35
1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

1. Solar System Differentiation2. Planetary Differentiation3. Radiometric Dating4. Solar System Motions

Page 2: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Solar System Differentiation

Page 3: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Solar System Differentiation

All of the heavy elements are born in a supernova.

Page 4: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Solar System Differentiation

Page 5: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Solar System Differentiation

Inner Solar System is HOT• Light elements (H, He) and “ices” vaporized• Blown out of the inner Solar System by solar wind• Only heavy elements (Fe, Ni) are left

Outer Solar System is COLD• Too cold to evaporate ices to space• Rock and ice “seeds” grew large enough to attract

gasses (H, He)

Page 6: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Planetary Differentiation

Page 7: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Planetary Differentiation

Page 8: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Planetary Differentiation

As the planets cooled the layers settled out according to density.

Page 9: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Planetary Differentiation

Chondrites, a type of meteorite, do not show this differentiation.

Page 10: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

• Meteoriteshttp://www.markelowitz.com/meteorites.html

Page 11: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Planetary Differentiation

The gravitational force of the inner planets is too weak to hold on the lighter elements like H and He. (THINK about a Helium balloon.)

Page 12: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Radiometric Dating

Abbreviations:P = Protons N = Neutrons e- = Electrons

Page 13: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Radiometric Dating

Absolute Age – the numeric age of an object or event

Radiometric Dating – a method of determining the absolute age of an object by comparing the relative percentages of a radioactive (parent) isotope and a stable (daughter) isotope

Page 14: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Radiometric Dating

Inside the nucleus of an atom are P and N

The # of P in the nucleus determines what the element is (for example Carbon always has 6 P)

Label the atom

Page 15: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Radiometric Dating

The # of N can vary.

Atoms of the same element that have different # of N are called isotopes.

Page 16: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Radiometric Dating

P = Protons N = Neutrons e- = Electrons

If you change the # of P you change the atom itself.

If you change the # of N you create an isotope.

If you change the # of e- you create an ion (charged atom).

Page 17: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Radiometric Dating

All elements with atomic numbers greater than 83 are radioisotopes meaning that these elements have unstable nuclei and are radioactive.

Page 18: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Radiometric Dating

Radioactive Decay The unstable (radioactive) isotopes decays to form a new (daughter) isotope.

Decays at a constantrate.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKJMk2Oiod0

Page 19: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Radiometric Dating

Types of Radioactive Decay

Alpha DecayBeta DecayGamma Rays

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5oUagoF_viQ

Page 20: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Radiometric Dating

Half Life

The time required for half of a sample of a radioactive isotope to break down by radioactive decay to form a daughter Isotope.

Compare relative percentages of the parent and daughter isotopes to get the age.

Page 21: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Radiometric Dating

Radioactive Isotopes

Used to determine the age of the earth

• Uranium-238, or 238U • Daughter, lead-206 • Half-life 4.5 billion years

• Potassium-40, or 40K, • Argon-40 • Half-life of 1.25 billion years

Page 22: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Radiometric Dating

Zircons

Zircons are volcanic crystals that contain the radioactive element uranium, which are called “ geologic clocks” because uranium converts to the element lead at a specific rate over a long span of time.

Page 23: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions
Page 24: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Planetary Motions

Kepler’s came up with three laws of planetary motion based on Tycho Brahe’s observations of the night sky.

Page 25: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Planetary Motions

Kepler’s 1st Law - The Law of the Ellipses • The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the sun at one

focus.

A path connecting the two foci to the ellipse always has the same length.

Page 26: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Planetary Motions

Kepler’s 2nd Law - The Law of Equal Areas• The line joining a planet and the sun sweeps equal

areas in equal time.

The planet moves slowly here.

The planet moves quickly here.

Dt

Dt

Page 27: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Planetary Motions

Kepler’s 3rd Law - The Law of Periods• Compares the orbital period and radius of an

orbit of a planet to those of other planets.

http://astro.unl.edu/naap/pos/animations/kepler.swf

Page 28: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Kepler Space Telescope

Confirmed Planets = 136Unconfirmed Planets = 3,548

Planets within the habitable zone = 272

Kepler Space Telescope Reporting:

http://youtu.be/EmsYCbYu-LA

Page 29: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

50 years of exploration

Published by National Geographic

Page 30: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Voyager 1Beginning with

http://goldenrecord.org/http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/JPLvoyagerModule/JPLvoyagerModule.html

Page 31: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Back to the Facts

http://youtu.be/uhcKaFQD7l0

Venus spins the wrong way ??????

Uranus rains diamonds ??????

Page 32: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Venus

New theory: suggests that Venus may not have flipped at all… instead its rotation slowed to a standstill and then reversed direction. Taking into account other factors … tidal effects from other planets, etc … Venus's axis could have shifted due to a variety of positions throughout the planet's evolution.

Page 33: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

Uranus

Uranus contains methane … which can turn into diamond at high temperatures and pressures.

Allowing diamonds to fall like raindrops or hailstones …

Page 34: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions
Page 35: 1.Solar System Differentiation 2.Planetary Differentiation 3.Radiometric Dating 4.Solar System Motions

• http://www.indiana.edu/~geol105/images/gaia_chapter_3/earth_differentiation.htm• http://geology.indiana.edu/h205_2/index.html• http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Sept05/PortalesValley.html• https://www.agi.com/resources/educational-alliance-program/astro-primer/primer1.htm

• Movie:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_3PFfMdZ9c

Want to learn more:http://wisp.physics.wisc.edu/astro104/lecture28/lec28_print.html

Planet Poetry:http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/review/story-superstar/text-version.html