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Compositional Study of Different Currency Coins Using Non-Destructive Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 2 nd SASC Muharram, 1425 Jeddah, KSA Zain Yamani, Ph.D. Physics Department م ي ح ر ل ا ن م ح ر ل له ا ل م ا س ب

2 nd SASC Muharram, 1425 Jeddah, KSA

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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. Compositional Study of Different Currency Coins Using Non-Destructive Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. 2 nd SASC Muharram, 1425 Jeddah, KSA. Zain Yamani, Ph.D. Physics Department KFUPM. Presentation plan. Introduction: What is LIBS? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: 2 nd  SASC Muharram, 1425 Jeddah, KSA

Compositional Study of Different Currency Coins Using Non-Destructive Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

2nd SASC

Muharram, 1425Jeddah, KSA

Zain Yamani, Ph.D.Physics Department

KFUPM

الرحيم الرحمن الله بسم

Page 2: 2 nd  SASC Muharram, 1425 Jeddah, KSA

Presentation planPresentation plan

1. Introduction: What is LIBS?

2. Different physical methods for material analysis.

3. What is special about LIBS?

4. Compositional determination of coins using LIBS:

a- Experimental set-up

b- Results

c- Conclusions

5. Concluding remarks

Page 3: 2 nd  SASC Muharram, 1425 Jeddah, KSA

LIBS: Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

IntroductionIntroduction

LIBS is an analytical method by which one can determine (qualitatively and quantitatively) the elemental composition of solid, liquid or gas samples.

LIBS focused laser pulses vaporize, atomize and excite the sample plasma emission collect, disperse and analyze light atomic spectral lines determine the

elemental composition

Page 4: 2 nd  SASC Muharram, 1425 Jeddah, KSA

What other methods are used for elemental analysisWhat other methods are used for elemental analysis

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How does LIBS compare with other analytical methods?How does LIBS compare with other analytical methods?

Different types of samples

Little sample preparation

No (chemical) waste

Micro-LIBS

Portability

Rapid

NDT

This is not to say that there are no complications in LIBS.

Of course, there are!

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What is LIBS used for?What is LIBS used for?

(applications, from the literature)(applications, from the literature)

Environmental monitoring to measure soil contamination (Zolotovitskaya et al., 1997)

Detect toxic metals (Yamamoto et al., 1996; Buckley et al., 2000)

Study the chemical compositions in liquids (Yueh et al., 2002; Samek et al., 2000)

Study the chemical compositions in polymers (Sattmann et al., 1998)

In forensics and military applications (Kincade, 2003)Biomedical studies of bones and teethArt restoration (or conservation), by analyzing pigments and/or precious and ancient metals (Anzano et al., 2002)

Page 8: 2 nd  SASC Muharram, 1425 Jeddah, KSA

LIBS for coin compositional determinationLIBS for coin compositional determination

Experimental set-up

Nd-YAG

3rd harmonic

prism

dichroic mirror

personal computer

monochromator

mirror

collecting lens

Rotating sample holder

sample

PDA

Movie

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grating

mirror

mirror 1024 diodes

PDA ~ optical multi-channel analyzer

With a Photo-Diode Array (PDA), one can simultaneously detect the intensity

of many “different” wavelengths.

Page 10: 2 nd  SASC Muharram, 1425 Jeddah, KSA

LIBS for coin compositional determinationLIBS for coin compositional determination

Experimental Results

1. PDA Calibration

2. Apply LIBS to coins

a. Check repeatability

b. Look for coin signatures

c. Reliability (same results in different regions!!)

d. NDT

Page 11: 2 nd  SASC Muharram, 1425 Jeddah, KSA

LIBS for coin compositional determinationLIBS for coin compositional determination

4000 4100 4200 4300 44000

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

4047

.119

8740

65.5

9985

4074

.419

92

4122

.719

7341

37.8

3984

4149

.179

69

4192

.859

8642

07.5

6006

4235

.279

78

4260

.060

0642

70.9

7998

4281

.899

9 4319

.279

7843

37.7

5977

4396

.979

98

4418

.819

8244

29.3

1982In

tens

ity (A

.U.)

Wavelength (A)

10% iron in KBr (calibration pellet)

Fe I 4045.8 4000Fe I 4063.6 1500Fe I 4071.7 1200Fe I 4143.9 800Br II 4223.9 1000Fe I 4260.5 800Fe I 4271.8 1200Fe I 4282.4 1200Fe I 4307.9 1200Fe I 4325.8 1500Br I 4365.1 2000Br II 4365.6 1000Fe I 4375.9 800Fe I 4383.5 3000Fe I 4404.8 1200Br I 4425.1 1500

http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/AtData/lines_form

Data: 4000-4400 Å

Page 12: 2 nd  SASC Muharram, 1425 Jeddah, KSA

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

4000 4050 4100 4150 4200 4250

Wavelength (A)

Inte

nsity

(A.U

.)

LIBS spectra for (solid) one side of a 25 Fils Bahrain coin and (dashed) the other side of the same coin.

Notice how the spectra are almost identical!!

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0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

4000 4100 4200 4300 4400

Wavelength (A)

Inte

nsity

(A.U

.)

LIBS spectra for (solid) a 10-Hallalah Saudi coin, (dashed) 20 cent Euro coin and (dotted) a game token, in the 4000-4425 Å region.

There are similarities between the three spectra; for example, all have Fe peaks (e.g., @ 4228 Å.

The game token has more iron and nickel than the other (real) currencies.

The game token does not contain copper (e.g. @ 4180, 4275 & 4377 Å). The real currencies do contain copper!!

The Euro coin does not have the 4201 & 4401Å Ni peaks.

Page 14: 2 nd  SASC Muharram, 1425 Jeddah, KSA

LIBS spectra for (solid) a 10-Hallalah Saudi coin, (dashed) 20 cent Euro coin and (dotted) a game token, in the 5250-5550 Å region.

Common iron peaks (e.g. 5270

Å).

The game token does not contain copper. The

real currencies do

contain copper!! (e.g.

5293 Å).The Euro

coin does not have the Ni peaks. (e.g.

5475 Å).

The results are consistent with

that of the 4000-4400 Å region.

It is difficult to distinguish between Saudi and Bahrani coins. They probably have very similar elemental composition.

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

5250 5300 5350 5400 5450 5500 5550

Wavelength (A)

Inte

nsity

(A.U

.)

Page 15: 2 nd  SASC Muharram, 1425 Jeddah, KSA

Photographs of the four coins used in the experiments (a) before and (b) after 30 seconds of laser irradiation. The coins show no apparent destruction due to LIBS.

(a) (b)

Page 16: 2 nd  SASC Muharram, 1425 Jeddah, KSA

Is LIBS absolutely NDT?

LIBS as NDT?

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LIBS for coin compositional determinationLIBS for coin compositional determination

Conclusions LIBS spectra are repeatable.

LIBS gives consistent/ reliable results in different regions.

Coins have iron.

Game token has no copper.

20 cent Euro coin is nickel-free.

We can distinguish between “different” currencies using LIBS.

The spectra of the Saudi 10-Hallalah and the Bahrain 25 Fils are very similar.

At the macroscopic level, LIBS procedure can be NDT.

Page 18: 2 nd  SASC Muharram, 1425 Jeddah, KSA

Good general references on LIBSGood general references on LIBS

Also, check Applied Optics vol 42 (30), Oct. 2003 (theme issue)

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1. LIBS is a very useful technique for the elemental analysis of material.

2. LIBS can be used for fast, precise, on-line, non-destructive testing of coins.

3. LIBS can be beneficial for the identification of currency and also for quality control in coins production.

4. LIBS applies to different types of material and is conducive to interdisciplinary research, a concept very beneficial for academic research in Saudi Arabia.

Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

Page 20: 2 nd  SASC Muharram, 1425 Jeddah, KSA

5. Further study:

i. both qualitative and quantitative.

ii. different photon energy and laser pulse energy.

iii. effect of optical alignment of beam with the sample, and optical alignment of beam with the detection system.

iv. increase sensitivity by using gated ICCD.

v. study the effects of delayed time.

6. I would be happy to work with collaborators.

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Thank you for your attention

The support of King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals is gratefully acknowledged.

The encouragement of professor M.A. Gondal, as well as the assistance of Mr. Abdullah Baziyad and Mr. Abdullah Al-Zahrani, is deeply appreciated.

I am thankful to Mr. Fuad Enaya for his help in preparing the presentation.

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

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Sample matrix

Morphology

Power [energy per pulse & pulse width] dependence

Atmosphere type and pressure

Shot to shot energy fluctuation

Depends on photon energy [esp. plasma absorption]

Complications in Using LIBS