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7/31/2019 2006-2010 Living Conditions Monitoring Survey Report
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Published by
Living Conditions Monitoring Branch,
Central Statistical Office,
P. O. Box 31908, Lusaka, Zambia.
Tel: 251377/251370/253468/256520 Fax: 253468/256520
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.zamstats.gov.zm
March 26, 2012
COPYRIGHT RESERVED
Extracts may be published if
sources are duly acknowledged
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Foreword
In rec ent yea rs a num be r of deve lop ing c ountries have unde rgo ne ma jor chang es bo th in
their political and in their economic systems. In order to monitor the effects of these
c hanges on the living c ond itions of the pop ulation, Living C ond itions Monitoring Surveys
(LCMS) are co nduc ted to p rovide the ne c essary sta tistical monitoring indic ators.
In Zambia, the need to monitor the living conditions of the people became more
pronounced during the 1990s when the country vigorously started implementing the
Structural Adjustment Prog ramm es (SAP). The G ove rnment and its coo pe ra ting p artners
realised that a segment of the population was adversely affected by these policies and
programmes meant to reform the economy. Deteriorating socio-economic conditions in
the country further prompted the Government and the donor community to reassess
various development and assistance strategies from the point of view of poverty
a llevia tion. The reassessme nt culminate d in the deve lopm ent o f the Pove rty Red uc tion
Strateg y Paper (PRSP) in 2001. However, the suc cessful imp lementa tion o f suc h policy-
oriented strategies requires institutionalisation of the monitoring framework both at
household a nd a t c ommunity leve ls.
The Cent ra l Sta tistical Office (CSO) has be en c ond uc ting the househo ld based Living
Co nd itions Monitoring Surveys sinc e 1996 for mo nitoring va rious Gove rnme nt a nd dono r
polic ies and prog ramm es. The surveys evo lved from the Soc ial Dime nsions of A d justment
Priority Surveys cond uc te d in 1991 (PSI) and 1993 (PSII). So fa r, five LCMSs ha ve been
conducted.
These are:
(i) The Living Co nd itions Mo nitoring Survey I of 1996(ii) The Living Co nd itions Monitoring Survey II of 1998(iii) The Living Co nd itions Mo nito ring Survey III of 2002/ 2003(iv) The Living C onditions Mo nitoring Survey IV of 2004(v) The Living Co nd itions Mo nitoring Survey V of 2006
The Living Cond itions Mo nitoring Survey 2010 (or Ind ica to r Mo nitoring Survey) w as
c ond uc ted be tween January and Ap ril 2010 co vering the who le c ountry. The LCMS 2006
wa s c ond uc ted in Decem be r 2006 and also c ove red the who le c ountry. The ma jor
objective was to provide poverty estimates, and provide a platform for comparing with
previous poverty estimates derived from cross-sectional survey data. Using a similar survey
design to that conducted in 1998, the poverty estimates from the 2004 survey are
c ompa rab le to the surveys of 1998 and 1996. It should b e no ted that , although the Cent ralSta tistica l Office c ond uc ted a nother survey fo r 12 mo nths during 2002/ 2003, the pove rty
results could no t b e c om pared to the 1998 Living Co nd itions Survey tha t was used to
prov ide b aseline pove rty estima tes for rep orts tha t include the Poverty Red uc tion Strate gy
Paper (PRSP) of 2002-4 and the Millennium Deve lopme nt G oa ls. The poverty results of the
LCM S 2010 and LCMS 2006 c annot b e c omp ared to the results of the 2004, 1998, 1996
surve ys, PSII 1993 and PSI 1991. This is because the results of the 2006 LCMS and 2010 LCMS
used yea r spe c ific Engel ra tios to d erive the food sha re while the rest used a fixed ratio.
The 2006 LCM S and 2010 LCM S used item s pric es to up date the poverty lines.
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The main ob jec tives of the LCMS 2010 and LCM S 2006 were:
To monitor the impac t of Gove rnment po lic ies, prog ram mes and do nor supp ort onthe we llbeing of the Zam bian po pulation
To m onitor and eva luate the implementation of some of the program mesenvisaged in the Poverty Red uc tion Strateg y Paper (PRSP)
To mo nitor po verty a nd its d istribution in Zamb ia To p rovide various users with a set of reliab le indicat ors aga inst w hich to mo nitor
development
To ide ntify vulnerab le groups in soc iety a nd enhance target ing in polic y formulat ionand implementa tion.
The Living Co nd itions Monitoring Surveys 2010 and 2006 co llec ted data on the living
conditions of households and persons in the areas of education, health, economic
activities and employment, child nutrition, death in the households, income sources,
income levels, food production, household consumption expenditure, access to clean
and safe water and sanitation, housing and access to various socio-economic facilities
and infrastructure such as schools, health facilities, transport, banks, credit facilities,ma rkets, etc .
The Living Co nd itions Mo nitoring Survey Rep ort 2010 and 2006 highlights som e key aspec ts
of the living cond itions of the Zamb ian p op ulation. Therefore, the results p resented in this
report are by no means exhaustive on any topic covered but only attempt to highlight
salient aspects of living standards among various population subgroups at national,
provincial and location levels. A separate report on poverty is being compiled alongside
this main report. Additional tabulations and analyses not included in this report can be
provided to users on request. Also obta inab le on dem and a re the LCMS VI data sets for
those who wish to do further ana lysis.
John Kalumbi
DIRECTOR OF CENSUS & STATISTICS
27 March 2012
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AcknowledgementThe suc c ess of the Living C ond itions Mo nitoring Survey and com pila tion of the rep ort wa s
de pe nde nt on ma ny pe op le and institutions tha t mad e va rious valuab le contributions. The
Ce ntral Sta tistica l Office is therefo re e xpressing its grat itude to the following.
All househo lds that ga ve t heir valuab le information w ithout which the survey w ouldnot have succ eeded .
The British Dep a rtment for Internat iona l Deve lopme nt (DFID) for having funded thema jor pa rt o f this survey.
The German Tec hnical Co -ope rat ion to Zam bia (GIZ) for having found ed the re-entry of the 2006 da ta and supp ort rendered throug hout survey.
The c onsultants from the Deve lopm ent Ec ono mics Resea rch Group of the Universityof Go ettingen in German.
The G ove rnment o f the Rep ublic of Zam bia for co -funding the survey. All field staff and data processing personnel (enumerators, supervisors, trainers,
drivers, data entry operators and zone managers, programmers, analysts, editors
etc ) who m ad e it possible to ha ve the d ata ava ilab le a nd p rod uce this repo rt.
The various users who c ont ributed to the finalisa tion o f the survey. The fo rme r Direc to r of the Central Sta tistical Office , Ms Efreda Chulu for her
invaluab le c ontribution to the w hole proc ess.
The Living Co nd itions Monitoring Branc h sta ff fo r having suc cessfully exec uted thesurvey culminating in the production of this report.
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Table of ContentsPage
Foreword i
Acknowledgment iii
Tab le of Co ntent s iv
List of Tab les ix
List of Figures xxiiList of Ab breviat ions xxviii
Exec utive Summa ry xxix
CHAPTER 1:Overview on Zam bia1.1. Introduc tion 1
1.2. Land and the pe op le 1
1.3. Politics and administrat ion 1
1.4. Ec onom y 1
1.5. Develop me nts in the soc ial sec to rs 2
CHAPTER 2: Survey Bac kg round and Sam ple Design Method ology2.1. Survey ba c kground 3
2.2. Ob jec tives of the Living Co nd itions Mo nitoring Surveys 3
2.3. Sam ple de sign and c overage 4
2.3.1. Sam p le stratifica tion a nd alloc at ion 5
2.3.2. Cove rage 5
2.3.3. Samp le selec tion 6
2.3.4. Selec tion of Sta nd a rd Enum era tion Area s (SEAs) 6
2.3.5. Selec tion o f househo lds 6
2.4. Data c ollec tion 7
2.5. Estima tion proc ed ure 72.5.1. Samp le we ights 7
2.5.2. Post-Strat ifica tion Ad justm ent 8
2.5.3. Estima tion p roc ess 9
2.6. Data proc essing and ana lysis 10
2.7. Limita tions of the Living Co nd itions Surveys 10
CHAPTER 3: General Concep ts and Definitions3.1. Introd uc tion 11
3.2. Ge neral conc ep ts and definitions 11
3.3. Co nventions 14
CHAPTER 4:GeneralDemographic Characteristics4.1. Introd uc tion 15
4.2. Pop ulat ion size and d istribut ion 15
4.3. Ag e and sex distribution of the po pula tion 17
4.4. Househo ld d istribution, size and headship 23
4.5. Marita l sta tus 30
4.6. Orpha nhoo d 33
4.7. Dea ths in the househo ld 36
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CHAPTER 5:Migration5.1. Introd uc tion 42
5.2. Ind ividual migrat ion 42
5.3. Household mig ration 52
CHAPTER 6:Education6.1. Introd uc tion 556.2. Sc hool att end anc e rate 56
6.3. Gross at tend anc e rate 62
6.4. Net att enda nce rate 67
6.5. Sc hool att end anc e by type of sc hool and level 73
6.6. Cha rac teristics of individuals not in ed uc a tion at time of survey 73
CHAPTER 7:Health7.1. Introd uc tion 79
7.2. Preva lenc e of illness or injury 79
7.3. Ma in illness 827.4. Hea lth consulta tions 88
7.4.1. Med ica l institut ion visited 91
7.4.2. Personne l c onsulted 95
7.4.3. Mode of p ayme nt for c onsultation 98
7.4.4. Average am ount pa id fo r co nsultation a nd me dica tion 99
CHAPTER 8: Economic Ac tivities of the Pop ulation8.1. Introd uc tion 101
8.2. Co nc ep ts and definitions 101
8.2.1. The e c onom ically ac tive po pulation (labo ur forc e) 101
8.2.2. Labo ur force pa rticipat ion rate 102
8.2.3. The em ployed po pulation 102
8.2.4. Employment status 102
8.2.5. Unemployed population 102
8.2.6. Unem ploym ent ra te 102
8.2.7. Inactive population 102
8.2.8. Diagramm at ic al representa tion of ec onom ic a c tivity 102
8.3. Ec onom ic ac tivity sta tus 103
8.3.1. Labo ur force pa rticipat ion ra tes 106
8.3.2. Unem ploym ent ra tes 109
8.4. Emp loyment sta tus, industry and oc c upa tion of em ploye d pe rsons 112
8.4.1. Distribution of employed persons by industry 112
8.4.2. Distribut ion of emp loyed pe rsons by o c cupa tion 114
8.4.3. Distribut ion of em ployed pe rsons by em p loyment sta tus 116
8.5. Informa l sec tor em p loyment 119
8.6. Sec ondary job s 124
8.7. Rea son for c ha ng ing job s 125
8.8. Inc om e ge nerating ac tivities am ong pe rsons p resently unem ploye d or inac tive 126
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CHAPTER 9:Househo ld Food Prod uc tion9.1. Introd uc tion 128
9.2. Ag ric ultural household s 128
9.3. Foo d prod uc tion 130
9.3.1. Ma ize 130
9.3.2. Cassava, millet, sorghum and rice 1329.3.3. Mixed bea ns, soya be ans, sweet p ota toe s, Irish pota toe s and g roundnuts 133
9.4. Livestoc k and poultry ow nership 136
9.4.1. Livestock ownership (cattle, goats, pigs, sheep) 136
9.4.2. Poultry owne rship (c hicken, d uc ks/ ge ese, guinea fow l, other) 138
CHAPTER 10:Household Income and Assets10.1. Introd uc tion 141
10.2. Co nc ep ts and de finitions 142
10.3. Distribution of incom e 143
10.3.1. Inc ome d istribution b y ag e a nd sex 144
10.3.2. Income distribution by highest level of education attained by household head 14510.3.3. Inc om e distribut ion b y p ove rty sta tus 145
10.4. Per c ap ita inco me 146
10.4.1. Per ca pita income by sex of househo ld hea d 146
10.5. Inc om e inequa lity 147
10.5.1. Incom e d istributio n 1996-2010 151
10.6. Ow nership of household assets 152
CHAPTER 11: Household Expenditure11.1. Introd uc tion 155
11.2. Tota l ave rag e monthly household and pe r c ap ita expend iture 157
11.3. Tota l ave rage mo nthly expend iture by stratum 15811.4. Tota l ave rage mo nthly expend iture by p rovinc e 159
11.5. Average household monthly expend iture and pe r c ap ita expend iture by quintiles 160
11.6. Perce nta ge sha re of househo ld expend iture on food and non-foo d items 161
11.7. Percenta ge share of expend iture on ow n prod uce d food 164
11.8. Percenta ge share of expe nd iture on non-foo d 165
11.9. Percenta ge expend iture share on non-food by non-food type and stratum 167
CHAPTER 12:Poverty Ana lysis12.1. Introd uc tion 172
12.2. Imp rovem ents to po verty mea sureme nt method ology 173
12.3. Ob jec tive of the 2006 and 2010 poverty assessme nt 174
12.4. Co nc ep ts and definitions used in poverty ana lysis 175
12.4.1. Ab solute versus relat ive p overty 175
12.5. Deriving c onsump tion expe nd iture ag greg a tes 175
12.6. Conc ep t of ad ult eq uivalent 177
12.7. Poverty line determina tion 178
12.8. Cha rac terisat ion of pove rty 179
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12.9. Foste r-Gree r-Tho rbe c ke (FGT) poverty mea sures 179
12.10. Poverty results (2006 and 2010) 180
12.10.1. Gene ral po verty trend s 180
12.10.2. Incidence of poverty by rural/urban 181
12.10.3. Incidence of poverty by province 183
12.10.4. Inc idenc e o f p ove rty by stratum 185
12.11. Pove rty and househo ld c ha rac teristics 18812.11.1 Pove rty and sex of househo ld he ad 189
12.11.2. Pove rty by househo ld size a nd ag e o f househo ld head 192
12.11.3. Pove rty a nd household size 193
12.11.4. Pove rty and e duc at ion level of househo ld hea d 195
12.11.5. Pove rty and em ploym ent sta tus of ho useho ld hea d 196
12.12. The Poverty Ga p Ratio 197
12.13. Co ntribut ion to total po verty 198
12.14. Cha nge s in expe nd iture inequa lity 199
12.14.1. The Gini coe fficient as a m ea sure of inequa lity 199
12.14.2.Ineq uality results ba sed on per ca pita expend itureGini coe ffic ient 200
12.15. Conc lusion 201
CHAPTER 13:Self-assessed Poverty and Coping Strategies13.1. Introd uc tion 202
13.2. Self-a ssessed poverty 202
13.3. Self-a ssessed poverty: trends ana lysis 204
13.4. Rea sons for househo ld pove rty 205
13.5. Rea sons for household poverty: trend s ana lysis 207
13.6. Household we lfare c om parisons 209
13.7. Averag e numb er of me als in a day 211
13.8. Household cop ing strat eg ies 212
13.9. Impac t of shoc ks on the household s 214
CHAPTER 14:Housing Charac teristics, Househo ld Amenities and
Ac cess to Fac ilities14.1. Introd uc tion 216
14.2. Housing cha rac te ristics 216
14.2.1. Type of dwe lling 216
14.2.2. Tenanc y sta tus of d we lling 218
14.3. Househo ld ame nities 219
14.3.1. Main water source 220
14.3.2. Sourc es of d rinking w a te r 22214.3.3. Treatm ent/ bo iling of d rinking wa ter 226
14.3.4. Connection to electricity 228
14.3.5. Sourc es of lighting ene rgy 230
14.3.6. Sourc es of c oo king e nergy 232
14.3.7. Toilet fa c ilities 234
14.3.8. Sew age fa c ilities 238
14.3.9. Ga rbage d ispo sal 239
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14.4. Ac c ess to fac ilities 241
14.1.1. Use of ame nities 241
14.4.2. Proximity to fac ilities 243
CHAPTER 15: Child Health and Nutrition15.1. Introd uc tion 248
15.2. Child feed ing prac tice s 248
15.2.1 Breastfee d ing a nd supplem ents 248
15.2.2. Frequenc y of feed ing on solid foo ds 251
15.3. Immunisa tion 253
15.4. Child nutritiona l sta tus 255
CHAPTER 16:Community Developm ent16.1. Introd uc tion 260
16.2. Soc ial and ec onomic projec ts desired by househo lds 260
16.3. Projec ts or c hang es that have taken plac e in the c om munity 263
16.4. Extent to whic h p rojec ts/ c hange s have improve d the wa y househo lds live 265
References 267
Annex 1: Foo d Basket fo r a Family of six, 2004-2010 269
Annex 2: Poverty App end ix 270
Annex 3: List o f Personnel who t oo k pa rt in the Survey 277
Annex 4: Ma in Questionna ire a nd Listing Form 278
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Tab le 4.10a : Averag e househo ld size by p rovinc e, rura l/urba n, 2010, Zam bia 27
Tab le 4.10b: Averag e househo ld size by province, rural/ urban, 2006, Zamb ia 28
Tab le 4.11a : Fema le hea de d househo lds by p rovinc e, rural/ urban, 2010, Zam bia 28
Tab le 4.11b : Fem a le hea de d househo lds by p rovinc e, rural/ urban, 2006, Zam bia 29
Tab le 4.12a: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of pe rsons age d 12 yea rs and a bo ve b y ma rita l
Sta tus, 2010, Zambia 31
Tab le 4.12b: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of pe rsons age d 12 yea rs and a bo ve b y ma rita l
Sta tus, 2006, Zambia 32
Tab le 4.13a: Perce nta ge distribution of orpha ns by typ e, rural/u rban , age group , stratum
and p rovinc e, 2010, Zam bia 34
Tab le 4.13b: Perce nta ge distribution of orpha ns by typ e, rural/u rban , age group , stratum
and p rovinc e, 2006, Zam bia 35
Tab le 4.14a: Perce nta ge distribut ion of dea ths within the househo ld in the 12 mo nths
p rec ed ing the survey, by ag e group , 2010, Zam b ia 37
Tab le 4.14b : Perce nta ge distribution of d ea ths within the househo ld in the 12 mo nths
p rec ed ing the survey, by ag e group , 2010, Zam b ia 37
Tab le 4.15a: Ca uses of dea th by rural/ urban and sex, 2010, Zamb ia 38
Tab le 4.15b: Ca uses of dea th by rura l/urba n and sex, 2006, Zamb ia 39
Tab le 4.16a: Ca uses of dea th by provinc e, 2010, Zam bia 40
Tab le 4.16b: Ca uses of dea th by provinc e, 2006, Zam bia 41
CHAPTER 5:Migration
Tab le 5.1: Perce nta ge distribut ion of individua ls by type of migrat ion, rural/ urban,
Stratum and provinc e, 2010 and 2006, Zam b ia 43
Tab le 5.2: Migrants and no n-migrants 12 mo nths prior to the survey by rural/urban,
Stratum and provinc e, 2010 and 2006, Zam b ia 44
Tab le 5.3: Migrants and no n-migrants 12 mo nths prior to the survey by age g roup a nd
Sex, 2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 46
Tab le 5.4: Propo rtion of migrants and non-migran ts 12 mo nths prior to the survey by
Poverty sta tus, 2010, Zambia 47
Tab le 5.5: Perce nta ge distribut ion of individua l migrant s by provinc e and d irec tion
of migra tion flow, 2010 and 2006, Zam b ia 48
Tab le 5.6: Perce nta ge distribut ion of individua l migrants by ag e group and reason for
Mig ration , 2010 and 2006, Zambia 49
Tab le 5.7: Rea sons for individual migra tion by d irec tion of migrat ion flow, 2010 and
2006, Zamb ia 51
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Tab le 5.8: Migrant and non -migrant househo lds 12 mo nths prior to the survey by
Residenc e, stratum and provinc e, 2010 and 2006, Zam bia 52
Tab le 5.9: Perce nta ge distribution of migrant househo lds by p rovince and direc tion
of migra tion flow, 2010 and 2006, Zam b ia 54
Tab le 5.10: Propo rtion of m igrant househo lds 12 mo nths prior to the survey by ag e of
the hea d of househo ld, 2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 54
CHAPTER 6: Educ ation
Tab le 6.1a: Sc hoo l at tend anc e ra tes by ag e group, rural/urba n, stratum and sex,
2010, Zamb ia 57
Tab le 6.1b: Sc hoo l at tend anc e ra tes by ag e group, rural/urba n, stratum and sex,
2006, Zamb ia 58
Tab le 6.2a: Sc hoo l at tend anc e rates by age group , p rovinc e and sex, 2010, Zamb ia 60
Tab le 6.2b: Sc hoo l a ttendanc e rates by ag e group , p rovinc e and sex, 2006, Zamb ia 61
Tab le 6.3a: Sc hoo l at tend anc e rates by ag e group and po verty sta tus, 2010, Zam b ia 62
Tab le 6.3b: Sc hoo l at tend anc e rates by ag e group and po verty sta tus, 2006, Zam b ia 62
Tab le 6.4a: Gross a ttendanc e rates by grad e, rural/urba n, stratum and sex, 2010, Zamb ia 63
Tab le 6.4b: Gross at tend anc e rates by grad e, rural/urba n, stratum and sex, 2006, Zamb ia 64
Tab le 6.5a: Gross at tend anc e ra tes by grad e, province and sex, 2010, Zam bia 65
Tab le 6.5b: Gross at tend anc e rates by grad e, rural/urba n, stratum and sex, 2006, Zamb ia 66
Tab le 6.6a: Gross at tend anc e ra tes by grad e and pove rty sta tus, 2010, Zam bia 67
Tab le 6.6b: Gross at tend anc e rate by grad e, rura l/urba n, stratum and sex, 2006, Zamb ia 67
Tab le 6.7a: Net at tend anc e rates by grad e, rural/urban, stratum and sex, 2010, Zam b ia 68
Tab le 6.7b: Net at tend anc e rates by grad e, rural/urban, stratum and sex, 2006, Zam b ia 69
Tab le 6.8a: Net a ttendance ra tes by g rad e, p rovinc e and sex, 2010, Zam bia 70
Tab le 6.8b: Net a ttendance ra tes by g rad e, p rovinc e and sex, 2006, Zam bia 71
Tab le 6.9a: Net a ttendanc e rates by g rade and po verty sta tus, 2010, Zamb ia 72
Tab le 6.9b: Net a ttendanc e rates by g rade and po verty sta tus, 2006, Zamb ia 72
Tab le 6.10a : Sc hoo l a ttendanc e rates by type of schoo l and level, 2010, Zam bia 73
Tab le 6.10b : Sc hoo l a ttendanc e rates by typ e of schoo l and level, 2006, Zamb ia 73
Tab le 6.11a: Percenta ge distribution o f po pulation of 5 years and ab ove w ho a re no t in
Ed uca tion at time of survey b y highest level of ed uca tion atta ined, rural/ urba n,
Ag e group and sex, 2010, Zam bia 74
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Tab le 6.11b: Percenta ge distribution o f po pulation of 5 years and ab ove w ho a re no t in
Ed uca tion at time of survey b y highest level of ed uc ation a tta ined, rural/ urba n,
Ag e group and sex, 2006, Zam bia 75
Tab le 6.12a: Perce nta ge distribution of rea sons for leaving sc hoo l by rural/ urban and sex,
2010, Zamb ia 76
Tab le 6.12b: Perce nta ge d istribut ion by highest level obta ined a nd rea son for lea ving2010, Zamb ia 77
Tab le 6.12c : Perce nta ge d istribution by highest level ob ta ined a nd reasons for lea ving,
2006, Zamb ia 77
Tab le 6.13a: Percenta ge distribution b y ag e g roup and rea son for never having atte nde d
Sc hoo l, 2010, Zamb ia 78
Tab le 6.13b: Percenta ge distribution b y ag e g roup and rea son for never having a ttend ed
Sc hoo l, 2006, Zamb ia 78
CHAPTER 7:Health
Tab le 7.1a: Propo rtion o f pe rsons repo rting illness/ injury in the two we eks prec ed ing the
Survey by rura l/urba n, stratum and province, 2010, Zamb ia 80
Tab le 7.1b: Propo rtion of p ersons repo rting illness/ injury in the two w eeks prec ed ing the
Survey by rura l/urba n, stratum and province, 2006, Zamb ia 80
Tab le 7.2a: Percenta ge d istribution of persons reporting illnesses/ injury in the tw o weeks
p rece ding the survey by sex and ag e group , 2010, Zamb ia 81
Tab le 7.2b: Percenta ge d istribution of persons reporting illnesses/ injury in the tw o weeks
p rec ed ing the survey by sex and ag e group , 2006, Zam b ia 82
Tab le 7.3a: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of pe rsons repo rting illnesses by rural/urban a nd typ e
of ma in illness reported , 2010, Zamb ia 83
Tab le 7.3b: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of pe rsons repo rting illnesses by rural/urban a nd typ e
of ma in illness reported , 2006, Zamb ia 84
Tab le 7.4: Percenta ge d istribution of persons reporting Illness by poverty sta tus and type
of ma in illness reported , 2010, Zamb ia 84
Tab le 7.5a : Perce nta ge d istribution of persons repo rting illness by age g roup a nd typ e
of ma in illness reported , 2010, Zamb ia 85
Tab le 7.5b : Perce nta ge d istribution of persons repo rting illness by age g roup a nd typ e
of ma in illness reported , 2006, Zamb ia 86
Tab le 7.6a: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of pe rsons repo rting illness by province a nd typ e of
ma in llness reported , 2010, Zamb ia 86
Tab le 7.6b: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of pe rsons repo rting illness by province a nd typ e of
ma in illness reported , 2006, Zamb ia 87
Tab le 7.7a: Percenta ge d istribution of persons reporting illness in the last two we eks prior
to the survey by sex, ag e group and c onsultation sta tus, 2010, Zamb ia 88
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Tab le 7.7b: Percenta ge d istribution of persons reporting illness in the last tw o we eks prior
to the survey by sex, age group and c onsultation sta tus, 2006, Zam bia 89
Tab le 7.8a: Percenta ge distribution of persons reporting illness in the last tw o we eks prior
to the survey by p rovince, rural/ urban and consultation sta tus, 2010, Zamb ia 90
Tab le 7.8b: Percenta ge d istribution of persons reporting illness in the last tw o we eks prior
to the survey by p rovince, rural/ urban and consultation sta tus, 2006, Zamb ia 91
Tab le 7.9a : Perce nta ge d istribut ion of pe rsons who c onsulted a hea lth institution in the last
two w eeks p rior to the survey by typ e o f institution visited by rural/urba n, stratum
and p rovince, 2010, Zam bia 93
Tab le 7.9b : Perce nta ge d istribut ion of pe rsons who c onsulted a hea lth institution in the last
two w eeks p rior to the survey by typ e o f institution visited by rural/urba n, stratum
and p rovince, 2006, Zam bia 94
Tab le 7.10a : Perce nta ge d istribut ion of p ersons who c onsulted a hea lth institution in the last
two w eeks p rior to the survey by province , stratum a nd type o f pe rsonne l
c onsulted during the first visit, 2010, Zamb ia 96
Tab le 7.10b: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of p ersons who c onsulted a hea lth institution in the lasttwo weeks p rior to the survey, by p rovince, stratum a nd type o f pe rsonne l
c onsulted during the first visit, 2006, Zamb ia 97
Tab le 7.11a: Perce nta ge distribu tion o f p ersons who c onsulted ove r their illness by p rovince
and mod e of pa yment used to pa y for c onsulta tion, 2010, Zam bia 98
Tab le 7.11b: Perce nta ge distribut ion of persons who c onsulted ove r their illness by p rovince
and mod e of pa yment used to pa y for c onsulta tion, 2006, Zam bia 99
Tab le 7.12: Mea n amo unt (in Kwa c ha) spe nt on medic ation and / or c onsultation for persons
who c onsulted o r used self-administered me dic ine by p ersons c onsulted,
2010, Zambia 100
Tab le 7.13: Mea n amount (in Kwa c ha) spe nt on med ica tion and / or c onsultation by
persons c onsulted , 2006, Zamb ia 100
CHAPTER 8: Economic Ac tivities of the Pop ulation
Tab le 8.1a: Percenta ge d istribution of the pop ulation ag ed 12 years and ab ove by ma inec ono mic ac tivity sta tus, sex, rura l/urba n, stratum and province, 2010, Zamb ia 104
Tab le 8.1b: Percenta ge d istribution of the po pulation ag ed 12 years and ab ove, by ma inec ono mic ac tivity sta tus, sex, rural/ urban, stratum and province , 2006, Zam bia 104
Tab le 8.2a: Lab our force p artic ipation rates am ong p ersons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab oveby sex, rural/u rban, stratum and provinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 107
Tab le 8.2b: Lab our force p artic ipation rates am ong p ersons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab oveby sex, rural/u rban, stratum and provinc e, 2006, Zamb ia 107
Tab le 8.3a: Lab our force p articipa tion rate s am ong p ersons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab ove
by rural/ urba n, sex and age group , 2010, Zam bia 108
Tab le 8.3b: Lab our force p articipa tion rate s am ong p ersons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab ove
by rural/ urba n, sex and age group , 2006, Zam bia 109
Table 8.4a: Unem ploym ent rat es am ong p ersons ag ed 12 yea rs and a bove by sex,
Rural/urba n, stratum and p rovinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 110
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Table 8.4b: Unem ploym ent rat es am ong p ersons ag ed 12 yea rs and a bove by sex,
Rural/urba n, stratum and p rovinc e, 2006, Zamb ia 110
Tab le 8:5a: Unem ploym ent rat es am ong p ersons ag ed 12 yea rs and a bove by sex,
Rural/urba n and ag e group , 2010, Zam bia 111
Tab le 8:5b: Unem ploym ent rat es among pe rsons ag ed 12 yea rs and a bove by sex,
Rural/urba n and ag e group , 2006, Zam bia 111
Tab le 8.6a Percenta ge distribution of e mp loyed p ersons ag ed 12 years and ab ove b yInd ustry, rura l/urba n and sex, 2010, Zamb ia 113
Tab le 8.6b Percenta ge distribution of e mp loyed p ersons ag ed 12 years and ab ove b yInd ustry, rura l/urba n and sex, 2006, Zamb ia 113
Tab le 8.7a: Percenta ge d istribution of em ployed p ersons ag ed 12 years and ab ove b y
Oc c upat ion, rural/ urban and sex, 2010, Zam bia 115
Tab le 8.7b: Percenta ge d istribution of em ployed p ersons ag ed 12 years and ab ove b y
Oc cupat ion, rura l/urba n and sex, 2006, Zam bia 115
Tab le 8.8a: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of emp loyed persons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab ove
by emp loyment sta tus, rura l/urba n and sex, 2010, Zam b ia 117
Tab le 8.8b: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of emp loyed persons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab ove
by em ploym ent sta tus, rural/ urban and sex, 2006, Zamb ia 117
Tab le 8.9a: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of persons age d 12 yea rs and ab ove by emp loyment
Sta tus and industry, 2010, Zamb ia 118
Tab le 8.9b: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of persons age d 12 yea rs and ab ove by emp loyment
Sta tus and industry, 2006, Zamb ia 118
Tab le 8.10a: Propo rtion of persons by a ge d 12 yea rs and a bo ve who we re emp loyedin the informal sec tor by sex, rural/urban , stratum and province , 2010, Zamb ia 119
Tab le 8.10b: Propo rtion of persons by a ge d 12 yea rs and a bo ve who we re emp loyed
in the informal sec tor by sex, rural/urban , stratum and province , 2006, Zamb ia 120
Tab le 8.11a: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of em ploye d p ersons by whether they a re in Forma l or
Informa l non-ag ric ultural sec tor by sex, rural/urba n, stratum and p rovince,
2010, Zambia 121
Tab le 8.11b: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of em p loyed persons by whether they a re in Forma l or
Informa l non-ag ric ultural sec tor by sex, rural/urba n, stratum and p rovince,
2006, Zambia 122
Tab le 8.12a : Perce nta ge distribution of informally emp loyed pe rsons by w hethe r they a re
in informa l ag ric ultura l or informa l non-ag ricultural sec tor by sex, rural/urba n,
stratum and provinc e, 2010, Zam b ia 123
Tab le 8.12b : Perce nta ge d istribu tion of informally emp loyed pe rsons by w hethe r they a re
in informa l ag ric ultura l or informa l non-ag ricultural sec tor b y sex, rural/urba n,
Stratum and p rovinc e, 2006, Za mb ia 123
Tab le 8.13a: Propo rtion o f emp loyed pe rsons who held sec ond ary jobs by sex and
Emp loyment sta tus in first job , 2010, Zamb ia 124
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Tab le 8.13b: Propo rtion o f emp loyed pe rsons who held sec ond ary jobs by sex and
Emp loyment sta tus in first job , 2006, Zamb ia 125
Tab le 8.14a: Perce nta ge d istribution of presently emp loyed p ersons who c hange d job s,
by reason of c hanging and sex, 2010, Zam bia 126
Tab le 8.14b: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of presently emp loyed p ersons who c hange d job s,
by reason of c hanging and sex, 2006, Zam bia 126
Tab le 8.15a: Prop ortion o f unemp loyed a nd inac tive persons who we re e nga ged in some
incom e g enerating a ct ivities by sex, age group rural/ urba n, stratum and
ma in ec onomic ac tivity, 2010, Zam b ia 127
Tab le 8.15b: Prop ortion of unem ployed and inac tive p ersons who we re eng ag ed in some
inc om e g enerating a c tivities by sex, age group rural/ urba n, stratum and
ma in ec ono mic ac tivity, 2006, Zam bia , 127
CHAPTER 9: Househo ld Food Prod uc tion
Tab le 9.1a: Perce nta ge of househo lds eng ag ed in ag ric ultural ac tivities by provinc e
and rura l/urba n, 2008/2009 agric ultural sea son, 2010, Zamb ia 129
Tab le 9.1.b: Perce nta ge o f househo lds eng ag ed in ag ric ultural ac tivities by province
and rura l/urba n, 2005/2006 agric ultural sea son, 2006, Zamb ia 130
Tab le 9.2a: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of ag ricultural househo lds p rod uc ing maize and
qua ntity prod uce d by p rovince a nd rural/ urba n, 2008/2009 ag ricultural
sea son, 2010, Zambia 131
Tab le 9.2b: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of ag ricultural househo lds p rod uc ing maize and
qua ntity prod uce d by p rovince a nd rural/ urba n, 2005/2006 ag ricultural
sea son, 2006, Zambia 131
Tab le 9.3a: Perce nta ge o f ag ricultural househo lds prod uc ing ca ssava , millet, sorghum and
rice, a nd q uantities produc ed by p rovince and rural/ urba n, 2008/2009
agricultural sea son, 2010, Zamb ia 133
Tab le 9.3b: Perce nta ge o f ag ricultural househo lds prod uc ing ca ssava , millet, sorghum and
rice, a nd q uantities produc ed by p rovince and rural/ urba n, 2005/2006
agricultural sea son, 2006, Zamb ia 133
Tab le 9.4a: Perce nta ge of ag ricultural household s prod uc ing mixed bea ns, soya bea ns,
swe et po tatoes, Irish p ota toes and groundnuts, and qua ntities produc ed , by
p rovinc e and rural/ urban, 2008/ 2009 ag ricultural sea son, 2010, Zam b ia 135
Tab le 9.4b: Perce nta ge of ag ricultural household s prod uc ing mixed bea ns, soya bea ns,swe et po tatoes, Irish p ota toes and groundnuts, and qua ntities produc ed , by
p rovinc e and rural/ urban, 2005/ 2006 ag ricultural sea son, 2006, Zam b ia 135
Tab le 9.5a : Prop ortion of househo lds ow ning various types of livestoc k by p rovince
and rural/ urban , 2010, Zamb ia 137
Tab le 9.5b: Propo rtion of househo lds ow ning various types of livestoc k by p rovince
and rural/ urban , 2006, Zam bia 137
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Tab le 9.6a: Number and p ercenta ge d istribution of livestoc k by type , province and
rura l/urba n, 2010, Zamb ia 138
Tab le 9.6b: Number and p ercenta ge d istribution of livestoc k by type , province and
rura l/urba n, 2006, Zamb ia 138
Tab le 9.7a: Perce nta ge of poultry ow ning househo lds by type of po ultry, rural/ urban
and p rovinc e, 2010, Zam bia 139
Tab le 9.7b: Perce nta ge of poultry ow ning househo lds by type of po ultry, rural/ urban
and p rovince, 2006, Zam bia 139
Tab le 9.8a: Number and p ercenta ge d istribution of poultry by type , provinc e and
Rural/ urba n, 2010, Zamb ia 140
Tab le 9.8b: Number and p ercenta ge d istribution of poultry by type , provinc e and
Rural/ urba n, 2006, Zamb ia 140
CHAPTER 10:Household Income and Assets
Tab le 10.1: Percenta ge d istribution of household incom e by geo grap hic al loc ation,
2010, Zambia 143
Tab le 10.2: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of househo ld inco me by ag e and sex, 2010, Zamb ia 144
Tab le 10.3: Inc om e distribution by level of ed uc a tion of househo ld hea d , 2010, Zamb ia 145
Tab le 10.4: Inc om e d istribution by self-assessed poverty sta tus, 2010, Zamb ia 145
Tab le 10.5: Rea l mo nthly per c ap ita incom e (2010 pric es), 2010, Zamb ia 146
Tab le 10.6a: Monthly per ca pita inco me by sex of hea d, rural/ urba n, stratum a nd p rovince
(2010 p rice s), 2010, Zamb ia 147
Tab le 10.6b: Monthly per ca pita inco me by sex of hea d, rural/ urba n, stratum a nd p rovince
(2010 p rice s), 2006, Zamb ia 147
Tab le 10.7a: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by per ca pita inc om e de c iles and
Rural/ urba n, 2010, Zamb ia 148
Tab le 10.7b: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of househo lds by p er ca pita inc om e dec iles and
Rural/ urba n, 2006, Zamb ia 148
Tab le 10.8a: Inc om e sha res by residenc e (2010 pric es), 2010, Zamb ia 149
Tab le 10.8b: Inc om e sha res by residenc e (2010 pric es), 2006, Zamb ia 149
Tab le 10.9: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo ld per ca pita inco me d ec iles, 1996-2010,
Zambia 151
Tab le 10.10: Percenta ge d istribution of asset ow nership , 2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 153
Tab le 10.11: Perc entage d istribution of asset ownership by sex of househo ld hea d , 2010
and 2006, Zamb ia 154
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CHAPTER 11:Household Expenditure
Tab le 11.1a: Ave rage mo nthly househo ld expend iture (Kwa c ha ) by residenc e, 2010, Zam bia 158
Tab le 11.1b: Average monthly househo ld expe nd iture (Kwa c ha ) by residenc e, 2006, Zam bia 158
Tab le 11.2a: Ave rage monthly househo ld expe nd iture (Kwa c ha ) by stratum , 2010, Zamb ia 159
Tab le 11.2b: Ave rage mo nthly househo ld expe nditure (Kwa c ha ) by stratum , 2006, Zamb ia 159
Tab le 11.3a :Average monthly househo ld expe nd iture (Kwa c ha ) by p rovince, 2010, Zamb ia 160Tab le 11.3b: Ave rage mo nthly househo ld expe nditure (Kwa c ha ) by stratum , 2006, Zamb ia 160
Tab le 11.4: Househo ld expe nd iture by quintile (Kwa c ha), 2010, Zam bia 160
Tab le 11.5: Househo ld expe nd iture by quintile (Kwa c ha), 2006, Zam bia 161
Tab le 11.6: Percenta ge share of household expend iture on food a nd non-food b y
Rural/urba n, stratum and p rovinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 162
Tab le 11.7: Percenta ge share of tota l expend iture on own produc ed foo d by rural/ urba n,
Stratum and provinc e, 2006 and 2010, Zam b ia 165
Tab le 11.8: Percenta ge expe nditure share on non-food b y non-food typ e and rural/ urba n,
2006 and 2010, Zamb ia 166
Tab le 11.9a: Percenta ge expend iture share on non-food by non-food type and stratum ,
2010, Zambia 168
Tab le 11.9b: Percenta ge expend iture share on non-food by non-food type and stratum ,
2006, Zambia 168
Tab le11.10a: Percenta ge expend iture share on non-food by no n-food type and provinc e,
2010, Zambia 169
Tab le 11.10b:Percenta ge e xpe nditure share on non-food by non-food typ e and provinc e,2006, Zambia 170
CHAPTER 12:Poverty Ana lysis
Tab le 12.1: Comp arab ility of the pove rty me thod 174
Tab le 12.2: Ad ult eq uiva lent expend iture sc a le, 2006-2010, Zamb ia 177
Tab le 12.3: Foo d basket for a family of six, 2004-2010, Zamb ia 178
Tab le 12.4: Distribution of the po pulation by overall and extrem e poverty, househo ld
Charac teristics and rura l/urba n, 2006-2010, Zamb ia 188
Tab le 12.5: Distribu tion of the pop ulation by ove rall and extrem e pove rty, ed uc at ion
and em ploym ent sta tus of househo ld hea d and rural/urba n, 2010, Zam bia 189
Tab le 12.6: Gini expend iture inequa lity by rural/ urban and province, 2010, Zam bia 201
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CHAPTER 13:Self-assessed Poverty and Coping Strategies
Tab le 13.1a: Percentage d istribution of household s by self-assessed poverty by reside nc e,
Sex of hea d , stratum and provinc e, 2010, Zam bia 203
Tab le 13.1b: Percenta ge d istribution of househo lds by self-assessed poverty by reside nc e,
Sex of househo ld hea d , stratum and provinc e, 2006, Zamb ia 204
Tab le 13.2a: Perc entage d istribut ion of self-assessed poo r househo lds by ma in rea son o f
Pove rty, residenc e and sex of hea d , 2010, Zamb ia 206
Tab le 13.2b: Percenta ge d istribution of househo lds by self-assessed poverty by reside nc e,
Sex of househo ld hea d , stratum and p rovinc e, 2006, Zamb ia 207
Tab le 13.3: Trend in perc entage distribution of self-assessed p oo r household s by ma in
reason of pove rty, 1996-2010, Zamb ia 208
Tab le 13.4: Perce nta ge distribut ion of househo lds by perceived c hange in we lfare by
Rural/urba n, sex of hea d , stratum and provinc e, 2010, Zam b ia 210
Tab le 13.5a: Ave rage num ber of mea ls pe r day b y sex of head , residenc e, stratum a ndProvinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 212
Tab le 13.5b: Averag e numb er of mea ls per day b y sex of head , residence, stratum a nd
Provinc e, 2006, Zamb ia 212
Tab le 13.6: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds who experienc ed a n incide nt in the 12
mo nths prior to the survey by leve l of p erce ived p ove rty and stratum ,
2010, Zambia 213
Tab le 13.7: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds who fa c ed a spe c ific incide nt during the
past 12 mo nths by rura l/urba n, 2010, Zamb ia 214
Tab le 13.8: Perce nta ge o f househo lds by seve rity of impac t of shoc k by shoc k type,
2010, Zambia 215
Tab le 13.9: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds fac ing nega tive inc ident s using
c op ing strategies by type, 2010, Zam bia 215
CHAPTER 14:Housing Charac teristics, Househo ld Amenities and
Ac cess to Fac ilities
Tab le 14.1a : Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by type of d we lling, rural/urba n, stratum
and p rovince, 2010, Zam bia 217
Tab le 14.1b : Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by type of d we lling, rural/urba n, stratum
and p rovince, 2006, Zam bia 217
Tab le 14.2a : Perce nta ge d istribut ion of ho useho lds by tena nc y sta tus, rural/urba n, stratum
and p rovince, 2010, Zam bia 218
Tab le 14.2b : Perce nta ge d istribu tion of househo lds by t ena nc y sta tus, rural/urba n, stratum
and p rovince, 2006, Zam bia 219
Tab le 14.3a: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by ma in wa ter source by rural/urba n,
Stratum , provinc e and pove rty sta tus, 2010, Zamb ia 221
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Tab le 14.3b: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of househo lds by m ain wa ter source by rural/urba n,
Stratum , provinc e and pove rty sta tus, 2006, Zamb ia 221
Tab le 14.4: Comp arison of definitions for sa fe and improved d rinking wa ter source s 222
Tab le 14.5a : Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by m ain source of d rinking w ater,
Rural/urba n, stratum and p rovince, 2010, Zamb ia 224
Tab le 14.5b : Perce nta ge d istribu tion of ho useho lds by m a in source of d rinking w ater,Rural/urba n, stratum and p rovince, 2006, Zamb ia 225
Tab le 14.6a: Propo rtion of househo lds who t reate d / boiled drinking wa ter by rura l/urba n,
Stratum and provinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 227
Tab le 14.6b: Propo rtion of househo lds who t rea ted / boiled drinking wa ter by rura l/urba n,
Stratum and provinc e, 2006, Zamb ia 227
Tab le 14.7: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by elect ric ity c onne c tion by
Rural/urba n, stratum and p rovince, 2010, Zamb ia 229
Tab le 14.8a: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by main type of lighting ene rgy by
Rural/urba n, stratum , po verty sta tus and provinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 231
Tab le 14.8b: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of househo lds by ma in typ e of light ing energy b y
Rural/urba n, stratum , po verty sta tus and provinc e, 2006, Zamb ia 231
Tab le 14.9a: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by main type o f co oking energy b y
Rural/urba n, stratum , po verty sta tus and provinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 233
Tab le 14.9b: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of househo lds by ma in typ e of c ooking ene rgy by
Rural/urba n, stratum , po verty sta tus and provinc e, 2006, Zamb ia 233
Tab le 14.10: Comp arison of definitions for adeq ua te and improve d sanita ry fac ilities 235
Tab le 14.11a: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by ma in type of to ilet fa c ility,
Rural/urba n, stratum , p rovinc e and po verty sta tus, 2010, Zam bia 236
Tab le 14.11b: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by ma in type of to ilet fa c ility,
Rural/urba n, stratum , p rovinc e and po verty sta tus, 2006, Zam bia 237
Tab le 14.12: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of ho useho lds with flushing to ilets by type o f sew ag e
fac ilities, rura l/urba n, 2010, Zamb ia 239
Tab le 14.13a : Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by main type of ga rbage d ispo sa l,
Rura l/urba n, stratum and provinc e, 2010, Zam b ia 240
Tab le 14.13b : Perce nta ge d istribution of househo lds by main type of ga rbage d ispo sa l,
Rura l/urba n, stratum and provinc e, 2006, Zam b ia 240
Tab le 14.14a : Perce nta ge of househo lds knowing w here the nearest fac ility is, by rural/urba n
and poverty sta tus, 2010, Zamb ia 242
Tab le 14.14b : Perce nta ge of househo lds knowing w here the nearest fac ility is, by rural/urba n
and poverty sta tus, 2006, Zamb ia 242
Tab le 14.15: Perce nta ge of househo lds who use the nearest fac ility, of those who know
whe re it is, by rural/urba n and po verty sta tus, 2010, Zamb ia 243
Tab le 14.16a : Perc entage d istribution of househo lds by p roximity to fac ilities, 2010 Zamb ia 246
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Tab le 14.16b : Perc entage d istribution of househo lds by p roximity to fa c ilities, 2006, Zamb ia 247
CHAPTER 15:Child Health and Nutrition
Tab le 15.1a: Propo rtion o f children (under 5 yea rs) who we re currently being b reastfed by
sex of c hild, ag e group and rural/ urban, 2010, Zam bia 249
Tab le 15.1b: Propo rtion o f children (under 5 yea rs) who we re currently being b reastfed by
sex of c hild, ag e group and rura l/urba n, 2006, Zam bia 249
Tab le 15.2a : Perce nta ge d istribut ion of c hildren (0-6 months) b y b reastfee ding sta tus, sex
of c hild, ag e g roup , rural/ urban, pove rty sta tus and p rovinc e, 2010, Zam bia 251
Tab le 15.2b : Perce nta ge d istribu tion o f c hild ren (0-6 months) b y b reastfee ding sta tus, sex
of c hild, ag e g roup , rural/ urban, pove rty sta tus and p rovinc e, 2006, Zam bia 251
Tab le 15.3a: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of how m any times c hildren (0-59 months) are g iven
Solid foods by sex of c hild , age group , rura l/urba n and province , 2010, Zam bia 252
Tab le 15.3b: Perce nta ge distribut ion of how m any times c hild ren (0-59 months) are g iven
Solid foods by sex of c hild , ag e group , rural/ urban and province , 2006, Zam b ia 253
Tab le 15.4: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of children (12-23 mo nths) who initiate d va rious
Vac cinations (at least one d ose), by rural/ urba n, age group a nd p rovince,
2010, Zambia 254
Tab le 15.5: Perce nta ge d istribution of c hildren (12-23 mo nths) who c om pleted va rious
Vac c inations (1 mea sles, 1 BCG , 3 po lio, 3 DPT) b y rura l/urba n, ag e g roup,
Poverty sta tus and provinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 255
Tab le 15.6a: Inc idenc e of stunting, underweight and wa sting of c hildren (3-59 mo nths)
by rural/ urba n, provinc e, po verty stat us, and mothers level of ed uca tion,
2010, Zambia 257
Tab le 15.6b: Inc idenc e of stunting, underweight and wa sting of c hildren (3-59 mo nths)
by rural/ urba n, provinc e, p overty sta tus, and mothers level of ed uca tion,
2006, Zambia 258
Tab le 15.7a : Propo rtion o f c hild ren (3-59 mo nths) c lassified as stunted , unde rwe ight a nd
wa sted , by ag e, sex of c hild and househo ld size, 2010, Zam b ia 259
Tab le 15.7b : Prop ortion of c hild ren (3-59 mo nths) c lassified as stunted , unde rwe ight a nd
Wasted by ag e, sex of c hild and househo ld size, 2006, Zamb ia 259
CHAPTER 16:Community Developm ent
Tab le 16.1a: Perce nta ge o f househo lds choo sing fac ilities to be provide d b y project typ eand rura l/urba n, 2010, Zam bia 260
Tab le 16.1b: Perce nta ge o f househo lds c hoo sing fac ilities to be provide d b y project typ e
and rura l/urba n, 2006, Zam bia 261
Tab le 16.2a: Perce nta ge o f househo lds c hoo sing fac ilities to b e improved b y projec t type
and rural/urba n, 2010, Zam bia 262
Tab le 16.2b: Perce nta ge o f househo lds choo sing fac ilities to b e improved b y project t ype
and rural/urba n, 2006, Zam bia 262
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Tab le 16.3a: Percenta ge of households indica ting tha t projects/ cha nges had taken p lace
in the c om munity by rura l/urba n, 2010, Zam bia 263
Tab le 16.3b: Percenta ge o f households indic ating tha t projects/ cha nges had taken p lace
in the c om munity by rura l/urba n, 2006, Zam bia 264
Tab le 16.4a: Percenta ge of households indica ting the extent to w hich p rojec ts/ cha nges
that ha ve ta ken plac e in their c omm unities have improved the ir wa y of life,
2010, Zambia 265
Tab le 16.4b: Percenta ge of households indic ating the extent to w hich projects/ c hang esthat ha ve ta ken plac e in their c omm unities have improved the ir wa y of life,
2006, Zambia 266
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List of FiguresPage
CHAPTER 4:General Demographic Characteristics
Figure 4.1: Perce nta ge distribution of pop ulation by provinc e and rural/urba n, 2010
Zambia 16
Figure 4.2: Perce nta ge distribution of the po pula tion by age group , 2010, Zamb ia 18
Figure 4.3: Perce nta ge distribut ion of the po pula tion by age and sex, 2010, Zamb ia 18
Figure 4.4: Perce nta ge distribution of the po pula tion by sex and rura l/urba n, 2010,
Zambia 21
Figure 4.5: Perce nta ge distribut ion of househo ld hea ds by ag e, 2010, Zamb ia 27
Figure 4.6: Perc entage d istribut ion of househo lds by sex of head , 2010, Zambia 29
Figure 4.7: Perc entage d istribut ion of househo lds by sex of head , 2006, Zambia 30
Figure 4.8: Proportions of persons never ma rried , by age group and sex, 2010, Zambia 32
Figure 4.9: Proportion of orpha ns, 2006 and 2010, Zamb ia 35
Figure 4.10: Proportion of orphans, 2004, 2006 and 2010, Zamb ia 36
CHAPTER 5:Migration
Figure 5.1: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of migrants in the 12 mo nths prior to the survey by
Province, 2006 and 2010, Zamb ia 45
Figure 5.2: Prop ortion of migrants in the 12 mo nths prior to the survey by ag e group,
2006 and 2010, Zamb ia 47
Figure 5.3: Perce nta ge distribut ion of individual migran ts by direc tion of migrat ion flow,
2006 and 2010, Zamb ia 49
CHAPTER 6:Education
Figure 6.1: Sc hoo l a ttendance ra tes by ag e group , 2010 and 2006, Zam bia 59
Figure 6.2: Gross a ttendanc e rates by grad e group , 2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 64
Figure 6.3: Net at tend anc e rates by grad e group , 2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 69
CHAPTER 7:Health
Figure 7.1: Proportion of persons reporting illness/ injury in the tw o wee ks prec ed ing
the Survey by provinc e, 2010, Zam b ia 81
Figure 7.2: Proportion of persons reporting illness/ injury in the tw o we eks p reced ing
the Survey by age g roup, 2010, Zam b ia 82
Figure 7.3: Perc enta ge d istribution of persons reporting illness in the tw o we eks
prec ed ing the survey by sex and c onsultation sta tus, 2010, Zam b ia 89
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Figure 7.4: Perc entage d istribution of persons reporting illness in the tw o wee ks
prec ed ing the survey by ag e and c onsultation sta tus, 2010, Zam bia 90
Figure 7.5: Proportion of persons who c onsulted ove r the ir illness in the two weeks
p rec ed ing the survey by province, 2010, Zamb ia 91
CHAPTER 8:Economic Ac tivities of the Pop ulationFigure 8.1: Diagram ma tic representa tion of ec ono mic ac tivity 103
Figure 8.2: Percenta ge distribution of the po pulation ag ed 12 years and ab ove by
Ec onom ic ac tivity sta tus, 2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 105
Figure 8.3: Percenta ge distribution of the po pulation ag ed 12 years and ab ove by
Ec onom ic ac tivity sta tus and sex, 2006, Zamb ia 105
Figure 8.4a: Percenta ge share of the pop ulation ag ed 12 years and ab ove by ec onom ic
activity status,2010, Zambia 106
Figure 8.4b: Percenta ge share of the pop ulation ag ed 12 years and ab ove by ec onom ic
activity status, 2006, Zambia 106
Figure 8.5: Labour force pa rtic ipa tion rates amo ng persons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab ove
by sex and rural/urban, 2010, Zamb ia 108
Figure 8.6: Unem p loymen t rates amo ng persons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab ove by sex and
Rural/ urba n, 2010, Zamb ia, 111
Figure 8.7: Unem ploym ent rates by age g roup and sex, 2010, Zam b ia 112
Figure 8.8: Distribut ion of e mp loyed persons by industrial sec tor in urban a rea s amo ngpe rsons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab ove , 2010, Zamb ia 114
Figure 8.9: Distribution of em ployed persons by industrial sec to r in rura l a reas amo ngpe rsons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab ove , 2010, Zamb ia 114
Figure 8.10: Perce nta ge distribution of em ployed persons by oc c upat ion in urban area s
am ong persons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab ove , 2010, Zamb ia 116
Figure 8.11: Propo rtion of persons em ployed in the informa l sec tor by province am ong
pe rsons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab ove , 2010, Zamb ia 120
Figure 8.12: Perce nta ge distribut ion of emp loyed pe rsons in the informa l agricultural
and non-agric ultural sec tor, by provinc e a mong pe rsons ag ed 12 years
and ab ove , 2010, Zam bia 124
Figure 8.13: Perce nta ge distribution of p resently em p loyed pe rsons who chang ed jobs,by reason of c hang ing and sex, 2010, Zamb ia 125
CHAPTER 9: Househo ld Food Prod uc tion
Figure 9.1: Perce nta ge of agricultural househo lds prod uc ing ea c h c rop , 2005/ 2006
Ag ric ultural sea son and 2008/2009 agricultural sea son 136
Figure 9.2: Perce nta ge c hange in qua ntity prod uc ed , all c rops, from 2005/ 2006
Ag ric ultural sea son and 2008/2009 agricultural sea son 136
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CHAPTER 10: Household Income and Assets
Figure 10.1: Lorenz c urve 143
Figure 10.2: Lorenz curve , 2010, Zamb ia 150
Figure 10:3: Rural and urba n Lorenz c urves, 2010, Zamb ia 150
Figure 10.4: Lusaka and Co pperbelt Lorenz c urves, 2010, Zambia 151
CHAPTER 11:Household Expenditure
Figure 11.1: Percenta ge share of tota l expend iture on food a nd non-food b y
Provinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 163
Figure 11.2: Percenta ge share of household expe nditure on food a nd non-food b y
Provinc e, 2006, Zamb ia 163
Figure 11.3: Percenta ge share of tota l expend iture on ow n prod uce d food by
Provinc e, 2006 and 2010, Zamb ia 165
Figure 11.4: Perce nta ge expend iture sha re on non-foo d type by residenc e, 2010,
Zambia 166
Figure 11.5: Perce nta ge expend iture sha re on non-foo d type by residence, 2006,
Zambia 167
Figure 11.6: Perce nta ge expend iture sha re on non-foo d by non-foo d type and rural
Stra ta , 2010, Zambia 168
Figure 11.7: Perce nta ge expend iture sha re on non-foo d by non-foo d type and rural
Stra ta , 2006, Zambia 169
Figure 11.8: Percenta ge expenditure share on non-food by non-food type andProvinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 170
Figure 11.9: Percenta ge expenditure share on non-food by non-food type and
Provinc e, 2006, Zamb ia 171
CHAPTER 12: Poverty Ana lysis
Figure 12.1: Chang es in pove rty leve ls, 2006-2010, Zamb ia 181
Figure 12.2: Changes in pove rty leve ls by rura l/urba n, 2006-2010, Zamb ia 181
Figure 12.3: Cha nges in rura l hea dc ount poverty, 2006-2010, Zamb ia 182
Figure 12.4: Cha nge s in urban hea dc ount pove rty, 2006-2010, Zam b ia 183
Figure 12.5: Pove rty c ha nges by provinc e, 2006-2010, Zamb ia 184
Figure 12.6: Chang es in extrem e poverty by p rovinc e, 2006-2010, Zamb ia 184
Figure 12.7: Cha nge s in mo de rate po verty by p rovinc e, 2006-2010, Zam b ia 185
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Figure 12.8: Changes in ove rall poverty ac ross strata , 2006-2010, Zamb ia 186
Figure 12.9: Changes in extrem e poverty ac ross strata , 2006-2010, Zamb ia 187
Figure 12.10: Cha nges in mo dera te poverty ac ross strat a , 2006-2010, Zamb ia 188
Figure 12.11: Pove rty sta tus and sex of household hea d , 2006-2010, Zamb ia 190
Figure 12.12: Rural pove rty d istribution by sex of household hea d , 2006-2010, Zamb ia 191
Figure 12.13 Urba n poverty d istribut ion by sex of househo ld head , 2006-2010, Zamb ia 191
Figure 12.14: Head c ount pove rty by ag e of househo ld hea d and rural/ urban, 2006,
Zambia 192
Figure 12.15: Head c ount pove rty by ag e of househo ld hea d and rural/ urban, 2010,
Zambia 192
Figure 12.16: Head c ount po verty by ag e of househo ld hea d , 2006-2010, Zam bia 193
Figure 12.17: Head c ount pove rty by ag e of househo ld hea d and rural/ urban, 2006,Zambia 194
Figure 12.18: Head c ount pove rty by ag e of househo ld hea d and rural/ urban, 2020,
Zambia 194
Figure 12.19: Headc ount poverty by size of household and rural/ urba n, 2006-2010,
Zambia 195
Figure 12.20: Hea dc ount pove rty by educ ation level of hea d a nd rural/ urba n, 2010,
Zambia 195
Figure 12.21: Extrem e po verty by ed uc at ion level of hea d and rural/ urban, 2010, Zam b ia 196
Figure 12.22: Head c ount poverty by em p loyment sta tus of head a nd rural/urba n, 2010,
Zambia 196
Figure 12.23: Extrem e poverty by emp loyment sta tus of hea d and rural/ urban, 2010,
Zambia 197
Figure 12.24: Pove rty Ga p Ratio by p rovince and rura l/urba n, 2006-2010, Zamb ia 198
Figure 12.25: Reside ntia l c on tribution to poverty by rura l/urba n, 2010, Zamb ia 199
Figure 12.26: Provinc ial c ont ribution to pove rty by provinc es, 2010, Zambia 201
Figure 12.27: G ini c oe ffic ients by rura l/urba n and provinc e, 2006-2010, Za mb ia 210
CHAPTER 13: Self-assessed Poverty and Coping Strategies
Figure 13.1: Self-a ssessed poverty trends, 1996-2010, Zamb ia 204
Figure 13.2: Main rea sons fo r self-a ssessed poverty sta tus, 1996-2010, Zambia 209
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CHAPTER 14:Housing Charac teristics, Househo ld Amenities
and Access to Fac ilities
Figure 14.1: Perce nta ge distribut ion of househo lds by tena nc y sta tus by rural/urba n,
2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 219
Figure 14.2: Perce nta ge d istribution of househo lds ac c ess to sa fe supp ly by p rovince
2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 222
Figure 14.3: Perce nta ge distribution of househo lds ac c essing improve d drinking water
by rura l/urba n, 2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 226
Figure 14.4: Perce nta ge distribution of househo lds ac c essing improve d drinking water
by p rovinc e, 2010 and 2006, Zam bia 226
Figure 14.5: Perce nta ge distribution of househo lds who trea t/ bo iled drinking wa ter
by p rovinc e, 2010 and 2006, Zam bia 228
Figure 14.6: Perce nta ge distribut ion of househo lds c onne c ted to elec tric ity by stratum ,
2010, Zambia 229
Figure 14.7: Perce nta ge distribution of househo lds c onne c ted to elec tric ity by provinc e,
2010, Zambia 230
Figure 14.8: Perce nta ge distribution of househo lds by ma in type of light ing ene rgy,
2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 232
Figure 14.9: Perce nta ge distribution of househo lds using firew oo d , c ha rcoa l and
Elect ric ity as ma in energy source for cooking b y rural/urba n, 2010 and
2006, Zambia 234
Figure 14.10: Perce nta ge d istribution of househo lds using firewood , c ha rcoa l and
Elect ric ity as ma in energy source for cooking by p rovinc e, 2010 and
2006, Zambia 234
Figure 14.11: Perc enta ge d istribution of househo lds with no toilet fac ilities, 2010 and
2006, Zambia 238
Figure 14.12: Perce nta ge d istribution of househo lds with imp roved sanitation by
Provinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 238
Figure 14.13: Perc enta ge distribution of household s with flushing toilets by typ e of
Sew age fac ilities, rura l/urba n, 2010, Zamb ia 239
Figure 14.14: Perce nta ge d istribution of househo lds by ma in type o f ga rbage d ispo sa l,
2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 241
Figure 14.15: Perce nta ge d istribution of househo lds who know w here the nea rest fac ility is,
2010, Zambia 243
Figure 14.16: Perc enta ge distribution of househo lds within 1km of nea rest fac ilities,
Rural/ urba n, 2010, Zamb ia 244
Figure 14.17: Perce nta ge d istribution of househo lds within 5km of selec ted nea rest key
fac ilities (of househo lds who know loca tion), 2010 and 2006, Zam bia 245
Figure 14.18: Perc enta ge distribution of househo lds within 5km of nea rest school
fac ilities (of househo lds who know loc at ion), 2010 and 2006, Zam bia 245
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CHAPTER 15:Child Health and Nutrition
Figure 15.1: Propo rtion of c hildren c urrently being brea stfed by ag e group in mo nths
and urban / rural area s, 2010, Zamb ia 250
Figure 15.2: Children ag ed 12-23 mo nths who were fully vac c inate d by p rovinc e,
2010, Zambia 255
Figure 15.3: Cla ssifica tion fo r assessing severity of ma lnutrition 256
Figure 15.4: Proportion of stunt ing by provinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 258
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List of Abbrevia tions
AES - Ad ult Equiva lent Sc a le
BCG - Bac illus Ca lmete Gue rin (Vac c ination ag ainst Tube rculosis)
CBN - Co st of Basic Needs
CSA - Census Sup ervisory Area
CSO - Ce ntra l Sta tistica l Off ice
CSPRO - Census and Surve y Proc essing
DPT - Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus
FHANIS - Foo d Sec urity, Hea lth, Ag ric ultural and Nutrition Informa tion System
FGT - Foste r, Greer and Thorbe c ke
FNDP - Fifth Nationa l Deve lopme nt Plan
GDP - Gross Dom estic Produc t
HFCE - Househo ld Final Co nsumption Expend iture
ILO - Internat ional Lab our Orga nizat ionLCM S - Living Co nd itions Mo nitoring Survey
LCM B - Living Co nd itions Mo nitoring Branc h
LSS - Large Sc a le Ag ricultura l Stra tum
MDG - Millennium Developm ent Goa ls
MSS - Me d ium Sc a le Ag ric ultural Stratum
NAC - Nationa l AIDS Co unc il
NAR - Net Attend anc e Ratio
NAS - Non-Agricultural Stra tum
NFNC - Nationa l Foo d and Nutrition Co mm ission
PIC - Pric e and Inc om e Co mm ission
PS - Priority Survey
PPES - Prob ab ility Prop ortio na l to Estimated Size
PRSP - Poverty Red uc tion Strateg y Paper
PSU - Primary Sampling Unit
SAP - Struc tura l Ad justm ent Programme
SAS - Sta tistica l Ana lysis Syste m
SEA - Sta nd ard Enumera tion Area
SSS - Sma ll Sc a le Ag ricultura l Stra tum
TB - Tub erculo sis
TNDP - Transitiona l Nat iona l Deve lopme nt Plan
ZAM SIF - Zambia Soc ia l Investme nt Fund
ZDHS - Zam bia Demo grap hic and Health Survey
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Executive SummaryChap ter 4: GENERAL DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
The Living C ond itions Mo nito ring Survey (LCM S] results show tha t the p op ulat ion o f Zamb ia w as 13
million in 2010 and 11.7 million in 2006. The po pula tion w as ma inly c onc entrated in rura l areas, at
about 65 per cent, compared to about 35 per cent in urban areas in both years. Copperbelt
Province had the largest share of population with 15 per cent, closely followed by Lusaka Province
with 13.5 per cent in bo th yea rs. The m ost urba nised province w as Lusaka Province with a bo ve 82.5
pe r cent of the po pulation living in urban a rea s in both years.
The survey a lso show ed tha t the na tiona l ave rage househo ld size w as ab out 5.1 in bo th years. The
distribution by province in 2010 showed that the household size ranged from 4.8 in Lusaka and
Western Provinces to 5.5 in Central and Luapula Provinces.
Community Developmental
The results further show ed that the a ge group with the highest p ercenta ge of ho usehold head s wa s
30-34 with ab out 16.5 pe r cent in bo th yea rs.
The pe rc enta ge o f fema le head ed households at na tional level wa s ab out 23 pe r ce nt in bo th
years. Western Province had the highest p ercenta ge of fem ale hea de d households with ab out 35
pe r cent in both years. The p rovinces with the lowest p ercenta ge of fema le hea de d ho useholds
we re Luap ula, Cop pe rbe lt and Northern, with ab out 19 pe r cent ea c h in bo th years.
The p op ulation d istribut ion for the ag e g roup 12 yea rs and a bove b y ma rital sta tus in both 2010 and
2006 showed that about 45 per cent had never been married, about 44 per cent were married,
ab out 1.5 per ce nt sepa rated , 3 per cent d ivorced and ab out 5 per ce nt widowed .
The p erce nta ge of o rphans wa s 15.8 per ce nt in 2010 c om pared to 17 pe r cent in 2006. The
distribution by type shows that the majority of the orphans were paternal orphans, 56.5 per cent in
2010 and 60 pe r cent in 2006, 28.7 pe r cent w ere d oub le orpha ns in 2010, while in 2006 the d oub le
orphans we re 26 per ce nt, and ab out 14.8 pe r cent we re m ate rnal orpha ns in both years.
The mo st c omm on c ause o f de ath rep orted b y the households for the person w ho ha d died 12
months prior to the survey was fever/malaria in both years. Of these deaths 21.7 per cent died of
fever/m alaria in 2010 co mp ared to 23.4 per ce nt in 2006. This wa s follow ed by c oug h/ c old/ che stinfec tions at 7 per c ent in 2010 and 6.1 pe r cent in 2006.
Chap ter 5: MIGRATION
The LCMS show s tha t a tot al o f 252,000 pe rsons or 2 pe r cent o f the pop ulation w ere involved in
migration in 2010.
The p ropo rtion o f migrants in urban a reas wa s sligh tly highe r (3 per c ent ) than tha t of rural a reas
(ab out 2 p er ce nt) in both 2010 and 2006.
There has be en no c hang e in the p rop ortion o f pe rsons who migrated , at 2 per c ent in bo th 2006
and 2010.
The p ropo rtion o f mig rants in 2010 wa s higher in Cop pe rbelt Province (2.7 pe r cent) a nd lowe st in
North-Western Province with 1 p er ce nt.
There were m ore migrants in the ag e g roup 20-29 as op po sed to the other younger and older ag e
group s for both ma les and fem ales in both yea rs.
Western Province had the highest p rop ortion o f p ersons who move d from one rural a rea to another
(51.5 per cent) in 2010, while Southern Provinc e (50 pe r cent) w as the highe st in 2006. In the same
vein Lusaka Province had the least (3.2 per cent). Urban to urban migration was mostly recorded in
Lusaka Province (63.3 per cent) in 2010, while Copperbelt Province was the highest in 2006 with 75
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per ce nt. Luapula Provinc e ha d the least (8.9 pe r cent) in 2010, while Western Provinc e ha d least a t
11 per cent in 2006.
The results revea led that m ost of those who mig rated did so b ec ause their househo ld hea d ha d
migrated , at ab out 25 pe r c ent in both yea rs.
Chap ter 6: EDUCATION
The p ropo rtion o f the p op ulation a ttend ing schoo l in the a ge group s 5-6, 7-13, 14-18 and 19-22 years
were at 19.1, 82.8, 77.2 and 27 per cent in 2010 respectively. For 2006 the proportions attendingschool in age groups 5-6, 7-13, 14-18 and 19-22 years were 19, 78, 74 and 25 per cent respectively.
Sc hoo l atte ndance w as highe st a mo ng girls ag ed 11-13 with 91.7 per c ent. Dispa rities in
at tend anc e b y sex cont inue to be ob served espe c ially at sec ond ary scho ol and tertiary level with
mo re ma le than female c hildren a ttend ing sc hoo l. There we re a lso ruralurban differenc es in sc hoo l
at tend anc e. Sc hool a ttend anc e w as consistently low er in rural tha n urban a rea s for all sc hool a ges
excep t for the 19-22 age group, which is higher ed uca tion ag e.
The net at tend anc e increased by 2.9 pe r cent be twe en 2006 and 2010 for prima ry and also
increa sed by 8.4 pe r c ent fo r sec ond ary schoo l level ed uc at ion. The p rimary ra te inc reased from 77
per ce nt in 2006 to 79.9 per ce nt in 2010 and the sec ond ary rat e increa sed from 36 pe r cent in 2006
to 44.4 pe r cent in 2010.
Central Government rema ins the m ain provide r of educ ation a t a ll levels with ab out 88 per cent o f
the school attendants in Government schools. However, the private sector had a significant
c ontribution to ed uca tion pa rticularly a t c olleg e and university level in bo th yea rs.
Chap ter 7: HEALTH
Results from the LCM S show tha t 14.6 per c ent o f persons in 2010 and 9.2 per c ent o f persons in 2006
repo rted an illness in the tw o w eeks p rece ding the survey. In rural a reas, 16.1 per cent o f the p eop le
repo rted illness com pa red to 11.6 per c ent of their urba n c ounterpa rts in 2010. In 2006, 10.3 pe rsons
in rura l area s and 7.1 persons in urba n a reas reported illness.
There was not muc h d ifferenc e in the prop ortion of p ersons repo rting illness or injury betw een the
ma les and fema les in both yea rs. About 13.6 pe r cent o f the ma les and 15.5 pe r cent of the fema les
reported illness or injury in the two-week period prior to the survey in 2010. In 2006, 8.5 per cent
ma les and 9.9 pe r cent fema les repo rted illness.
The a ge group s tha t were mo re prone to illness and injury we re 0-4 yea rs and 50 yea rs and a bove ,
with 23.9 per cent and 22.6 per cent of the population reporting illness respectively. In 2006, the
same age groups had higher proportions of people reporting illness with 17 per cent in each
category.
The m ost c om mo n illness repo rted in Zamb ia w as feve r/m a laria. The p ropo rtion o f peop le suffering
from feve r/m ala ria increased from 40 per ce nt in 2006 to 47 pe r cent in 2010.
Over 80 per cent of the persons who reported illness had consulted either a Government owned
hosp ital or clinic in bo th yea rs.Comm unity Developme ntal Issues
Chap ter 8: ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF THE POPULATION
Out of the total population aged 12 years and above in 2010, 61.7 per cent constitute the labour
force. Of these 43.1 per cent were in paid employment and 10.5 per cent were unpaid family
workers, while 8.1 per cent were unemployed. In 2006, 64.3 per cent of 12 years and above
c onstituted the lab our force . These w ere broken do wn a s 43.4 pe r cent pa id em ployment, 12.1 pe r
c ent unpa id fam ily workers and 9.1 per cent unem ployed .
In 2006, of all persons aged 12 years and above residing in rural areas, 47.1 per cent were in paid
employment, 18.4 per cent were unpaid family workers, 3.4 per cent were unemployed and 26.2
per cent were full time students. In urban areas, on the other hand, 37.3 per cent were paid
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employees, 18.6 per cent were unemployed and 28.2 per cent were students. In 2010, the
proportions of 12 years and above of rural residents in the labour force were as follows: 46.2 per
cent in paid employment, 15.9 per cent unpaid family workers and 27.9 per cent full time students.
In urban areas the proportions were 37.3 per cent paid employment, 1.6 per cent unpaid family
workers and 18.6 per cent full time students, suggesting that high unemployment is a phenomenon
mo re preva lent in urban than in rural area s.
Among the males aged 12 years and above the labour force participation rate was higher (65.6
pe r cent) b y 6.5 perce ntag e p oints than that of fem ales in 2010.
The lab our force pa rticipat ion rates we re except ionally high in Eastern Province a t 70 per ce nt,while Cop pe rbelt Province ha d the lowe st pa rtic ipa tion rate a t 54 pe r c ent. The trend w as similar to
tha t o f 2006.
Very high unemployment rates were observed among young persons and reduced with an
increa se in a ge in both years. Abo ut 30 per c ent o f a ll pe rsons in the labo ur forc e in the ag e g roup
12-19 years we re reg istered to b e unemp loyed in bo th yea rs.
In 2010, Copperbelt and Lusaka Provinces recorded higher unemployment rates than the other
provinces, with 24.5 per cent and 22.3 per cent respectively. Eastern and Northern Provinces
rec orded the lowest unemp loyment rates at 4.1 per ce nt a nd 4.9 pe r cent respe c tively.
The m ajority of emp loyed pe rsons were eng age d in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries ac c ounting
for 66.7 per cent of all employed persons in 2010 compared to 71 per cent in the same sector in2006. The sec ond mo st p op ular industrial sec tors of e mp loymen t were Com munity, Soc ial and
Persona l Services and Trade Wholesa le and Reta il Distribut ion, ac c ounting for 9.8 pe r ce nt a nd 9.2
per cent of a ll em p loyed persons respec tively in 2010. In 2006, the p ropo rtions we re 9.2 pe r cent in
Trad e Wholesa le and Reta il Distribution, while Comm unity, Soc ial and Persona l Services ha d 6.6 per
cent.
At national level in 2010, 53.7 per cent of employed persons were self-employed, while 23.6 per
c ent w ere em p loyed as unpa id fam ily workers. Sex differentials indica te tha t 58.6 per cent a nd 48.5
per cent of males and females respectively were predominantly self-employed. In 2006, 49.8 per
c ent o f emp loyed pe rsons we re self-emp loyed , while 31.8 pe r c ent w ere unpa id fam ily workers.
In 2010, about 15 per cent of males were employed in the private sector, while 4.9 per cent of
fema les we re em ployed in the private sec tor.
The p rop ortion of tho se em ployed in informal ag ric ulture d ec reased from 81.6 per ce nt in 2006 to
76.9 pe r ce nt in 2010.
Chapter 9: HOUSEHOLD FOOD PRODUCTION
An e stima ted 1,631,000 househo lds we re eng ag ed in ag ric ultural p roduc tion in the 2008/2009
agricultural seasons compared to 1,551,952 households reported to be engaged in agricultural
p roduc tion a c tivities during the 2005/ 2006 agricultural sea son.
Ruralurban comparisons show that 91 per cent of rural households and 20.5 per cent of urban
households were involved in agricultural production activities in 2010, compared to 94 per cent of
rura l househo lds and 21 per ce nt o f urban househo lds involved in a gricultural produc tion in 2006.
The tota l qua ntity of m aize p roduc ed increa sed from 1.9 million m etric to ns in 2006 to 2 million
metric tons in 2010. In 2010, Eastern Province producing 456,000 metric tons was the highest
followed by Ce ntral Provinc e w ith 411,000 me tric tons and then Southe rn Province with 402,000
me tric tons.
The overall num ber of a gric ultural househo lds ow ning livestoc k inc reased from 422,000 in 2006 to
588,000 in 2010. Of 588,000 households who owned livestock in 2010, 52.6 per cent owned cattle,
57.9 pe r cent o wned go ats, 30.1 per cent owne d p igs and only 2.9 pe r cent o wned sheep .
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The p ropo rtion of livestoc k-ow ning househo lds ow ning c at tle de c lined from 62 pe r c ent in 2006 to
53 pe r c ent in 2010. The to ta l numb er of ca ttle ow ned by a gricultural househo lds dec lined from 3
million in 2006 to 2.6 million in 2010, while the num ber of shee p ow ned by ho useho lds de c lined from
167,000 to 116,000 during the same period .
The num ber of a gricultural househo lds ow ning p oultry inc reased from 881,000 to 1 million betw een
2006 and 2010. Among the agricultural households owning poultry, nearly all owned chickens while
a sma ll propo rtion ow ned other p oultry such as ducks, gee se and / or guinea fowl. The numb er of
c hickens ow ned b y household s dec lined from 15.9 million in 2006 to 14.4 million in 2010.
Chap ter 10: HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND ASSETS
The m ea n mo nthly incom e fo r a Zambia n household in 2010 was K1,112,000.
The m ajority of Zam b ian househo lds, or ap proximately 66.8 per cent, ha d income s below K800,000.
Male headed households had higher mean monthly incomes compared to female headed
househo lds. The m ea n mo nthly inc om e fo r a m ale he ad ed househo ld w as K1,188,000, while the
me an monthly incom e for fema le heade d ho useho lds wa s K861,000.
The results show tha t the me an mo nthly inco me increases as the level of ed uc at ion increa ses. Those
who had attained higher levels of education were more likely to earn more than those with lower
levels of ed uca tion.
The ave rag e p er ca pita household incom e, defined a s the tota l household incom e divided b y the
num ber of persons in the househo ld, d ec lined from K152,000 in 2006 to K269,000 in 2010. The ma le
hea de d households had higher pe r c ap ita inc ome (K272,000) than the fema le head ed households
(K260,000) in 2010. The trend wa s the sam e in 2006 with ma le hea de d househo lds having a higher
per capita income of K154,000 compared to K143,000 for female headed households.
The bo ttom 50 pe r c ent ac c ounted for 9.1 pe r c ent of the tota l incom e, while the top 10 pe r c ent
accounted for 52.6 per cent of the income in 2010. In 2006, the poorest 50 per cent of the
households accounted for 7.8 per cent of per capita income, while the richest 10 per cent
ac co unted for 51.9 per cent o f total per cap ita income.
The m a jority of househo lds in 2010 owned a hoe (81 per cent); b ed (71.5 per c ent ); ma ttress (71.8
per ce nt); resident ial building (53.9 per cent); b razier or mb aula (65.6 per ce nt); axe (62.9 per cent);c ellular phone (49.4 per ce nt); and rad io/ stereo (47.4 per cent). The p ropo rtion o f asset o wne rship
was a lmost the same a s in 2006.
Chap ter 11: HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE
Average mo nthly per c ap ita expend iture of househo lds increased from K144,014 in 2006 to K226,128
in 2010.
The p rop ortion o f expend iture t hat households app ortioned to food increa sed from 41.9 per ce nt in
2006 to 48.5 per cent in 2010, while the proportion of expenditure apportioned by households to
non-foo d items dec reased from 58.1 per ce nt in 2006 to 51 per ce nt in 2010.
Households in rural areas spent more of their expenditure on food items than urban households inboth years. In 2010, rural households spent more of their expenditure on food items with 64.8 per
c ent c omp ared t o 58.7 pe r c ent spe nt on foo d items in 2006.
About 13.5 per cent of total household expenditure was on account of consumption of own
prod uce d food in 2010 com pa red to 29.5 pe r c ent in 2006.
In 2010, households in Eastern Province (28.1 per cent) had the highest share of own produce
followed by Western and Luapula Provinces at about 24 per cent each. In 2006, North-Western
Province (46.3 per cent) had the highest share of own produce followed by Western (43.3 per cent)
and Southe rn Provinces (40.8 pe r ce nt).
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Chap ter 12: POVERTY ANALYSIS
The p ropo rtion o f the pop ulation who lived below t he p ove rty line in 2010 wa s 60.5 per cent
c om pa red to 62.8 per c ent in 2006.
The rural pop ulation of Zam bia rem a ined p red om inantly poor with overall pove rty levels at 77.9 pe r
c ent as c om pa red to their urba n c ounterpa rts at 27.5 pe r cent in 2010. In 2006, 80.3 per c ent in rural
a reas lived be low the p ove rty line, while 29.7 pe r c ent in urba n area s lived be low the p ove rty line.
There w as a d ec rease in poverty a mo ng rural sma ll sc ale farme rs from 81.5 pe r ce nt in 2006 to 79.9per cent in 2010.
In urban areas, the low cost housing dwellers had the highest incidence of aggregate poverty at
34.5 per cent, followed by medium cost housing dwellers at 8.8 per cent, while the high cost
housing d we llers had the low est incid enc e a t 4.9 per ce nt in 2010. The p at tern wa s the same as in
2006.
Levels of extreme poverty have continued to remain high especially in the predominantly rural
Luapula, Western, Eastern and Northern Provinces in both years. Unlike the other regions, results
show a sharp increase in extreme poverty in Luapula Province between 2006 and 2010, from 53.6
per cent to 64.9 per cent. Eastern and Lusaka Provinces also recorded some marginal increase in
extreme po verty. The rest o f the reg ions revea led d ec lines in leve ls of e xtreme p ove rty, pa rtic ularly
Ce ntral Province, fo llow ed by Southern Provinc e.
In 2010, fema le hea de d ho useholds had 62.4 pe r c ent of the p eop le b elow the a gg rega te p overty
line, while male headed households had 60.1 per cent. In 2006, female headed households had
67.4 pe r c ent of the p eop le below the a gg reg ate p overty line, while ma le hea de d households had
61.7 pe r c ent.
Households with older heads of household were more likely to be below the poverty line, with about
80 per cent of individuals in households with a head 65 years or older falling below the poverty line
in both years, as compared to 55 per cent in 2010 and 57.6 per cent in 2006 of individuals in
households with a head be twe en 15 and 24 years.
In 2010, the incidenc e o f p overty in households head ed by individua ls with no e d uca tion wa s at 87
pe r c ent, of these 77 pe r cent w ere extreme ly po or. On the o ther hand, 31 pe r cent o f households
hea de d by individua ls with tertiary educ ation lived be low the p overty line, of these 9 pe r cent w ereextreme ly po or.
The p ropo rtion of po or persons in househo lds with five to six pe rsons red uc ed from 64 pe r cent in
2006 to 59.5 per c ent in 2010.
Chap ter 13: SELF-ASSESSED POVERTY AND COPING STRATEGIES
The p ropo rtion o f persons defining them selves as be ing ve ry po or has dec lined from 40 per ce nt in
2006 to 38 per c ent in 2010.
The p ropo rtion of p ersons defining themselves as being mod erate ly po or dec lined from 50 per cent
in 2006 to 47 pe r ce nt in 2010.
In 2010, 46 pe r cent o f the househo lds who ident ified them selves as be ing ve ry poo r resided in rural
a reas c om pared with 23.4 per c ent in urba n a rea s. Simila rly, in 2006, 47 per c ent w ho p erce ived
themselves to be po or lived in rural a rea s c omp ared to 26 pe r cent in urban a rea s.
The mo st c om mo nly c ited rea son for househo lds p erce ived p ove rty sta tus (21.1 per cent in both
yea rs) wa s househo lds inab ility to a fford a gricultural input s.
In 2010, the ma jority of ho useho lds (60 per ce nt) tho ught they had be en in the sam e situation a s the
previous year. About 22.7 pe r cent of households thoug ht they w ere be tter off c om pa red with the
p revious yea r. Ab out 16 pe r c ent o f househo lds thoug ht they were wo rse off.
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The p rop ortion o f households who c an a fford at least three m ea ls a da y inc rea sed from 42 pe r cent
in 2006 to 47.3 per cent in 2010. Rural households are the most disadvantaged in terms of the
numb er of mea ls taken p er da y in bo th yea rs.
Lack of money (24.5 per cent) followed by lack of food (21.3 per cent) and change in food prices
(19.6 per cent) were the most common shock incidents households experienced in the past 12
months prior to the 2010 survey.
Chap ter 14: HOUSEHOLD AMENITIES AND ACCESS TO FACILITIES
Traditiona l housing is the m ost c om mo n type o f dwe lling in Zam bia . How eve r, the p ropo rtions of
households occupying traditional dwellings reduced from 66.6 per cent in 2006 to 60 per cent in
2010. The p ropo rtion o f househo lds living in mod ern/c onve ntiona l dw ellings increa sed from 33 per
c ent in 2006 to 37.7 pe r cent in 2010.
The p rop ortion of househo lds living in trad itiona l househo lds in rural area s de c rea sed from 90.2 pe r
cent in 2006 to 84 per cent in 2006. In comparison with urban areas the proportions of households
who oc c upied trad itiona l housing units red uc ed from 22.4 per ce nt in 2006 to 19.7 per cent in 2010.
Lusaka and Copperbelt Provinces were the only provinces with the majority of households
oc c upying mod ern/c onventional types of d we lling units in both yea rs.
The m a jority of househo lds, ab out 71.7 per cent in 2010 and 75.4 pe r cen t in 2006, oc c upied their
ow n d we llings. Hom e o wne rship w as highe r in rura l area s, with 87.9 pe r ce nt o f househo lds in 2010
and 90.9 per cent in 2006, compared to urban areas with 42.6 per cent in 2010 and 46.4 per cent in
2006.
Renting of houses was most common in urban provinces especially in Lusaka and Copperbelt
Provinc es in bo th yea rs.
Community Developmental Issues
About 62.3 per cent of households had access to safe water sources in 2010 compared to 58 per
c ent in 2006.
The p erce nta ge of househo lds using kerosene / pa raffin for light ing reduc ed from 40.8 per cent in
2006 to 27.2 per c ent in 2010. The p roportion