2

1. Introduction

2. Fact or Fiction?

3. Emotional Development

4. Theories about Infant Socioemotional Development

5. The Development of Social Bonds

6. Closing Thoughts

Introduction

3

[Video: Infancy – Socioemotional Development Introduction]

Fact or Fiction? Fiction Fact

1. Infant fear, as expressed in stranger wariness, signals abnormal behavior.

2. In part because of inborn temperamental characteristics, some children are more difficult to raise and harder to live with.

3. Attachment patterns established in infancy almost never change.

4. High-quality day care, even during the infant’s first year, does not lead to negative developmental outcomes.

Socioemotional Development

4

Specific Emotions

Click to play video: Stranger Fear

Click to play video: Separation Anxiety

Click to play video: The Emergence of Empathy

6 weeks - social smile

3 months- laughter; curiosity

4 months - full, responsive smiles

Infant Emotions

Happy or Content

Fearful

Angry or Sad

Pride or Shame

4-8 months - angerAngry - healthy response to frustration

Sadness - indicates withdrawal

9-14 months - with strangers (stranger wariness; separation anxiety)

12 months - fear of unexpected sights and sounds

18 months—self-awareness; pride; shame; embarrassment

How do infants express emotions?

5

Self-Awareness

9 months baby

20 months baby

How do younger and older infants react to the “rouge test”?

self-awareness: Realization that one is a distinct individual.

9

Self-Awareness

10

[Video: Developing Self-Awareness]

Temperament

Inhibited (fearful) at 4 months and... Positive (exuberant) at 4 months and...

Do Babies’ Temperaments Change?

temperament: Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation.

Fearful at 9,14,24 and 48 monthsPositive (every later time)

Variable (sometimes fearful, sometimes not)

Fearful (every later

time)Positive at

9,14,24 and 48 months

Variable (sometimes fearful, sometimes

not)

42%

44%

12%5%15

%

80%

11

Temperament

12

[Video: Stability of Behavior]

What are the two main psychoanalytical views of stages in infancy?

Psychoanalytical Theory

Developmental crises involve trust versus mistrust, followed by autonomy versus shame and doubt!

Sigmund Freud

Erik Erikson

Sexual interest and pleasure expressed first in the oral stage, then the anal stage!

13

Behaviorism

social learning: Learning by observing others—both what they do and how other people react to their behavior.

How do children learn aggression?

Experimental

Group

Control Group

Watched model act

aggressively toward doll

Did not watch

the model

Experienced frustration

Experienced frustration

Was placed in room with

doll

Was placed in room with

doll

Displayed highly aggressive behavior

imitating model’s actions

Displayed less aggression, mainly

limited to punching doll with fists

14

Behaviorism

15

[Video: Bandura’s Bobo Doll Study ]

Cognitive Theoryworking model: In cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences.

How do early relationships help form a person’s later assumptions?

16

INFANTS IN RURAL CAMEROON AND URBAN GREECE

Cameroon Athens, Greece

I.Infant—mother play at 3 months

Percent of time held by mother 100% 31%

Percent of time playing with objects 3% 40%

I.Toddler behavior at 18 months

Self-recognition 3% 68%

Immediate compliance with request 72% 2%

Source: Adapted from Keller et al., 2004

Sociocultural Theory

proximal parenting: Caregiving practices that involve being physically close to a baby, with frequent holding and touching.

distal parenting: Caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from a baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching.

How does infant behavior in rural Cameroon and urban Greece compare?

17

Synchrony

synchrony: A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant.How do infants learn of others’ emotions?

18

PATTERNS OF INFANT ATTACHMENT

Type

Name of Pattern In Play Room Mother Leaves Mother ReturnsToddlers in

Category (%)

A Insecure-avoidantChild plays

happilyChild continues

playingChild ignores her 10-20

B SecureChild plays

happilyChild pauses, is

not as happyChild welcomes her,

returns to play50-70

C Insecure-resistant/ambivalent

Child clings, is preoccupied with

mother

Child is unhappy, may stop playing

Child is angry; may cry, hit mother,

cling10-20

D Disorganized Child is cautiousChild may stare or yell; looks scared,

confused

Child acts oddly—may scream, hit self, throw things

5-10

Attachment

attachment: According to Ainsworth, an affectional tie that an infant forms with a caregiver.

What are patterns of infant attachment?

19

Attachment

20

[Video: Interview with Gilda Morelli]

Social Referencing

social referencing: Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else’s expressions and reactions.

21

Social Referencing

22

[Video: Social Referencing]

Infant Day Care

center day care: Child care that occurs in a place especially designed for the purpose, where several paid adults care for many children.

How much do different countries use center-based care for infants?

Most use of center-based infant care

In-between use of center-based infant

care

Less use of center-based infant care

France

Central America

Latin America India

Ethiopia

Israel

China

Sweden

North America

23

Infant Day Care

24

[Video: Best Practices in Child Care: Continuity of Care]

If you were to give advice to a friend with a newborn, what would you tell him about the keys to creating a strong social bond with his infant?

Closing Thoughts

25