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1.Breathing2.External Respiration3.Internal Respiration 4.Cellular Respiration
4 PROCESSES
epiglottis
tracheal cartilage
s
thyroid cartilag
evocal cord
The Trachea
The Trachea
hyaline
cartilage ring
esophagus
posterior
anterior
lumenMucus membrane
submucosa
adventiti
a
The TracheaThe Trachea
• True vocal cords are inferior to false vocal cords• Sound is produced when expelled air is passing
through the larynx over the vocal cords
Epithelial Lining of the TracheaEpithelial Lining of the Trachea
mucus
cilia
alveolar macrophage
type I alveolar cell
type II alveolar cell (surfactant
secreting cell)
pulmonary capillaries
O2
CO2
ErythrocytesErythrocytes
Function- transport respiratory gases
Lack mitochondria. Why?
Hemoglobin StructureHemoglobin Structure
1 RBC contains 250 million hemoglobin molecules
Hemoglobin- quaternary structure2 chains and 2 chains
Uptake of Oxygen by Uptake of Oxygen by Hemoglobin in the LungsHemoglobin in the Lungs
O2 binds to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin
O2
oxyhemoglobin
High Concentration of OHigh Concentration of O2 2 in Blood Plasmain Blood Plasma
High pH of the Blood PlasmaHigh pH of the Blood Plasma
OO2 2 pickup COpickup CO22 release release
Unloading of Oxygen from Unloading of Oxygen from Hemoglobin in the TissuesHemoglobin in the Tissues
When OO22 is releaseddeoxyhemoglobin
Low Concentration of OLow Concentration of O2 2 in Blood Plasma in Blood Plasma
Lower pH of the Blood PlasmaLower pH of the Blood Plasma
OO2 2 releaserelease COCO22 pickup pickup
Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Chemistry in the Chemistry in the
BloodBlood
COCO22 + H + H22O O HH22COCO3 3 HCOHCO33-- + H + H++
carbonic carbonic acidacid
bicarbonatebicarbonateionion
Transport of Carbon Transport of Carbon Dioxide from the Tissues Dioxide from the Tissues
to the Lungsto the Lungs
• 60-70% as bicarbonate dissolved in the plasma (slow reaction)• 7-10% dissolved in the plasma as CO2
• 20-30% bound to hemoglobin as HbCO2
CO2 + hemoglobin HbCO2
2 muscles involved with breathing: • external intercostal muscles • diaphragm
Breathing controlled by:• phrenic nerve from medulla• pons
Lung Lung VentilationVentilation
Inspiration
760 mm Hg
756 mm HgNegative pressure draws air in
Lung Lung VentilationVentilation
Expiration
768 mm Hg
Positive pressure forces air out
Lung VolumesLung VolumesTidal Volume- 500 ml
Vital Capacity- 4800 ml
Residual Volume- 1000-1200ml
Total Lung Capacity- 4400-6400ml
IRV- 2800 ml
ERV- 1000-1200ml
Dead Space- 150 ml
What factors affect lung volume?
Regulation Regulation of of
BreathingBreathing
medulla oblonga
ta
pons
CO2 and H+
triggers breathing reflex in medulla, not presence of O2
phrenic
vegas
Restrictive- more diff. to get air in to lungs• Loss of lung tissue• Decrease in lungs ability to expand• Decrease in ability to transfer O2 and CO2 in
blood
Diseases:Fibrosis, sarcoidosis, muscular disease, chest
wall injury, pneumonia, lung cancer, pregnancy, obesity
Obstructive- more diff. to get air out of lungs• Airway narrows• Increase in time it takes to empty lungs
Diseases:Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma
Normal lung Smoker’s lung
Lung cancer
1. Heart rate slows2. Blood flow to extremities
constricted3. Blood and water allowed to
pass through organs and circulatory walls to chest cavity.
• Short term, rapid, deep breathing beyond the need for the activity
• Lowers the level of CO2 in blood
INQUIRY
1. Identify the lipoprotein molecule that reduces surface tension within the alveoli so they do not collapse during exhalation.
2. Even after the most forceful exhalation, a certain volume of air remains in the lungs. What is the volume of air called?
3. Describe the physical structure of alveoli.4. What structures warm and moisten incoming
air?5. What body cavity are the lungs located?6. What tissue lines the lungs?7. What stimulates the breathing response?8. Calculate total lung capacity given:RV= 1000, TV = 500, ERV = 1100, IRV = 2500,
VC= 4100