(1996) FM 44-80 Visual Aircraft Recognition

8/16/2019 (1996) FM 44-80 Visual Aircraft Recognition

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over

cknowledgements

FM 44-80 VISUAL AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION

PREFACE

his manual is primarily a ready reference to assist the ground observer in aircraft recognition and identificati

provides information on current operational aircraft of the United States and foreign countries, which may b

served worldwide in the combat area. It can be used as source material for personnel conducting unit traini

sual aircraft recognition.

he procedures in this publication apply throughout the US Army. The data is based on the best information

ailable at the time of publication; however, it is not all-inclusive because of some classification guidelines.

blication, by nature, has a built-in time lag, and some aircraft may still be under development or classified a

me of writing, but may be fielded or unclassified at, or after, publication.

he provisions of this publication are the subject of international agreement QSTAG, 699, Aircraft Recogniti

aining.

he proponent of this publication is USAADASCH. Submit changes for improving this publication on DA Fo

28 and forward it to Commandant, US Army Air Defense Artillery School, ATTN: ATSA-DT-T, Fort Blis

916-3802.

nless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively to men.

http://www.adtdl.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/44-80/main.htmhttp://www.adtdl.army.mil/cgi-bin/atdl.dll/fm/44-80/main.htm


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Chapter 1 - Need for Visual Aircraft Recognition

Chapter 2 - Factors That Affect Detection, Recognition, and Identificat

Chapter 3 - Description of Aircraft

Chapter 4 - Instruction Program

Chapter 5 - Ground Attack, Close Air Support, and Fighter-Bomber Aircra

Chapter 6 - Air Superiority and Interceptor Aircraft

Chapter 7 - Bomber Aircraft

Chapter 8 - Cargo and Transport Aircraft

Chapter 9 - Utility Aircraft

Chapter 10 - Helicopter Aircraft

Chapter 11 - Early Warning, Observation, and Reconnaissance Aircraft

Chapter 12 - Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Cruise Missles

Appendix - Master Aircraft List

Glossary

References

CONTENTS

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

*This publication supersedes FM 44-80, 20 July 1993.

30 September 19*FM 44-


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

he US Army Air Defense Artillery School wishes to thank the following persons and organizations/corporat

ho have provided and/or given permission to use their photographs in this manual and other US Army aircra

cognition products. This furnished material should be used for training purposes only. Some of the

ganizations/corporations have reorganized, combined, renamed, or have been dissolved since their submissi

you have aircraft photographs (to include unmanned aerial vehicles) that you would like to include in the ne

ition of this manual and/or other US Army visual aircraft training products, please forward them, with

ease/permission to use the photographs, to Commandant, US Army Air Defense Artillery School, ATTN:

TSA-DT-T, Fort Bliss, TX 79916-3802.


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CHAPTER 1

Need for Visual Aircraft Recognition

s chapter provides the causes for the decline in recognition skills in the past, the reasons for visual aircraft recognition today, a

rview of the potential threat. Aircraft are as much a part of the battlefield as tanks and artillery. These aircraft add a vertical

mension and their presence must be accepted and dealt with by every soldier in the field.

today’s battlefield, a soldier must recognize and identify both threat and friendly aircraft. Since there may be many of each typ

craft recognition training is necessary for every soldier in the combat force.

REASONS FOR VISUAL AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION

lowing World War II, the emphasis on visual aircraft recognition declined as a required skill for ground-based weapons crew

mbers. Causes of the decline were—

he substitution of guided missiles for large antiaircraft guns.

he assumption that US forces would continue to maintain air superiority.

he reliance on electronic equipment for aircraft identification as hostile or friendly.

e need for visual aircraft recognition skills has become more critical since—

n analysis of past military actions shows aircraft losses to air defense guns and small arms. It has reestablished that the soldier

und is capable of inflicting heavy losses on aircraft operating at low altitudes.

ontinued air superiority over every battlefield is not possible.

lectronic identification has limitations and small units or individual soldiers do not always have access to these devices.

isual recognition and identification of specific aircraft types and timely reporting provide the S2 and G2 additional information

sive nature in the form of early warning, threat air capability, or information on a possible new tactical situation such as supply

ps, defoliation, or photographic reconnaissance.

e provision of large numbers of AD weapon systems to all divisional and some nondivisional ground combat forces generates

ditional emphasis on the need for visual aircraft recognition. Crew and team members of these weapon systems depend on visua

ognition and identification of aircraft when making engagement decisions. The effectiveness of


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CHAPTER 2

Factors That Affect Detection, Recognition, and Identification

s chapter covers early recognition and identification, aircraft confusion, physical factors, and search techniques. It also covers

rkings and camouflage, the use of binoculars, and other recognition considerations.

ery attempt made at visual aircraft recognition involves two events. First, an aircraft must be detected. Second, the aircraft mus

pected to distinguish the characteristics or shape that makes it recognizable as a particular aircraft.

ce detection, identification, and recognition are all visual processes, an aircraft must be detected, and then recognized at the far

ge possible, to make a timely engagement decision and or to report the aircraft. The task requires good, corrected if necessary,sight.

EARLY AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION AND IDENTIFICATION

e farther out an aircraft can be detected, recognized, and identified, the more time a gunner has to make an engagement decisio

gunner is not going to engage the aircraft, then early recognition and identification will allow time to seek cover and or report

craft. The importance of early identification is demonstrated in the following illustration.


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CHAPTER 3

Description of Aircraft

s chapter shows the features of aircraft that make recognition and identification possible, and sorts out similar and dissimilar ai

ditionally, it shows examples of how aircraft are named and or numbered.

of the possible aircraft configurations are not covered in this chapter. When instructing aircraft recognition, an instructor or sm

t leader can follow the descriptive methods used in the examples and derive his own descriptions for features or configurationsnot covered in the text.

AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION AND IDENTIFICATION FEATURES

aircraft are built with the same basic elements: wings to provide lift, engine(s) to provide motive power, a fuselage to carry the

load and controls, and a tail assembly which usually controls the direction of flight. These elements differ in shape, size, numb

d position. The differences distinguish one aircraft type from another. An instructor can isolate the individual components for

cription and study as separate recognition and identification features, but it is the composite of these features that must be learn

ognize and identify an aircraft. The WEFT Features illustration shows wings, engine(s), fuselage, and tail features of aircraft.

untries may teach more or fewer features of aircraft in their recognition and identification programs.


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CHAPTER 4

Instruction Program

s chapter describes training methods and the fundamentals of VACR. In addition, the chapter features training aids and slide ki

ning which are used to develop and implement aircraft recognition training.

soldiers are required to recognize a selected number of threat and friendly aircraft for survival and intelligence gathering. Whe

sion is to defend the airspace above the battlefield to protect friendly assets, the ability to recognize and identify aircraft becom

n more important. These skills make it possible to discriminate between friendly and hostile aircraft by name and or number an

e which will help avoid destruction of friendly aircraft, and at the same time, recognize, identify, and engage hostile aircraft.

TRAINING PROGRAM

craft recognition and identification proficiency skills are gained through training. The training functions of plan, prepare, prese

ctice, and perform are the same in VACR training as for other classroom subjects. The skill level to which the unit will train de

the unit’s mission. A VACR training program should be based on established training methods, clearly defined individual skill

t must be met, and the fundamentals of VACR.


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CHAPTER 5

Ground-Attack, Close Air Support,and Fighter-Bomber Aircraft

his chapter, there are examples of both hostile and friendly ground-attack, CAS, and fighter-bomber aircraft. These aircraft wil

form a variety of missions to include reconnaissance and interdiction in the forward areas.

st aircraft shown can and will perform several roles. For example, the F/A-18 Hornet and MiG-21 Fishbed are used in many ro

ending on the model and type of the aircraft. For the most part, all the aircraft depicted here will be seen performing missions

modern battlefield.

each aircraft, there are line drawings, general data, WEFT descriptions, user countries, photographs, and aircraft manufacturer

ormation. Line drawings are not to scale. The following illustration shows general-attack, CAS, and fighter-bomber aircraft WE

cription features.


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Chapter 5 Aircraft List

4 Skyhawk F-104 Starfighter MiG-27 Flogger D,J

6 Intruder F-111 Aardvark MiG-29 Fulcrum

7 Corsair II F-117A Night Hawk Mirage III/5

10A Thunderbolt II Fantan A, Q-5 Mirage F1

37 Dragonfly G.91Y SF.260W

pha Jet Galeb/Jastreb Su-7B Fitter A

MX Hawk Su-17,-20,-22 Fitter

V-8B Harrier II Jaguar Su-24 Fencer

uccaneer Kfir Su-25 Frogfoot

aken L-39 Albatross Super Etendard

1 Magister CM.170 Tornado IDS

4 Phantom II M.B. 326 Viggen AJ-37

5 Freedom Fighter/Tiger II M.B. 339A Yak-28 Brewer

16 Fighting Falcon MiG-17 Fresco Yak-38 Forger

A-18 Hornet MiG-21 Fishbed .


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A-4 SKYHAWK (McDONNELL DOUGLAS)

GENERAL DATA

ountry of Origin. USA.

milar Aircraft. Hawk, Mirage III/5, Yak-38 Forger, F-4 Phantom II.

rew. One; Trainer--two.

ole. Attack, CAS.

rmament. Bombs, rockets, missiles, gun pods, two cannons.

imensions. Length: 40 ft, 3 in (12.28 m). Span: 27 ft, 6 in (8.38 m).

WEFT DESCRIPTION


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Wings. Low-mounted delta with curved tips.

ngine(s). Single turbojet inside body. Air intakes semicircular and mounted on the body above and

rward of the wings' leading edges.

uselage. Barrel-shaped with solid, pointed nose. Humped dorsal spine. Body widens at air intakes a

pers to the rear. Bubble canopy. Some versions have an extended nose.

ail. Delta-shaped tail flats mounted low on a swept-back, tapered tail fin with a square tip.

USER COUNTRIES

rgentina, Indonesia, Israel, Kuwait, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, USA.


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A-6 INTRUDER (GRUMMAN)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. Hunter.

rew. Two.

ole. US Marine Corps all-weather attack bomber, tanker.

rmament. Bombs, missiles.

imensions. Length: 54 ft, 7 in (16.64 m). Span: 53 ft (16.15 m).

WEFT DESCRIPTION


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Wings. Mid-mounted, swept-back, and tapered with blunt tips.

ngine(s). Two turbojets mounted on body midsection. Semicircular air intakes below and forward o

ing roots. Exhausts are in the trailing edges of the wing roots.

uselage. Teardrop-shaped with a rounded nose. Body tapers to the rear section. Bubble canopy.

ail. Unequally tapered tail fin with a square tip and small, stepped fairing in the leading edge. Swep

ck, tapered tail flats, high-mounted on the fuselage with blunt tips.

USER COUNTRY

SA


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A-7 CORSAIR II (VOUGHT)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. F-16 Fighting Falcon, G-91Y, Su-17 Fitter.

rew. One; TA-7H and A-7K--two.

ole. Attack, CAS.

rmament. Bombs, rockets, missiles, cannon, gun pods.

imensions. Length: 46 ft (14.06 m ). Span: 38 ft, 8 in (11.8 m).

WEFT DESCRIPTION


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A-10A THUNDERBOLT II (FAIRCHILD REPUBLIC

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. None, but compare with the Su-25 Frogfoot.

rew. One.

ole. CAS, ground attack.

rmament. 30-mm cannon, bombs, rockets, Hellfire missiles, gun pods.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


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Wings. Low-mounted on the fuselage, untapered to the wheel pods, and equally tapered from the w

pods to the blunt, curled under tips. Landing gear pods are under the wings.

Engine(s). Two turbofan engines in pods, mounted high on the rear of the body between the wings

he tail section.

Fuselage. Rounded nose, tapered rear, bubble canopy. Protrusion in the left side of the nose section

30-mm GAU-8 cannon.

Tail. Two tail fins on the tips of a rectangular tail flat; unequally tapered fins extend above and belo

ail flat. Flat is low-mounted on a sharply tapered rear fuselage.USER COUNTRY

USA.


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A-37 DRAGONFLY (CESSNA)

GENERAL DATA

Country of Origin. USA.

Similar Aircraft. Galeb-Jastreb, M.B.326, M.B.339, Hawk.

Crew. Two.

Role. Light-attack, forward air control, reconnaissance, observation.

Armament. Bombs, rockets, gun pods, minigun.

Dimensions. Length: 29 ft, 3 in (8.94 m). Span: 33 ft, 9 in (10.32 m).

WEFT DESCRIPTION


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Wings. Mid-mounted, straight leading edge, and slight forward taper in the trailing edge with square

enerally fuel tanks).

ngine(s). Two turbojets mounted internally. Small semicircular air intakes and round exhausts are

cated in the wing roots.

uselage. Flattened, oval front section tapered to the rear. Bubble canopy.

ail. Flats mid- to low-mounted on the fin, equally tapered with blunt tips. Fin is tapered with a blun

d a small fairing in the leading edge.

USER COUNTRIEShile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Peru,

outh Korea, Thailand, Uruguay, USA, Vietnam.


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ALPHA JET (DASSAULT-BREGUET, DORNIER)

GENERAL DATA

ountries of Origin. France, Germany.

milar Aircraft. Hawk, AMX, Mirage F1, AV-8B Harrier II.

rew. Two.

ole. Light-attack, advanced trainer.

rmament. Gun pods, bombs, rockets, missiles.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


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Wings. High-mounted, swept-back, and tapered with square tips (AAMs usually mounted).

ngine(s). One turbofan inside body. Two air intakes forward of the wing roots. Single exhaust.

uselage. Pointed nose and bubble canopy. Body widens at the air intakes and tapers to the rear secti

ail. Flats mid-mounted on fuselage, swept-back, and tapered with blunt tips. Swept-back and tapere

ith a blunt tip.

USER COUNTRIES

razil, Italy.


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AV-8B HARRIER II (McDONNELL DOUGLAS, BAe

GENERAL DATA

ountries of Origin. USA, UK.

milar Aircraft. Yak-38 Forger, Mirage F1, AMX.

rew. One.

ole. VSTOL fighter, CAS.

rmament. Cannon, missiles, bombs, rockets, gun pods.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


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Wings. High-mounted, swept-back, and tapered, negative slant and blunt tips.

ngine(s). One vectored thrust turbofan mounted in the body. Large, semicircular air intakes that giv

e body a rounded appearance from the head-on view.

uselage. Thick, rounded, and tapering to a slender tail. Pointed nose and bubble canopy.

ail. Fin swept-back and tapered with curved tip. Small step in the leading edge. Tail flats high-mou

n fuselage are swept-back with a negative slant and blunt tips. Pointed rear tail cone.

USER COUNTRIES

dia, Italy, Spain, UK, USA.


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BUCCANEER (HAWKER SIDDELEY)

GENERAL DATA

ountry of Origin. UK.

milar Aircraft. AV-8 Harrier, F-4 Phantom, Jaguar.

rew. Two.

ole. Maritime duties, reconnaissance.

rmament. Bombs (internal and under wings), missiles, rockets, gun pods.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


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Wings. Mid-mounted, wide wing roots, swept-back, and tapered with square tips.

ngine(s). Two mounted alongside the fuselage in the wing roots. Circular air intakes below the cano

xhausts at rear of the trailing edges of the wings.

uselage. Bulging midsection and a pointed nose. Large bubble canopy.

ail. Flats swept-back and tapered with square tips, high-mounted on a swept-back tail fin forming a

ail cone extends beyond the tail.

USER COUNTRIES

outh Africa, UK.


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DRAKEN (SAAB)

GENERAL DATA

ountry of Origin. Sweden.

milar Aircraft. Hunter.

rew. One.

ole. Fighter-attack, reconnaissance.

rmament. Bombs, cannon, rockets, missiles.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


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Wings. Mid-mounted, double-delta extending from the canopy to the tail section.

ngine(s). One turbojet located inside the body. Oval air intakes in the leading edges of the wing roo

arge, single exhaust.

uselage. Tubular body blending into the delta wings. Long, pointed nose and a bubble canopy moun

rward of the air intakes.

ail. No tail flat. Large, swept-back, tapered tail fin with square tip mounted on the dorsal spine.

USER COUNTRIES

ustria, Denmark, Finland, Sweden.


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F-1 (MITSUBISHI)

GENERAL DATA

ountry of Origin. Japan.

milar Aircraft. Mirage F1, Super Etendard, Yak-38 Forger.

rew. One; T-2 trainer--two.

ole. CAS, fighter.

rmament. Cannon, bombs, rocket pods, ASMs, AAMs.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


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Wings. High-mounted, swept-back, and tapered with square tips. Sawtooth in leading edges. Negativ

ant.

ngine(s). Two turbofans. Semicircular air intakes well forward of the wing roots, tapering to the rea

xhausts flare outward at the forward bottom of the overhanging tail section.

uselage. Long, slender with sharply pointed nose. Tapers to the rear. Bubble canopy that blends wit

pered dorsal spine behind the cockpit.

ail. Back-tapered fin with square tip. Flats high-mounted on the tapered fuselage, swept-back, and

pered with square tips and a negative slant.USER COUNTRY

pan.


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F-4 PHANTOM II (McDONNELL DOUGLAS)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. Jaguar, Buccaneer, A-4 Skyhawk, Super Etendard.

rew. Two.

ole. Fighter-bomber, CAS, ECM, reconnaissance.

rmament. Cannon, rockets, missiles, bombs.

imensions. Length: 63 ft (18.7 m). Span: 38 ft, 5 in (11.77 m).

WEFT DESCRIPTION


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Wings. Low-mounted, swept-back, and semidelta with square tips. Positive slanted wing tips. There

wtooth in leading edges of the wings.

ngine(s). Two engines inside the body with rectangular air intakes alongside the body in front of th

ings. Twin exhausts beneath a large overhanging rear section.

uselage. Rectangular midsection, pointed droopy nose, and a bubble cockpit.

ail. Flats are mid-mounted on the body, delta-shaped with a negative slant. Sharply back-tapered fin

ith a square tip.

USER COUNTRIESgypt, Germany, Greece, Iran, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Turkey, USA.


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F-5 FREEDOM FIGHTER/TIGER II (NORTHROP)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. F-104 Starfighter, Hawk, M.B.339, Yak-38 Forger.

rew. One; F-5F and T-38 Talon--two.

ole. Fighter-bomber, CAS.

rmament. Cannons, rockets, bombs.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


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Wings. Low-mounted, stubby, and unequally tapered. Missiles or fuel tanks are normally carried on

uare tips.

ngine(s). Two engines inside the body, semicircular air intakes forward of the wing roots. Shotgun

hausts.

uselage. Bullet-shaped, long, drooping pointed nose. Bottom is flat from the air intakes to the dual

hausts. Bubble canopy.

ail. Flats are low-mounted and unequally tapered. Fin is large and equally tapered with a square tip

USER COUNTRIESahrain, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Greece, Honduras, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico

orocco, North Yemen, Norway, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Sudan,

witzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Venezuela.


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F-16 FIGHTING FALCON (GENERAL DYNAMICS

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. F/A-18 Hornet, MiG-29 Fulcrum, Mirage F1.

rew. One; F-16B--two.

ole. Multirole ground-attack/fighter.

rmament. Cannon, missiles, bombs.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


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Wings. Mid-mounted, delta-shaped. Missiles are normally mounted at the wing tips.

ngine(s). One in body. Oval air intake under the center of the fuselage. Single exhaust.

uselage. Long, slender body, widens at air intake. Pointed nose. Bubble canopy.

ail. Swept-back, tapered fin with square tip. Flats mid-mounted on the fuselage, delta-shaped with

uare tips, and a slight negative slant. Two belly fins.

USER COUNTRIES

ahrain, Belgium, Denmark, Egypt, Greece, Indonesia, Israel, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, South

orea, Portugal, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, USA, Venezuela.


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F/A-18 HORNET (McDONNELL DOUGLAS)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. F-16 Fighting Falcon, MiG-29 Fulcrum, Su-27 Flanker, F-15 Eagle.

rew. One; TF/A-18--two.

ole. US Marine Corps fighter, strike.

rmament. Cannon, bombs, missiles, rockets.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


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Wings. Mid-mounted, semidelta with prominent leading edge root extension on sides of fuselage fro

e wing to the front of the cockpit. Missiles are usually on square tips.

ngine(s). Two turbofans mounted in the aircraft rear section. Oval air intakes under the wings.

uselage. Barrel-shaped with solid, pointed nose. Aircraft widens at the air intakes and tapers to the r

ubble canopy.

ail. Swept-back and tapered tail flats mid-mounted on the body. Twin, swept-back, and tapered tail

ounted forward on the fuselage. Fins have an outward tilt.

USER COUNTRIESustralia, Canada, Finland, Kuwait, Malaysia, Spain, USA.


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F-104 STARFIGHTER (LOCKHEED)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. F-5 Freedom Fighter, F/A-18 Hornet.

rew. One.

ole. All-weather tactical strike, fighter, reconnaissance.

rmament. Cannon, bombs, missiles.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


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F-111 AARDVARK (GENERAL DYNAMICS)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. MiG-27 Flogger D, Su-24 Fencer, Tornado.

rew. Two.

ole. All-weather strike, attack, bomber.

rmament. Cannon, bombs, missiles, (SRAMs, ALCMs).


WEFT DESCRIPTION


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Wings. High-mounted, variable, swept-back, and tapered with blunt tips (wingspan changes in flight

ngine(s). Two jet engines mounted inside the rear section. The intakes are 1/4 pie-shaped under the

ings, giving the aircraft a rounded appearance. Twin exhausts.

uselage. Long, sharp-pointed nose, widens at the air intakes, and continues through the rear section

ush canopy.

ail. Large swept-back fin covering 1/3 of the body, square tip. High-mounted, swept-back flats with

uare tips. Tail fin splits the dual exhaust.

USER COUNTRIESustralia, USA.


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F-117A NIGHT HAWK (LOCKHEED)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. None.

rew. One.

ole. Defense suppression, precision bombing against high-priority targets.

rmament. Bombs, missiles.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


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Wings. Low-mounted, swept-back, and tapered with square tips.

ngine(s). Two turbofans mounted inside the body. Rectangular, overwing air intakes. Narrow slotte

latypus” exhausts.

uselage. Sharp, pointed nose. Pyramid and faceted appearance. Stepped-up cockpit.

ail. Sharply swept-back and tapered, V-configured tail fins with square tips. No tail flats.

USER COUNTRY

SA.


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FANTAN A, Q-5 (NANCHANG)

GENERAL DATA

ountry of Origin. People’s Republic of China.

milar Aircraft. Super Etendard, Yak-38 Forger, Mirage F1.

rew. One.

ole. Fighter-bomber.

rmament. Rockets, missiles, bombs.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


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Wings. Mid-mounted, sharply swept-back, and tapered with blunt tips. Wing fences.

ngine(s). Two turbojets are located inside the body. Semicircular air intakes. Two exhausts.

uselage. Thick, flattened, and upward taper to the rear section. Bubble canopy. Pointed nose.

ail. Flats high-mounted on the body, swept-back, and tapered with square tips. Sharply swept-back

n with blunt tip.

USER COUNTRIES

angladesh, North Korea, Pakistan, People’s Republic of China.


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G.91Y (AERITALIA)

GENERAL DATA

ountry of Origin. Italy.

milar Aircraft. G.91 Fiat, A-7 Corsair II, MiG-17 Fresco, F-16 Fighting Falcon.

rew. One; G.91T--two.

ole. Fighter-bomber, reconnaissance.

rmament. Two 30-mm cannons, rockets, bombs, missiles.

imensions. Length: 38 ft, 3 in (11.66 m). Span: 29 ft, 6 in (9 m).

WEFT DESCRIPTIONS


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Wings. Low-mounted, swept-back, and tapered with blunt tips.

ngine(s). Two turbojets mounted in the fuselage. Oval air intake beneath the nose section. Dual

haust.

uselage. Flat and thick with a pointed nose. Bubble canopy well forward on the nose section.

ail. High-mounted on body, swept-back, and tapered tail flats. Swept-back and tapered tail fin with

unt tip.

USER COUNTRIES

ngola(G.91R), Germany(G.91R), Italy, Portugal(G.91R).


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GALEB/JASTREB (SOKO)

GENERAL DATA

ountry of Origin. Yugoslavia.

milar Aircraft. M.B. 326, M.B. 339A.

rew. One.

ole. Light-attack.

rmament. Machine guns, bombs, rockets.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


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Wings. Low-mounted and slightly tapered. Fuel tanks are generally mounted at the square tips.

ngine(s). One turbojet inside body. Semicircular air intakes alongside the body extending from the

, and below, the canopy.

uselage. Rounded, tapered to the rear, and round nose. Bubble canopy. Rear of canopy is flush with

orsal spine.

ail. Flats low-mounted on the tail fin, equally tapered with square tips. Fin swept-back and tapered

blunt tip.

USER COUNTRIESosnia-Herzogovina, Burma(Super Galeb), Libya, Yugoslavia, Zambia.


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HAWK (BAe)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. Alpha Jet, M.B.326, AMX, F-5 Freedom Fighter.

rew. Two.

ole. Light-attack, trainer.

rmament. Bombs, gun packs, rockets.

imensions. Length: 39 ft (11.94 m). Span: 31 ft (9.42 m).

WEFT DESCRIPTION


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Wings. Low-mounted, swept-back, and tapered with curved tips.

ngine(s). One turbofan located inside the body. Semicircular air intakes alongside the body forward

e wing roots. Single exhaust.

uselage. Club-shaped with pointed nose and a taper to the rear. Bubble canopy.

ail. Flats are high-mounted on the fuselage, swept-back, and tapered. Swept-back and tapered fin w

rved tip.

USER COUNTRIES

runei, Finland, Indonesia, Kenya, Kuwait, Malaysia, Oman, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, United Aramirates, UK, USA (T-45 Goshawk).


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JAGUAR (BREGUET, BAe)

GENERAL DATA

ountries of Origin. France, UK.

milar Aircraft. F-4 Phantom II, Mitsubishi F-1, MiG-27 Flogger, AMX.

rew. One; trainer--two.

ole. Strike, fighter, trainer.

rmament. Cannon, rockets, bombs, missiles.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


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Wings. High-mounted, swept-back, and modified delta with blunt tips.

ngine(s). Two turbofans mounted to the rear of the cockpit. Rectangular air intakes on sides of cock

ngine exhausts show prominently under the forward portion of the tail.

uselage. Long, pointed, chiseled nose. Body widens at the air intakes rectangular to the exhausts.

verhanging tail section. Two belly fins. Bubble canopy.

ail. Tail flats and fin are swept-back and tapered with square tips. Flats are mid-mounted on the

selage with a negative slant.

USER COUNTRIEScuador, France, India, Nigeria, Oman, UK.


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KFIR (IAI)

GENERAL DATA

ountry of Origin. Israel.

milar Aircraft. Mirage III/5, Mirage 2000, Viggen.


ole. Ground-attack, interceptor.

rmament. 30-mm cannons, missiles, bombs, rockets.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


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Wings. Low-mounted, delta-shaped with a sawtooth in the leading edges. Small canards are mounted

e air intakes.

ngine(s). One turbojet inside fuselage. Semicircular air intakes alongside the fuselage. Large, single

haust.

uselage. Tube-shaped with long, solid, pointed nose. Body widens at the air intakes. Bubble canopy

ush with the spine.

ail. No tail flats. Fin is swept-back and tapered with a prominent step in the leading edge.

USER COUNTRIESolombia, Ecuador, Israel, USA.


60/362


61/362

Wings. Low-mounted, equally tapered with wing tip tanks.

ngine(s). One turbofan inside body. Air intakes are semicircular and high-mounted on the fuselage

the cockpit. Small, single exhaust.

uselage. Tube-shaped, tapering to the front and rear. Pointed nose and bubble canopy.

ail. Swept-back and tapered fin with a blunt tip. Flats are high-mounted on the fuselage, equally tap

ith blunt tips.

USER COUNTRIES

lgeria, Czech Republic, Egypt, Libya, Lithuania, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Romania, Slovakia.


62/362

MAGISTER CM. 170 (AEROSPATIALE)

GENERAL DATA

ountry of Origin. France.

milar Aircraft. M.B. 326, M.B. 337.

rew. Two.


rmament. Missiles, bombs, rockets, machine guns.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


63/362

Wings. Mid-mounted and back-tapered. Fuel tanks are usually at the square tips.

ngine(s). Two turbojets mounted on sides of fuselage. Semicircular air intakes mounted in the wing

ots. Small exhausts located just forward of the tail section.

uselage. Slender, tubular, and tapered to rear. Rounded nose and long, bubble canopy.

ail. V-shaped tail fins that also serve as tail flats, back-tapered with blunt tips.

USER COUNTRIES

elgium, Cameroon, Gabon, Libya, Morocco, Senegal, Togo.


64/362

M.B. 326 (AERMACCHI)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. Galeb/Jastreb, M.B. 339A, Hawk, A-37 Dragonfly.



rmament. Rockets, missiles, bombs, gun pods.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


65/362

Wings. Low-mounted and back-tapered leading edge with square tips. Tapered pods mounted on squ

ing tips.

ngine(s). One turbojet mounted inside the body. Round air intakes in wing roots. Single exhaust

otruding past tail section.

uselage. Tubular, tapers to rear. Round nose and a bubble canopy.

ail. Flats high-mounted on the body, back-tapered leading edges, and blunt tips. Fin is swept-back a

pered with a square tip.

USER COUNTRIESustralia, Brazil, Ghana, Paraguay, Togo, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Zaire, Zambia.


66/362

M.B. 339A (AERMACCHI)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. Galeb-Jastreb, Hawk, M.B. 326, A-37 Dragonfly.

rew. Two; 339K--one.

ole. Trainer, ground-attack, ECM.

rmament. Bombs, gun pods, minigun, missiles, rockets.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


67/362

Wings. Low-mounted with back-tapered leading edge and straight trailing edge. Positive slant. Fuel

nks are usually at the square tips.

ngine(s). One turbojet inside the body. Oval air intakes in wing roots. Single exhaust protrudes past

uselage. Tubular, tapered to the front and to the rear. Long, bubble canopy and a curved dorsal spin

ail. Flats high-mounted on the fuselage with tapered leading edges and blunt tips. Fin is swept-back

pered with a blunt tip.

USER COUNTRIES

rgentina, Ghana, Italy, Malaysia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Peru, United Arab Emirates.


68/362

MiG-17 FRESCO (MIKOYAN-GUREVICH)

GENERAL DATA

ountry of Origin. CIS (formerly USSR).

milar Aircraft. MiG-19 Farmer, G.91Y, Su-17 Fitter, MiG-21 Fishbed.

rew. One.

ole. Fighter-bomber.

rmament. Three 23-mm cannons, bombs, rockets.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


69/362


70/362


71/362

Wings. Mid-mounted delta wing with small square tips.

ngine(s). One turbojet inside the body. Small round air intake in the nose. Single exhaust.

uselage. Long, tubular body with a blunt nose and bubble canopy. One belly fin under the rear secti

arge dorsal spine flush with the canopy.

ail. Fin swept-back and tapered with a square tip. Flats are mid-mounted on the body, swept-back, a

pered with square tips.

USER COUNTRIES

fghanistan, Albania (J-7), Algeria, Angola, Azerbiajan, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia,ongo, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, Germany, Gunea Republic, Hunga

dia, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Laos, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Mongolia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Nort

orea, North Yemen, Pakistan (J-7), People’s Republic of China (J-7), Poland, Romania, Slovakia,

outh Yemen, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Tanzania, Vietnam, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbebwe.

5-60


72/362


73/362

WEFT DESCRIPTION

Wings. High-mounted, variable, swept-back, and tapered with blunt tips.

ngine(s). One inside the body. Rectangular box-like air intakes forward of the wing roots. Single

haust.

uselage. Long and tubular, except where air intakes give a box-like appearance. Long, downward-

oping, sharply pointed nose. Stepped canopy. Large, swept-back, and tapered belly fin under the re

ction.

ail. Swept-back and tapered tail fin with curved dorsal in leading edge and angular tip. Swept-back pered flats high-mounted on the fuselage with angular tips.

USER COUNTRIES

elarus, CIS, India, Kazakhstan.


74/362

MiG-29 FULCRUM (MIKOYAN-GUREVICH)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. F/A-18 Hornet, F-16 Fighting Falcon, F-15 Eagle, Su-27 Flanker.

rew. One.

ole. Attack, counterair fighter.

rmament. Missiles, 30-mm gun.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


75/362

Wings. Swept-back and tapered with square tips. LERXs are wide and curved down to the front. LER

gins on the nose below the mid-mount point, and the wings’ trailing edges end at a high-mounted

oint.

ngine(s). Twin jets are mounted low and to the sides of the fuselage. Diagonal-shaped air intakes g

ox-like appearance. Large exhausts.

uselage. Long, thin, slender body with long, pointed drooping nose. High-mounted bubble canopy.

ail. Fins have sharply tapered leading edges, canted outward with angular, cutoff tips. Flats are high

ounted on the fuselage, movable, swept-back, and tapered with a negative slant.USER COUNTRIES

elarus, Bulgaria, CIS, Cuba, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Malasia, Muldo

orth Korea, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Syria, Ukraine, Yugoslavia.


76/362

MIRAGE III/5 (DASSAULT-BREGUET)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. Kfir C-2, Viggen, MiG-21 Fishbed, A-4 Skyhawk, Fantan A.


ole. Ground-attack, fighter, reconnaissance.

rmament. 30-mm cannon, bombs, rockets.

imensions. Length: Mirage III: 49 ft, 3 in (15.02 m). Mirage 5: 51 ft (15.55 m). Span: 27 ft (8.24 m

WEFT DESCRIPTION


77/362

Wings. Low-mounted delta wing with pointed tips.

ngine(s). One turbojet inside fuselage. Semicircular air intakes are forward of the wing roots below

nopy. Large, single exhaust.

uselage. Long, slender, and tubular with a pointed nose and a bubble cockpit.

ail. Large, swept-back, and tapered tail fin with a square tip. No tail flats.

USER COUNTRIES

rgentina, Brazil, Chile (Mirage 5 and 50), Colombia, Egypt, France, Gabon, Lebanon, Libya, Pakis

eru, South Africa, Switzerland, Venezuela (Mirage 50), Zaire.


78/362

MIRAGE F1 (DASSAULT-BREGUET)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. Super Etendard, Mitsubishi F-1, AV-8B Harrier II, Fantan A.


ole. Attack, fighter, reconnaissance.

rmament. Two 30-mm cannons, missiles, bombs.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


79/362

Wings. High-mounted, swept-back, and tapered. Missiles are usually mounted at the wing tips.

ngine(s). One turbojet in the body. Semicircular air intakes alongside the body forward of the wing

ots. Single exhaust.

uselage. Long, slender, pointed nose and a blunt tail. Two small belly fins under the tail section. Bu

nopy.

ail. Swept-back and tapered fin with a blunt tip. Flats are mid-mounted on the fuselage, swept-back

d tapered with blunt tips.

USER COUNTRIESance, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Morocco, Qatar, South Africa, Spain.


80/362

SF.260W (SIAI-MARCHETTI)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. O-1 Bird Dog, PC-7.

rew. One; trainer--either two or three.

ole. Trainer, light-attack.

rmament. Machine guns, bombs, rockets.

imensions. Length: 23 ft, 3 in (7 m). Span: 27 ft, 5 in (8.36 m).

WEFT DESCRIPTION


81/362

Wings. Low-mounted and forward-tapered with fuel tanks mounted on the square tips.

ngine(s). One piston engine mounted in the nose section.

uselage. Oval, tapers to the rear. Long, bubble canopy.

ail. Flats mid-mounted on the fuselage and back-tapered with blunt tips. Fin is swept-back and tape

ith a square tip.

USER COUNTRIES

runai, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Chad, Libya, Nicaragua, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Tunisia,

nited Arab Emirates, Zambia.


82/362

Su-7B FITTER A (SUKHOI)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. Lightning, F-100 Super Sabre, MiG-21 Fishbed.

rew. One.

ole. Ground-attack.

rmament. Two 30-mm cannon, rockets, bombs.

imensions. Length: 57 ft (17.38 m). Span: 29 ft, 3 in (9 m).

WEFT DESCRIPTION


83/362

Wings. Mid- to low-mounted (wings are mounted below center of aircraft) with wide wing roots, sw

ck, and tapered with blunt tips.

ngine(s). One in the body. Circular air intake in the nose. Large, single exhaust.

uselage. Long, tubular body with blunt nose and rear. Large, bubble canopy.

ail. Swept-back and tapered tail fin with a blunt tip. Swept-back and tapered flats mid- to low-moun

n the fuselage.

USER COUNTRIES

fghanistan, Algeria, Bangladesh, Czech Republic, North Korea, South Yemen.


84/362

Su-17,-20,-22 FITTER (SUKHOI)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. MiG-21 Fishbed, Su-7 Fitter, A-7 Corsair II, G.91Y.

rew. One.

ole. Ground-attack.

rmament. Cannon, rockets, missiles, bombs.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


85/362

Wings. Mid- to low-mounted (wings are mounted below the center), variable, swept-back, and tapere

ith blunt tips. Wide wing roots.

ngine(s). One turbojet in the fuselage. Circular air intake in the nose. Large, single exhaust.

uselage. Long, tubular with blunt nose and rear section. Large bubble canopy. Prominent dorsal spi

n top of the body from the cockpit to the tail fin.

ail. Swept-back and tapered fin with a square tip. Flats mid- to low-mounted on the fuselage swept-

ck and tapered.

USER COUNTRIESfghanistan, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, CIS, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Iran,

aq, Libya, North Yemen, Peru, Poland, Slovakia, South Yemen, Syria, Vietnam.


86/362

Su-24 FENCER (SUKHOI)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. Tornado, F-111, F-14 Tomcat, F-15 Eagle, MiG-23/-27 Flogger.

rew. Two.

ole. All-weather attack, fighter-bomber, strike.

rmament. Cannon, missiles, bombs.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


87/362

Wings. High-mounted, variable, swept-back, and tapered.

ngine(s). Twin turbofans. Air intakes are tapered away from the body, rectangular-shaped, and mou

n the body forward of the wings’ leading edges. Twin exhausts.

uselage. Long, slender, with pointed, solid nose, and rectangular-shaped body from the air intakes t

hausts. Two belly fins; four pylons. Bubble canopy. Dorsal spine extends from the cockpit to the ta

ail. Fin swept-back and tapered with square tip. Flats are high-mounted on the fuselage, swept-back

d tapered with angular tips.

USER COUNTRIESzerbaijan, Belarus, CIS, Iran, Kazakhstan, Libya, Syria, Ukraine.


88/362

Su-25 FROGFOOT (SUKHOI)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. A-6 Intruder, Magister, Alpha Jet, Jaguar, AMX, A-10A Thunderbolt II.

rew. One.

ole. CAS, ground-attack.

rmament. Cannon missiles, rockets, bombs.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


89/362

Wings. High-mounted and back-tapered with straight trailing edges. Pods mounted at the square tips

ngine(s). Two turbojets mounted alongside the body under the wings. Semicircular air intakes forw

the wings’ leading edges. Exhausts to the rear of the wings’ trailing edges.

uselage. Long, slender, rounded nose. Body tapers to the rear section that overhangs the exhausts.

epped canopy.

ail. Swept-back and tapered fin with a square tip. Flats mid-mounted on the fuselage, unequally tap

ith blunt tips.

USER COUNTRIESngola, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, CIS, Czech Republic, Iraq, Georgia, Hungary, Iran, North Ko

ovakia, Ukraine.


90/362

SUPER ETENDARD (DASSAULT-BREGUET)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. Fantan A, Mitsubishi F-1, Mirage F1, Yak-38 Forger.

rew. One.

ole. Strike, fighter.

rmament. Missiles, cannon, bombs.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


91/362

Wings. Mid-mounted, swept-back, and tapered with blunt tips. Sawtooth in the leading edges.

ngine(s). One turbojet inside the body. Semicircular air intakes below the canopy. Single exhaust.

uselage. Long, pointed nose. Body bulges at the air intakes and tapers to the rear. Bubble canopy w

rward on the nose. Dorsal spine extends from the cockpit to midbody.

ail. Large, swept-back, and tapered tail fin with curved tip. Flats are low- to mid-mounted on the ta

n, swept-back, and tapered with blunt tips.

USER COUNTRY

rgentina, France.


92/362

TORNADO IDS (AERITALIA, MBB, BAe)

GENERAL DATA

ountries of Origin. Italy, Germany, UK.

milar Aircraft. Su-24 Fencer, F-14 Tomcat, F-15 Eagle, MiG-23/-27 Flogger, F-111.

rew. Two.

ole. Interdictor strike.

rmament. Missiles, bombs, rockets, cannon.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


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Wings. High-mounted, variable, swept-back, and tapered with angular blunt tips.

ngine(s). Two turbofans in body. Air intakes are diagonal and box-like alongside the fuselage forw

the wing roots. Twin exhausts.

uselage. Solid needle nose. Body thickens at the midsection and tapers to the tail section. Bubble

nopy.

ail. Tall, swept-back, and tapered fin with blunt tip and a step in the leading edge. Flats are large, m

ounted on the body, swept-back, and tapered with angular blunt tips.

USER COUNTRIESermany, Italy, Saudi Arabia, UK.


94/362

VIGGEN AJ-37 (SAAB)

GENERAL DATA

ountry of Origin. Sweden.

milar Aircraft. Kfir, Mirage III/5.


ole. Multirole, fighter.

rmament. Cannon, gun pods, missiles, rockets, bombs.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


95/362

Wings. Main wings are low-mounted, delta-shaped, extending from the body midsection to the exhau

mall, clipped delta wings forward of the main wings and high-mounted on the body.

ngine(s). One turbofan in the body. Semicircular air intakes just forward and below the secondary

ings. Large, single exhaust.

uselage. Short and wide with pointed, solid nose. Bubble canopy. Small belly fin.

ail. No tail flats. Large, unequally tapered fin with a small, clipped tip.

USER COUNTRY

weden.


96/362

Yak-28 BREWER (YAKOVLEV)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. Il-28 Beagle.

rew. Two.

ole. Fighter-bomber, reconnaissance, ECM.

rmament. Bombs, cannons, rockets.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


97/362


98/362

Yak-38 FORGER (YAKOVLEV)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. AV-8B Harrier II, Super Etendard, Fantan A, Mirage F1.

rew. One; Forger B--two.

ole. VSTOL, fighter, strike, attack.

rmament. Cannon, bombs, rockets, missiles.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


99/362

Wings. Mid-mounted, delta-shaped with blunt tips and a negative slant.

ngine(s). One turbo and two lift jets. Two exhausts on the bottom of the rear fuselage. Large,

micircular air intakes below the cockpit well forward of the wings.

uselage. Long with pointed nose and tapered tail section. Bubble canopy.

ail. Swept-back and tapered tail fin with square angular tip and a small step in the leading edge. Fla

e mid-mounted on the body, swept-back, and tapered with a negative slant.

USER COUNTRY

IS.


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CHAPTER 6

Air Superiority and Interceptor Aircraft

e normal operating ceiling for most of these aircraft will generally keep them out of range of individual or crew-served weapon

hough some of the aircraft have ground-attack capabilities. Their inclusion in this manual is for soldier interest and to cover likecraft present in a theater of operation.


ormation. Line drawings are not to scale. The following illustration shows fighter aircraft WEFT description features.


14 Tomcat MiG-25 Foxbat Su-15 Flagon


101/362

15 Eagle MiG-31 Foxhound Su-27 Flanker

iG-19 Farmer Mirage 2000 Tornado ADV

iG-23 Flogger B . .


102/362

F-14 TOMCAT (GRUMMAN)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. F-15 Eagle, Su-24 Fencer, Tornado, Su-27 Flanker, MiG-29 Fulcrum.

rew. Two.

ole. Air superiority fighter, interceptor.

rmament. Missiles, cannon.

imensions. Length: 62 ft (19 m). Span: 64 ft (19.54 m).

WEFT DESCRIPTION


103/362

Wings. High-mounted, variable, swept-back, and tapered with curved tips.

ngine(s). Two turbofans in the fuselage. Diagonally shaped, box-like air intakes alongside the fusel

ual exhausts.

uselage. Long, slender, and box-like from the air intakes to the rear section. Pointed nose. Bubble

nopy.

ail. Twin tail fins, swept-back, tapered, and slanted outward. Flats are mid-mounted on the fuselage

wept-back, and tapered.

USER COUNTRIESan, USA.


104/362

MiG-25 FOXBAT (MIKOYAN-GUREVICH)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. F-14 Tomcat, F-15 Eagle, MiG-31 Foxhound.

rew. One.

ole. Intercepter, reconnaissance.

rmament. Air-to-air missiles.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


105/362

Wings. High-mounted, swept-back, and tapered with square tips.

ngine(s). Two turbojets. Large rectangular air intakes below the canopy and forward of the wing ro

ual exhaust.

uselage. Long and slender with solid, pointed nose. Box-like from the air intakes to rear section. Bu

nopy.

ail. Twin, sweptback, and tapered fins with angular tips. Flats mid- to low-mounted on fuselage, sw

ck, and tapered with angular tips.

USER COUNTRIESlgeria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, CIS, Iraq, Syria, Ukraine.


106/362

Su-15 FLAGON (SUKHOI)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. MiG-21 Fishbed, Super Etendard.

rew. One; Flagon C--two.

ole. Interceptor, air superiority.

rmament. Missiles, gunpack.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


107/362

Wings. Mid-mounted delta with square tips.

ngine(s). Two turbojets in the fuselage. Two exhausts.

uselage. Rectangular from the air intakes to the tail. Bullet-shaped nose and a bubble canopy.

ail. Swept-back and tapered fin with a square tip. Flats are swept-back, tapered, and mid-mounted o

e fuselage.

USER COUNTRY

IS, Georgia, Ukraine.


108/362

F-15 EAGLE (McDONNELL DOUGLAS)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. F-14 Tomcat, Su-24 Fencer, Tornado, MiG-29 Fulcrum, Su-27 Flanker.


ole. Air superiority fighter, interceptor.



WEFT DESCRIPTION


109/362


110/362

MiG-19 FARMER (MIKOYAN-GUREVICH)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. MiG-17 Fresco.

rew. One.

ole. Interceptor, capable of attacking ground targets.

rmament. Missiles, cannon, bombs.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


111/362

Wings. Mid-mounted, swept-back, and tapered with blunt tips. Wing fences. Wide wing roots.

ngine(s). Two turbojets mounted inside the body. Single, round air intake in the nose. Dual exhaust

uselage. Long, tube-shaped, and tapers slightly to the blunt nose and widens to the exhausts. Bubble

nopy well forward on the nose.

ail. Fin sharply swept-back and tapered with blunt tips. Flats high-mounted on the fuselage and swe

ck with blunt tips.

USER COUNTRIES

lbania (J-6), Bangladesh (J-6), Burma (J-6), Cambodia (F-6), Cuba, Egypt, North Korea (J-6), Paki-6), People’s Republic of China (J-6), Sudan, Tanzania, Zambia.


112/362

MiG-23 FLOGGER B (MIKOYAN-GUREVICH)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. MiG-27 Flogger D, Tornado, Su-24 Fencer, F-111.

rew. One; MiG-23U and -23C--two.

ole. Interceptor, fighter.



WEFT DESCRIPTION


113/362

Wings. High-mounted, variable, swept-back, and tapered with blunt tips.

ngine(s). One turbofan inside the body. Rectangular, box-like air intakes forward of the wing roots.

ngle exhaust.

uselage. Long and tubular, except where intakes give a box-like appearance. Long, pointed nose.

epped canopy. Large, swept-back, and tapered belly fin under the rear section.

ail. Swept-back and tapered tail fin has a curved dorsal in the leading edge and an angular tip. Swep

ck and tapered flats are high-mounted on the fuselage with angular tips.

USER COUNTRIESfghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Belarus, Bulgaria, CIS, Cuba, Czech Republic, Germany, Ethiopia,

ungary, India, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Libya, North Korea, Poland, Romania, South Yemen, Sudan, Syri

kraine, Vietnam.


114/362

MiG-31 FOXHOUND (MIKOYAN-GUREVICH)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. MiG-25 Foxbat, F-14 Tomcat, F-15 Eagle.

rew. Two.




WEFT DESCRIPTION


115/362


116/362

MIRAGE 2000 (DASSAULT-BREGUET)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. Mirage III/5, Kfir, Viggen.

rew. One; Mirage 2000N--two.

ole. Interceptor.



WEFT DESCRIPTION


117/362

Wings. Low-mounted delta with clipped tips.

ngine(s). One turbofan mounted in the fuselage. Semicircular air intakes alongside the fuselage forw

the wings. Large, single exhaust protrudes past the tail.

uselage. Tube-shaped with pointed nose and a bubble canopy.

ail. No tail flats. Fin is swept-back and tapered with a clipped tip.

USER COUNTRIES

gypt, France, Greece, India, Peru, Quatar, United Arab Emirates.


118/362

Su-27 FLANKER (SUKHOI)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. F-15 Eagle, F-14 Tomcat, MiG-29 Fulcrum.

rew. One.



imensions. Length: 69 ft (21 m). Span: 47 ft, 6 in (14.5 m).

WEFT DESCRIPTION


119/362

Wings. Mid-mounted; LERX extends downward and forward of the wing roots. Semidelta with squa

ps.

ngine(s). Two turbojets in the fuselage. Square, diagonally-cut air intakes mounted under the wings

ongside the fuselage.

uselage. Rectangular from air intakes to the tail. Pointed nose and bubble canopy.

ail. Fins swept-back, tapered with square tips, and mounted outboard of the engines. Flats are mid-

ounted, swept-back, and tapered.

USER COUNTRIESelarus, CIS, Germany, People's Republic of China, Ukraine.


120/362

TORNADO ADV (BAe)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. Su-24 Fencer, F-14 Tomcat, F-15 Eagle.

rew. Two.

ole. Air defense variant interceptor.



WEFT DESCRIPTION


121/362

Wings. High-mounted, variable, swept-back, and tapered with angular, blunt tips.

ngine(s). Two turbofans inside body. Air intakes diagonal and box-like alongside the fuselage forw

the wing roots. Twin exhausts.

uselage. Solid, needle nose. Body thickens at midsection and tapers to the tail section. Bubble cock

ail. Tall, swept-back, and tapered fin with curved tip and a step in the leading edge. Flats are large,

ounted on the body, swept-back, and tapered with blunt tips.

USER COUNTRIES

K, Saudi Arabia.


122/362

CHAPTER 7

Bomber Aircraft

s chapter includes bomber aircraft of several countries. Modern bomber aircraft can fly at low altitudes for very long distances

mament for these lethal machines has been modernized to include air-launched cruise missiles and short-range attack missiles, dition to a huge assortment of nuclear and nonnuclear munitions.

hen these type aircraft fly at their low altitudes, observers will be able to detect and recognize them. For each aircraft, there are

wings, general data, WEFT descriptions, user countries, photographs, and aircraft manufacturer information. Line drawings are

cale. The following illustration shows bomber aircraft WEFT description features.


123/362


1B Lancer Il-28 Beagle Tu-26 Backfire

2 Tu-16 Badger Tu-95 Bear

52 Stratofortress Tu-22 Blinder Tu-160 Blackjack

anberra . .


124/362


125/362

Wings. Low-mounted, variable, swept-back, and tapered with blunt tips. Leading edge root extension

ngine(s). Four turbofans; two side-by-side pods on each side of the fuselage. Square air intakes und

e wings. Four exhausts.

uselage. Long, slender, pointed nose and tail. Flattened belly except for engine pods. Body widens

ogressively from the LERX through the exhausts. Stepped canopy. Tapered tail section overhangs

hausts. Tail cone.

ail. Swept-back, tapered fin with square tip. Flats mid-mounted on fin, swept-back, and tapered wit

unt tips.USER COUNTRY

SA.


126/362


127/362

B-52 STRATOFORTRESS (BOEING)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. Tu-95 Bear.

rew. Six.

ole. Strategic bomber.

rmament. Bombs, ALCMs, SRAMs, cannon.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


128/362

Wings. High-mounted, swept-back, and tapered with blunt tips and a negative slant.

ngine(s). Eight turbofans suspended in four pairs from pylons beneath the wings. Engines extend

rward of the wings’ leading edges.

uselage. Long, slender, and tapers to the rear. Solid, tapered nose. Stepped cockpit.

ail. Swept-back and tapered fin with square tip. Flats mid-mounted on fuselage, swept-back, and

pered with blunt tips.

USER COUNTRY

SA.


129/362

CANBERRA (ENGLISH ELECTRIC, BAC)

GENERAL DATA

ountries of Origin. UK, USA.

milar Aircraft. I1-28 Beagle.

rew. Two.

ole. Light bomber, ECM, reconnaissance, EW, night interdictor, trainer.

rmament. Bombs, cannons, rockets, missiles.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


130/362

Wings. Wide, mid-mounted wing; straight from the fuselage to the engine pods and equally tapered f

gine pods to the blunt tips.

ngine(s). Two turbojets or turbofans are mounted in the wings. Air intakes are forward of the wings

ading edges. Exhausts are to the rear of the wings’ trailing edges.

uselage. Cigar-shaped and tapered to the rear. Round, solid, or glassed-in nose. Bubble canopy.

ail. Flats high-mounted on fuselage tapered with rounded tips and a positive slant. Fin is unequally

pered with a blunt tip.

USER COUNTRIESrgentina, Peru, UK.


131/362

Il-28 BEAGLE (ILYUSHIN)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. Canberra, Yak-28 Brewer.

rew. Three.

ole. Light bomber, trainer.

rmament. Bombs, two 23-mm cannons in tail.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


132/362

Wings. High-mounted with straight leading edge and forward-tapered trailing edge with blunt tips.

ngine(s). Two turbojets mounted beneath the wings in pods. Pods extend beyond wings’ leading an

ailing edges.

uselage. Tubular and cigar-shaped tapering to the rear. Rounded, glassed-in nose. Bubble canopy.

ail. Fin is swept-back and tapered with a blunt tip. Flats are low-mounted on the fin, swept-back, an

pered with blunt tips. A glassed-in tail gunner compartment is to the rear of the tail.

USER COUNTRIES

gypt, North Korea (H-5), People’s Republic of China (H-5).


133/362

Tu-16 BADGER (TUPOLEV)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. None in this manual.

rew. Six.

ole. Strategic bomber, ELINT, ECM.

rmament. Bombs, missiles, cannon.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


134/362

Wings. Mid-mounted, swept-back, and tapered with blunt tips. Fences on top of wings. Landing gear

ods extend beyond wings’ trailing edges.

ngine(s). Two turbojets mounted in wing roots extend beyond the leading and trailing edges of the

ot. Round air intakes.

uselage. Long, slender, and bulging where the engines are mounted and tapered to the tail. Round,

assed-in nose. Stepped cockpit.

ail. Swept-back, tapered fin and flats with blunt tips. Flats low-mounted on the fin. Tail gunner

mpartment.USER COUNTRIES

IS, Egypt, Iraq, People’s Republic of China (H-6), Ukraine.


135/362

Tu-22 BLINDER (TUPOLEV)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. None in this manual.

rew. Three.

ole. Bomber, reconnaissance, ELINT.

rmament. Bomber, missiles, cannon.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


136/362

Wings. Low-mounted, swept-back, and tapered with square tips. Wide wing root. Landing gear pods

tend beyond wings’ trailing edges.

ngine(s). Two turbojets low-mounted on the tail fin. Round air intakes.

uselage. Tube-shaped with solid, pointed nose. Stepped cockpit.

ail. Flats low-mounted on the fuselage, swept-back, and tapered with square tips. Fin is swept-back

pered with square tip.

USER COUNTRIES

IS, Iraq, Libya, Ukraine.


137/362

Tu-26 BACKFIRE (TUPOLEV)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. B-1B Lancer, Tu-160 Blackjack.

rew. Four.

ole. Strategic medium bomber, maritime reconnaissance.

rmament. Bombs, missiles, cannon.

imensions. Length: 138 ft (42 m). Span: 115 ft (35 m).

WEFT DESCRIPTION


138/362

Wings. Mid-mounted, variable, swept-back, and tapered with curved tips. Wide wing root.

ngine(s). Two turbofans mounted in body. Large, rectangular air intakes. Dual exhausts.

uselage. Long and slender with solid, pointed nose. Body is rectangular from the air intakes to the

hausts. Stepped cockpit.

ail. Fin is swept-back and tapered with a square tip. Flats are mid-mounted on body, swept-back, an

pered with blunt tips.

USER COUNTRIES

IS, Ukraine.


139/362

Tu-95 BEAR (TUPOLEV)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. B-52 Stratofortress.

rew. Unknown.

ole. Strategic bomber, also maritime.

rmament. Bombs, missiles, cruise missiles, two 23-mm cannons in the tail.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


140/362


141/362

Tu-160 BLACKJACK (TUPOLEV)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. B-1B Lancer, Tu-26 Backfire.

rew. Four.

ole. Strategic bomber.

rmament. Bombs, missiles, ALCMs.

imensions. Length: 177 ft (54 m). Span: 182 ft, 9 in (55.7 m).

WEFT DESCRIPTION


142/362

CHAPTER 8

Cargo and Transport Aircraft

s chapter provides examples of cargo and transport aircraft. Many of these aircraft have very similar recognition features becau

y were all designed to perform similar, specific missions such as operating from short, unimproved runways, roads, or fields. Mgo and transport aircraft are manufactured with high-mounted straight wings which allow greater lift and better control at low s

d altitudes.


ormation. Line drawings are not to scale. The following illustration shows cargo and transport aircraft WEFT description featur


143/362


n-12 Cub Buffalo, C-8A C-141B Starlifter

n-24 Coke, An-26 Curl C-5 Galaxy C-160 Transall

n-32 Cline Caribou, C-7A DC-3 Dakota

n-72 Coaler C-17A Globemaster III G.222

n-124 Condor C-123 Provider Il-14 Crate

viocar C-212 C-130 Hercules Il-76 Candid


144/362

An-12 CUB (ANTONOV)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. C-130 Hercules, C-160 Transall, G.222.

rew. Six.

ole. Medium-cargo/transport (100 equipped troops, vehicles, and weapons), ECM, ELINT.

rmament. Twin 23-mm cannons in tail.

imensions. Length: 121 ft, 4 in (37 m). Span: 124 ft, 8 in (38 m).

WEFT DESCRIPTION


145/362

Wings. High-mounted with drooping outer wing panels, back-tapered leading edges, straight trailing

ges, and blunt tips.

ngine(s). Four turboprop engines mounted under the wings’ leading edges.

uselage. Round, slender body with stepped cockpit and glassed-in nose. Landing gear pods bulge at

wer body midsection. Upswept rear section.

ail. Flats are unequally tapered with blunt tips and mounted high on the fuselage. Fin is tapered wit

unt tip and a step in the leading edge. Two 23-mm guns in tail turret.

USER COUNTRIESngola, Afghanistan, Bulgaria, CIS, Czech Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Iraq, People’s Republic

hina (Y-12), Poland, Slovakia, South Yemen, Sri Lanka, Syria (Y-12), Yugoslavia.


146/362

An-24 COKE, An-26 CURL (ANTONOV)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. An-32 Cline, IL-20 Coot, P-3C Orion, An-12 Cub.

rew. Five.

ole. Short haul, light-transport, cargo (40 equipped troops, small vehicles), paratroop.

rmament. Usually none.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


147/362

Wings. High-mounted and equally tapered from the engines to the blunt tips.

ngine(s). Two turboprops mounted in pods beneath the wings. Pods extend beyond the wings’ leadi

d trailing edges.

uselage. Long, slender, upswept rear section. Solid, rounded nose. Stepped cockpit.

ail. Fin is back-tapered with a blunt tip and angular fairing. Flats are high-mounted on the body, ba

pered with blunt tips, and have a positive slant.

USER COUNTRIES

fghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Congo, CIS, Cuba, Czecepublic, Ethiopia, Germany, Hungary, Iraq, Laos, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Mongolia, Mozambiqu

icaragua, North Korea, People’s Republic of China (Y-7), Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Somalia, So

emen, Syria, Vietnam, Yugoslavia, Zambia.


148/362

An-32 CLINE (ANTONOV)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. An-24 Coke, An-26 Curl.

rew. Five.

ole. Short- to medium-range, light-transport, cargo (39 equipped troops, small vehicles), airdrop.



WEFT DESCRIPTION


149/362

Wings. High-mounted and equally tapered from the engines to the blunt tips.

ngine(s). Two turboprops mounted in pods over the wings. Pods extend beyond the wings’ leading

ailing edges.

uselage. Long, tubular, upswept rear section and solid, rounded nose. Stepped cockpit.

ail. Fin is unequally tapered with blunt tip and angular fairing. Flats are high-mounted on the body,

ck-tapered with blunt tips, and have a positive slant.

USER COUNTRIES

IS, Cuba, India, Mongolia, Peru.


150/362

An-72 COALER (ANTONOV)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. C-160 Transall, G.222.

rew. Three.

ole. Medium-transport, STOL.

rmament. None.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


151/362

Wings. High-mounted and back-tapered with blunt tips and a negative slant.

ngine(s). Two turbofans in long pods mounted on top of the wings. Round air intakes extend from t

ont of the wings’ leading edges.

uselage. Circular with round, solid nose, upswept rear section, and a flush cockpit.

ail. Swept-back, untapered fin. Back-tapered flats high-mounted on the fin forming a T.

USER COUNTRY

IS.


152/362

An-124 CONDOR (ANTONOV)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. C-5B Galaxy, C-17A Globemaster III.

rew. Six--seven with loadmaster.

ole. Strategic transport.

rmament. None.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


153/362

Wings. High-mounted, swept-back, and tapered with curved tips. Negative slant.

ngine(s). Four turbofans mounted on pylons under the wings.

uselage. Thick, oval, rounded nose and tapers to the rear. Stepped canopy.

ail. Fin swept-back and tapered with rounded tips. Flats swept-back, tapered, and mid-mounted on t

ody.

USER COUNTRY

IS.


154/362

AVIOCAR C-212 (CASA)

GENERAL DATA

ountry of Origin. Spain.

milar Aircraft. C-160 Transall, C-123 Provider, G.222.

rew. Two.

ole. STOL, light-utility transport (18 equipped troops, light tactical vehicles), airdrop.



WEFT DESCRIPTION


155/362

Wings. High-mounted and unequally tapered from midwing to the square tips.

ngine(s). Two turboprops mounted in pods under the wings’ leading edges.

uselage. Thick, cigar-shaped with flat bottom and upswept rear section. Stepped cockpit.

ail. Fin is equally tapered with a square tip. Straight fairing in the leading edge. Flats are mid-moun

n the body and tapered with square tips.

USER COUNTRIES

ngola, Chad, Equatorial New Guinea, Ghana, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Portugal, Sau

rabia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Venezuela.


156/362

BUFFALO, C-8A (DE HAVILLAND CANADA)

GENERAL DATA

ountry of Origin. Canada (DHC-5, CC-115).

milar Aircraft. C-7A Caribou.

rew. Three.

ole. STOL transport, cargo (41 troops, 1/4-ton vehicles, and freight).



WEFT DESCRIPTION


157/362

Wings. High-mounted, straight from body to engines, and equally tapered outboard of engines to the

unt tips.

ngine(s). Two turboprops mounted under the wings’ leading edges.

uselage. Slab-sided with solid, rounded nose. Stepped cockpit. Upswept rear section.

ail. Fin is slightly swept-back and tapered with square tip. Flats are equally tapered with blunt tips a

gh-mounted on the fin forming a T.

USER COUNTRIES

bu Dhabi, Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Honduras, Kenya, Mauritania,exico, Oman, Peru, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, United Arab Emirates, USA, Zaire, Zambia.


158/362

C-5 GALAXY (LOCKHEED)

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. C-17A Globemaster III, C-141 Starlifter, Il-76 Candid, An-124 Condor.

rew. Six.

ole. Heavy-transport (345 equipped troops), heavy-cargo (armored vehicles, weapons, helicopters).



WEFT DESCRIPTION


159/362

Wings. High-mounted, swept-back, and tapered with curved tips and negative slant.

ngine(s). Four turbofans, suspended on pylons, and extending forward of the wings’ leading edges.

ound air intakes.

uselage. Large, cigar-shaped, and tapered to tail section. Slightly tapered, rounded nose. Stepped

ckpit. Landing gear bulges at lower midsection. Upswept rear section.

ail. Swept-back, tapered tail flats and high-mounted on a swept-back, tapered tail fin forming a T.

USER COUNTRY

SA.


160/362

CARIBOU, C-7A (DE HAVILLAND CANADA)

GENERAL DATA

ountry of Origin. Canada (DHC-4A, CC-108).

milar Aircraft. Buffalo C-8A, DHC-5.

rew. Three.

ole. STOL utility transport (32 equipped troops, 1/4-ton trucks).



WEFT DESCRIPTION


161/362


162/362

C-17A GLOBEMASTER III (McDONNELL DOUGLA

GENERAL DATA


milar Aircraft. C-5 Galaxy, Il-76 Candid, C-141B Starlifter.

rew. Five with loadmaster.

ole. Long-range and intra-theatre heavy cargo transport (troops, heavy equipment, helicopters).

rmament. None.


WEFT DESCRIPTION


163/362

Wings. High-mounted, swept-back, tapered, negative slant. Winglets at wing tips.

ngine(s). Four turbofans mounted on pylons under wings. Round intakes.

uselage. Round and tapers to tail cone. Upswept rear section. Flush cockpit and a round nose.

ail. Fin swept-back and untapered. Flats swept-back, tapered, mounted high on fin forming a "T".

USER COUNTRIES

SA.

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Documents

(1996) FM 44-80 Visual Aircraft Recognition