(1973) How and Why Wonder Book of Communications

7/22/2019 (1973) How and Why Wonder Book of Communications

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ODR F kjc cdktjr 's l mo`dr tj hjc`HJR FO@ RH]CP h ms o d w H j w f o ` R h y k j c c dk t j r ' s l m o ` dr h j c ` s t w d c v d t m t c ds 9f w j o ` d r g u c w f y t j l u m c` y j u r j w o r d g dr d o k d c m l r fr y

M t ms _fvfmcfl cd g r j e th d pul c m shd rs j g Hj w fo` R h y l jjas gj r < .> >[ u p p c m d s f rd c m e m t d ` s j s do ` g j r y j u r s o j w .

Prfosw jrc` ^ulc mshdrs C memtd` Kf sh [fcd s @dpt. ^.J. Ljx 66


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P H D H J R F O @ R H ] R J O @ D \ L J J A J G

K J E E T O M K F P M J O [r mtt oly RMCC MFE LJRDO-@FWMD[c custr f t d` ly D@RF\@ E J\PDCEFO[

P \ F O [ R J \ C @ ^ T L C M [ H D \ [ 9 C J O @ J O


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Phd Hjw fo` Rhy Rjo`dr Ljja jg Kje-euomkftmjos ms ojt motdo`d` fs f tdkhomkfcljja dxpcfmomob hjw kjepcmkftd` fppfrftuswjras. Mt `jds shjw yju hjw, gjr dxfepcd,rf`mjs, tdcdbrfph systdes fo` tdcdvmsmjos wjra, lut mt efmocy cjjasft thd hmstjry jg hjw `mggdrdot gjres jg kjeeuomkftmjo kfed fljutfo` sjed jg thd edo rdspjosmlcd gjr thde.Kjeeuomkftmjo hdrd ms usd` mo thd sdosd jg efo spdfamob tj efo,fo` ojt mo thd wm`dr motdrprdtftmjo mokcu`mob sukh sulidkts fstrfospjrt fo` cfobufbd, fo` thd dxprdssmjo jg efo's thjubhts.Fkaojwcd`bdedotsEuccfr` Ct`1 Phd Efrkjom Kjepfoy Ct`1Hubhds Fmrkrfgt1 Phd ^jst Jggmkd.

Jrmbmofccy pulcmshd` mo Brdft Lrmtfmoly Prfoswjrc` ûlcmshdrs Ct`.^ \ M O P M O B H M [ P J \ ]Prfoswjrc` d`mtmjo pulcmshd` 6=2;Prfoswjrc` d`mtmjo rdprmotd` 6=22Kjpyrmbht 6=2; Prfoswjrc` ûlcmshdrs Ct`.Fcc rmbhts rdsdrvd`.Phd Hjw fo` Rhy Rjo`dr Ljja [drmds ms jrmbmoftd`fo` pulcmshd` mo thd T.[.F. ly Brjssdt fo` @uocfp Mok.,f Oftmjofc Bdodrfc Kjepfoy.ûlcmshd` ly Prfoswjrc` ûlcmshdrs Ct`., Kdotury Hjusd, 76/7; Txlrm`bd \jf`, Dfcmob, Cjo`jo R.4 4[F.^rmotd` ly ûrodcc & [jos Ct`., ^fuctjo (Lrmstjc) fo` Cjo`jo.


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K J O P D O P [

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R H ] K J E E T O M K F P D :Hjw `m` edssfbds dvjcvd:Rhy `j pdjpcd ' t f ca ' wm th thd m rhfo`s:Rhft sjuo` mos t ruedots kfo ldusd` gjr kjeeuomkf t mob:Rhy wdrd pmbdjos usd` gjrkjeeuomkf t mob:

K J E E T O M K F P M J O L] R \ M P P D O R J \ @ Hjw `m` thd wr m t tdo wjr` kjed fljut:Rhj wfs Rmc c mfe Kfxtjo:Hjw wfs thd wrmt tdo wjr` sdot mo6280:Hjw ms cdt tdr sjr t mob fo` `dcmvdryspdd`d` up:W M [ T F C P D C D B \ F ^ H ]Rhft `jds 'Pd cdbrfphy ' edfo:Hjw wdrd wmo`emccs usd` tj sdo`sdkrdt edssfbds:Rhj movdotd` f edkhfomkf ctd cdbrfph `ur mob thd Grdokh\dvjcut mjo:Hjw `j hd c mjbrfphs wjra:K J E E T O M K F P M J O L ] D C D K P \ M K F CP D C D B \ F ^ H ]Rhft ms thd Cdy`do Ifr:Rhft \ussmfo prjvd` Fepdrd ' sthdjry:Hjw wdrd thd td cdbrfph fo` thdrfmcwfy kjoodktd`:Rhj movdotd` thd Ejrsd Kj`d:[ T L E F \ M O D K F L C D [Rhdo wdrd thd gmrst kflcds cfm`:\ F @ M J Rhj wdrd thd movdotjrs jg thdrf`mj:Hjw wfs Efxwdc c ' s thdjry prjvd`:Rhft `m` f kjhdrdr `j:Rhft `m` Efrkjom fkhmdvd:H jw ` m` E f r k jo m ' s d qu mpe d otsfvd cmgd ft sdf:Rhy wfs k m rkum t tuomob mepjr tfot:

==6>666 emcds tj bdt hdcp grje thd[pfrtfos gjr thd Fthdomfos whj wdrdgmbhtmob thd ^drsmfos. Fojthdr ruoodr,wmth odws jg thd vmktjry ft Efrfthjo,`md` jo thd stdps jg thd Fkrjpjcms,fgtdr `dcmvdrmob thd edssfbd. Grje thms

lfttcd wd bdt thd wjr` efrfthjo`dskrmlmob f cjob rfkd whmkh ms usd`mo thd Jcyepmks fo` jthdr rfkdstj`fy.Phd ^drsmfos frd rdputd` tj hfvdusd` f vjkfc edthj` jg smbofccmob lykhjjsmob edo wmth pjw drguc vjmkds fo`stftmjomob thde jo hmbh pcftgjresfljut f emcd fpfrt. Edssfbds kjuc`thus ld sdot jvdr f spdkmgmd` frdf lyldmob shjutd` grje jod efo tj fo-jthdr, usmob thdmr kuppd` hfo`s fs fofm` tj thdmr vjkfc khjr`s. Fcdxfo`dr thdBrdft usd` f cfrbd hjro mo hms frey gjrkjeeuomkftmob edssfbds jvdr f `ms-tfokd, pdrhfps thd gjrdruoodr jg thdedbfphjod pdrgdktd` dcdktrjomkfccyefoy ydfrs cftdr.

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\d` Mo`mfos usd` fre fo` hfo` ejvdedots tj "tfca" whdo thdy wfotd` tj rdefmo s m cdot. Gjr sdo`mob edssfbds jvdr cjob `mstfokdsthdy usd` sejad s mbofcs .

[jed pdjpcd kjeeuomkftd wmth thdmrhfo`s fs wdcc fsR h y ` j p d j p c d w m t h t h d m r v j m k dt f c a w m t h t h d m r , . .h f o ` s : ly deph fsmzmobthdmr spddkh ly

bdsturds.. [jed \d` Mo`mfo trmlds frdaojwo tj hfvd lddo flcd tj tf cawmth thdmr fre fo` hfo` ejvdedots.Phms edthj` wjuc` ld usd` whdostfcamob fo dodey jr bfed, whdo thdlrfvds kjuc` kjeeuomkftd wmth jodfojthdr wmthjut `msturlmob thdmrqufrry. Hfo` smbo cfobufbd ms mo `fmcyusd fs f edfos jg kjee uomkftmjo wmth,fo` ldtwddo, thjsd whj frd `dfg fo``uel,7

Fs efo gjuo` hd wfotd` tj kjeeuom-kftd ft brdftdrR h f t s j u o ` `mstfokds.sj hdm o s t r u e d o t s k f o l d , , ,u s d ` g j r t u r o d ` t > e j r dk j e e u o m k f t m o b : e d k h f o m k f cedfos tj hdcphme `j sj. Phd \d` Mo`mfos, gjrdxfepcd, usd` sejad smbofcs, fo` f`rue jr tje-tje. Phd tje-tje wfsfcsj usd` mo kdotrfc Fgrmkf fo` wfsef`d grje fomefc samo whmkh wfsstrdtkhd` jvdr fo depty kjotfmodr.Phd ldftmob jg thms `rue ly thdoftmvds kjuc` ld rdpdftd` grje jod

vmccfbd tj fojthdr tj rdcfy edssfbdsjvdr f kjosm`drflcd `mstfokd. Phd


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whmstcd hfs lddo usd` ly e foy `mggdrdottypds jg pdjpcd, mokcu`mob pjcmkdedokfccmob gjr fssmstfokd jr fs f wfromob1fo` rdgdrdds tj bjvdro thd stfrt fo`hfct jg pcfy mo gjjtlfcc. Fojthd r sjuo`mostruedot ms thd hjro whmkh ms wdccaojwo fs fo dfrcy gjre jg kjeeuom-kftmob jut mo thd jpdo. [tmcc usd` gjrhuotmob mo Dobcfo` whdo thd gjx mssmbhtd`, mt hf` efoy jthdr usds mo thdpfst mokcu`mob thft gjr fcfre ft thdfpprjfkh jg f gjd. Phms cd` tj thdtruepdt fo` lubcd kfccs whmkh kjo-trjccd` fremds mo lfttcd jvdr efoy

kdoturmds. [pdfamob tulds hfvd lddousd` mo jggmkds fo` fljfr` shmps. Phddo` jg dfkh tu ld, usuf ccy hdc` mo f wfcc-lrfkadt, kjotfmod` f whmstcd, whmkh thdkfccdr wjuc` rdejvd tj lcjw `jwo thdtuld fo` jpdrf td thd whmstcd ft thd jthdrdo` fo` fttrfkt thd fttdotmjo jg thdpdrsjo hd wmshd` tj kjovdrsd wmth.Phd tdcdphjod hfs jg kjursd cfrbdcyrdpcfkd` thd spdfamob tuld, thjubhmt ms stmcc usd` ft sdf mo fo dedrbdoky,whdo thd pjwdr suppcy hfs gfmcd` fo`kjeeuomkftmjo ms vmtfc ldtwddo thdlrm`bd, wmrdcdss-rjje fo` dobmod-rjje.

Fgrmkfos mo thd iuobcd efad tje-tjes wmth strdtkhd` samos, fo` ldft jo thde tj sdo` edssfbds.2


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Kfrr mdr p mbdjos hfvd lddo usd` grje vdry dfr cy t meds, fo` thdy wdrd pfrt mkucfr cy vfcuflcd mo thd twj Rjrc` Rfrs whdo ljelfr`-edots prdvdotd` foy jthdr edthj` jg sdo`mob mogjreftmjo.

Pj hdcp hme mo hms qudst gjr qumkadrkjeeuomkf t mjo ,R h y w d r d p m b d j o s e e h f s [ V e d .u s d ` g j r ,k j e e u o m k f t m o b : tmeds turod` tjfomefcs tj fm`hme. Mo dfrcy tmeds thd ^drsmfos usd`rdcfys jg edssdobdrs jo hjrsdlfka.^mbdjos hfvd f wjo`drguc sdosd jg`mrdktmjo fo` ly trfmomob fo` fttfkhmobedssfbds tj thde (usufccy tj thdmr cdbs),brdft usd wfs ef`d jg thdmr flmcmty tjgcy tj f bmvdo pjmot. Phd bfrrmsjojg Ej`dof usd` thde tj kfcc fssmst-fokd whdo thdy wdrd ldsmdbd` ly EfraFotjoy mo 0; L.K. Phdy wdrd usd` mo[yrmf fo` Edsjpjtfemf `urmob thdEm``cd Fbds fo` gmofccy thdmr usd dx-tdo`d` tj Rdstdro Durjpd. Mo 680>Hfwds Odws Fbdoky wdrd jpdrftmobf pmbdjo sdrvmkd ldtwddo Cjo`jo fo`^frms. Ft thd ldbmoomob jg thd GmrstRjrc` Rfr thd Grdokh hfo`d` jvdr64 pmbdjos tj thd Lrmtmsh Dxpd`mtmjofryGjrkd whj dvdotufccy, thrjubh thd[mbofc [drvmkd, dxpfo`d` thd usd jg

pmbdjos fs edssdobdr kfrrmdrs uotmctjwfr`s thd do` jg thd wfr thdrd wdrdjvdr ,>>> lmr`s gjr jpdrftmjofc sdr-vmkd, mo thd gjrwfr` cmods fo` dcsd-whdrd. Phdy wdrd dxkdptmjofccy usdgucmo fktmjo, dspdkmfccy `urmob f`vfokdswhdo jthdr gjres jg kjeeuomkftmjoprjvd` uosurd. Rhdo dvdo uo`dr-brjuo` tdcdbrfph kflcds wdrd shfttdrd`ly hdfv y bu ogmrd, wmrdcdss smbofcs kjuc`ld motdrkdptd`, fo` thd brjuo` wfs tjjrjubh bjmob gjr f `mspftkh rm`dr,whft jthdr gjre jg kjeeuomkftmjoldttdrd` thd sfgd gcmbht jg f pmbdjo:@mspftkh rm`drs, usd` mo ljth wjrc`wfrs, fo` stmcc eukh mo dvm`dokd tj`fy,wdrd dqumppd` wmth pjwdrguc ejtjr-kykcds9 swmgt fo` rdcmflcd, thdy gjred`f vmtfc cmoa kfrrymob `mspftkhds grjejod frdf jg jpdrftmjo tj fojthdr. Phdykjuc` kfrry sukh thmobs fs efps fo`jthdr lucay pfpdrs, whmkh pmbdjoskjuc` ojt kfrry. Phdmr sefrtodss fo`rdcmflmcmty dfrod` thde thdmr bjj`rdputftmjo mo ljth wjrc` wfrs.

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Kjeeuomkftmjo ly Rrmttdo Rjr`Phrjubh hmstjry fo` rdkjr`s efo hfs

cdfrot fljut thdH j w ` m ` t h d w r m t t d o , ] m r . t . *w j r ` k j e d f l j u t : ^ f s t R m t h j u tthd dfrcy wrmtmobsjg kcdvdr edo cmad Frmstjtcd, fo` jthdrbrdft phmcjsjphdrs, dùkftmjo wjuc`pjssmlcy ojt ld whft mt ms tj`fy.Efo's thmrst gjr aojwcd`bd mokrdfsd`fs ejrd wfs ef`d fvfmcflcd gjr hme tjcdfro. Fs dfrcy fs ;4>> L.K. thd [ued-rmfos prjùkd` wrmtmobs jo lfad` kcfy.Gmvd huo`rd` ydfrs cftdr thd Dbyptmfoshf` pdrgdktd` hmdrftmk wrmtmob. Ft thdsfed tmed, ùrmob thd dfrcy Emojfo

moMofo

Fbd mo Krdtd, pmktjrmfc wrmtmobkjppdr, smcvdr fo` bjc` wfs usd`.286 L.K. thd Khmodsd rdkjr`d`dkcmpsd fo` thd frt jg wrmtmob wfsmotrjùkd` mo Mo`mf mo 7>> L.K. Hms-tjrmkfc rdkjr`s, sukh fs thd kfvd `rfw-mobs ly [tjod Fbd Efo ft Fctfemrf mo[pfmo, wdrd f gjre jg kjeeuomkf-tmjo `jwo thrjubh thd fbds tdccmob ussjedthmob jg thd thjubhts jg prmedvfcefo. ^fpyrus wfs usd` ly thd dfrcyDbyptmfos gjr wrmtmob jo fo` wfs jl-tfmod` ly krmss-krjssmob fo` ldftmobjut thd stdes jg thd pfpyrus pcfot.

[TED\MFO LFAMOBKCF]

Kjeeuomkftmjo ly wrmt mob fo` `rfwmob dvjcvd` jvdr thd fbds mo `mggdrdot pcfkds


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Vumc cs wdrd shfrpdod` ly aomvds tj efad pdoshdokd thdw j r ` " p d o a o m g d " . Ejoas prjùkd` ldfutmguc cy `dkjrftd` efouskrmpts ly hfo`ldgjrd prmotmob kfed motj usd.

P'sfm Cuo, f Khmodsd, movdotd` pfpdriust prmjr tj thd Khmodsd Drf, fo` thdEjjrs lrjubht mt tj Durjpd frjuo`8>> f `. Moa usd` ly Brddas fo`\jefos wfs grje kuttcdgmsh fo` thdmrpdos wdrd usufccy grje hjccjw rdd`sfo` lfeljjs. Vumcc pdos `ftd lfka fsgfr fs thd 2th kdotury. Phd do` jg thdqumcc wfs shfrpdod` wmth f aomgd whmkhbfvd us thd ofed pdo aomgd .Phd qumccs wdrd tfado grj e bddsd wmobs.Mo 628> stddc pdos e f`d thdmr fpp dfr-fokd. Ft gmrst thdy wdrd tjj dxpdosmvdtj ld pjpucfr uotmc efkhmods turod`thde jut gjrty ydfrs cftdr. Mo 6880C. D. Rftdrefo pftdotd` thd gmrstgjuotfmo pdo. Gjuotfmo pdos wdrd jgkjursd uctmeftdcy gjccjwd` ly thd lfccpjmot pdo whmkh ms ojw efss prjùkd`ft f vdry dkjojemkfc prmkd. Phd Khmodsdkfccmbrfphdrs stmcc usd f lrush gjr cdt-tdrmob fs `j e jst kjee drkmfc frtmsts gjr6>

cdttdrmob ljja ifkadts fo` f`vdrtmsd-edo ts. Cdf` pdokmcs `ftd l fka fs gfr fsthd 67th kdotury, lut rdcmflcd jodswdrd prjùkd` mo Grfokd mo 62=4 lyE. Kjotd. Phd Kjotd pdokmc ms wdccaojwo tj frtmsts tj thms `fy.

R h j w f sR m c c m f e Kf x t j o :

Dvdotufccy pdjpcd bjt tmrd` jg wrmtmobl y h f o ` f o `cjjad` gjr fod f s m d r f o `qumkadr edthj`. Rrmtmob f cdttdr wfsjod thmob lut w hft jg prjùkmob f ljjajr pfephcdts: Phd ejoas oj `jultdoijyd` thdmr cfljurd` tfsa jg mccuem-oftmob thjsd efbomgmkdot lmlcds mo thdmrejofstdrmds, lut mo thd jutsm`d wjrcèdo wdrd mepftmdot gjr prjbrdss fo`turod` tj f efkhmod jg sjed sjrtthft wjuc` smepcmgy fo` hfstdo thdmrtfsa. ^rmotmob ms thjubht tj hfvdfppdfrd` mo Hjccfo` fljut 6004. Phd


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Efmc wfs trfospjrtd` ly pjst ljys whj lcdw f hjro tj hdrfc`thdmr fpprjfkh. Fo dfrcy prmotmob prdss ft wjra.

gmrst Lrmtmsh prmotdr Rmccmfe Kfxtjo sdtup f prmotmob prdss mo Rdstemostdrmo 6022. ^jwdr prdssds wdrd mo-vdotd` mo Ifeds Rftt's tmed fo` mo6860 twj wdrd ef`d gjr Phd Pmedsodwspfpdr ly thd Bdrefo Grmd`rmkhAjomb. \jtfry prdssds, whdrd thdprmotmob efttdr rjtftd` jo f kycmo`dr fskjepfrd` tj ldmob jo f gcft surgfkd fsmo thd dfrcmdr typd-sdttmob, kfed motjldmob ùrmob thd em``cd jg thd 6=thkdotury. Phd typd, hjwdvdr, wfs stmccsdt ly hfo`. Efkhmods tj sdt thd typd`m` ojt fppdfr uotmc Jttefr Edrbdo-thfcdr prjùkd` thde ùrmob thd 6=thkdotury. ^rmotmob prjùkd` ljjas,hfo`lmccs, pfephcdts, fcefofks foòdwspfpdrs. F ej rd pdrsjofc efkhmod,thd typdwrmtdr, wfs movdotd` lyKhrmstjphdr [hfcds frjuo` 6878, whmkhldkfed thd \demobtjo typdwrmtdr mo6828.

Hfvmob wrmttdo kjrrdspjo`dokd, hjwwfs mt tj ldgmrst efmc kjfkhfppdfrd` jo < Fubust 6280, ruo-omob grje Lrmstjc tj Cjo`jo, thd 667emcd ijurody tfamob 62 hjurs. Phms tmedwfs cftdr tj ld spdd`d` up tj jvdr 6>emcds pdr hjur whdo meprjvdedotswdrd ef`d tj thd rjf`s. Phd f`vdotjg thd efmc kjfkh ms sfm` tj hfvdlddo thd m`df jg Ijho ^fcedr. Ldgjrd

thms tmed efmc wfs dotrustd` tj pjstljys ejuotd` jo hjrsd-lfka. Phd efmclfb wfs strfppd` tj thdmr lfkas fo`thdy hdrfc`d` thdmr fpprjfkh lyedfos jg lcjwmob f hjro. Ijho^fcedr gdct thft thd efmc wjuc` ldsfgdr mo thd hfo` s jg fred` bufr`s mo fstfbd kjfkh, fo` hd ef`d thd sub-bdstmjo tj Rmccmfe ^mtt, thdo Khfokdccjrjg thd Dxkhdqudr.

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Efmc ldmob sjrtd` do rjutd ly rfmc.

H j w m s c d t t d rs j r t m o b f o ` ` d c m v d r ysp d d ` d ` u p :

Mo Brdft Lrmtfmo tj`fy, fljut


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gmbhtmob edo flrjf` ly dosurmob thftthdy hf` wrmttdo kjotfkt wmth thdmrgrmdo`s fo` gfemcmds ft hjed. PhdFmrbrfph [ystde whdrdly thd sdrvmkd-efo kjuc` wrmtd hms cdttdr jo f smobcdshddt jg pfpdr, whmkh wfs phjtj-brfphd`, rd`ukd` mo smzd, fo` gcjwohjed ly fmr efmc tj thd rdcftmvds, wfs fbrdft ljjo tj hme fs tj hms gfemcy. Mtembht ld f efttdr jg ydfrs ldgjrd hdsfw thde fbfmo, lut ft cdfst thdy aodwhd wfs wdcc ft thd tmed jg wrmtmob.

Phd Fmr Efmc systde hfs brdftcyspdd`d` up thd `mspftkh jg cdttdrsjvdrsdfs. Phd gmrst fmr efmc mo Dobcfo`wfs gcjwo ldtwddo Hdo`jo fo` Rmo`-sjr mo [dptdeldr 6=66. Dvdo wmth thdspdd` jg fmr efmc mt stmcc tfads tmed tjbdt f edssfbd fkrjss foy `mstfokd.Foy urbdoky kfccs gjr spdd`. Phd m`dfcsmtuftmjo ms thd mostfot rdkdptmjo jg fedssfbd urbdotcy trfosemttd`. Mo jr`drtj fkhmdvd thms e fo movdotd` tdcdbrfphymo efoy gjres.

Phd g m rst fmr efm c mo Dobcfo` wfs g cjwo mo 6=66 ldtw ddo Hdo `jo fo` R mo` sj r. 6;


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Wmsufc Pdcdbrfphy

Phd wjr` tdcdbrfphy jr tdcdbrfph ms`drmvd` g rje twjR h f t ` j d s Brdda wj r`sP d c d b r f p h y e d f o : Pdcd edfomobgfr fo` Brfphjs edfomob wrm t -tdo . Phus tdcdbrfphy kjuc` ld motdr-prdtd` fs f wrmttdo edssfbd, jr smbofc,ldmob sdot jvdr f `mstfokd. Mo 64> L.K.thd Brddas usd` f smbofccmob systdewhdrd cmbhtd` tjrkhds wdrd pcfkd` ld-twddo thd bfps jg twj wfccs. Phd bfpsmo jod wfcc rdprdsdotd` thd cmod jg thdkj`d thdy wdrd usmob, fo` thd bfps mothd sdkjo` wfcc rdprdsdotd` thd cdttdrmo thft cmod. Mo thms wfy thd cdttdrs jgthd edssfbd wdrd spdct jut ly tjrkh-cmbht. Gmrd wfs fojthdr edfos jg smbofc-cmob. Ft thd tmed jg thd movfsmjo ly thd[pfomsh Fref`f, ldfkjos wdrd pcfkd`frjuo` thd Dobcmsh kjfstcmod tj wfromohflmtfots jg thd fpprjfkh jg thd[pfomsh shmps. Phms typd jg tdcdbrfphywfs aojwo fs jptmkfc jr vmsufctdcdbrfphy.Ft thd lfttcd jg [fcfems, mo 08> L.K.,thd Brdda shmps wdrd jutoueldrd` lythd ^drsmfos fo` thmobs cjjad` lf` gjrthd Brddas. Fo uodxpdktd` smbofc grjethdmr gcfbshmp jr`drmob fcc thd shmps tjturo fo` gfkd thd ^drsmfos whj wdrddokmrkcmob thde, surprmsd` thd ^drsmfosfo` thrdw thde motj kjogusmjo.Phd usd jg gcfbs cftdr sprdf` tjDurjpd. Phdy wdrd usd` ly thd \je fosjo thdmr emcmtfry stfo`fr`s, fo` Lrutusmo 0= L.K. usd` gcfbs jo hms shmp whmkhkjuc` dfsmcy ld rdkjbomzd`.60

H j w w d r d w m o ` e m c c su s d ` t j s d o ` s d k r d te d s s f b d s :

Mo 6424 Lrmtmsh shmps sdt thdmr sfmcs tjb m v d s p d k m g m ke d f o m o b f o `gmrd` f kfoojo tjfttrfkt fttdotmjo.Efoy ydfrs cftdr, ùrmob thd [dkjo`Rjrc` Rfr, pfrtmsfos usd` f `mggdrdottypd jg sfmc sdttmob gjr edssfbds, thftjg thd wmoèmccs jg Hjccfo`. Phms wfythd uo`drbrjuo` ejvdedot wfs flcdtj kfrry edssfbds usd` fbfmost thdBdrefo jkkupymob gjrkds. Phms wfsoj odw edfos jg smbofccmob gjrthd @utkh whj hfvd usd` `mggdrdotpjsmtmjos jg wmoè mcc sfmcs gjr mo`mkftmobthd dvdots jg lmrth, efrrmfbd fo` `dfthgjr efoy ydfrs.

rr,/r/z

Phd Brd d as turod ` `d gd ft motj v mktjry ly gj c cjwmob jr`d rssmbofccd` tj thde ly thdmr g cfbshmp.


17/52

Ofpjcdjo's sjc`mdrs jpdrftmob Kcfu`d Khfppd's s mbofc c mob efkhmod.

Phd ydfr 628= sfw thd ldb moomob jg thdGrdokh \dvjcu-R h j m o v d o t d ` f t m j o f o ` f oe d k h f o m k f c t d c d b r f p h , , g` u r m o b t h d G r d o k h T r : d o t o d d ` g j r\ d v j c u t m j o: qumka kjee uom-kf t mj o mo t h dkfepfmbo. Kcfu`d Khfppd, f Grdokh-efo, sfw thd odd` fo` wmth thd hdcpjg hms lrjthdr fo` jthdrs, prj`ukd` fefkhmod whmkh wfs fkkdptd` ly thdCdbmscftmvd Fssdelcy mo 62=


18/52

Phd sdefphjrd wfs motrjùkd` moDobcfo` mo 62=4 ly thd \dv. Cjr`Bdjrbd E urrf y. Mt kjosmstd` jg f skrddowmth smx shuttdrs whmkh wfs jpdrf td` tjbmvd 7; kje lmoftmjos. P hd ljfr` s wdrdpmvjtd` fo` ejvd` ly kjr`s. PhdFèmrfcty usd` mt tj jpdrftd grjeCjo`jo tj vfrmjus rdcfy stftmjos fcjobthd kjfst. F edssfbd kjuc` ld sdotldtwddo Cjo`jo fo` ^jrtsejuth mof efttdr jg emoutds. Ijho Bfelcd mo-vdotd` f smx-fre sdefphjrd ft fljutthd sfed tmed fs Cjr` Eurrfy movdotd`hms. Phms efkhmod kjosmstd` jg f vdrtmkfcpjst wmth thrdd fres dmthdr sm`d. Mt wfstrmd` ly thd frey mo 62=2 fo` depcjyd`gjr gmdc` usd ejuotd` jo kfrts jrkjfkhds. Tsd` wmth f tdcdskjpd mt hf`f rfobd jg gmvd emcds. Khfppd's fdrmfctdcdbrfph systde survmvd` gjr gjrty67

ydfrs fgtdr hms uotmedcy `dfth mo 68>4.Rhdo jthdr skmdotmsts fo` movdotjrsrdfcmzd` thd pjtdotmfc jg dcdktrmkmty fs fedfos jg meprjvmob tdcdbrfphy thd`fys jg thd efoufccy jpdrftd` vmsufctdcdbrfph wdrd jo thdmr wfy jut.Ldgjrd wd pfss

H j w ` jh d c m j b r f p h s w j r a :

jo tj dcdktrmkfctdcdbrfphy cdt uskjosm`dr vmsufct d c d b r f p h y l yrdgcdktd` cmbht. Rd hfvd sddo hjw thdBrdda s smbofccd` ly tjrkhd s mo thd ` fra,lut whft jg `fycmbht smbofccmob: Rd fccaojw thft ly tfamob f smepcd hfoèmrrjr fo` kftkhmob thd suo's ldfes`mrdktcy jo tj mt wd kfo `mrdkt f vdrylrmbht spjt jg cmbht jo thd wfccs jrkdmcmob jg f rjje grje suo shmomobthrjubh thd wmo`jw.

Bfelcd's smx-fre sdefphjrd wfs ejuotd` jo kfrts fo` usd` mo thd gmd c` ly thd frey.

aE_mmte


19/52

Mo 68 emcdskjuc` ld jltfmod` wmthjut thd usd jglmojkucfrs. Jvdr hmccy kjuotry, `ms-tfokds jg 6>> emcds wdrd rdpjrtd`.Prfospjrtflcd sdefphjrd wfs usd`dx tdo s mv d cy m o [ j u th F g r m kf t j -bdthdr wmth g cfbs jg ` mg gdrdo tsmzd.

@urmob thd [juth Fgr mkfo Rfrs Lr mt msh sjc`mdrs usd` hdc mjbrfphs tj s mbofc tj dfkh jthdr. 62


20/52

Pjwfr`s thd do` jg thd 6=th kdoturycmedcmbht cfep s wdrd usd` gj r smbofccmobly `fy fs wdcc fs ly ombht, usmob thdEjrsd Kj`d. [mbofc cfeps usmobshuttdrs wdrd depcjyd` ly wfrshmps moljth wjrc` wfrs fo`, `u rmob thd [dkjo`Rjrc` Rfr, thd Fc`ms cfep, wmth tdcd-skjpmk smbhts, wfs usd` tj brdftf`vfotfbd ly smbofccdrs fljfr` fmrkrfgt

jo sdf pftrjc fo` jo edrkhfot shmps mokjovjy. [hmps kjuc` kjeeuomkftd wmthfmrkrfgt fs wdcc fs wmth jthdr shmps.Phd Fc`ms cfep wfs hdc` up tj thddyd, gjkusd` jo thd jlidkt tj ldsmbofccd` tj, fo` wfs jpdrftd` lyf gmobdr trmbbdr whmkh `dgcdktd`thd cmbht ly edfos jg f ejvflcdrdgcdktjr.

Kjeeuomkftmjo ly Dcdktrmkfc PdcdbrfphyPhjsd dotdrprmsmob edo, thd Brddas,ojt jocy `mskjvdrd` thft whdo pmdkdsjg feldr wdrd rulld` wmth eftdrmfcthdy pmkad` up sefcc pfrtmkcds, sukh fsgmlrds, lut fcsj mo thd frdf jg Efbodsmfwdrd stjods whmkh, whdo pcfkd` odfrpmdkds jg mrjo, fttrfktd` thde. [j mt msgrje thd Brddas thft wd bdt thd ofeddcdktr mkmty fo` dcdktrjo. Phdy kfccd`fel dr dcdk trjo . Rd kfcc thd dcdktrjof uomt jg odbftmvd dcdktrmkmty. Efttdrwd gmo` ms lumct up jut jg f oueldr jgdcdktrjos kmrkucftmob fljut thd pjsmtmvdoukcdus, whmkh kjeprmsds thd ftje.Grje Efbodsmf, wd bdt thd tdreefb odtmse, whmkh ms kfusd` ly e fbodtswhmkh fttrfkt edtfcs tj thde. Mgyju tfad f kjel fo` pfss mt sdvdrfctmeds thrjubh yjur hfmr, fo` thdomeed`mftdcy put mt jo f sefcc pmdkd jgpfpdr, jod do` jg thd kjel wmcc fttrfktthd pfpdr. ]ju hfvd khfrbd` thd kjelwmth pjsmtmvd dcdktrmkmty. Mg yju tfadtwj m`dotmkfc efbodts, dfkh wmth fojrth fo` sjuth pjcd, fo` pcfkd thdeodfr tjbdthdr, yju wmcc gmo` thft cmad68

pjcds rdpdc, whdrdfs `mggdrdot pjcds wmccfttrfkt. Mt wfs thrjubh smepcd dxpdrm-edo ts sukh fs thdsd thft ju r gjrdgf thdrsbrf`ufccy lumct up `mskjvdrmds whmkhcd` tj thd usd jg dcdktrmkmty mo kje-euomkftmjo fo` jthdr sdrvmkds.

O

Fljvd thd kjepjsmt mjo jg fo ftje. Ld cjwfttrfkt mjo lytw j `mssmemcfr efbodtmk pjcds1 rdpu csmjo ly tw j smemcfrefbodtmk pjcds.


21/52

Ft Cdy`do Tomvdrsmty mo 6207 ^mdtdrWfo Eusskhdo-R h f t m s t h d m , k , ,,C d y` d o If r: lrjda gjuo` thf tly khfrbmob fbcfss ifr pfrtmfccy gmccd` wmth wftdr, hdwfs flcd tj stjrd dcdktrmkmty. Gj rdru oo drjg thd kjo`dosdr stjrmob dcdktrmkmty, thdfppfrftus ldkfed aojw o fs thd Cdy`doIfr. Mo Dobcfo` Hdory Kfvdo`msh sdtfljut meprjvmob thd Cdy`do If r ly thdusd jg tmogjmc jo mts moodr fo` jutdrsurgfkds.Phms systde hf ` tw j ef mo prjlcdes.Gmrstcy, thd dcdktrmgymob efkhmods gjrkhfrbmob thd Cdy`do Ifr wdrd rfthdrkueldrsjed pmdkds jg fppfrftus, fo`sdkjo`cy, thd ifr mtsdcg wjuc` jocysuppcy dcdktrmkmty gjr f vdry shjrt tmed.Fcdssfo`rj Wjctf, fo Mtfcmfo prjgdssjr,gjuo` fo foswdr tj thms ly hms movdo-tmjo jg thd Wjctfmk ^mcd. Phms wfs mo

dggdkt thd gmrst dcdktrmk lfttdry, fo` wfskjostruktd` jg zmok fo` smcvdr `msks sdtfctdroftdcy, fo` sdpfrftd` ly pmdkdsjg ejmstdod` kfr`ljfr`. Hms thdjrywfs thft whdo yju pcfkd` twj `ms-smemcfr edtfcs mo kjotfkt wmth jodfojthdr yju kfusd` fo dcdktrmk kurrdottj gcjw. Pj Wjctf wdot thd hjojur jghfvmob thd uomt jg dcdktrmkmty, thd Wjct,ofed` fgtdr hme.Mo 68, f @fomsh physmkmst ly thdofed jg Jdrstd` prjvd` thft f efb-odtmk odd`cd jg f kjepfss wfs fggdktd`ly thd kurrdot pfssmob thrjubh edtfcpcfkd` odfr mt. Cftdr thms cd` tj thdmovdotmjo jg dcdktrj-efbodts whmkhwdrd tj prjvd movfcuflcd gjr jpdrftmobthd tdcdbrfphmk kmrkumts. Fo dcdktrj-efbodt kfo ld prj`ukd` ly wrfppmobf kjmc jg wmrd frjuo` f pmdkd jg sjgtmrjo fo` pfssmob f kurrdot thrjubh thft

6=


22/52

Phd Kjjad fo` Rhdftstjod g mvd odd`cd tdcdbrfph.

wmrd. Rhdthdr thd pmdkd jg edtfc ms mothd shfpd jg f lfr efbodt jr f hjrsd-shjd efbodt, f ojrth fo` f sjuth pjcdwmcc dxmst ft dmthdr do` jg thd efbodt.Fepdrd, f Grdokh physmkmst, wmthf`vmkd grje ^mdrrd [mejo Cfpcfkd putgjrwfr` thd m`df jg pfssmob f kurrdotthrjubh f oueldr jg wmrds, jod gjrdfkh cdttdr jg thd fcphfldt, fo` tdrem-oftmob thde ft thd rdkdmvmob do` wmthf kjepfss odd`cd tj dfkh wmrd. Mo thmswfy f edssfbd kjuc` ld sdot. Fe pdrd'sofed bfvd us thd uomt jg kurrdot, thdfepdrd (shjrtdod` tj fep.).^fuc vjo [khmccmob-Kfoostf`t, f\ u s s m f o , p u tR h f t \ u s s m f o Fe pdrd's m`dfp r j v d ` F e p d r d ' s .t h d j r y 2 motj prfktmkd. Hd

fcsj tjja ojtd jgthd `mskjvdry thft f strjobdr kurrdot

kjuc` ld jltfmod` ly efamob thd wmrdkfrrymob thd kurrdot mo thd gjre jg fkjmc. Hms trfosemttdr tjja thd gjre jgtdo adys, cmad f pmfoj, whmkh kjuc`trfosemt tdo `mggdrdot smbofcs fcjobwmrds tj gmvd `mggdrdot kjmcs ft thdrdkdmvmob do` jg hms fppfrftus. Mosm`ddfkh kjmc wfsf.efbodtmk odd`cd whmkhkjuc` ld `dgcdktd` twj wfys grje thdojrth-sjuth pjsmtmjo, `dpdo`mob jo thd`mrdktmjo jg thd kurrdot sdot thrjubh mt.Phd `mrdktmjo jg thd kurrdot wfs `dtdr-emod` ly whmkh ady wfs prdssd` ft thdtrfosemttmob do`. Phus mt wfs pjssmlcdtj sdo` tdo `mggdrdot smbofcs. Hd gmrst`dejostrftd` hms fppfrftus ft Ljoomo [dptde ldr 68;4. F ydfr cftdr R mccmfeKjjad, thd sjo jg fo Dobcmsh `jktjr,sfw sjed dxpdrmedots ly ^rjgdssjrEuoad ft Hdm`dcldrb wmth Wjo [khmc-cmob's tdcdbrfph. Ft Hdm`dcldrb hd

ODD@CD


23/52

Z

dxpdrmedotd` jo thd m`df hmesdcg fo`jo hms rdturo tj Cjo`jo hd spdot thdrdst jg thd ydfr wjramob jo thd movdo-tmjo jg f odw tdcdbrfph, dokjurfbd` lyEmkhfdc Gfrf `fy, thd gfe jus ^rjgdssjrjg Khdemstry.Mo 68;2 Kjjad gjred` f pfrtodrshmpwm th ^rj gdssj rH j w w d r d t h d Khfrcds R hdft-t d c d b rf p h f h ` t h d ,r f m cw f y k j o o d k t d ` : s t j o d? whj wfsfcsj dxpdrmedot-mob wmth tdcdbrfphmk fppfrftus, fo`ldtwddo thde thdy fppcmd` gj r f pftdot.\jldrt [tdphdosjo, Khmdg Dobmoddr tjthd \fmcwfys, wfs fpprjfkhd` fo` mothd futueo jg thd sfed ydfr fodxpdrmedotfc tdcdbrfph cmod wfs cfm``jwo ly Kjjad ldtwddo Dustjo fo`Kfe`do Pjwo. Phd gjccjwmob ydfr hdcfm` fojthdr tdcdbrfphmk cmod ldtwddo^f``mobtjo fo` Rdst @rfytjo whmkhwfs cftdr kfrrmd` jo tj [cjubh. Phdmotdrdstmob pjmot jg thms pfrtmkucfr

prjidk t wfs th ft thdy wdrd ojw usmob ftwj odd`cd tdcdbrfph whmkh mo`mkftd`dfkh cdttdr ly f prd-frrfobd` kj`d`dtdremod` ly thd ejedotfry `dgcdk-tmjo jg thd odd`cds. Phd prdvmjus gmvdodd`cd tdcdbrfph wfs sj kjostruktd`thft thd rdqumrd` cdttdrs wdrd mo`m-vm`ufccy mo`mkftd` ly twj jg thdgmvd odd`cds pjmotmob mo jppjsmtd`mrdktmjos tjwfr`s thd rdqumrd` cdttdrs.\dqumrmob gmvd cmods mostdf` jgtwj, thdsd dfrcmdr ej`dcs wdrd tjjdxpdosmvd tj jpdrftd jvdr cjob `ms-tfokds. Mt ms motdrdstmob tj ojtd thft mo6804 thd twj odd`cd mostruedot ft^ f ` ` m o b t j o w f s r d s p j o s m l c d g j rrdkdmvmob f edssfbd kjokdromob thdeur`dr jg [frfh Hfrt ft [cjubh.Hdr eur`drdr, Ijho Pfwdcc, wfsfrrdstd` mo Kfoojo [trddt, fo` cftdrwfs kjovmktd` fo` hfobd`. Phdmostruedot usd` gjr thd rdkdptmjo jgthd edssfbd kfo ld sddo ft thd [kmdokdEusdue tj`fy.


24/52

Rhft ms mt: Hjw `m` mt jrmbmoftd: Gjrthms rdgdr tj foR h j m o v d o t d ` t h d F e d r m k f o f r t m s tE j r s d K j ` d : whj `mspcfyd` fomotdrdst mo tdcdbrfphy. Hd usd` hms jwodfsdc tj efa d thd grfe d jg fo fpp frftu swhmkh kjuc` rdkjr` smbofcs jo pfpdrdvdry tmed hms ejrsd ady wfs prdssd`,sdo`mob f kurrdot thrjubh hms fppfrf-tus tj fktuftd fo dcdktrj-efbodt whmkhbum`d` f pdokmc jotj f strmp jg pfpdr,whmkh pfssd` jvdr f rdvjcvmob `rue.Ymb-zfb cmods wdrd gjred` whmkhkjuc` ld rdf` fs f kj`d` edssfbd.Phd ofed jg thms efo wfs [feudcEjrsd, fo` hms gfejus Ejrsd Kj`dwfs tj ld usd` jo hms jwo fppfrftusfs wdcc fs jo jthdr tdcdbrfphy efkhmodsldgjrd ldmob usd` mo wmrdcdss tdcdbrfphymtsdcg.

Phd jrmbmofc `mstrdss smbofc KV@,whmkh wfs gjccjwd` cftdr ly thd thrdd`jts fo` thrdd `fshds gjccjwd` lythrdd ejrd `jts, stfo`mob gjr thd efrm-tmed [.J.[., eust hfvd sfvd` kjuotcdsscmvds fgtdr Efrkjom hf` ef`d wmrdcdsstdcdbrfphy pjssmlcd efoy ydfrs cftdr.Ejrsd rdkdmvd` brdft hdcp grje IjsdphHdory, fojthdr Fe drmkfo, whj shjwd`hme hjw tj mokrdfsd thd rfobd jg hmstdcdbrfphy ly edfos jg rdcfy-dcdktrj-efbodts mosdrtd` mo thd tdcdbrfphmkcmod. [feudc Ejrsd suggdrd` hfr`-shmps fo` `msfppjmotedots mo eukhthd sfed wfy fs hms prd`dkdssjrsmo thd gmdc` jg movdotmjo, lut gmofccyhd trmuephd`, fo` ldgjrd hd `md`mo 6826, f odtwjra jg tdcdbrfphwmrds sprdf` fkrjss Fedrmkf kfrrymobedssfbds.

F - Z L E - - WK O - R@ > XD p ]G V zB \H6 [ P -I TA

[feudc Ejrsd mobdomjuscy movdotd` fo fppfrftus thft kjuc` rdkjr` smbofcs jo pfpdr. Hms gfejus Ejrsd Kj`d ms stm c c wm`dcy usd`.


25/52

Phd stdfe tub jcmfh hf` b r dft ` m g g mku c tmds mo cfy mob thd kflcd fkrj ss thd Do b c m sh Khf ood c .

[ulefrmod KflcdsPhd gmrst edo tj cfy f kflcd uo`dr thdsdf g rje jodRhdo w dr d th d , . ,6g m r s t k f l c ds c f m ` : K J u o t r y t j t h djthdr wdrd thdLrdtt lrjthdrs, Ijho fo` Ifkjl, ld-twddo @jvdr mo Dobcfo` fo` Kfp Brms-Odz mo Grfokd, mo Fubust 684>. Phdkflcd wfs kjvdrd` wmth buttf-pdrkhf, fsulstfokd grje kdrtfmo trdds mo Efcfyfwhmkh mosucftd` thd kflcd. Phd fktmjojg wftdr fktufccy hfr`dod thd surgfkdjg thd eftdrmfc, fo` buttf-pdrkhf wfsusd` gjr efoy ydfrs uotmc pjcythdodshdfth tjja mts pcfkd.F stdfe tub kfccd` thd Bjcmfh wfsusd` gjr kfrrymob thd kflcd, fo` pfymobmt jut fkrjss thd Dobcmsh Khfoodc, fo`mt wfs dskjrtd` ly thd survdy vdssdcH.E.[. Rm`bdjo. Togjrtuoftdcy fGrdokh gmshdrefo gjucd` thd gmrst kflcd,lut fojthdr jod wfs cfm` mo Ojvdeldr

6846 whmkh wfs stmcc mo bjj` wjramobjr`dr 6> ydfrs cftdr.Phd gmrst kflcd fkrjss thd Ftcfotmkgrje Wfcdotmf Mscfo` tj Odw gjuo`cfo`wfs cfm` ly H.E.[. Fbfedeojo(Lrmtmsh) fo` thdOmfbfrf(T.[. grmbftd)mo Fubust 6888. Phd cmod wdot `df` moJktjldr thft ydfr. Fojthdr kflcd,thmkadr fo` strjobdr thfo thd prdvmjusjod, wfs ef`d fo` wfs gmofccy sukkdss-guccy cfm` ly Lruodm's gfejus stdfeshmp thd Brdft Dfstdro mo Iucy 6877.Phd ^jst Jggmkd hfvd thrdd kflcd-cfymob shmps, jod jg whmkh ms thdFcdrt. [hd ms pfmotd` f rd``msh-jrfobdtj wfro shmppmob mo thd vmkmomty tj addpkcdfr jg gjucmob thd kflcd ldmob cfm`.Phd ej`dro trfosjkdfomk tdcdphjodkflcd ms kjvdrd` mo pjcythdod mo pcfkdjg buttf-pdrkhf fo` ms jg kjfxmfckjostruktmjo.


26/52

Hd rtz's fppfrftus usd` f \uhe ajrgg kjm c fo` f sdkjo`fry k mrk umt tj trfosemt h mbh-grdqudoky jskm c cft mjos whmkh wdrd `dtdktd` lyspfras jo f lrjado cjjp jg wmrd.

\f`mj

\f`mj hfs lddo fljut thd ejst me-pjrtfot `mskjvdry mo thd stjry jg Efofo` Kje eu omkftmjo. Ldkfusd jg mt efohfs lddo flcd tj kjeeuomkftd ejrdspdd`mcy jvdr eukh brdftdr `mstfokdsthfo dvdr ldgjrd fo` hfs lddo flcd tj`j sj wmthjut thd fm` jg tdcdbrfph wmrdsjr uo`drsdf kflcds. Phd `mskjvdry jgrf`mj wfs fcsj odkdssfry gjr yjurtdcdvmsmjo prjbrfeeds jg tj`fy, whmkhrdqumrd thd trfosgdrdokd jg sjuo` fswdcc fs vmsmjo grje thd trfosemttdr tjyjur rdkdmvdr. Rmthjut rf`mj mt wjuc`hfvd lddo mepjssmlcd tj addp kjotfktwmth thd fstrjofuts jo thdmr ijurody tjfo` grje thd ejjo.^djpcd dquftd thd ofed Efrkjom wmththd wmrdcdss, cftdrR h j w d r d t h d kfccd` thd rf` mj.

m o v d o t j r s j g t h dr f ` m j : E frkjom wfs thdefo whj hf` thd


27/52

Dfrcy rf`mj sdts, sukh fs krystfcs, wdrd dqumppd` wmth dfrphjods gjr cmstdomob.

trfvdccd` ft thd spdd` jg cmbht,fpprjxmeftdcy 687,>>> emcds pdrsdkjo`.Mo 6888, f Bdrefo prjgdssjr ofed`

Hdmor mkh Hdr tzH j w w f s E f x w d c c ' s mt h d j r y p r j v d ` : prjvd` Efxw dcc sthdjry mo prfktmkdly prj`ukmob thdsd dcdktrjefbodtmkwfvds. Ly usmob f lfttdry kjelmod`wmth f \uheajrgg kjmc hd wfs flcd tjprj`ukd f hmbh vjctfbd fkrjss thdsdkjo`fry kjmc suggmkmdot tj kfusd spfrastj gcy fkrjss f bfp mo thd sdkjo`frykmrkumt. Mo jr`dr tj `dtdkt thft thddcdktrjefbodtmk cmods jg gjrkd wdrd

fktufccy ldmob trfosemttd` hd ef`d fkmrkcd jg wmrd whmkh hd lrjad ft jodpjmot tj mosdrt f edtfc lfcc ft dfkh do`jg thd cjjp. Phms wfs hms rdkdmvdrwhmkh hd hdc` f gdw gddt fwfy grje hmstrfosemttdr. Jo kcjsmob thd prmefrykmrkumt jg thd \uheajrgg kjmc, thft msfppcymob pjwdr grje thd lfttdry,spfras gcdw fkrjss thd sdkjo` fry kmrkumttj ld pmkad` up ly thd smepcd rdkdmvdrwhmkh `mskhfrbd` fkrjss thd spfra bfpmo mts lrjado kmrkcd jg wmrd.Ldgjrd Efrkjom fppdfrd` Jo thdskdod, Rmccmfe Krjjads, aombhtd` mo68=2, subbdstd` usmob dcdktrjefbodtmkwfvds gjr smbofccmob.


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Jcmvdr Cj`bd wfs thd gmrst efo tj rdkdmvd smbofcs thrjubh hms 'kjhdrdr' fppfrftus.

RM\D M[ FPPFKHD@ PJ LJPH PHD PD\EMOFC[.PHD JPHD\ DO@[ JG PHD RM\D[F\D FPPFKHD@ PJ F \DKDMWD\ KM\KTMP.

R h f t ` m ` fk j h d r d r ` j :

F Grdokh prjgdssjr jg physmks ofed`D`jufr` Lrfocyd x p d r m e d o t d `wmth f bcfss tuldgmccd` wmth e dtfc gmcmobs fo` gju o` thf twhdo f spfra wfs `mskhfrbd` odfrthde, thd gmcmobs kjhdrd` (stuka tj-bdthdr), fo` fccjwd` f kurrdot tj pfssthrjubh thde.Mo 68=0, Jcmvdr Cj`bd, f Lrmtmshskmdotmst, rdfcmzd` thft mt wfs pjssmlcdtj usd thd kjhdrdr fs f Hdrtzmfo wfvd`dtdktjr. Hd ofed` L rfocy's fppfrftusf kj hd rdr fo` usmob thms fo` me-prjvd` kj hdrdrs jghmsjwo, ldkfed thdgmrst efo tj rdkdmvd smbofcs thrjubh thmstypd jg fppfrftus. Hms meprjvd` kj-hdrdr futjeftmkfccy `mscj`bd` thd gmcmobsfgtdr f smbofc hf` lddo rdkdmvd`, sj thftthd kjhdrdr kjuc` rdkdmvd thd odxtsmbofc. Ly puttmob thd kjhdrdr mo sdrmdswmth f lfttdry fo` dcdktrmk ldcc mt wfspjssmlcd tj rdkjbomzd thd prdsdokd jgthd smbofc ly thd sjuo`mob jg thd ldcc.

F smbofc rdkdmvd` ft thd fdrmfc wjuc`kfusd thd gmcmobs tj kjhdrd, thdrdlyfccjwmob thd kmrkumt tj ld kcjsd`ldtwddo lfttdry fo` ldcc.Jlsdrvd hjw motdroftmjofccy thmsbrdft dvdot ms lumc`mob up9 Huybdos,f @ utk he fo 1 Gfrf` fy, E fxwdcc, JcmvdrCj`bd, Dobcmshedo1 Hdrtz, f Bdrefo1Lrfocy, f Grdokhefo. Ojw f \ussmfofppdfrs jo thd skdod, f skmdotmst ofed`^jpjv. ^jpjv wfs stu`ymob ofturfcdcdktrmkfc `mskhfrbds mo thd fmr, fo` gjr

thms hd usd` fo dcdvftd` wmrd. CftdrEfrkjom usd` thd sfed m`df gjr usd fsfo fdrmfc gjr hms rdkdmvdr fo` trfos-emttdr, tj bmvd hme e ukh b rdftdr rfobd.Efrkjom fcsj usd` thd Fedrmkfo'sEjrsd Kj`d gjr smbofccmob, wmth brdftsukkdss. Dfkh efo, fo` efoy jthdrs,kjotrmlutd` sjedthmob tj thms bmbfotmkimb-sfw, thd foswdrs tj whmkh wdrdbjmob tj sprdf` dvdotufccy fcc jvdr thdwjrc` fo` cftdr tj thd ejjo fo`ldyjo`.


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R h f t ` m È f r k j o m f k h m d v d :

Dxpdrmedotmob fo` meprjvmob jo fccthd fppfrftus hdkj u c` p r j ` u kdf o ` r d k d m v m o bdokjurfbdedot grje fojthdr Mtfcmfo,^rjgdssjr \mbhm, whj hf` fcsj wjrad`jo thd rdprjùk tmjo jg dcdktrjefbodtmkwfvds, Efrkjom wjrad` ft hms pfrdots'hjed mo Ojrthdro Mtfcy. Tsmob fofdrmfc, moùktmjo kjmc fo` kjhdrdr, `d-kjhdrdr fo` spfra bfp, hd efofbd`tj lrm`bd f `mstfokd jg sdvdrfc emcds.Mo 68=7 hd `dkm`d` tj lrmob hmsdqumpedot tj Dobcfo`. Pj prjtdkt hmsmovdotmjo hd gmrst tjja j ut f pf tdot. H dwfs motrjùkd` tj [mr Rmccmfe ^rddkd,Khmdg Dobmoddr tj thd B.^.J., whjfccjwd` hme tj `de jostrftd hms fp pfrf-tus, wmth sukkdss, jo thd rjjg jg thdB.^.J. Hd f`qu frtdrs ft [t. E frtmo's-cd-Brfo` mo Cjo`jo. [mr Rmccmfe ^rddkdhmesdcg hf` lddo dxpdrmedotmob gjrsjed tmed wmth thd moùkd` kurrdotprjùkd` ldtwddo pfrfccdc tdcdbrfph

cmods. Cftdr Efrkjom's fppfrftus wfstrmd` jut jo [fcmslury ^cfmo ldgjrdmepjrtfotjggmkmfcs grje thd ^jstJggmkdfrey, ofvy fo` bjvdroedot. Fejobstthd jggmkmfcs wfs f ofvfc jggmkdr ofed`Kfptfmo H. L. Ifkasjo, whj hf` fcsjlddo dxpdrmedotmob wmth rf`mj. Efr-kjom's dxpdrmedots wdrd f sukkdss fo`cftdr, jo Iucy 68=2, hd gjred` hmsgmrst Rmrdcdss [mbofccmob Kjepfoy. MoMtfcy hd efofbd` tj efad pjssmlcdrf`mj kjeeuomkftmjo ldtwddo thd cfo`fo` fo Mtfcmfo wfrshmp twdcvd emcdsjggshjrd. Lfka mo Dobcfo` thd gmrst twjpdrefodot shjrd stftmjos wdrd dstfl-cmshd` wmth hms dqumpedot ft Fcue Lfy,Mscd jg Rmbht, fo` ^jjcd hfrljur odfrLjurodejuth mo Fubust 68=8. [hmpsgmttd` wmth hms dqumpedot wdrd flcd tjkjeeuomkftd wmth thde. Pwj ejrdstftmjos, gjr `dejostrftmjo purpjsds,wdrd jpdrftd` gjr Ccjy`s ft Lfccykfstcdfo` \fthcmo Mscfo`, Ojrthdro Mrdcfo`,mo Efy 68=8.

Efrkjom `dejostrftd` hms dqumpedot ldgjrd [drvmkd khmdgs jo [fc mslury ^cfmo.


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H j w ` m ` E f r k j o m ' sd q u m p e d o t s f v d c m g df t sdf:

Jod jg thd gmrst rdkj r`s jgcmgd-sfvmobftsdf ly hms wmrd-cdss dqumpedotwfs whdo thdD f s t B j j ` w m ocmbhtshmp wfs rfeed` ly thd grdmbhtdr\. G. Eftthdws mo 68==. Gjrtuoftdcy,`urmob thd prdvmjus ydfr ljth thdcmbhtshmp fo` [ju th Gjrdcfo` cmbhthjusdwdrd gmttd` wmth Efrkjom fppfrftus,whmkh doflcd` hdcp tj ld sdot tj thdshmp mo `mstrdss. \fobd ft sdf, ly rf`mj,wfs dxtdo`d` tj 20 emcds, lut Efrkjom,fs felmtmjus fs dvdr, stmcc cjjad` gjrbrdftdr fkhmdvdedots. Hd odd`d` ejrdkfpmtfc fo` mo 6=>> hd khfobd` thdofed jg hms kjepfoy tj Efrkjom'sRmrdcdss Pdcdbrfph Kj. Ct`.Fs ejrd fo` ejrd trfosemttdrs wdrdlumct, ljth hdrdfo` flrjf`, mtwfs gjuo` thft>, hms gfe jus gj ur sdvdos pftdot(Lrmtmsh 2222). Hd fcsj gjred` fof``mtmjofc kje pfoy, thd Ef rkjom Motdr-oftmjofc Efrmod KjeeuomkftmjosKjepfoy Ct`., wmth thd jlidkt jglumc`mob shjrd stftmjos gmrst ft hjedfo` thdo cftdr flrjf`. Efrkjom dqump-edot wfs rdotd` tj shmppmob kjepfomdsfo` trfmod` Efrkjom jpdrftjrs wdrdsuppcmd` tj thd shmps, fo frrfobdedotwhmkh wjras tj thms `fy. Rmth thdsukkdss jg tuod` kmrkumts, whmkh, ldsm`dskuttmob `jwo motdrgdrdokd, fcsj mo-krdfsd` rfobd, Efrkjom sdt fljut mo-krdfsmob thd `mstfokd jg trfosemssmjo

R h d o t h d Pmtfomk sfoa thd wmrd cdss jpdrftjr, ^hm c c mps , sdot jut `mstrdss s mbofcs tj thd vdry do`.


31/52

Hd fkhmdvd` f `mstfokd jg fljut >emcds, gmrst jg fcc, ldtwddo f tdepjrfrystftmjo ft thd Cmzfr`, Kjrowfcc, fo` thdMscd jg Rmbht stftmjo. Dokjurfbd` lythms, fo` wmth thd fm` jg FelrjsdGcdemob, hd lumct f pjwdrguc trfos-emttmob stftmjo ft ^jc`hu, fcsj odfrthd Cmzfr`. Mo [dptdeldr 6=>6, thdefsts jg thd ^jc`hu stftmjo wdrdwrdkad` mo f stjre, lut fgtdr ldmob rd-pcfkd` wmth f smepcdr fdrmfc, Efrkjomfo` hms twj fssmstfots, ^fbdt fo ` A de p,tjja thdmr dqumpedot tj Odwgjuo`cfo`fo` sdt up f tdep jrfry rdkdmvmob stftmj ojo [mbofc Hmcc, [t. Ij ho 's. Gj r fo fd rmfc,tj bfmo hdmbht, thdy usd` gmrst f lfc-cjjo, fo` thdo f ljx amtd. Jo 66, ft 6 p.e., Efr-kjom hdfr` thrjubh hms dfrphjod thdprd-frrfobd` smbofc jg thrdd `jts,rdprdsdotmob thd cdttdr [ mo thd E jrsdKj`d, kjemob grje thd ^jc`hu trfos-emttdr jvdr >> emcds fkrjss thd

Ftcfotmk. Mt wfs gjrtuoftd gjr Efrkjomthft hd hf` Felrjsd Gcdemob fs hmstdkhomkfc f`vmsdr, gjr Gcdemob wfs tjprj`ukd jod jg thd brdftdst tdkhoj-cjbmkfc `mskjvdrmds jg jur fbd. Tp tjojw trfosemttdrs fo` rdkdmvdrs hf`lddo kjogmod` tj thd usd jg thd EjrsdKj`d, jr jthdr kj`ds, whmkh wdrddmthdr rdkjr`d` jo fo moa prmotdr jrrdf` ly fo jpdrftjr ly thd usd jg fsjuo`dr jr hdf`phjods. Phms wfs fccvdry wdcc gjr thd sdo`mob fo` rdkdmvmobjg edssfbds lut ojt gjr bdodrfc lrjf`-kfstmob tj thd pulcmk. Ldgjrd pfssmob jotj thd odxt brdft stdp mo rf`mj `ms-kjvdry cdt us pfusd fo` cjja lfkafwhmcd jo thd prfktmkfc dggdkt Efr-kjom's rf`mj hf` jo thd wjrc` fo` hjwhd fo` jthdrs strjvd tj mokrdfsd mtsdggdktmvdodss.Phd tdrrmlcd `msfstdr jg thd brdft Lrmtmshc mo d r , Pmtfomk,

R h m k h ` m s f st d r prjvd` thd flsj-p r j v d ` t h d , , km e p j r t f o k d j g r f ` m j s c u t d odkdssmty gjrf o ` r f ` m j j p d r f t j r s : Kfrry mob rf` mjdqumpedot fo` fsuggmkmdot oueldr jg jpdrftjrs tj addpwftkh gjr `mstrdss smbofcs. @urmob thftkjc` ombht mo Fprmc 6=6; pdjpcdwdrd `rjwod`. Phd wmrdcdss jpdrftjr,^hmccmps, kjotmoud` tj sdo` jut `mstrdsssmbofcs usmob ljth thd jc` kj`d KV@fo` thd odw jod, [.J.[., wmth thdrdsuct thft 2>4 jut jg f tjtfc


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fo dxkdptmjofccy cjob wftkh prmjr tjthd `mstrdss kfccs ldmob sdot jut. Mttjja tmed, lut mo ydfrs tj kjed,Motdroftmjofc Cfw rdqumrd` kjostfotwftkh gjr `ddp-sdf vdssdcs, whdthdr lyjpdrftjrs jr fo futjeftmk fcfresystde, whdrdly thd trfosemttd` [.J.[.smbofc wjuc` fktmvftd thd fcfre joshmps wmthmo wmrdcdss rfobd whjsdjpd rftjrs wdrd jgg wftkh.Fojthdr brdft prjjg jg Efrkjom's suk-

R h j w f s t h d g m r s t k d s s g u c fppfrftuse u r ` d r d r t j l d wfs thd kfptu rdk f u b h t l y w m r d c d s s : j g t h d e u r ` d r d r

@r. Krmppdo whj wfs efamob hmsbdtfwfy fljfr` thd shmp Ejotrjsd.Ly edfos jg rf`mj, thd shmp's kfptfmowfs wfrod`, prdvdotmob thd krmemofc'sdskfpd. @r. Krmppdo, cmad Ijho Pfwdccldgjrd hme, whj wfs fpprdhdo`d`ly thd usd jg thd dcdktrmk tdcdbrfph,hf` fcsj eur`drd` f wjefo, jocythms tmed mt wfs thd eur`drdr's jwowmgd. Jokd fbfmo iustmkd hf` prdvfmcd`ly f gdw tfps jo f Ejrsd ady. Cftdr,fs wd shfcc sdd, thd pjcmkd wjuc` jwdeukh tj thd fssmstfokd jg rf`mj.

\f`mj Pdcdphjoy fo` Lrjf`kfstmob

R h j m o v d o t d ` t h dt d c d p h j o d :

Rd hfvd sddo hjw kjeeuomkftmjo lyrf`mj tdcdbrfphy,thd usd jg fppf-rftus kfpflcd jgsdo`mob fo` rdkdmvmob thd Ejrsd Kj`d,wfs brfùfccy sprdf`mob gurthdr fo`gurthdr fgmdc`. Lut efo hf` ojtprjpdrcy kjoqudrd` thd dthdr wmth hmsvjmkd. Mo 6824, f [kjt ofed` Fcdxfo`drBrfhfe Ldcc, cmvmob mo Fedrmkf, hf`movdotd` f prfktmkfc tdcdphjod, whdrd-ly efo kjuc` kjeeuomkftd vjkfccy,lut jvdr f cfo` cmod. Fojthdr efo,@fvm` D`wfr` Hubhds, movdotd` femkrjphjod. Rhft wfs ojw odd`d`wfs sjedthmob tj kjoodkt emkrjphjodfo` dfrphjod thrjubh thd dthdr mo thdsfed wfy thft thdy kjuc` ld kjo-odktd` ly cfo` cmods.

Mo 6=>< ^rjgdssjr Gdssdo`do, thdKfof` mfo, wfs wjramob jo thd prjlcde;>

jg supdrmepjsmob thd fu`mj grdqudoky(jr spdfamob wfvds) jo tj thd hmbhgrdqudoky (jr kfrrmdr wfvds) whmkhwjuc` tfad thd fu`mj grdqudoky wfvdthrjubh thd dthdr tj f pjmot whdrd mtwjuc` ld pmkad` up ly f sumtflcd`dtdktjr fo` turod` lfka motj fu`mjgrdqudoky wfvds sumtflcd tj ld trfos-emttd` tj thd dfr vmf dfrphjods,smemcfr tj thd tdcdphjod dfrpmdkd. Phdwfvds prjùkd` ly Efrkjom wmth hmsspfra trfosemttdrs wdrd tjtfccy uosumt-flcd gjr kfrrymob thd fu`mj grdqudokywfvd prjùkd` ly f emkrjphjod. R hftGdssdo`do wfotd` wfs sjedthmob thftwjuc` prjùkd fo uo`fepd` jr kjo-tmoujus wfvd, fo` hd dxpdrmedotd`wmth fo frk trfosemttdr wmth thms do`mo vmdw. Hd wfs kcjsdcy gjccjwd` lyWfc`defr ^jucsdo, f @fomsh skmdotmst,whj fcsj dxpdrmedotd` wmth fo frk


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thd kfrljo gmcfedots usd` mo thd luclskfusd` f lcfkadomob jg thd bcfss sur-gfkd. Pj try tj prdvdot thms hd cmod`thd mosm`d jg thd bcfss wmth tmogjmc jocytj gmo` thft mg hd kjoodktd` thms tmogjmctj thd pjsmtmvd tdremofc f kurrdotgcjwd` ldtwddo thd twj, tmogjmc fo`gmcfedot. Hjwdvdr, jo rdvdrsmob thdkjoodktmjos hd gjuo` thft oj kurrdotgcjwd`. Phms hfppdod` mo 688;. Mo6=>0 Felrjsd Gcdemob kjosm`drd`puttmob thms gcjw jg kurrdot mo jod`mrdktmjo tj f prfktmkfc usd, fo`thrjubh mt hd prjùkd` thd gmrst vfcvdgjr rf`mj, kfccd` thd `mj`dldkfusd mtkjosmstd` jg twj dcdedots, thd gmcfedotfo` thd pcftd (jr foj`d fs mt ms tdred`tj`fy). Mg kurrdot thrjubh mt trfvdccd`mo jod `mrdktmjo jocy thdo hdrd wfs fojppj rtuomty gjr rdktmgymob thd hmbhgrdqudoky fctdroftmob wfvd motj kurrdot

Gcdemob's `mj`d vfcvd fo` D`msjo's d cdktrmk c mbht lucl.;6

trfosemttdr tj prj` ukd r f`mj tdcdphjoy.Gdssdo`do gjuo` thft thd jskmccftmjos(thd swmob ldtwddo twj pjmots) grjehms frk wdrd tjj wdfa , lut stmcc wjramobjo thd prjlcde, hd `dsmbod`, fo`Fcdxfo`drsjo, fo dobmoddr, lumct f hmbhgrdqudoky fctdrof tjr jgsuggmkmdotpjwdrtj prjùkd f kfrrmdr wfvd. Jo Khrmst-efs Dvd 6=>7 wmrdcdss jpdrftjrs wdrdbrdftcy surprmsd` tj hdfr spddkh foèusmk lrdfamob thrju bh thdmr wftkh gj rEjrsd Kj`d smbofcs.Pwj ydfrs prmjr tj thms Felrjsd

G c d e m o b w f sR h f t w f s t h d i _D ` m s j o D g g d k t : kjosm`drmob thdkurmjus D`msjoDggdkt . Ljth hd fo` D`msjo hf` prd-vmjuscy lddo kj okdrod` wmth th d p dkucm-frmtmds jg thd dcdktrmk cmbht lucl.D`msjo, mo Fedrmkf, hf` gjuo` thft


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GMCFEDOP

B\M@Cdd @d Gjrdst's fu`mjo jr trmj`d vfcvd.

FOJ@D

pucsftmob mo jod `mrdktmjo jocy. Foyvfrmftmjo mo thd strdobth jg thdsdpucsds, mg cjw dojubh mo grdqudoky(sukh fs Ejrsd Kj`d smbofcs jr spddkhfo` eusmk grdqudokmds), kjuc` ld usd`tj fktmvftd thd dfrpmdkds jg f pfmr jghdf`phjods. Jg kjursd thd smbofcswjuc` ld wdfa, fo` f brdft `dfc wjuc`hfvd tj ld `jod tj fepcmgy thde, ljthmo thd kjostruktmjo jg thd vfcvd fo` me-prjvdedot tj thd kmrkumt. ]dt fojthdr`dtdktjr wfs `mskjvdrd`, thms tmed lyH. K. @uowjj`y fo` B. R. ^mkafr`,whj gjuo` thft ly tjukhmob kdrtfmokrystfcs cmbhtcy wmth f wmrd thdy wjuc`rdktmgy rf`mj smbofcs, thft ms turofctdroftmob hmbh grdqudo ky kurrdots motjuom`mrdktmjofc kurrdots.Mt wfs cdgt tj fo Fedrmkfo, Cdd@ d G j r d s t , t j

g m o ` f w f yj g f e p c m g y m o b(strdobthdomob) thd smbofcs, whmkh thd;2. Pj`fy wd kfcc fthrdd dcdktrj`d vfcvd f trmj`d, lut mtms f eukh ejrd sjphmstmkftd` vfcvdthfo thd jod Cdd Gjrdst ef`d.


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Mo 6=6; fojthdr lrmccmfot `mskjvdry wfsef`d, thft thmsR h f t m e p j r t f o t t r m j ` d K V u c ` l d` mskj vdry cd` t j , . . .t h d w m r d c d s s: e f ` d t j jskmccftd,thft ms tj prj`ukduo`fepd` wfvds whmkh kjuc` ld usd`gjr trfosemssmjo. Phms edfot thft cftdrthd cfrbd frk fo` jthdr hmbh grdqudokytrfosemttdrs kjuc` ld rdpcfkd` ly eukhsefccdr vfcvd trfosemttdrs, hfvmob thdsfed, mg ojt brdftdr rfobd thfo thdmrprd`dkdssjrs. Fgtdr thd Gmrst Rjrc`Rfr, lrjf`kfstmob tj thd pulcmk wfsldmob sdrmjuscy kjosm`drd` ljth moBrdft Lrmtfmo fo` mo thd T.[.F. Ljthkjuotrmds gjrbd` fhdf`, wmth thd `mggdr-dokd thft w hdrdfs mo Fe drmkf thd rd wfscmttcd jr oj kjotrjc, mo Lrmtfmo lrjf`-kfstmob wfs sulidkt tj strmkt cmkdosmobly thd B.^.J. Dvdo tj thms `fy fwmrdcdss jpdrftjr ms ojt fccjwd` tjjpdrftd fljfr` shmp wmthjut f cmkdokdmssud` ly thd ^jstefstdr Bdodrfc, fo`

odmthdr ms fo fef tdur, jr hf e , fshd ms aojwo, fccjwd` tj jpdrftd hmstrfose mttdr w mthjut f cmkdokd.Mo Fedrmkf, @r. Grfoa Kjorf` wfsusmob brfejphjod rdkjr`s jvdr hmsdxpdrmedotfc rf`mj-tdcdphjoy stftmjo,whmkh wfs cmstdod` tj ly pdjpcd wmthkrystfc sdts. Mo Dobcfo`, Kfptfmo\juo` jg Efrkjom's wfs fcsj dobfbd`mo rf`mj-tdcdphjoy, fo` mo 6= tdsttrfosemssmjos grje Khdcesgjr` wdrdrdkdmvd` fkrjss thd Ftcfotmk. Mo Dob-cfo`, thd 64 amcjwftt stftmjo ft Khdces-gjr` lrjf`kfstd` efmocy odws mtdesfo` eusmk. @fed Edclf, thd smobdr,jo jod jkkfsmjo lrjf`kfstd` cmvd jothms dfrcy systde, wmth f emkrjphjodkjosmstmob jg f kfrljo dfrpmdkd fo` ftruepdt gfshmjod` grje f kmbfr ljx.Phd rdsuct wfs sj dokjurfbmob thftfojthdr stftmjo,


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ejst sumtflcd gjr lrjf`kfstmob. MoKhdcesgjr` mtsdcg ms thd jrmbmofc lumc`-mob, thd gmrst jg mts sjrt gjr efougfktur-mob wmrdcdss sdts mo thd wjrc`, fo`f kjeedejrftmvd pcfqud ms jo mtsjutsm`d wfcc. Pmeds khfobd, ej`drolumc`mobs frd ojw usd` gjr thdefougfkturd jg wmrdcdss kjepjodotsfo` thd jc` lumc`mob ms ojw f guromturdstjrd gjr f wdcc aojwo rdejvfcgmre.

Kfptfmo ^. ^. Dkadrscdy pcfyd` fomepjrtfot pfrt mo thd jpdrftmjo jg


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Prfosmstjrs

Pj `dfc dggdktmvdcy wmth thd sulidkt jgtrfosmstjrs wjuc` rdqumrd f ljja jg mtsjwo. Phdy wdrd movdotd` ly thrddFedrmkfos, Lfr`ddo, Lrfttfmo fo`[hjkacdy, whmcd wjramob gjr thd LdccPdcdphjod Kjepfoy, mo 6=08.Prfosmstjrs frd vdry sefcc fo` hfvdthd f`vfotfbd jvdr thdremjomk vfcvdsthft, hfvmob oj gmcfedot tj hdft,thdy jpdrftd mostfotfodjuscy. Phdyguoktmjo wmth f lf ttdry jg kjosm`drflcycdss vjctfbd thf o f hmbh tdo smjo lf ttdryrdqumrd` gjr thdremjomk vfcvds, fo`thdsd lfttdrmds frd fcsj cjobdr cfstmob.Cmad thd pjrtflcd trfosmstjr rf`mjs jgtj`fy, thd lfttdrmds mo thd dfrcy ej`dcshf` tj ld rdpcfkd` whdo wjro jut.Rhft wfs ejrd, mo thdsd dfrcy ej`dcsthd fkkueucftjr hf` tj ld rd-khfrbd`,whmkh wfs f edssy lusmodss fs mt kjo-tfmod` `mcutd sucphurmk fkm` whmkhwjuc` luro eftdrmfc mg mt wfs dxpjsd`tj mt. Prfosmstjrs frd ojw usd` mo ljthrf`mj fo` tdcdvmsmjo fo` efoy jthdrdcdktrjomk `dvmkds, sukh fs rdkjr`cfydrs fo` kjeputdrs.

Dfrcy trfosmstjrs wjrad` jo thdft pmdkd jg bdre fomue . Fcthj ubhkft's whms adr bfcdof krystfcs, thms

fo` wfs sulidkt tj ojmsddggdkts.Pj ldbmo tj uo`drstfo` thd wjramob

f eftdrmfc, usufccy bdrefomue (tfadogrje kjfc) jr smcmkf (tfado grje sfo`),whmkh hfs f rdsmstfokd ldtwddo thft jgfo mosucftjr fo` thft jg f kjoùktjr.Mo jthdr wjr`s, mt wmcc ojt pfsskurrdot dfsmcy. Hjwdvdr, ly f``mobkdrtfmo mepurmtmds tj mt, mo f pfrtmkucfrwfy, thd oueldr jg grdd dcdktrjosmo thd sdem-kjoùktjr dmthdr ldkjedscdss (efamob mt ^-typd eftdrmfc) jr msmokrdfsd` (efamob mt O-typd eftdrmfc)fkkjr`mob tj thd sulstfokd f``d` tj mt.Ly gusmob tjbdth dr, mo f spdkmfc e foo dr,f pmdkd jg O-typd fo` f pmdkd jg ^-typdeftdrmfc, f gcjw jg kurrdot wmcc jkkur,lfsmkfccy mo jod `mrdktmjo thrjubh thde.Rd hfvd hdrd thd dqumvfcdot jg thd`mj`d vfcvd.Cmad vfcvds, thd kjovdotmjofc trfo-smstjr hfs thrdd dcdktrj`ds, fo Demttdr,f Lfsd, fo` f Kjccdktjr. Fcthjub h thdsdthrdd dcdktrj`ds `j ojt jpdrftd mo thdsfed wfy fs thd Kfthj`d, Brm` fo`Foj`d jg thd trmj`d vfcvd, thdyrdsdelcd thdmr guoktmjo, ofedcy thdkjotrjc jg dcdktrjos tj `dtdkt fo`fepcmgy smbofcs. Phd trfosmstjr usmobthrdd dcdktrj`ds (f trmpcd sfo`wmkh^-O-^ typd jr O-^-O typd) fs kje-pfrd` wmth thd `mj`d's twj pmdkds jgef tdrmfc (^-typd fo` O-typd) wfs ef`dfo` prjùkd` mo `mggdrdot wfys.

Jod kjepcdx edthj` ms thd [mcmkjo^cfofr trfosmstjr. Hdrd thd kjccdktjr,lfsd fo` demttdr frd efougfkturd` mocfydrs. Phd prjkdss kfccs gjr vdry

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Prfosmstjrs kfo ld ef`d sj sefcc thft thdy kfo pfss thrjubh thd dyd jg f odd`cd.

`dtfmcd` wjra, stfrtmob wmth f thmo scmkdjg smcmkjo, fljut 4 ke. mo `mfedtdr.Phd surgfkd jg thms pmdkd jg smcmkjo msjxm`mzd`, wmo`jws frd kut motj thdjxm`mzd` smcmkjo, thd surgfkd kcdfod`fo` fo mepurmty ms gusd` motj thdsmcmkjo tj gjre thd lfsd. Phd surgfkd msthdo jxm`mzd` fbfmo, ejrd wmo`jwsfrd dtkhd` fbfmo mo thd jxm`mzd` surgfkdfo` thd demttdr pcfod ms `mggusd` motjthd lfsd. Rd ojw hfvd jur thrdddcdktrj`ds, gjremob thd O-^-O jr^-O-^ sfo`wmkh. Gmofc prjkdssmob mo-kcu`ds thd efamob jg dcdktrj`ds kjo-;7

odktd` tj f edtfc surgfkd `dpjsmtd`thrjubh ejrd wmo`jws ef`d mo thdjxm`mzd` surgfkd. Phd pmdkd jg smcmkf msojw kut up motj foythmob up tj 7,>>>trfosmstjrs, dfkh jod ldmob tdstd` ldgjrdldmob kut ly f `mfe jo` kuttdr. R d hfvdmo dggdkt f e dfos jg e fss prj` uktmjo jgtrfosmstjrs jg thd sefccdst smzd mefb-moflcd whmkh frd thdo ljo`d`, kjccdktjrsm`d `jwo, jo tj f stde jr hdf`dr,whmkh ms bjc`-pcftd`. Bjc` jr fcuemo-mue wmrds frd usd` tj kjoodkt thdlfsd fo` demttdr tj thd cdf`-jutwmrds, thdy frd dxfemod`, wfshd`


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Pdcstfr ldmob cfuokhd` ly f thrdd-stfbd rjk adt grje Kfp d Adoo d`y.

fo` `rmd` fo` gmofccy dokfpsucftd`.^cfofr tdkhomquds cd` tj thd krdftmjojg thd motdbrftd` kmrkumt mo whmkh trfo-smstjrs fo` kjepjodots kjuc` fcc ld`mggusd` motj f pmdkd jg smcmkjo sefccdojubh tj pfss thrjubh thd dyd jg fodd`cd. Phms khmp, fs mt ms kfccd`,kfo kjotfmo fs efoy fs huo`rd`sjg kjepjodots, fo` fs fo motdbrftd`kmrkumt kf o ld usd` tj bjj` dggdktmo rf`mj rdkdmvdrs, fepcmgymob kmrkumtsfo` kjeputdrs. Phd motdbrftd` kmrkumtshjwo mo thd mccustrftmjo ms ldgjrddokfpsucftmjo.

Pj`fy ej`dro wmrdcdss trfosemssmjopcfys f brdft pfrt mo jur cmvds, fo` ojtjocy gjr dotdrtfmoedot. R mth thd usd jgshjrt wfvds me pjr tfot e dssfbds kfo ldgcfshd` frjuo` mo sdkjo`s, ojt jocy tjjthdr cfo`s ft thd gfr kjrodrs jg thddfrth lut tj shmps ft sdf sfmcmob tjthjsd cfo`s fcc jvdr thd wjrc`. Ejrdrdkdotcy wd hfvd sddo thd f`vfotfbd jgfrtmgmkmfc sftdccmtds sukh fs Pdcstfr,whmkh bmvd us meprjvd` rdkdptmjo ojtjocy jo thms dfrth lut grje spfkdkrfgt kmrkucftmob fo` cfo`mob jo thdejjo fs wdcc.

;2


40/52

Fcdxfo`dr Brfhfe Ldcc 'fkkm`dotfccy ' kfc cs hms fssmstfot ly tdcdphjod gjr thd gmrst t med.

Phd Pdcdphjod fo` Pdcdprmotdr

R h j w f s F c d x f o ` d rB r f h f e L d c c :

Fcdxfo`dr Brfhfe Ldcc, ljro moD ` m o l u r b h m o6802, movdotd`t h d t d c d p h j o dwhmcd mo thd Tomtd` [tftds jg Fedrmkfmo 6824. Motdrdstd` mo eusmk fo` thdhuefo vjmkd, hd tfubht dcjkutmjo fo`trmd` tj efad f eusmkfc tdcdbrfph, gjrwhmkh hd rdkdmvd` gmofokmfc lfkamobgrje vfrmjus Fedrmkfos. Mo thd kjursd

jg hms dxpdrmedots hd ef`d f edkhfom-kfc dfr, whmkh kjotfmod` f `mfphrfbewhmkh vmlrftd` whdo sjuo` wfvds;8

wdrd mepmobd` up jo mt. Ph ms cd` dvdotu-fccy tj thd jrmbmofc tdcdphjod dfrpmdkdwhmkh hd fo` hms fssmstfot Rftsjocftdr pdrgdktd` dojubh tj efad thdhuefo vjmkd fu`mlcd jvdr f cfo` cmod.Phd tfcd bjds thft whmcd wjramob joh m s f p p f r f t u sLdc c , th moamobRftsjo wfs mo

thd rjje, sfm`Kj e d hdrd, M wfot y ju . R ftsjokfed , lu t jocy ldkfusd hd wfs cmstdomob

H j w ` m ` L d c cf k k m ` d o t f c c y p r j v dh m s d x p d r m e d o t


41/52

jo f vmlrftmob `mfph rfbe mo f `mggdrdotrjje `jwostfmrs. Cmad fcc movdotmjosthd fppfrftus hf` tj ld pdrgdktd` fo`thdo sjc` tj thd pulcmk. @mggmkuctmds,gmofokmfc fo` jthdrwmsd, hf ` tj ld jvdr-kjed. Phd gmrst tdcdphjod kje pfoy wfsrdbmstdrd` mo Lrmtfmo mo 6828, fo` mtjpdod` mts Cjo`jo dxkhfobd mo Fubustthd gjccjwmob ydfr, wmth f hfo`guc jgsulskrmldrs. Gdfrguc jg thd gftd jgmts tdcdbrfph sdrvmkd, thd ^jst Jggmkdefofbd` tj bdt f Hmbh Kjurt rucmobthft, gjr thd purpjsd jg thd PdcdbrfphFkt, tdcdphjod fo` tdcdbrfph wdrd thdsfed, fo` mo thms wfy fcc tdcdphjodkjepfomds hf` tj jpdrftd ly cmkdokdgrje thd ^jstefstdr Bdodrfc. Jo 6Ifoufry 6=6< thd B.^.J. tjja jvdr thdtdcdphjod systdes wmth thd dxkdptmjojg twj, jwod` ly thd kjrpjrftmjos jg^jrtsejuth fo` Hucc. Pj`fy Hucc fo`thd Khfoodc Mscfo`s stmcc ruo thdmr jwosdrvmkds.Rmth kjo tmoufc rdsdfrkh thd ^j st Jggmkdvfstcy meprjvd`tdcdphjod kje-euomkftmjo, ljth mo thms kjuotry fo`flrjf`. Pj`fy wd hfvd jvdr 7,>>>futjeftmk dxkhfobds fo` frjuo` 64|emccmjo tdcdphjods jpdrftmob mo Lrmtfmo.[ulskrmldr Pruoa @mfccmob ([.P.@.),gmrst usd` mo Lrmstjc mo 6=48, ojwjpdrftds jvdr eukh jg thd kjuotry fo`mt ms ojw pjssmlcd tj `mfc `mrdkt tjDurjpd fo` dvdo tj Ojrth Fedrmkf.Phd 7 gt. ^jst Jggmkd Pjwdr lumct mokdotrfc Cjo`jo

H j w h f vd t d c d p h j o d s m ` d m o t d r Z` d v d c j p d ` kmty emkrjwfvdcmoas, sfvmob kjosm`drflcy jo efoy

R h f t m s [ . P . @ . :

emcds jg wmrd gjr tdcdphjomk usd. Mo thmswfy ojt jocy frd thjusfo`s jg tdcd-phjod kmrkumts prjvm`d`, lut efoytdcdvmsmjo khfoodcs fs wdcc.Ph d jrmbmofc tdcdphjods rdqumrd` twjwmrds gjr kjovdrsftmjos ldtwddo twjsulskrmldrs. Ojw, ùd tj sukh moojvf-tmjos fs Kfrrmdr Rjramob wmth kjfxmfckflcds fo` ûcsd Kj`d Ejùcftmjo, mtms pjssmlcd tj hfvd f oueldr jg tdcd-phjod kjovdrsftmjos kfrrmd` jo smeuc-tfodjuscy, usmob thd sfed kjoùktjr.Ly thd usd jg kflcd fo` wmrdcdss,tdcdphjod kjovdrsftmjos kfo ld kfrrmd`jo jvdr brdft `mstfokds fo` rf`mjtdcdphjoy kf o ld usd` flj fr` shmp fo`,ejrd rdkdotcy, mo prmvftd kfrs. Pfxmkfls, pjcmkd kfrs fo` prmvftd fmrkrfgthfvd thdmr jwo systdes kjotfktmob thdetj thdmr rdspdktmvd lfsds. \f`mj-trfos-kdmvdrs frd usd` mo jutpjsts mo thd jut-lfka jg Fustrfcmf fo` wd frd fccgfemcmfr wmth thd gfej us \f`mj @j ktjrwhj gcmds grje jod gfre tj fojthdrldkfusd `mstfokds ldtwddo gfrestdf`sfrd jgtdo fs e ukh fs 6>> emcds, e famobkjeeuomkftmjo jthdrwmsd mepjssmlcd.Phd frey fo` pjcmkd gjrkd gmo` wfcamd-tfcamd shjrt wfvd sdts mo`mspdosflcd gjrthdmr wjra. Fojthdr usdguc pmdkd jgfppf rftus usd` ly thd ^jstJggmkdms thdtdcdprmotdr, usd` gj r tdcdbrfes fo` ojwaojwo fs thd Pdcdx [ystde. Tsd` ljthft hjed fo` flrjf` dfkh Pdcdx sul-skrmldr hfs hms jwo efkhmod whmkhcjjas pfrtmfccy cmad f cfrbd typdwrmtdr.Ph d edssfbd ms typd` jut, fgtd r `mfccmobthd oueldr jg thd tdcdx systde yju frdkjeeuomkftmob wmth, fo` prjvm`mobthd jthdr efkhmod ms swmtkhd` jo, thdedssfbd ms rdkdmvd` jo mt whdthdr foy-jod ms prdsdot ft thf t do` jr oj t.

;=


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[KFOOD\[

Cd gtLfmr` ' s jr mb mofc skfoomob efkhmod . \ mbhtLrfuo's td cd v ms mjo tuld .

PdcdvmsmjoPhd wjr` tdcdvmsmjo kfed motj ldmobwhdo usd` ly thd Grdokhefo ^drsaym.Hd kjelmod` thd Brdda wjr` tdcd(ft f `mstfokd) wmth thd Cftmo vm` dj(M sdd).

R h y w f s s d c d o m u eu s d ` m o t d c d v m s m j o :

Mo 6880 ^fuc Ompajw, f Bdrefod o b m o d d r ,p f t d o t d ` h m sskfoomob `msk moLdrcmo, whmkh wfs cftdr tj ld usd` motdcdvmsmjo tj bjj` dggdkt ly Ijho CjbmdLfmr`, f [kjttmsh movdotjr whje wdshfcc `mskuss cftdr. Wdry lrmdgcy, Omp-ajw's systde wfs fo fppfrftus usmob frdvjcvmob `msk ljth ft thd trfosemttdr0>

fo` ft thd rdkdmvdr, thd jod ft thd rd-kdmvdr ldmob syokhrjomzd` tjgjccjwthftjg thd trfosemttdr tj prj`ukd thd sfedpmkturd. Motj thd `msk hd kut f spmrfc jghjcds sj thft fs thd `msk turod` ldgjrdthd jlidkt jr skdod tj ld trfosemttd`dfkh hjcd trfkd` fojthdr cmod jg thdskdod. Mo jod kjepcdtd rdvjcutmjo thdskfoomob wfs kjepcdtd`. Ompajw'sskfoomob wfs dxpjsd` tj f sdcdomueskrddo. [dcdomue, mt wfs gjuo`, hf` thdprjpdrty jg vfrymob mts rdsmstfokd tj thdgcjw jg kurrdot fkkjr`mob tj thd fe juotjg cmbht shmomob upjo mt. Mo thms wfy,`dbrdds jg cmbht fo` shf`d jg thdskdod tj ld tdcdvmsd` kjuc`, ly rdfsjo


43/52

FOJ@D FKKDCD\FPD[ DCDKP\JO[

KJC@ KFPHJ@D ^\J@TKMOB DCDKP\JO LDFE

jg thd sdcdomue, fggdkt thd strdobth jgsmbofcs trfosemttd`. Ft thd rdkdmvdr thdsmbofcs kjuc` thdo ld khfobd` lfkafbfmo motj f pmkturd jg thd skdod trfos-emttd`. Mo prfktmkd, sdcdomue wfs tjjscubbmsh tj ld dggdktmvd. Cftdr jthdrphjtj-sdosmtmvd eftdrmfcs wdrd usd`,whmkh fktufccy prjùkd ` kurrdots w hdosulidktd` tj vfrmftmjos mo cmbht. Omp-ajw's dxpdrmedots wdrd kjogmod` tj ftdcdbrfph cmod. Cftdr tdcdvmsmjo, cmadrf`mj, wfs tj ld trfosemttd` thrjubhdthdr.Jvdr f huo`rd` IucmusR h f t m s f K f t h j ` d\fy Pul d :

ydfrs fbj^ c u k a d r , f oF e d r m k f o ,thjubht jg usmobfo dvfkuftd` bcfss kycmo`dr wmth fodcdktrj`d ft dfkh do`, f kfthj`d odbf-tmvdcy khfrbd`, fo` fo foj`d (jr pcftd)

pjsmtmvdcy khfrbd`. Phd bcjw prjùkd`jo thd sm`d jg thd kycmo`dr whdo fpjtdotmfc (dcdktrmkfc prdssurd) wfsfppcmd` tj thd kfthj`d, ^cukadr rd-gdrrd` tj fs K fth j` d \fy s . Mo 687=fojthdr efo ofed` Hmttjrg `mskjvdrd`thft ly pcfkmob fo dcdktrj`d mo grjo t jgthd kfthj`d f shf`jw wfs prjùkd`jo thd sm`d jg thd tuld whdo f kurrdotwfs fppcmd` tj thd kfthj`d. Cftdr [mrRmccmfe Krjjads ef`d thd dcdktrj`dmo grjot jg thd kfthj`d mo thd shfpd jgf Efctdsd Krjss whmkh prjùkd` fshf`jw jg mts shfpd jo thd sm`d jg thdtuld whdo f pjtdotmfc wfs fppcmd` tjthd kfthj`d. Rhft `m` fcc thdsd dxpdrm-edots shjw: Ofedcy twj thmobs9 thftthdrd wfs fo dcdktrmkfc gcjw ldtwddothd twj dcdktrj`ds1 fo` thft ly pcfkmobf thmr` dcdedot mo thd pfth jg thddcdktrjos f shf`jw kjuc` ld jltfmod`.

H j w w f s t h d K . \ . P .m e p r j v d ` :Mo 68=2 ^rjgdssjr Afrc Gdr`mofo`Lrfuo, Fustrmfop h y s m k m s t f t[trfslurb Tom-vdrsmty, meprjvd` [mr Rmccmfe Krjjads,kfthj`d rfy tuld (K.\.P.) mo sdvdrfcwfys. Hd pcfkd` ft thd thmka do` jgthd tuld (jppjsmtd thd kfthj`d) femkf skrddo kjftd` wmth phjsphjrus,whmkh wjuc` gcujrdskd whdo lje-lfr`d` wmth dcdktrjos demttd` grje thdkfthj`d. Phd skrddo wfs prjtdktd` lyf bcfss grjot thrjubh whmkh jod kjuc`sdd thd gcujrdskdot bcjw. Fojthdrskmdotmst, \yfo, gjuo` thft ly puttmobdcdktrjefbodtmk kjmcs frjuo` thd odkajg thd tuld1 ly edfos jg vfrymob thdkurrdot gcjwmob thrjubh thd kjmcs1 fo`ly vfrymob thd pjsmtmjo jg thd kjmcmtsdcg, hd wfs flcd tj spjtcmbht thd ldfe

06


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Lfmr` wfs thd gmrst efo tj lrjf`kfst thd @drly mo 6=;6thd pmkturd wfs vdry wjllcy.

jo thd skrddo tj f gfr brdftdr `dbrddjg fkkurfky thfo kjuc` Lrfuo. PhdK.\.P . wfs gurthd r meprjvd` ly f e foofed` Rdhodct, whj ly kjftmob thdkfthj` d wmth fo dcdktrjo de mttmob jx m`dfo` ly hdftmob mt, prj`ukd` f eukhlrmbhtdr spjt jo thd skrddo. Mo 6=>2,f \ussmfo, Ljrms \jsmob, lumct f tdcd-vmsmjo sdt gjr `mspcfy purp jsds. H d usd`f K.\.P. gjr thd rdkdmvdr fo` f emrrjrtypd jg skfoodr gjr thd trfose mttdr. Lutthd whjcd systde cfkad` fepcmgmkftmjogjr prfktmkfc usd fo` jokd fbfmo thdsdcdomue, thd ady tj thd dfrcy dxpdrm-edots, wfs gjuo` tj ld tjj scubbmsh.Ph d gjccjwmob ydfr, 6=>8, fo Dobcmsh-efo ly thd ofed jg F. F. Kfepldcc[wmotjo, whj wfs fo dcdktrmkfcdobmoddr, put gjrwfr` thd m`df thft fK.\.P. shjuc` ld usd` ft thd trfos-emttdr fs wdcc fs ft thd rdkdmvmob do` jgtrfosemssmjo. Cftdr, mo 6=66 whdo hd

wfs ^rdsm`dot jg thd \jotbdo [jkmdty,hd subbdstd` thft thd trfosemttmob tuldshjuc` ld dvfkuftd` jg fcc fmr, fo` thftthd skdod tj ld trfosemttd` shjuc` lddxpjsd` tj f ejsfmk skrddo jg rulm-`mue, whmkh wjuc` prj`ukd thd odkds-sfry khfrbds gjr trfosemssmjo jg thdjlidkt tdcdvmsd`. Mt wfs efoy ydfrscftdr ldgjrd thms dxkdccdot thdjry wfsput motj prfktmkd.Mo 6=


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vPJ FE^CMGMD\

F sdkt mjo jg f ej`dro tdcdvms mjo kfedrf tj shjw hjw mtwjras.

gmrst efo tj fktufccy lrjf`kfst gjr thdL.L.K. dxpdrmedotfc prjbrfeeds mo6=. Hd wfs thd gmrst efotj lrjf`kfst thd @drly mo 6=;6 fo` mo6=;< wmth meprjvd` pmkturds jo f8 x 6> skrddo skfoomo b ;> cmods. Ph mskjuc`o't hfvd lddo foythmob cmad fskcdfr fs thd 0>4 cmods fo` thd 78,F. F. Kfepldcc [wmotjo hf` f`vj-kftd` usmob kfthj`d rfy tulds mo ljthtrfosemttdr fo` rdkdmvdr. Mo Fedrmkf,Wcf`memr Ywjryamo hf` pftdotd` fodcdktrjomk kfedrf tuld, kfccd` thdMkjojskjpd, whmkh wfs pfrt wfy tjfkhmdvmob thms m`df jg [wmotjo's. Mo6=;


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Cjr` [dcs`jo fs khfmrefo. Phdmr pur-pjsd wfs tj rdp jrt j o thd qufcmty jg thdtdcdvmsmjo systdes ldmob `dvdcjpd` ftthft tmed. Mo 6=;4 mt wfs gjuo` thftLfmr`'s systde usd` cmods wmth 4 cmods, wmth


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Phdrd hfvd lddo gjur `mggdrdot Motdcsft sftdccmtds cfuokhd`. Grje cdgt tj rmbhtMotdcsft MM1 Motdcsft MW1 Motdcsft M1 fo` Motdcsft MMM.

fktmvd, kmrkucftmob mo syokhrjojus fo`rfo`je jrlmts.

Rh y u sd f of r t m g m k m f c s f t d c c m t d :

Mt wfs gjuo` thft thd emkrj-wfvdgrdqudokmds usd`l y t h d d f r c ysf t d c c m t d s wdrdejrd stflcd thfo cjob `mstfokd kje-euomkftmjo ly shjrt wfvd brjuo`stftmjos. F sftdccmtd fktmob fs f rdcfystftmjo gfr fljvd thd mjojsphdrdkjvdrs f gfr brdftdr frdf fo` f brdftdr`mstfokd thfo foy edthj` ydt usd`. Mts

smbofcs pdodtrftmob thd mjojsphdrd frduofggdktd` ly mts khfobds, whmkh wjuc`fggdkt cjwdr grdqudoky smbofcs. Jokdthd sftdccmtd ms cfuokhd`, thms gjre jgkjeeuomkftmjo, usd` motdroftmjofccy,kfo ld khdfpdr fo` ejrd rdcmflcd thfojthdr systdes.Ldgjrd thd sftdccmtd kfo kjeedokd

jpdrftmob m t hfs tj ld cfuokhd` thju-sfo`s jg emcds motj spfkd. Phms ms

fkhmdvd` ly edfos jg f bmfot rjkadt,whmkh mo `mggdrdot stfbds, usufccy thrdd,kfrrmds thd sftdccmtd up tj thd rdqumrd`hdmbht fo` pjsmtmjo fo` rdcdfsds mt tjld sdot mo jrlmt frjuo` thd dfrth. Jokdmo jrlmt mt ms kjotrjccd` grje lfsd fo`kfo ld usd` gjr sdo`mob rf`mj, tdcd-vmsmjo jr tdcdphjod smbofcs tj foy pfrtjg thd bcjld mo rfobd fo` sumtflcydqumppd` wmth spdkmfc fdrmfcs tj rdkdmvdsukh smbofcs.Phdrd frd, fs fcrdf`y stftd`, pfssmvdfo` fktmvd sftdc-R h f t m s t h d p , o. . c m t d s . ^ f s s m v d` m g g d r d o k d l d t w d d o

f k t m v d f o ` p f s s m v d sftdccmtds, [ukh fss f t d c c m t d s : Dkh j M cfuokhd`ly thd Tomtd`[tftds mo 6=7> fo` Dkhj MM cfuokhd` mo6=7;, hf` oj edfos jg rd-trfosemttmobsmbofcs, lut jwmob tj thdmr surgfkds,

rdgcdktd` thd smbofcs lfka tj dfrth. Ojthfvmob foy wjramob pfrts thdsd sftdc-04


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cmtds kjuc` ojt ld kjotrjccd` gr je lfsd,fgtdr cfuokhmob. Phd f`vfotfbds jgpfssmvd sftdccmtds frd thft thdrd ms cmttcdtj bj wrjob w mth thde, uo tmc thdy kdfsdtj guoktmjo fctjbdthdr1 thdy `j ojthfvd tj ld dodrbmzd` fs fktmvd sftdccmtdsfrd, fo` thdy frd flcd tj rdgcdkt smbofcsgrje f oueldr jg brjuo` stftmjossmeuctfodjuscy. Phdy `j, hjwdvdr,hfvd t j ld lmb. D khj M wfs f 6>> gt .`mfedtdr pcfstmk lfccjjo thmocy kjftd`wmth edtfc. Fgtdr f tmed mt ldkfedpuokturd` fo` tjro ly pfrtmkcds mospfkd. Jod jg thd prmokmpfc `ms-f`vfotfbds jg pfssmvd sftdccmtds ms thftthdy rdqumrd eukh strjobdr trfosemt-tmob smbofcs fo` vdry sdosmtmvd rdkdmvdrsjo dfrth tj jpdrftd sftmsgfktjrmcy.

Fktmvd sftdccmtds, jo thd jthdr hfo`,kfrry ljth rdkdmvdr fo` trfosemttdr.Phdy rdkdmvd smbofcs, sdot grj e spdkmfccyldfed` fdrmfcs jo dfrth, fo` thdofepcmgy thde fo` trfosemt thde lfkafbfmo tj jthdr d frth stftmjos. Pj `j thmsthdy rdkdmvd thdmr pjwdr grje sjcfrkdccs dxpjsd` tj fo` dodrbmzd` grje thdsuo.Ldgjrd kjosm`drmob foy ej rd mo`mvmùfcfrtmgmkmfc sftdccmtdsH j w ` j s f t d c c m t d s i u s k j o s m ` d rj r l m t t h d d f r t h :

t h d j r l m t s m owhmkh thdy jpdrftd. [ftdccmtds trfvdccmobft rfo`je jrlmts frd usufccy usd` mokjoiuo ktmjo wmth jthdr sftdccmtds. Fs thdofed subbdsts, thdy jrlmt ft rfo`je,mo`dpdo`dot jg thd wjrc`'s rjtftmjo.[pfkd` fpfrt, thd sftdccmtds frd gjccjwd`ly dfrth stftmjos, rdkdmvdrs fo` trfos-emttdrs, uotmc jod sftdccmtd pfssds jvdrthd hjrmzjo, thdo thd trfosemttmobldfe ms swmtkhd` tj thd gjccjwmob07

sftdccmtd mo rfobd, fo` sj jo tj prdvdotlrdfa mo trfosemssmjo fo` rdkdptmjo.F sftdccmtd kfo jocy sdrvd jod thmr` jgthd dfrth's surgfkd ft foy jod tmed.Gjr thms rdfsjo trfosemttmob fo` rd-kdmvmob stftmjos hfvd tj pjmot thdmrfdrmfcs `mrdktcy ft thd sftdccmtd fs mo thdkfsd jg thd ^jst J ggmkd brjuo` stftmjoft Bjjohmccy @jwos mo Kjrowfcc.

[yokhrjojus jrlmtmob sftdccmtds, hjw-dvdr, hfvd thd f`vfotfbd jg gjccjwmobthd dfrth's rjtftmjo wmth f smobcd jrlmt,fo` mo dggdkt rdefmomob mo f smemcfrspjt jvdr thd df rth's surgfkd. Pj fkhmdvdthms thdy hfvd tj ld cfuokhd` motj fvdry hmbh jrlm t jvdr > emcds fljvdthd dfrth's surgfkd. Phrdd sukh sftdc-cmtds sumtflcy pcfkd` kfo kjoodktprfktmkfccy foy twj pcfkds mo thd wjrc`.Cdt us ojw kjosm`dr mo`mvmùfc sftdc-cmtds. Mt wjuc`R h m k h m e p j r t f o t t f a d t > V i j o b t V

s f t d c c m t d s h f v d l d d o rc f u o k h d ` : douedrftd thdefcc, lut cdt uskjosm`dr f gdw fo` thdmr dfrth kje-euomkftmob stftmjos. Phd FedrmkfoPdcdphjod fo` Pdcdbrfph Kjepfoywjramob mo kjoiuoktmjo wmth O.F.[.F.(Oftmjofc Fdrjofutmks fo` [pfkdFèmomstrftmjo) prjùkd` thd wjrc`-gfejus Pdcstfr sftdccmtd, whmkh wfscfuokhd` mo Iucy 6=7


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Pdcstfr MM wfs cfuokhd` jo 2 E fy 6=7;,wmth meprjvd` `dsmbo tj rdsmst rf`mf-tmjo. Phd gmrst kjeedrkmfc sftdccmtdDfrcy Lmr` wfs cfuokhd` mo Fp rmc 6=74.\de fmomob mo jod spjt jvdr thd Ftcfotmkmt kfrrmd` tdcdphjod khfoodcs fo`kjuc` fcsj lrjf`kfst tdcdvmsmjo ldtwddothd Tomtd` [tftds fo` Durjpd, fo` e jrdrdkdotcy, wmth twj jthdr sftdccmtds, jodmo thd Mo`mfo Jkdfo fo` jod mo thd^fkmgmk, wd frd flcd tj rdkdmvd tdcdvmsmjosmbofcs grje F ustrfcmf mo B rdft Lrmtfmo.\ussmf jrlmtd` hdrgmrstkje euomkftmjossftdccmtd, Ejcomyf, mo 6=74.Gjccjwmob Dfrcy Lmr`, whmkh wfsfcsj aojwo fsMotdcsft M, wdrdf sdrmds jg jthdrMotdcsft sftdccmtdscfuokhd` ly O.F.[.F. gjr Kjesft(Kjeeuomkftmjo [ftdccmtd Kjrpjrftmjo)jo ldhfcg jg Motdcsft (MotdroftmjofcPdcdkjeeuomkftmjos [ftdccmtd Kjo-

R h d o w d r d t h dM o t d c s f t s f t d c c m t d sc f u o k h d ` :

sjrtmue), thd cfst ofed` jrbfomzftmjoldmob f kjccdktmjo jg 86 (tj `ftd)`mggdrdot oftmjos jwomob thd sftdccmtdswhmkh ojw kjvdr thd bcjld wmth fkjeedrkmfc kjeeuomkftmjo systde lysftdccmtd. Phd gmrst sukkdssguc Motdcsft MMwfs cfuokhd` fo` pcfkd` jvdr thd^fkmgmk Jkdfo jo 66 Ifoufry 6=72fo` kjoodktd` Ojrth Fedrmkf wmthFustrfcmf fo` thd Gfr Dfst.Motdcsft MMM wfs cfuokhd` jvdr thdFtcfotmk mo [dptdeldr 6=78, fo` fo-jthdr sukkdssguc Motdcsft MMM wfscfuokhd` jvdr thd ^fkmgmk mo Efy 6=7=

whmkh cftdr wfs ejvd` mo Iuod jg thftydfr tj jvdr thd Mo`mfo Jkdfo.Phd


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Pwj dfr th s tft mj o s 9 cd g tEj r dd B r j u o ` [tft mj o mo F u str f c mf 1 r mbh tRfr a swj r th mo Odw Ydf cfo ` .

kjpd wmth =,>>> twj-wfy tdcdphjodkjovdrsftmjos jr tj trfosemt 6


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M t ms _fvfmcfl cd g r j e th d pul c m shd rs j g Hj w fo` R h y l jjas gj r < .> >[ u p p c m d s f rd c m e m t d ` s j s do ` g j r y j u r s o j w .

Prfoswjrc` ^ulc mshdrs C memtd`, Kfsh [fcds @dpt. , ^.J. Ljx 66 ,


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Documents

(1973) How and Why Wonder Book of Communications