Portuguese style of colonial ruleIndirect Rule-Allowed local rulers to maintain

positions of authority in the new colonial settingBritish style of colonial rule

British Entrepreneur Cecil Rhodes “We happen to be the

best people in the world, with the highest ideals of decency and justice and liberty and peace, and the more of the world we inhabit, the better it is for humanity.”

Africa Before and After Colonization

"The White Man's Burden"

Rudyard Kipling, a British author, wrote a poem called "The White Man's Burden". 

It describes a sentiment that many Europeans had--that it was the duty of Imperial nations to "raise up" their colonies to European standards of living like:

Education, infrastructure, religion, clothing, etc. 

The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire

The only free states remaining in Africa by 1914 were Liberia and Ethiopia.

Scramble for Africa

1880 – Most of Africa consisted of independent states

1914 – With the exception of Ethiopia and Liberia, all of Africa was controlled by Europeans

Berlin Conference 1884-1885

A conference held in Berlin, Germany that divided the African continent in 50 irregular states among the European powers of: Great Britain, Germany, Portugal and France.

There were no Africans represented at the conference.

This division of territory did not take into account the thousands of tribes in Africa resulting in some tribes being torn apart and warring tribes now being the same borders.

Boer War-1899-1902

An example of a European conflict carrying over to their colonies.

The Boer’s were Dutch farmer, also known as Afrikaners who were the descendants of the original Dutch settlers of Cape Town and the surrounding areas.

British, Dutch (Afrikaner, Boer), Zulu (Natives) fought for control of South Africa.

Britain wins.

Imperialism in Asia

India

British East India Company

The British East India Company had been given a monopoly of all English trade to Asia by royal grant at its foundation in 1600.

The British East India Company dominated trade in India of spices and then later, cotton and silk.

India was so profitable, it was called the “Jewel in the Crown.”

Life of the British in India

British East India Company

The Great Rebellion/Sepoy MutinyBritish East India company controlled much of India

using Sepoys.Sepoys- Indian soldiers, Hindu or Muslim, were

hired by the British.Rifle cartridges had to be greased with fat.A soldier had to bite the covering off before the

bullet could be inserted into a gun.A rumor of the use of cow or pig fat was used as

grease.How was this a problem?

Indian Nationalist Party Rise of nationalism in India led to the first Indian

nationalist party Founded in 1885 with the objective of obtaining a

greater share in government for educated Indians

China

Trade in ChinaChina was in a period of decline by the late 1700sThe Industrial Revolution in Europe created a need

for raw materials and marketsChinese rulers placed strict limits on foreign tradersTrade took place in a small area of southern China-

Canton

Opium for Tea

There were no goods China wanted from the West.The British discovered that they could trade the

addictive drug opium (from India) for Chinese goods- tea, silk, porcelain.

The Chinese did not want opium imported to their country.

This conflict resulted in the Opium Wars. The British won the Opium Wars with their superior

technology.

The Opium Wars-Results1839–1842, 1856–1860

Opium is made from a poppy- traditionally grown in India.

Opium is a highly addictive substanceBritish merchants made huge profits by trading

opium grown in India for Chinese teaMany Chinese became addicted to the drugSilver flowed out of China in payment for opium

which disrupted the economy and destroyed lives.

Boxer Rebellion2 November 1899 – 7 September 1901

Europeans created spheres of influence in order to trade with China.

Boxers were a group of anti-foreigner Chinese. They rebelled against the imperialist European countries that were trading in China.

The Boxers revolted to kick the European’s out of China - called the Boxer Rebellion

The Europeans defeated the Boxers so that they could keep trading in China

Boxers fighting the Eight-Nation Alliance British and Japanese soldiers depicted

What does this cartoon represent?

Queen Victoria

Wilhelm II Germany

Nicholas II Russia

Marianne France

A Japanese samurai

A Shocked Mandarin in Manchu

Chine “China" in French

Open Door Policy 1899

The U.S. wanted an ‘open door policy’ because they were late to imperialize and did not get a sphere of influence.

It is a statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China.

The statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

Japan

Japan

In 1854, the United States sent a fleet of battleships to Japan under the command of Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy.

He was ordered to open Japan for trade with the nations of the world.

The commodore's mission was successful!

At the end of a hard day's work under the tropical sun the officers had only one hill left to record. They decided to use their imagination and fill the area in with a fictitious image. They drew round a picture in a magazine creating contours in the form of an elephant. The substitution remained undetected for some time and can still be seen on some editions of the map (as in the version above where the position of the elephant has been indicated).

http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/lieland/m3-3-1.html

Credits

http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/global/themes/imperialism/index.cfmhttp://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Imperialism_in_Asia/http://regentsprep.org/Regents/global/themes/

imperialism/india.cfm

Scramble for Africa

By 1880 European nations only controlled 10% of AfricaThe British took the Dutch settlement of Cape Town after the Napoleonic WarsBoers - Dutch descendents moved northward to avoid the British. After 1853 the Boers proclaimed political independence and fought the BritishBy 1880 British and Boer settlers controlled much of South AfricaBy 1900 the whole continent had been carved up, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained

freeThe most important country was Egypt which was occupied by the BritishSuez Canal - built by Ferdinand de Lesseps of FranceDisraeli buys 44% - protecting investment from the Egyptians

During the 1700s, British merchants introduced Indian opium to China

The opium was traded for Chinese tea, which had become extremely popular in England

Many Chinese citizens became addicted to the drug Silver flowed out of China in payment for opiumThis disrupted the Chinese economy and depleted the

Chinese treasury

Boxer Rebellion2 November 1899 – 7 September 1901

1800’s China opened for tradeOpium War won by BritainOpen Door PolicySociety of Righteous and Harmonious FistsAntiforeigner feelingsMassacre of foreigners and Chinese ChristiansForeign powers quelled the Rebellion

The Chinese government outlawed opium and executed drug dealers

They called on Britain to stop the opium tradeThe British refused , calling for free tradeIn 1839, Chinese warships clashed with British

merchants, triggering the Opium WarBritish gunboats bombarded Chinese coastal and river

portsThe British used their superior weapons and tactics to

defeat Chinese forces

Unequal TreatiesIn 1842, the British made the Chinese accept the Treaty of

NanjingBritain received a huge indemnity, or payment for losses in the

warThe British gained the island of Hong KongChina had to open five ports to foreign tradeBritish citizens were granted extraterritoriality, the right to live

under their own laws and be tried in their own courtsThis was the first in a series of “unequal treaties” that forced

China to make concessions to western powersDuring the mid-1800s, under pressure from the West, China

opened up more ports to foreign trade and let Christian missionaries into China

As the 19th century ended, the Qing dynasty was in decline

The Chinese did not like having foreign troops in their country

They also resented Christian missionaries