2006-2010 Living Conditions Monitoring Survey Report

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    Published by

    Living Conditions Monitoring Branch,

    Central Statistical Office,

    P. O. Box 31908, Lusaka, Zambia.

    Tel: 251377/251370/253468/256520 Fax: 253468/256520

    E-mail: [email protected]

    Website: www.zamstats.gov.zm

    March 26, 2012

    COPYRIGHT RESERVED

    Extracts may be published if

    sources are duly acknowledged

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    i

    Foreword

    In rec ent yea rs a num be r of deve lop ing c ountries have unde rgo ne ma jor chang es bo th in

    their political and in their economic systems. In order to monitor the effects of these

    c hanges on the living c ond itions of the pop ulation, Living C ond itions Monitoring Surveys

    (LCMS) are co nduc ted to p rovide the ne c essary sta tistical monitoring indic ators.

    In Zambia, the need to monitor the living conditions of the people became more

    pronounced during the 1990s when the country vigorously started implementing the

    Structural Adjustment Prog ramm es (SAP). The G ove rnment and its coo pe ra ting p artners

    realised that a segment of the population was adversely affected by these policies and

    programmes meant to reform the economy. Deteriorating socio-economic conditions in

    the country further prompted the Government and the donor community to reassess

    various development and assistance strategies from the point of view of poverty

    a llevia tion. The reassessme nt culminate d in the deve lopm ent o f the Pove rty Red uc tion

    Strateg y Paper (PRSP) in 2001. However, the suc cessful imp lementa tion o f suc h policy-

    oriented strategies requires institutionalisation of the monitoring framework both at

    household a nd a t c ommunity leve ls.

    The Cent ra l Sta tistical Office (CSO) has be en c ond uc ting the househo ld based Living

    Co nd itions Monitoring Surveys sinc e 1996 for mo nitoring va rious Gove rnme nt a nd dono r

    polic ies and prog ramm es. The surveys evo lved from the Soc ial Dime nsions of A d justment

    Priority Surveys cond uc te d in 1991 (PSI) and 1993 (PSII). So fa r, five LCMSs ha ve been

    conducted.

    These are:

    (i) The Living Co nd itions Mo nitoring Survey I of 1996(ii) The Living Co nd itions Monitoring Survey II of 1998(iii) The Living Co nd itions Mo nito ring Survey III of 2002/ 2003(iv) The Living C onditions Mo nitoring Survey IV of 2004(v) The Living Co nd itions Mo nitoring Survey V of 2006

    The Living Cond itions Mo nitoring Survey 2010 (or Ind ica to r Mo nitoring Survey) w as

    c ond uc ted be tween January and Ap ril 2010 co vering the who le c ountry. The LCMS 2006

    wa s c ond uc ted in Decem be r 2006 and also c ove red the who le c ountry. The ma jor

    objective was to provide poverty estimates, and provide a platform for comparing with

    previous poverty estimates derived from cross-sectional survey data. Using a similar survey

    design to that conducted in 1998, the poverty estimates from the 2004 survey are

    c ompa rab le to the surveys of 1998 and 1996. It should b e no ted that , although the Cent ralSta tistica l Office c ond uc ted a nother survey fo r 12 mo nths during 2002/ 2003, the pove rty

    results could no t b e c om pared to the 1998 Living Co nd itions Survey tha t was used to

    prov ide b aseline pove rty estima tes for rep orts tha t include the Poverty Red uc tion Strate gy

    Paper (PRSP) of 2002-4 and the Millennium Deve lopme nt G oa ls. The poverty results of the

    LCM S 2010 and LCMS 2006 c annot b e c omp ared to the results of the 2004, 1998, 1996

    surve ys, PSII 1993 and PSI 1991. This is because the results of the 2006 LCMS and 2010 LCMS

    used yea r spe c ific Engel ra tios to d erive the food sha re while the rest used a fixed ratio.

    The 2006 LCM S and 2010 LCM S used item s pric es to up date the poverty lines.

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    The main ob jec tives of the LCMS 2010 and LCM S 2006 were:

    To monitor the impac t of Gove rnment po lic ies, prog ram mes and do nor supp ort onthe we llbeing of the Zam bian po pulation

    To m onitor and eva luate the implementation of some of the program mesenvisaged in the Poverty Red uc tion Strateg y Paper (PRSP)

    To mo nitor po verty a nd its d istribution in Zamb ia To p rovide various users with a set of reliab le indicat ors aga inst w hich to mo nitor

    development

    To ide ntify vulnerab le groups in soc iety a nd enhance target ing in polic y formulat ionand implementa tion.

    The Living Co nd itions Monitoring Surveys 2010 and 2006 co llec ted data on the living

    conditions of households and persons in the areas of education, health, economic

    activities and employment, child nutrition, death in the households, income sources,

    income levels, food production, household consumption expenditure, access to clean

    and safe water and sanitation, housing and access to various socio-economic facilities

    and infrastructure such as schools, health facilities, transport, banks, credit facilities,ma rkets, etc .

    The Living Co nd itions Mo nitoring Survey Rep ort 2010 and 2006 highlights som e key aspec ts

    of the living cond itions of the Zamb ian p op ulation. Therefore, the results p resented in this

    report are by no means exhaustive on any topic covered but only attempt to highlight

    salient aspects of living standards among various population subgroups at national,

    provincial and location levels. A separate report on poverty is being compiled alongside

    this main report. Additional tabulations and analyses not included in this report can be

    provided to users on request. Also obta inab le on dem and a re the LCMS VI data sets for

    those who wish to do further ana lysis.

    John Kalumbi

    DIRECTOR OF CENSUS & STATISTICS

    27 March 2012

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    AcknowledgementThe suc c ess of the Living C ond itions Mo nitoring Survey and com pila tion of the rep ort wa s

    de pe nde nt on ma ny pe op le and institutions tha t mad e va rious valuab le contributions. The

    Ce ntral Sta tistica l Office is therefo re e xpressing its grat itude to the following.

    All househo lds that ga ve t heir valuab le information w ithout which the survey w ouldnot have succ eeded .

    The British Dep a rtment for Internat iona l Deve lopme nt (DFID) for having funded thema jor pa rt o f this survey.

    The German Tec hnical Co -ope rat ion to Zam bia (GIZ) for having found ed the re-entry of the 2006 da ta and supp ort rendered throug hout survey.

    The c onsultants from the Deve lopm ent Ec ono mics Resea rch Group of the Universityof Go ettingen in German.

    The G ove rnment o f the Rep ublic of Zam bia for co -funding the survey. All field staff and data processing personnel (enumerators, supervisors, trainers,

    drivers, data entry operators and zone managers, programmers, analysts, editors

    etc ) who m ad e it possible to ha ve the d ata ava ilab le a nd p rod uce this repo rt.

    The various users who c ont ributed to the finalisa tion o f the survey. The fo rme r Direc to r of the Central Sta tistical Office , Ms Efreda Chulu for her

    invaluab le c ontribution to the w hole proc ess.

    The Living Co nd itions Monitoring Branc h sta ff fo r having suc cessfully exec uted thesurvey culminating in the production of this report.

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    Table of ContentsPage

    Foreword i

    Acknowledgment iii

    Tab le of Co ntent s iv

    List of Tab les ix

    List of Figures xxiiList of Ab breviat ions xxviii

    Exec utive Summa ry xxix

    CHAPTER 1:Overview on Zam bia1.1. Introduc tion 1

    1.2. Land and the pe op le 1

    1.3. Politics and administrat ion 1

    1.4. Ec onom y 1

    1.5. Develop me nts in the soc ial sec to rs 2

    CHAPTER 2: Survey Bac kg round and Sam ple Design Method ology2.1. Survey ba c kground 3

    2.2. Ob jec tives of the Living Co nd itions Mo nitoring Surveys 3

    2.3. Sam ple de sign and c overage 4

    2.3.1. Sam p le stratifica tion a nd alloc at ion 5

    2.3.2. Cove rage 5

    2.3.3. Samp le selec tion 6

    2.3.4. Selec tion of Sta nd a rd Enum era tion Area s (SEAs) 6

    2.3.5. Selec tion o f househo lds 6

    2.4. Data c ollec tion 7

    2.5. Estima tion proc ed ure 72.5.1. Samp le we ights 7

    2.5.2. Post-Strat ifica tion Ad justm ent 8

    2.5.3. Estima tion p roc ess 9

    2.6. Data proc essing and ana lysis 10

    2.7. Limita tions of the Living Co nd itions Surveys 10

    CHAPTER 3: General Concep ts and Definitions3.1. Introd uc tion 11

    3.2. Ge neral conc ep ts and definitions 11

    3.3. Co nventions 14

    CHAPTER 4:GeneralDemographic Characteristics4.1. Introd uc tion 15

    4.2. Pop ulat ion size and d istribut ion 15

    4.3. Ag e and sex distribution of the po pula tion 17

    4.4. Househo ld d istribution, size and headship 23

    4.5. Marita l sta tus 30

    4.6. Orpha nhoo d 33

    4.7. Dea ths in the househo ld 36

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    CHAPTER 5:Migration5.1. Introd uc tion 42

    5.2. Ind ividual migrat ion 42

    5.3. Household mig ration 52

    CHAPTER 6:Education6.1. Introd uc tion 556.2. Sc hool att end anc e rate 56

    6.3. Gross at tend anc e rate 62

    6.4. Net att enda nce rate 67

    6.5. Sc hool att end anc e by type of sc hool and level 73

    6.6. Cha rac teristics of individuals not in ed uc a tion at time of survey 73

    CHAPTER 7:Health7.1. Introd uc tion 79

    7.2. Preva lenc e of illness or injury 79

    7.3. Ma in illness 827.4. Hea lth consulta tions 88

    7.4.1. Med ica l institut ion visited 91

    7.4.2. Personne l c onsulted 95

    7.4.3. Mode of p ayme nt for c onsultation 98

    7.4.4. Average am ount pa id fo r co nsultation a nd me dica tion 99

    CHAPTER 8: Economic Ac tivities of the Pop ulation8.1. Introd uc tion 101

    8.2. Co nc ep ts and definitions 101

    8.2.1. The e c onom ically ac tive po pulation (labo ur forc e) 101

    8.2.2. Labo ur force pa rticipat ion rate 102

    8.2.3. The em ployed po pulation 102

    8.2.4. Employment status 102

    8.2.5. Unemployed population 102

    8.2.6. Unem ploym ent ra te 102

    8.2.7. Inactive population 102

    8.2.8. Diagramm at ic al representa tion of ec onom ic a c tivity 102

    8.3. Ec onom ic ac tivity sta tus 103

    8.3.1. Labo ur force pa rticipat ion ra tes 106

    8.3.2. Unem ploym ent ra tes 109

    8.4. Emp loyment sta tus, industry and oc c upa tion of em ploye d pe rsons 112

    8.4.1. Distribution of employed persons by industry 112

    8.4.2. Distribut ion of emp loyed pe rsons by o c cupa tion 114

    8.4.3. Distribut ion of em ployed pe rsons by em p loyment sta tus 116

    8.5. Informa l sec tor em p loyment 119

    8.6. Sec ondary job s 124

    8.7. Rea son for c ha ng ing job s 125

    8.8. Inc om e ge nerating ac tivities am ong pe rsons p resently unem ploye d or inac tive 126

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    CHAPTER 9:Househo ld Food Prod uc tion9.1. Introd uc tion 128

    9.2. Ag ric ultural household s 128

    9.3. Foo d prod uc tion 130

    9.3.1. Ma ize 130

    9.3.2. Cassava, millet, sorghum and rice 1329.3.3. Mixed bea ns, soya be ans, sweet p ota toe s, Irish pota toe s and g roundnuts 133

    9.4. Livestoc k and poultry ow nership 136

    9.4.1. Livestock ownership (cattle, goats, pigs, sheep) 136

    9.4.2. Poultry owne rship (c hicken, d uc ks/ ge ese, guinea fow l, other) 138

    CHAPTER 10:Household Income and Assets10.1. Introd uc tion 141

    10.2. Co nc ep ts and de finitions 142

    10.3. Distribution of incom e 143

    10.3.1. Inc ome d istribution b y ag e a nd sex 144

    10.3.2. Income distribution by highest level of education attained by household head 14510.3.3. Inc om e distribut ion b y p ove rty sta tus 145

    10.4. Per c ap ita inco me 146

    10.4.1. Per ca pita income by sex of househo ld hea d 146

    10.5. Inc om e inequa lity 147

    10.5.1. Incom e d istributio n 1996-2010 151

    10.6. Ow nership of household assets 152

    CHAPTER 11: Household Expenditure11.1. Introd uc tion 155

    11.2. Tota l ave rag e monthly household and pe r c ap ita expend iture 157

    11.3. Tota l ave rage mo nthly expend iture by stratum 15811.4. Tota l ave rage mo nthly expend iture by p rovinc e 159

    11.5. Average household monthly expend iture and pe r c ap ita expend iture by quintiles 160

    11.6. Perce nta ge sha re of househo ld expend iture on food and non-foo d items 161

    11.7. Percenta ge share of expend iture on ow n prod uce d food 164

    11.8. Percenta ge share of expe nd iture on non-foo d 165

    11.9. Percenta ge expend iture share on non-food by non-food type and stratum 167

    CHAPTER 12:Poverty Ana lysis12.1. Introd uc tion 172

    12.2. Imp rovem ents to po verty mea sureme nt method ology 173

    12.3. Ob jec tive of the 2006 and 2010 poverty assessme nt 174

    12.4. Co nc ep ts and definitions used in poverty ana lysis 175

    12.4.1. Ab solute versus relat ive p overty 175

    12.5. Deriving c onsump tion expe nd iture ag greg a tes 175

    12.6. Conc ep t of ad ult eq uivalent 177

    12.7. Poverty line determina tion 178

    12.8. Cha rac terisat ion of pove rty 179

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    12.9. Foste r-Gree r-Tho rbe c ke (FGT) poverty mea sures 179

    12.10. Poverty results (2006 and 2010) 180

    12.10.1. Gene ral po verty trend s 180

    12.10.2. Incidence of poverty by rural/urban 181

    12.10.3. Incidence of poverty by province 183

    12.10.4. Inc idenc e o f p ove rty by stratum 185

    12.11. Pove rty and househo ld c ha rac teristics 18812.11.1 Pove rty and sex of househo ld he ad 189

    12.11.2. Pove rty by househo ld size a nd ag e o f househo ld head 192

    12.11.3. Pove rty a nd household size 193

    12.11.4. Pove rty and e duc at ion level of househo ld hea d 195

    12.11.5. Pove rty and em ploym ent sta tus of ho useho ld hea d 196

    12.12. The Poverty Ga p Ratio 197

    12.13. Co ntribut ion to total po verty 198

    12.14. Cha nge s in expe nd iture inequa lity 199

    12.14.1. The Gini coe fficient as a m ea sure of inequa lity 199

    12.14.2.Ineq uality results ba sed on per ca pita expend itureGini coe ffic ient 200

    12.15. Conc lusion 201

    CHAPTER 13:Self-assessed Poverty and Coping Strategies13.1. Introd uc tion 202

    13.2. Self-a ssessed poverty 202

    13.3. Self-a ssessed poverty: trends ana lysis 204

    13.4. Rea sons for househo ld pove rty 205

    13.5. Rea sons for household poverty: trend s ana lysis 207

    13.6. Household we lfare c om parisons 209

    13.7. Averag e numb er of me als in a day 211

    13.8. Household cop ing strat eg ies 212

    13.9. Impac t of shoc ks on the household s 214

    CHAPTER 14:Housing Charac teristics, Househo ld Amenities and

    Ac cess to Fac ilities14.1. Introd uc tion 216

    14.2. Housing cha rac te ristics 216

    14.2.1. Type of dwe lling 216

    14.2.2. Tenanc y sta tus of d we lling 218

    14.3. Househo ld ame nities 219

    14.3.1. Main water source 220

    14.3.2. Sourc es of d rinking w a te r 22214.3.3. Treatm ent/ bo iling of d rinking wa ter 226

    14.3.4. Connection to electricity 228

    14.3.5. Sourc es of lighting ene rgy 230

    14.3.6. Sourc es of c oo king e nergy 232

    14.3.7. Toilet fa c ilities 234

    14.3.8. Sew age fa c ilities 238

    14.3.9. Ga rbage d ispo sal 239

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    14.4. Ac c ess to fac ilities 241

    14.1.1. Use of ame nities 241

    14.4.2. Proximity to fac ilities 243

    CHAPTER 15: Child Health and Nutrition15.1. Introd uc tion 248

    15.2. Child feed ing prac tice s 248

    15.2.1 Breastfee d ing a nd supplem ents 248

    15.2.2. Frequenc y of feed ing on solid foo ds 251

    15.3. Immunisa tion 253

    15.4. Child nutritiona l sta tus 255

    CHAPTER 16:Community Developm ent16.1. Introd uc tion 260

    16.2. Soc ial and ec onomic projec ts desired by househo lds 260

    16.3. Projec ts or c hang es that have taken plac e in the c om munity 263

    16.4. Extent to whic h p rojec ts/ c hange s have improve d the wa y househo lds live 265

    References 267

    Annex 1: Foo d Basket fo r a Family of six, 2004-2010 269

    Annex 2: Poverty App end ix 270

    Annex 3: List o f Personnel who t oo k pa rt in the Survey 277

    Annex 4: Ma in Questionna ire a nd Listing Form 278

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    Tab le 4.10a : Averag e househo ld size by p rovinc e, rura l/urba n, 2010, Zam bia 27

    Tab le 4.10b: Averag e househo ld size by province, rural/ urban, 2006, Zamb ia 28

    Tab le 4.11a : Fema le hea de d househo lds by p rovinc e, rural/ urban, 2010, Zam bia 28

    Tab le 4.11b : Fem a le hea de d househo lds by p rovinc e, rural/ urban, 2006, Zam bia 29

    Tab le 4.12a: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of pe rsons age d 12 yea rs and a bo ve b y ma rita l

    Sta tus, 2010, Zambia 31

    Tab le 4.12b: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of pe rsons age d 12 yea rs and a bo ve b y ma rita l

    Sta tus, 2006, Zambia 32

    Tab le 4.13a: Perce nta ge distribution of orpha ns by typ e, rural/u rban , age group , stratum

    and p rovinc e, 2010, Zam bia 34

    Tab le 4.13b: Perce nta ge distribution of orpha ns by typ e, rural/u rban , age group , stratum

    and p rovinc e, 2006, Zam bia 35

    Tab le 4.14a: Perce nta ge distribut ion of dea ths within the househo ld in the 12 mo nths

    p rec ed ing the survey, by ag e group , 2010, Zam b ia 37

    Tab le 4.14b : Perce nta ge distribution of d ea ths within the househo ld in the 12 mo nths

    p rec ed ing the survey, by ag e group , 2010, Zam b ia 37

    Tab le 4.15a: Ca uses of dea th by rural/ urban and sex, 2010, Zamb ia 38

    Tab le 4.15b: Ca uses of dea th by rura l/urba n and sex, 2006, Zamb ia 39

    Tab le 4.16a: Ca uses of dea th by provinc e, 2010, Zam bia 40

    Tab le 4.16b: Ca uses of dea th by provinc e, 2006, Zam bia 41

    CHAPTER 5:Migration

    Tab le 5.1: Perce nta ge distribut ion of individua ls by type of migrat ion, rural/ urban,

    Stratum and provinc e, 2010 and 2006, Zam b ia 43

    Tab le 5.2: Migrants and no n-migrants 12 mo nths prior to the survey by rural/urban,

    Stratum and provinc e, 2010 and 2006, Zam b ia 44

    Tab le 5.3: Migrants and no n-migrants 12 mo nths prior to the survey by age g roup a nd

    Sex, 2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 46

    Tab le 5.4: Propo rtion of migrants and non-migran ts 12 mo nths prior to the survey by

    Poverty sta tus, 2010, Zambia 47

    Tab le 5.5: Perce nta ge distribut ion of individua l migrant s by provinc e and d irec tion

    of migra tion flow, 2010 and 2006, Zam b ia 48

    Tab le 5.6: Perce nta ge distribut ion of individua l migrants by ag e group and reason for

    Mig ration , 2010 and 2006, Zambia 49

    Tab le 5.7: Rea sons for individual migra tion by d irec tion of migrat ion flow, 2010 and

    2006, Zamb ia 51

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    Tab le 5.8: Migrant and non -migrant househo lds 12 mo nths prior to the survey by

    Residenc e, stratum and provinc e, 2010 and 2006, Zam bia 52

    Tab le 5.9: Perce nta ge distribution of migrant househo lds by p rovince and direc tion

    of migra tion flow, 2010 and 2006, Zam b ia 54

    Tab le 5.10: Propo rtion of m igrant househo lds 12 mo nths prior to the survey by ag e of

    the hea d of househo ld, 2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 54

    CHAPTER 6: Educ ation

    Tab le 6.1a: Sc hoo l at tend anc e ra tes by ag e group, rural/urba n, stratum and sex,

    2010, Zamb ia 57

    Tab le 6.1b: Sc hoo l at tend anc e ra tes by ag e group, rural/urba n, stratum and sex,

    2006, Zamb ia 58

    Tab le 6.2a: Sc hoo l at tend anc e rates by age group , p rovinc e and sex, 2010, Zamb ia 60

    Tab le 6.2b: Sc hoo l a ttendanc e rates by ag e group , p rovinc e and sex, 2006, Zamb ia 61

    Tab le 6.3a: Sc hoo l at tend anc e rates by ag e group and po verty sta tus, 2010, Zam b ia 62

    Tab le 6.3b: Sc hoo l at tend anc e rates by ag e group and po verty sta tus, 2006, Zam b ia 62

    Tab le 6.4a: Gross a ttendanc e rates by grad e, rural/urba n, stratum and sex, 2010, Zamb ia 63

    Tab le 6.4b: Gross at tend anc e rates by grad e, rural/urba n, stratum and sex, 2006, Zamb ia 64

    Tab le 6.5a: Gross at tend anc e ra tes by grad e, province and sex, 2010, Zam bia 65

    Tab le 6.5b: Gross at tend anc e rates by grad e, rural/urba n, stratum and sex, 2006, Zamb ia 66

    Tab le 6.6a: Gross at tend anc e ra tes by grad e and pove rty sta tus, 2010, Zam bia 67

    Tab le 6.6b: Gross at tend anc e rate by grad e, rura l/urba n, stratum and sex, 2006, Zamb ia 67

    Tab le 6.7a: Net at tend anc e rates by grad e, rural/urban, stratum and sex, 2010, Zam b ia 68

    Tab le 6.7b: Net at tend anc e rates by grad e, rural/urban, stratum and sex, 2006, Zam b ia 69

    Tab le 6.8a: Net a ttendance ra tes by g rad e, p rovinc e and sex, 2010, Zam bia 70

    Tab le 6.8b: Net a ttendance ra tes by g rad e, p rovinc e and sex, 2006, Zam bia 71

    Tab le 6.9a: Net a ttendanc e rates by g rade and po verty sta tus, 2010, Zamb ia 72

    Tab le 6.9b: Net a ttendanc e rates by g rade and po verty sta tus, 2006, Zamb ia 72

    Tab le 6.10a : Sc hoo l a ttendanc e rates by type of schoo l and level, 2010, Zam bia 73

    Tab le 6.10b : Sc hoo l a ttendanc e rates by typ e of schoo l and level, 2006, Zamb ia 73

    Tab le 6.11a: Percenta ge distribution o f po pulation of 5 years and ab ove w ho a re no t in

    Ed uca tion at time of survey b y highest level of ed uca tion atta ined, rural/ urba n,

    Ag e group and sex, 2010, Zam bia 74

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    Tab le 6.11b: Percenta ge distribution o f po pulation of 5 years and ab ove w ho a re no t in

    Ed uca tion at time of survey b y highest level of ed uc ation a tta ined, rural/ urba n,

    Ag e group and sex, 2006, Zam bia 75

    Tab le 6.12a: Perce nta ge distribution of rea sons for leaving sc hoo l by rural/ urban and sex,

    2010, Zamb ia 76

    Tab le 6.12b: Perce nta ge d istribut ion by highest level obta ined a nd rea son for lea ving2010, Zamb ia 77

    Tab le 6.12c : Perce nta ge d istribution by highest level ob ta ined a nd reasons for lea ving,

    2006, Zamb ia 77

    Tab le 6.13a: Percenta ge distribution b y ag e g roup and rea son for never having atte nde d

    Sc hoo l, 2010, Zamb ia 78

    Tab le 6.13b: Percenta ge distribution b y ag e g roup and rea son for never having a ttend ed

    Sc hoo l, 2006, Zamb ia 78

    CHAPTER 7:Health

    Tab le 7.1a: Propo rtion o f pe rsons repo rting illness/ injury in the two we eks prec ed ing the

    Survey by rura l/urba n, stratum and province, 2010, Zamb ia 80

    Tab le 7.1b: Propo rtion of p ersons repo rting illness/ injury in the two w eeks prec ed ing the

    Survey by rura l/urba n, stratum and province, 2006, Zamb ia 80

    Tab le 7.2a: Percenta ge d istribution of persons reporting illnesses/ injury in the tw o weeks

    p rece ding the survey by sex and ag e group , 2010, Zamb ia 81

    Tab le 7.2b: Percenta ge d istribution of persons reporting illnesses/ injury in the tw o weeks

    p rec ed ing the survey by sex and ag e group , 2006, Zam b ia 82

    Tab le 7.3a: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of pe rsons repo rting illnesses by rural/urban a nd typ e

    of ma in illness reported , 2010, Zamb ia 83

    Tab le 7.3b: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of pe rsons repo rting illnesses by rural/urban a nd typ e

    of ma in illness reported , 2006, Zamb ia 84

    Tab le 7.4: Percenta ge d istribution of persons reporting Illness by poverty sta tus and type

    of ma in illness reported , 2010, Zamb ia 84

    Tab le 7.5a : Perce nta ge d istribution of persons repo rting illness by age g roup a nd typ e

    of ma in illness reported , 2010, Zamb ia 85

    Tab le 7.5b : Perce nta ge d istribution of persons repo rting illness by age g roup a nd typ e

    of ma in illness reported , 2006, Zamb ia 86

    Tab le 7.6a: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of pe rsons repo rting illness by province a nd typ e of

    ma in llness reported , 2010, Zamb ia 86

    Tab le 7.6b: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of pe rsons repo rting illness by province a nd typ e of

    ma in illness reported , 2006, Zamb ia 87

    Tab le 7.7a: Percenta ge d istribution of persons reporting illness in the last two we eks prior

    to the survey by sex, ag e group and c onsultation sta tus, 2010, Zamb ia 88

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    Tab le 7.7b: Percenta ge d istribution of persons reporting illness in the last tw o we eks prior

    to the survey by sex, age group and c onsultation sta tus, 2006, Zam bia 89

    Tab le 7.8a: Percenta ge distribution of persons reporting illness in the last tw o we eks prior

    to the survey by p rovince, rural/ urban and consultation sta tus, 2010, Zamb ia 90

    Tab le 7.8b: Percenta ge d istribution of persons reporting illness in the last tw o we eks prior

    to the survey by p rovince, rural/ urban and consultation sta tus, 2006, Zamb ia 91

    Tab le 7.9a : Perce nta ge d istribut ion of pe rsons who c onsulted a hea lth institution in the last

    two w eeks p rior to the survey by typ e o f institution visited by rural/urba n, stratum

    and p rovince, 2010, Zam bia 93

    Tab le 7.9b : Perce nta ge d istribut ion of pe rsons who c onsulted a hea lth institution in the last

    two w eeks p rior to the survey by typ e o f institution visited by rural/urba n, stratum

    and p rovince, 2006, Zam bia 94

    Tab le 7.10a : Perce nta ge d istribut ion of p ersons who c onsulted a hea lth institution in the last

    two w eeks p rior to the survey by province , stratum a nd type o f pe rsonne l

    c onsulted during the first visit, 2010, Zamb ia 96

    Tab le 7.10b: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of p ersons who c onsulted a hea lth institution in the lasttwo weeks p rior to the survey, by p rovince, stratum a nd type o f pe rsonne l

    c onsulted during the first visit, 2006, Zamb ia 97

    Tab le 7.11a: Perce nta ge distribu tion o f p ersons who c onsulted ove r their illness by p rovince

    and mod e of pa yment used to pa y for c onsulta tion, 2010, Zam bia 98

    Tab le 7.11b: Perce nta ge distribut ion of persons who c onsulted ove r their illness by p rovince

    and mod e of pa yment used to pa y for c onsulta tion, 2006, Zam bia 99

    Tab le 7.12: Mea n amo unt (in Kwa c ha) spe nt on medic ation and / or c onsultation for persons

    who c onsulted o r used self-administered me dic ine by p ersons c onsulted,

    2010, Zambia 100

    Tab le 7.13: Mea n amount (in Kwa c ha) spe nt on med ica tion and / or c onsultation by

    persons c onsulted , 2006, Zamb ia 100

    CHAPTER 8: Economic Ac tivities of the Pop ulation

    Tab le 8.1a: Percenta ge d istribution of the pop ulation ag ed 12 years and ab ove by ma inec ono mic ac tivity sta tus, sex, rura l/urba n, stratum and province, 2010, Zamb ia 104

    Tab le 8.1b: Percenta ge d istribution of the po pulation ag ed 12 years and ab ove, by ma inec ono mic ac tivity sta tus, sex, rural/ urban, stratum and province , 2006, Zam bia 104

    Tab le 8.2a: Lab our force p artic ipation rates am ong p ersons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab oveby sex, rural/u rban, stratum and provinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 107

    Tab le 8.2b: Lab our force p artic ipation rates am ong p ersons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab oveby sex, rural/u rban, stratum and provinc e, 2006, Zamb ia 107

    Tab le 8.3a: Lab our force p articipa tion rate s am ong p ersons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab ove

    by rural/ urba n, sex and age group , 2010, Zam bia 108

    Tab le 8.3b: Lab our force p articipa tion rate s am ong p ersons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab ove

    by rural/ urba n, sex and age group , 2006, Zam bia 109

    Table 8.4a: Unem ploym ent rat es am ong p ersons ag ed 12 yea rs and a bove by sex,

    Rural/urba n, stratum and p rovinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 110

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    Table 8.4b: Unem ploym ent rat es am ong p ersons ag ed 12 yea rs and a bove by sex,

    Rural/urba n, stratum and p rovinc e, 2006, Zamb ia 110

    Tab le 8:5a: Unem ploym ent rat es am ong p ersons ag ed 12 yea rs and a bove by sex,

    Rural/urba n and ag e group , 2010, Zam bia 111

    Tab le 8:5b: Unem ploym ent rat es among pe rsons ag ed 12 yea rs and a bove by sex,

    Rural/urba n and ag e group , 2006, Zam bia 111

    Tab le 8.6a Percenta ge distribution of e mp loyed p ersons ag ed 12 years and ab ove b yInd ustry, rura l/urba n and sex, 2010, Zamb ia 113

    Tab le 8.6b Percenta ge distribution of e mp loyed p ersons ag ed 12 years and ab ove b yInd ustry, rura l/urba n and sex, 2006, Zamb ia 113

    Tab le 8.7a: Percenta ge d istribution of em ployed p ersons ag ed 12 years and ab ove b y

    Oc c upat ion, rural/ urban and sex, 2010, Zam bia 115

    Tab le 8.7b: Percenta ge d istribution of em ployed p ersons ag ed 12 years and ab ove b y

    Oc cupat ion, rura l/urba n and sex, 2006, Zam bia 115

    Tab le 8.8a: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of emp loyed persons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab ove

    by emp loyment sta tus, rura l/urba n and sex, 2010, Zam b ia 117

    Tab le 8.8b: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of emp loyed persons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab ove

    by em ploym ent sta tus, rural/ urban and sex, 2006, Zamb ia 117

    Tab le 8.9a: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of persons age d 12 yea rs and ab ove by emp loyment

    Sta tus and industry, 2010, Zamb ia 118

    Tab le 8.9b: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of persons age d 12 yea rs and ab ove by emp loyment

    Sta tus and industry, 2006, Zamb ia 118

    Tab le 8.10a: Propo rtion of persons by a ge d 12 yea rs and a bo ve who we re emp loyedin the informal sec tor by sex, rural/urban , stratum and province , 2010, Zamb ia 119

    Tab le 8.10b: Propo rtion of persons by a ge d 12 yea rs and a bo ve who we re emp loyed

    in the informal sec tor by sex, rural/urban , stratum and province , 2006, Zamb ia 120

    Tab le 8.11a: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of em ploye d p ersons by whether they a re in Forma l or

    Informa l non-ag ric ultural sec tor by sex, rural/urba n, stratum and p rovince,

    2010, Zambia 121

    Tab le 8.11b: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of em p loyed persons by whether they a re in Forma l or

    Informa l non-ag ric ultural sec tor by sex, rural/urba n, stratum and p rovince,

    2006, Zambia 122

    Tab le 8.12a : Perce nta ge distribution of informally emp loyed pe rsons by w hethe r they a re

    in informa l ag ric ultura l or informa l non-ag ricultural sec tor by sex, rural/urba n,

    stratum and provinc e, 2010, Zam b ia 123

    Tab le 8.12b : Perce nta ge d istribu tion of informally emp loyed pe rsons by w hethe r they a re

    in informa l ag ric ultura l or informa l non-ag ricultural sec tor b y sex, rural/urba n,

    Stratum and p rovinc e, 2006, Za mb ia 123

    Tab le 8.13a: Propo rtion o f emp loyed pe rsons who held sec ond ary jobs by sex and

    Emp loyment sta tus in first job , 2010, Zamb ia 124

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    Tab le 8.13b: Propo rtion o f emp loyed pe rsons who held sec ond ary jobs by sex and

    Emp loyment sta tus in first job , 2006, Zamb ia 125

    Tab le 8.14a: Perce nta ge d istribution of presently emp loyed p ersons who c hange d job s,

    by reason of c hanging and sex, 2010, Zam bia 126

    Tab le 8.14b: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of presently emp loyed p ersons who c hange d job s,

    by reason of c hanging and sex, 2006, Zam bia 126

    Tab le 8.15a: Prop ortion o f unemp loyed a nd inac tive persons who we re e nga ged in some

    incom e g enerating a ct ivities by sex, age group rural/ urba n, stratum and

    ma in ec onomic ac tivity, 2010, Zam b ia 127

    Tab le 8.15b: Prop ortion of unem ployed and inac tive p ersons who we re eng ag ed in some

    inc om e g enerating a c tivities by sex, age group rural/ urba n, stratum and

    ma in ec ono mic ac tivity, 2006, Zam bia , 127

    CHAPTER 9: Househo ld Food Prod uc tion

    Tab le 9.1a: Perce nta ge of househo lds eng ag ed in ag ric ultural ac tivities by provinc e

    and rura l/urba n, 2008/2009 agric ultural sea son, 2010, Zamb ia 129

    Tab le 9.1.b: Perce nta ge o f househo lds eng ag ed in ag ric ultural ac tivities by province

    and rura l/urba n, 2005/2006 agric ultural sea son, 2006, Zamb ia 130

    Tab le 9.2a: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of ag ricultural househo lds p rod uc ing maize and

    qua ntity prod uce d by p rovince a nd rural/ urba n, 2008/2009 ag ricultural

    sea son, 2010, Zambia 131

    Tab le 9.2b: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of ag ricultural househo lds p rod uc ing maize and

    qua ntity prod uce d by p rovince a nd rural/ urba n, 2005/2006 ag ricultural

    sea son, 2006, Zambia 131

    Tab le 9.3a: Perce nta ge o f ag ricultural househo lds prod uc ing ca ssava , millet, sorghum and

    rice, a nd q uantities produc ed by p rovince and rural/ urba n, 2008/2009

    agricultural sea son, 2010, Zamb ia 133

    Tab le 9.3b: Perce nta ge o f ag ricultural househo lds prod uc ing ca ssava , millet, sorghum and

    rice, a nd q uantities produc ed by p rovince and rural/ urba n, 2005/2006

    agricultural sea son, 2006, Zamb ia 133

    Tab le 9.4a: Perce nta ge of ag ricultural household s prod uc ing mixed bea ns, soya bea ns,

    swe et po tatoes, Irish p ota toes and groundnuts, and qua ntities produc ed , by

    p rovinc e and rural/ urban, 2008/ 2009 ag ricultural sea son, 2010, Zam b ia 135

    Tab le 9.4b: Perce nta ge of ag ricultural household s prod uc ing mixed bea ns, soya bea ns,swe et po tatoes, Irish p ota toes and groundnuts, and qua ntities produc ed , by

    p rovinc e and rural/ urban, 2005/ 2006 ag ricultural sea son, 2006, Zam b ia 135

    Tab le 9.5a : Prop ortion of househo lds ow ning various types of livestoc k by p rovince

    and rural/ urban , 2010, Zamb ia 137

    Tab le 9.5b: Propo rtion of househo lds ow ning various types of livestoc k by p rovince

    and rural/ urban , 2006, Zam bia 137

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    Tab le 9.6a: Number and p ercenta ge d istribution of livestoc k by type , province and

    rura l/urba n, 2010, Zamb ia 138

    Tab le 9.6b: Number and p ercenta ge d istribution of livestoc k by type , province and

    rura l/urba n, 2006, Zamb ia 138

    Tab le 9.7a: Perce nta ge of poultry ow ning househo lds by type of po ultry, rural/ urban

    and p rovinc e, 2010, Zam bia 139

    Tab le 9.7b: Perce nta ge of poultry ow ning househo lds by type of po ultry, rural/ urban

    and p rovince, 2006, Zam bia 139

    Tab le 9.8a: Number and p ercenta ge d istribution of poultry by type , provinc e and

    Rural/ urba n, 2010, Zamb ia 140

    Tab le 9.8b: Number and p ercenta ge d istribution of poultry by type , provinc e and

    Rural/ urba n, 2006, Zamb ia 140

    CHAPTER 10:Household Income and Assets

    Tab le 10.1: Percenta ge d istribution of household incom e by geo grap hic al loc ation,

    2010, Zambia 143

    Tab le 10.2: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of househo ld inco me by ag e and sex, 2010, Zamb ia 144

    Tab le 10.3: Inc om e distribution by level of ed uc a tion of househo ld hea d , 2010, Zamb ia 145

    Tab le 10.4: Inc om e d istribution by self-assessed poverty sta tus, 2010, Zamb ia 145

    Tab le 10.5: Rea l mo nthly per c ap ita incom e (2010 pric es), 2010, Zamb ia 146

    Tab le 10.6a: Monthly per ca pita inco me by sex of hea d, rural/ urba n, stratum a nd p rovince

    (2010 p rice s), 2010, Zamb ia 147

    Tab le 10.6b: Monthly per ca pita inco me by sex of hea d, rural/ urba n, stratum a nd p rovince

    (2010 p rice s), 2006, Zamb ia 147

    Tab le 10.7a: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by per ca pita inc om e de c iles and

    Rural/ urba n, 2010, Zamb ia 148

    Tab le 10.7b: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of househo lds by p er ca pita inc om e dec iles and

    Rural/ urba n, 2006, Zamb ia 148

    Tab le 10.8a: Inc om e sha res by residenc e (2010 pric es), 2010, Zamb ia 149

    Tab le 10.8b: Inc om e sha res by residenc e (2010 pric es), 2006, Zamb ia 149

    Tab le 10.9: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo ld per ca pita inco me d ec iles, 1996-2010,

    Zambia 151

    Tab le 10.10: Percenta ge d istribution of asset ow nership , 2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 153

    Tab le 10.11: Perc entage d istribution of asset ownership by sex of househo ld hea d , 2010

    and 2006, Zamb ia 154

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    CHAPTER 11:Household Expenditure

    Tab le 11.1a: Ave rage mo nthly househo ld expend iture (Kwa c ha ) by residenc e, 2010, Zam bia 158

    Tab le 11.1b: Average monthly househo ld expe nd iture (Kwa c ha ) by residenc e, 2006, Zam bia 158

    Tab le 11.2a: Ave rage monthly househo ld expe nd iture (Kwa c ha ) by stratum , 2010, Zamb ia 159

    Tab le 11.2b: Ave rage mo nthly househo ld expe nditure (Kwa c ha ) by stratum , 2006, Zamb ia 159

    Tab le 11.3a :Average monthly househo ld expe nd iture (Kwa c ha ) by p rovince, 2010, Zamb ia 160Tab le 11.3b: Ave rage mo nthly househo ld expe nditure (Kwa c ha ) by stratum , 2006, Zamb ia 160

    Tab le 11.4: Househo ld expe nd iture by quintile (Kwa c ha), 2010, Zam bia 160

    Tab le 11.5: Househo ld expe nd iture by quintile (Kwa c ha), 2006, Zam bia 161

    Tab le 11.6: Percenta ge share of household expend iture on food a nd non-food b y

    Rural/urba n, stratum and p rovinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 162

    Tab le 11.7: Percenta ge share of tota l expend iture on own produc ed foo d by rural/ urba n,

    Stratum and provinc e, 2006 and 2010, Zam b ia 165

    Tab le 11.8: Percenta ge expe nditure share on non-food b y non-food typ e and rural/ urba n,

    2006 and 2010, Zamb ia 166

    Tab le 11.9a: Percenta ge expend iture share on non-food by non-food type and stratum ,

    2010, Zambia 168

    Tab le 11.9b: Percenta ge expend iture share on non-food by non-food type and stratum ,

    2006, Zambia 168

    Tab le11.10a: Percenta ge expend iture share on non-food by no n-food type and provinc e,

    2010, Zambia 169

    Tab le 11.10b:Percenta ge e xpe nditure share on non-food by non-food typ e and provinc e,2006, Zambia 170

    CHAPTER 12:Poverty Ana lysis

    Tab le 12.1: Comp arab ility of the pove rty me thod 174

    Tab le 12.2: Ad ult eq uiva lent expend iture sc a le, 2006-2010, Zamb ia 177

    Tab le 12.3: Foo d basket for a family of six, 2004-2010, Zamb ia 178

    Tab le 12.4: Distribution of the po pulation by overall and extrem e poverty, househo ld

    Charac teristics and rura l/urba n, 2006-2010, Zamb ia 188

    Tab le 12.5: Distribu tion of the pop ulation by ove rall and extrem e pove rty, ed uc at ion

    and em ploym ent sta tus of househo ld hea d and rural/urba n, 2010, Zam bia 189

    Tab le 12.6: Gini expend iture inequa lity by rural/ urban and province, 2010, Zam bia 201

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    CHAPTER 13:Self-assessed Poverty and Coping Strategies

    Tab le 13.1a: Percentage d istribution of household s by self-assessed poverty by reside nc e,

    Sex of hea d , stratum and provinc e, 2010, Zam bia 203

    Tab le 13.1b: Percenta ge d istribution of househo lds by self-assessed poverty by reside nc e,

    Sex of househo ld hea d , stratum and provinc e, 2006, Zamb ia 204

    Tab le 13.2a: Perc entage d istribut ion of self-assessed poo r househo lds by ma in rea son o f

    Pove rty, residenc e and sex of hea d , 2010, Zamb ia 206

    Tab le 13.2b: Percenta ge d istribution of househo lds by self-assessed poverty by reside nc e,

    Sex of househo ld hea d , stratum and p rovinc e, 2006, Zamb ia 207

    Tab le 13.3: Trend in perc entage distribution of self-assessed p oo r household s by ma in

    reason of pove rty, 1996-2010, Zamb ia 208

    Tab le 13.4: Perce nta ge distribut ion of househo lds by perceived c hange in we lfare by

    Rural/urba n, sex of hea d , stratum and provinc e, 2010, Zam b ia 210

    Tab le 13.5a: Ave rage num ber of mea ls pe r day b y sex of head , residenc e, stratum a ndProvinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 212

    Tab le 13.5b: Averag e numb er of mea ls per day b y sex of head , residence, stratum a nd

    Provinc e, 2006, Zamb ia 212

    Tab le 13.6: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds who experienc ed a n incide nt in the 12

    mo nths prior to the survey by leve l of p erce ived p ove rty and stratum ,

    2010, Zambia 213

    Tab le 13.7: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds who fa c ed a spe c ific incide nt during the

    past 12 mo nths by rura l/urba n, 2010, Zamb ia 214

    Tab le 13.8: Perce nta ge o f househo lds by seve rity of impac t of shoc k by shoc k type,

    2010, Zambia 215

    Tab le 13.9: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds fac ing nega tive inc ident s using

    c op ing strategies by type, 2010, Zam bia 215

    CHAPTER 14:Housing Charac teristics, Househo ld Amenities and

    Ac cess to Fac ilities

    Tab le 14.1a : Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by type of d we lling, rural/urba n, stratum

    and p rovince, 2010, Zam bia 217

    Tab le 14.1b : Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by type of d we lling, rural/urba n, stratum

    and p rovince, 2006, Zam bia 217

    Tab le 14.2a : Perce nta ge d istribut ion of ho useho lds by tena nc y sta tus, rural/urba n, stratum

    and p rovince, 2010, Zam bia 218

    Tab le 14.2b : Perce nta ge d istribu tion of househo lds by t ena nc y sta tus, rural/urba n, stratum

    and p rovince, 2006, Zam bia 219

    Tab le 14.3a: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by ma in wa ter source by rural/urba n,

    Stratum , provinc e and pove rty sta tus, 2010, Zamb ia 221

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    Tab le 14.3b: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of househo lds by m ain wa ter source by rural/urba n,

    Stratum , provinc e and pove rty sta tus, 2006, Zamb ia 221

    Tab le 14.4: Comp arison of definitions for sa fe and improved d rinking wa ter source s 222

    Tab le 14.5a : Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by m ain source of d rinking w ater,

    Rural/urba n, stratum and p rovince, 2010, Zamb ia 224

    Tab le 14.5b : Perce nta ge d istribu tion of ho useho lds by m a in source of d rinking w ater,Rural/urba n, stratum and p rovince, 2006, Zamb ia 225

    Tab le 14.6a: Propo rtion of househo lds who t reate d / boiled drinking wa ter by rura l/urba n,

    Stratum and provinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 227

    Tab le 14.6b: Propo rtion of househo lds who t rea ted / boiled drinking wa ter by rura l/urba n,

    Stratum and provinc e, 2006, Zamb ia 227

    Tab le 14.7: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by elect ric ity c onne c tion by

    Rural/urba n, stratum and p rovince, 2010, Zamb ia 229

    Tab le 14.8a: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by main type of lighting ene rgy by

    Rural/urba n, stratum , po verty sta tus and provinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 231

    Tab le 14.8b: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of househo lds by ma in typ e of light ing energy b y

    Rural/urba n, stratum , po verty sta tus and provinc e, 2006, Zamb ia 231

    Tab le 14.9a: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by main type o f co oking energy b y

    Rural/urba n, stratum , po verty sta tus and provinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 233

    Tab le 14.9b: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of househo lds by ma in typ e of c ooking ene rgy by

    Rural/urba n, stratum , po verty sta tus and provinc e, 2006, Zamb ia 233

    Tab le 14.10: Comp arison of definitions for adeq ua te and improve d sanita ry fac ilities 235

    Tab le 14.11a: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by ma in type of to ilet fa c ility,

    Rural/urba n, stratum , p rovinc e and po verty sta tus, 2010, Zam bia 236

    Tab le 14.11b: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by ma in type of to ilet fa c ility,

    Rural/urba n, stratum , p rovinc e and po verty sta tus, 2006, Zam bia 237

    Tab le 14.12: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of ho useho lds with flushing to ilets by type o f sew ag e

    fac ilities, rura l/urba n, 2010, Zamb ia 239

    Tab le 14.13a : Perce nta ge d istribut ion of househo lds by main type of ga rbage d ispo sa l,

    Rura l/urba n, stratum and provinc e, 2010, Zam b ia 240

    Tab le 14.13b : Perce nta ge d istribution of househo lds by main type of ga rbage d ispo sa l,

    Rura l/urba n, stratum and provinc e, 2006, Zam b ia 240

    Tab le 14.14a : Perce nta ge of househo lds knowing w here the nearest fac ility is, by rural/urba n

    and poverty sta tus, 2010, Zamb ia 242

    Tab le 14.14b : Perce nta ge of househo lds knowing w here the nearest fac ility is, by rural/urba n

    and poverty sta tus, 2006, Zamb ia 242

    Tab le 14.15: Perce nta ge of househo lds who use the nearest fac ility, of those who know

    whe re it is, by rural/urba n and po verty sta tus, 2010, Zamb ia 243

    Tab le 14.16a : Perc entage d istribution of househo lds by p roximity to fac ilities, 2010 Zamb ia 246

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    Tab le 14.16b : Perc entage d istribution of househo lds by p roximity to fa c ilities, 2006, Zamb ia 247

    CHAPTER 15:Child Health and Nutrition

    Tab le 15.1a: Propo rtion o f children (under 5 yea rs) who we re currently being b reastfed by

    sex of c hild, ag e group and rural/ urban, 2010, Zam bia 249

    Tab le 15.1b: Propo rtion o f children (under 5 yea rs) who we re currently being b reastfed by

    sex of c hild, ag e group and rura l/urba n, 2006, Zam bia 249

    Tab le 15.2a : Perce nta ge d istribut ion of c hildren (0-6 months) b y b reastfee ding sta tus, sex

    of c hild, ag e g roup , rural/ urban, pove rty sta tus and p rovinc e, 2010, Zam bia 251

    Tab le 15.2b : Perce nta ge d istribu tion o f c hild ren (0-6 months) b y b reastfee ding sta tus, sex

    of c hild, ag e g roup , rural/ urban, pove rty sta tus and p rovinc e, 2006, Zam bia 251

    Tab le 15.3a: Perce nta ge d istribut ion of how m any times c hildren (0-59 months) are g iven

    Solid foods by sex of c hild , age group , rura l/urba n and province , 2010, Zam bia 252

    Tab le 15.3b: Perce nta ge distribut ion of how m any times c hild ren (0-59 months) are g iven

    Solid foods by sex of c hild , ag e group , rural/ urban and province , 2006, Zam b ia 253

    Tab le 15.4: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of children (12-23 mo nths) who initiate d va rious

    Vac cinations (at least one d ose), by rural/ urba n, age group a nd p rovince,

    2010, Zambia 254

    Tab le 15.5: Perce nta ge d istribution of c hildren (12-23 mo nths) who c om pleted va rious

    Vac c inations (1 mea sles, 1 BCG , 3 po lio, 3 DPT) b y rura l/urba n, ag e g roup,

    Poverty sta tus and provinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 255

    Tab le 15.6a: Inc idenc e of stunting, underweight and wa sting of c hildren (3-59 mo nths)

    by rural/ urba n, provinc e, po verty stat us, and mothers level of ed uca tion,

    2010, Zambia 257

    Tab le 15.6b: Inc idenc e of stunting, underweight and wa sting of c hildren (3-59 mo nths)

    by rural/ urba n, provinc e, p overty sta tus, and mothers level of ed uca tion,

    2006, Zambia 258

    Tab le 15.7a : Propo rtion o f c hild ren (3-59 mo nths) c lassified as stunted , unde rwe ight a nd

    wa sted , by ag e, sex of c hild and househo ld size, 2010, Zam b ia 259

    Tab le 15.7b : Prop ortion of c hild ren (3-59 mo nths) c lassified as stunted , unde rwe ight a nd

    Wasted by ag e, sex of c hild and househo ld size, 2006, Zamb ia 259

    CHAPTER 16:Community Developm ent

    Tab le 16.1a: Perce nta ge o f househo lds choo sing fac ilities to be provide d b y project typ eand rura l/urba n, 2010, Zam bia 260

    Tab le 16.1b: Perce nta ge o f househo lds c hoo sing fac ilities to be provide d b y project typ e

    and rura l/urba n, 2006, Zam bia 261

    Tab le 16.2a: Perce nta ge o f househo lds c hoo sing fac ilities to b e improved b y projec t type

    and rural/urba n, 2010, Zam bia 262

    Tab le 16.2b: Perce nta ge o f househo lds choo sing fac ilities to b e improved b y project t ype

    and rural/urba n, 2006, Zam bia 262

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    Tab le 16.3a: Percenta ge of households indica ting tha t projects/ cha nges had taken p lace

    in the c om munity by rura l/urba n, 2010, Zam bia 263

    Tab le 16.3b: Percenta ge o f households indic ating tha t projects/ cha nges had taken p lace

    in the c om munity by rura l/urba n, 2006, Zam bia 264

    Tab le 16.4a: Percenta ge of households indica ting the extent to w hich p rojec ts/ cha nges

    that ha ve ta ken plac e in their c omm unities have improved the ir wa y of life,

    2010, Zambia 265

    Tab le 16.4b: Percenta ge of households indic ating the extent to w hich projects/ c hang esthat ha ve ta ken plac e in their c omm unities have improved the ir wa y of life,

    2006, Zambia 266

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    List of FiguresPage

    CHAPTER 4:General Demographic Characteristics

    Figure 4.1: Perce nta ge distribution of pop ulation by provinc e and rural/urba n, 2010

    Zambia 16

    Figure 4.2: Perce nta ge distribution of the po pula tion by age group , 2010, Zamb ia 18

    Figure 4.3: Perce nta ge distribut ion of the po pula tion by age and sex, 2010, Zamb ia 18

    Figure 4.4: Perce nta ge distribution of the po pula tion by sex and rura l/urba n, 2010,

    Zambia 21

    Figure 4.5: Perce nta ge distribut ion of househo ld hea ds by ag e, 2010, Zamb ia 27

    Figure 4.6: Perc entage d istribut ion of househo lds by sex of head , 2010, Zambia 29

    Figure 4.7: Perc entage d istribut ion of househo lds by sex of head , 2006, Zambia 30

    Figure 4.8: Proportions of persons never ma rried , by age group and sex, 2010, Zambia 32

    Figure 4.9: Proportion of orpha ns, 2006 and 2010, Zamb ia 35

    Figure 4.10: Proportion of orphans, 2004, 2006 and 2010, Zamb ia 36

    CHAPTER 5:Migration

    Figure 5.1: Perce nta ge d istribu tion of migrants in the 12 mo nths prior to the survey by

    Province, 2006 and 2010, Zamb ia 45

    Figure 5.2: Prop ortion of migrants in the 12 mo nths prior to the survey by ag e group,

    2006 and 2010, Zamb ia 47

    Figure 5.3: Perce nta ge distribut ion of individual migran ts by direc tion of migrat ion flow,

    2006 and 2010, Zamb ia 49

    CHAPTER 6:Education

    Figure 6.1: Sc hoo l a ttendance ra tes by ag e group , 2010 and 2006, Zam bia 59

    Figure 6.2: Gross a ttendanc e rates by grad e group , 2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 64

    Figure 6.3: Net at tend anc e rates by grad e group , 2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 69

    CHAPTER 7:Health

    Figure 7.1: Proportion of persons reporting illness/ injury in the tw o wee ks prec ed ing

    the Survey by provinc e, 2010, Zam b ia 81

    Figure 7.2: Proportion of persons reporting illness/ injury in the tw o we eks p reced ing

    the Survey by age g roup, 2010, Zam b ia 82

    Figure 7.3: Perc enta ge d istribution of persons reporting illness in the tw o we eks

    prec ed ing the survey by sex and c onsultation sta tus, 2010, Zam b ia 89

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    Figure 7.4: Perc entage d istribution of persons reporting illness in the tw o wee ks

    prec ed ing the survey by ag e and c onsultation sta tus, 2010, Zam bia 90

    Figure 7.5: Proportion of persons who c onsulted ove r the ir illness in the two weeks

    p rec ed ing the survey by province, 2010, Zamb ia 91

    CHAPTER 8:Economic Ac tivities of the Pop ulationFigure 8.1: Diagram ma tic representa tion of ec ono mic ac tivity 103

    Figure 8.2: Percenta ge distribution of the po pulation ag ed 12 years and ab ove by

    Ec onom ic ac tivity sta tus, 2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 105

    Figure 8.3: Percenta ge distribution of the po pulation ag ed 12 years and ab ove by

    Ec onom ic ac tivity sta tus and sex, 2006, Zamb ia 105

    Figure 8.4a: Percenta ge share of the pop ulation ag ed 12 years and ab ove by ec onom ic

    activity status,2010, Zambia 106

    Figure 8.4b: Percenta ge share of the pop ulation ag ed 12 years and ab ove by ec onom ic

    activity status, 2006, Zambia 106

    Figure 8.5: Labour force pa rtic ipa tion rates amo ng persons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab ove

    by sex and rural/urban, 2010, Zamb ia 108

    Figure 8.6: Unem p loymen t rates amo ng persons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab ove by sex and

    Rural/ urba n, 2010, Zamb ia, 111

    Figure 8.7: Unem ploym ent rates by age g roup and sex, 2010, Zam b ia 112

    Figure 8.8: Distribut ion of e mp loyed persons by industrial sec tor in urban a rea s amo ngpe rsons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab ove , 2010, Zamb ia 114

    Figure 8.9: Distribution of em ployed persons by industrial sec to r in rura l a reas amo ngpe rsons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab ove , 2010, Zamb ia 114

    Figure 8.10: Perce nta ge distribution of em ployed persons by oc c upat ion in urban area s

    am ong persons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab ove , 2010, Zamb ia 116

    Figure 8.11: Propo rtion of persons em ployed in the informa l sec tor by province am ong

    pe rsons ag ed 12 yea rs and ab ove , 2010, Zamb ia 120

    Figure 8.12: Perce nta ge distribut ion of emp loyed pe rsons in the informa l agricultural

    and non-agric ultural sec tor, by provinc e a mong pe rsons ag ed 12 years

    and ab ove , 2010, Zam bia 124

    Figure 8.13: Perce nta ge distribution of p resently em p loyed pe rsons who chang ed jobs,by reason of c hang ing and sex, 2010, Zamb ia 125

    CHAPTER 9: Househo ld Food Prod uc tion

    Figure 9.1: Perce nta ge of agricultural househo lds prod uc ing ea c h c rop , 2005/ 2006

    Ag ric ultural sea son and 2008/2009 agricultural sea son 136

    Figure 9.2: Perce nta ge c hange in qua ntity prod uc ed , all c rops, from 2005/ 2006

    Ag ric ultural sea son and 2008/2009 agricultural sea son 136

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    CHAPTER 10: Household Income and Assets

    Figure 10.1: Lorenz c urve 143

    Figure 10.2: Lorenz curve , 2010, Zamb ia 150

    Figure 10:3: Rural and urba n Lorenz c urves, 2010, Zamb ia 150

    Figure 10.4: Lusaka and Co pperbelt Lorenz c urves, 2010, Zambia 151

    CHAPTER 11:Household Expenditure

    Figure 11.1: Percenta ge share of tota l expend iture on food a nd non-food b y

    Provinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 163

    Figure 11.2: Percenta ge share of household expe nditure on food a nd non-food b y

    Provinc e, 2006, Zamb ia 163

    Figure 11.3: Percenta ge share of tota l expend iture on ow n prod uce d food by

    Provinc e, 2006 and 2010, Zamb ia 165

    Figure 11.4: Perce nta ge expend iture sha re on non-foo d type by residenc e, 2010,

    Zambia 166

    Figure 11.5: Perce nta ge expend iture sha re on non-foo d type by residence, 2006,

    Zambia 167

    Figure 11.6: Perce nta ge expend iture sha re on non-foo d by non-foo d type and rural

    Stra ta , 2010, Zambia 168

    Figure 11.7: Perce nta ge expend iture sha re on non-foo d by non-foo d type and rural

    Stra ta , 2006, Zambia 169

    Figure 11.8: Percenta ge expenditure share on non-food by non-food type andProvinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 170

    Figure 11.9: Percenta ge expenditure share on non-food by non-food type and

    Provinc e, 2006, Zamb ia 171

    CHAPTER 12: Poverty Ana lysis

    Figure 12.1: Chang es in pove rty leve ls, 2006-2010, Zamb ia 181

    Figure 12.2: Changes in pove rty leve ls by rura l/urba n, 2006-2010, Zamb ia 181

    Figure 12.3: Cha nges in rura l hea dc ount poverty, 2006-2010, Zamb ia 182

    Figure 12.4: Cha nge s in urban hea dc ount pove rty, 2006-2010, Zam b ia 183

    Figure 12.5: Pove rty c ha nges by provinc e, 2006-2010, Zamb ia 184

    Figure 12.6: Chang es in extrem e poverty by p rovinc e, 2006-2010, Zamb ia 184

    Figure 12.7: Cha nge s in mo de rate po verty by p rovinc e, 2006-2010, Zam b ia 185

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    Figure 12.8: Changes in ove rall poverty ac ross strata , 2006-2010, Zamb ia 186

    Figure 12.9: Changes in extrem e poverty ac ross strata , 2006-2010, Zamb ia 187

    Figure 12.10: Cha nges in mo dera te poverty ac ross strat a , 2006-2010, Zamb ia 188

    Figure 12.11: Pove rty sta tus and sex of household hea d , 2006-2010, Zamb ia 190

    Figure 12.12: Rural pove rty d istribution by sex of household hea d , 2006-2010, Zamb ia 191

    Figure 12.13 Urba n poverty d istribut ion by sex of househo ld head , 2006-2010, Zamb ia 191

    Figure 12.14: Head c ount pove rty by ag e of househo ld hea d and rural/ urban, 2006,

    Zambia 192

    Figure 12.15: Head c ount pove rty by ag e of househo ld hea d and rural/ urban, 2010,

    Zambia 192

    Figure 12.16: Head c ount po verty by ag e of househo ld hea d , 2006-2010, Zam bia 193

    Figure 12.17: Head c ount pove rty by ag e of househo ld hea d and rural/ urban, 2006,Zambia 194

    Figure 12.18: Head c ount pove rty by ag e of househo ld hea d and rural/ urban, 2020,

    Zambia 194

    Figure 12.19: Headc ount poverty by size of household and rural/ urba n, 2006-2010,

    Zambia 195

    Figure 12.20: Hea dc ount pove rty by educ ation level of hea d a nd rural/ urba n, 2010,

    Zambia 195

    Figure 12.21: Extrem e po verty by ed uc at ion level of hea d and rural/ urban, 2010, Zam b ia 196

    Figure 12.22: Head c ount poverty by em p loyment sta tus of head a nd rural/urba n, 2010,

    Zambia 196

    Figure 12.23: Extrem e poverty by emp loyment sta tus of hea d and rural/ urban, 2010,

    Zambia 197

    Figure 12.24: Pove rty Ga p Ratio by p rovince and rura l/urba n, 2006-2010, Zamb ia 198

    Figure 12.25: Reside ntia l c on tribution to poverty by rura l/urba n, 2010, Zamb ia 199

    Figure 12.26: Provinc ial c ont ribution to pove rty by provinc es, 2010, Zambia 201

    Figure 12.27: G ini c oe ffic ients by rura l/urba n and provinc e, 2006-2010, Za mb ia 210

    CHAPTER 13: Self-assessed Poverty and Coping Strategies

    Figure 13.1: Self-a ssessed poverty trends, 1996-2010, Zamb ia 204

    Figure 13.2: Main rea sons fo r self-a ssessed poverty sta tus, 1996-2010, Zambia 209

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    CHAPTER 14:Housing Charac teristics, Househo ld Amenities

    and Access to Fac ilities

    Figure 14.1: Perce nta ge distribut ion of househo lds by tena nc y sta tus by rural/urba n,

    2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 219

    Figure 14.2: Perce nta ge d istribution of househo lds ac c ess to sa fe supp ly by p rovince

    2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 222

    Figure 14.3: Perce nta ge distribution of househo lds ac c essing improve d drinking water

    by rura l/urba n, 2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 226

    Figure 14.4: Perce nta ge distribution of househo lds ac c essing improve d drinking water

    by p rovinc e, 2010 and 2006, Zam bia 226

    Figure 14.5: Perce nta ge distribution of househo lds who trea t/ bo iled drinking wa ter

    by p rovinc e, 2010 and 2006, Zam bia 228

    Figure 14.6: Perce nta ge distribut ion of househo lds c onne c ted to elec tric ity by stratum ,

    2010, Zambia 229

    Figure 14.7: Perce nta ge distribution of househo lds c onne c ted to elec tric ity by provinc e,

    2010, Zambia 230

    Figure 14.8: Perce nta ge distribution of househo lds by ma in type of light ing ene rgy,

    2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 232

    Figure 14.9: Perce nta ge distribution of househo lds using firew oo d , c ha rcoa l and

    Elect ric ity as ma in energy source for cooking b y rural/urba n, 2010 and

    2006, Zambia 234

    Figure 14.10: Perce nta ge d istribution of househo lds using firewood , c ha rcoa l and

    Elect ric ity as ma in energy source for cooking by p rovinc e, 2010 and

    2006, Zambia 234

    Figure 14.11: Perc enta ge d istribution of househo lds with no toilet fac ilities, 2010 and

    2006, Zambia 238

    Figure 14.12: Perce nta ge d istribution of househo lds with imp roved sanitation by

    Provinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 238

    Figure 14.13: Perc enta ge distribution of household s with flushing toilets by typ e of

    Sew age fac ilities, rura l/urba n, 2010, Zamb ia 239

    Figure 14.14: Perce nta ge d istribution of househo lds by ma in type o f ga rbage d ispo sa l,

    2010 and 2006, Zamb ia 241

    Figure 14.15: Perce nta ge d istribution of househo lds who know w here the nea rest fac ility is,

    2010, Zambia 243

    Figure 14.16: Perc enta ge distribution of househo lds within 1km of nea rest fac ilities,

    Rural/ urba n, 2010, Zamb ia 244

    Figure 14.17: Perce nta ge d istribution of househo lds within 5km of selec ted nea rest key

    fac ilities (of househo lds who know loca tion), 2010 and 2006, Zam bia 245

    Figure 14.18: Perc enta ge distribution of househo lds within 5km of nea rest school

    fac ilities (of househo lds who know loc at ion), 2010 and 2006, Zam bia 245

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    CHAPTER 15:Child Health and Nutrition

    Figure 15.1: Propo rtion of c hildren c urrently being brea stfed by ag e group in mo nths

    and urban / rural area s, 2010, Zamb ia 250

    Figure 15.2: Children ag ed 12-23 mo nths who were fully vac c inate d by p rovinc e,

    2010, Zambia 255

    Figure 15.3: Cla ssifica tion fo r assessing severity of ma lnutrition 256

    Figure 15.4: Proportion of stunt ing by provinc e, 2010, Zamb ia 258

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    List of Abbrevia tions

    AES - Ad ult Equiva lent Sc a le

    BCG - Bac illus Ca lmete Gue rin (Vac c ination ag ainst Tube rculosis)

    CBN - Co st of Basic Needs

    CSA - Census Sup ervisory Area

    CSO - Ce ntra l Sta tistica l Off ice

    CSPRO - Census and Surve y Proc essing

    DPT - Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus

    FHANIS - Foo d Sec urity, Hea lth, Ag ric ultural and Nutrition Informa tion System

    FGT - Foste r, Greer and Thorbe c ke

    FNDP - Fifth Nationa l Deve lopme nt Plan

    GDP - Gross Dom estic Produc t

    HFCE - Househo ld Final Co nsumption Expend iture

    ILO - Internat ional Lab our Orga nizat ionLCM S - Living Co nd itions Mo nitoring Survey

    LCM B - Living Co nd itions Mo nitoring Branc h

    LSS - Large Sc a le Ag ricultura l Stra tum

    MDG - Millennium Developm ent Goa ls

    MSS - Me d ium Sc a le Ag ric ultural Stratum

    NAC - Nationa l AIDS Co unc il

    NAR - Net Attend anc e Ratio

    NAS - Non-Agricultural Stra tum

    NFNC - Nationa l Foo d and Nutrition Co mm ission

    PIC - Pric e and Inc om e Co mm ission

    PS - Priority Survey

    PPES - Prob ab ility Prop ortio na l to Estimated Size

    PRSP - Poverty Red uc tion Strateg y Paper

    PSU - Primary Sampling Unit

    SAP - Struc tura l Ad justm ent Programme

    SAS - Sta tistica l Ana lysis Syste m

    SEA - Sta nd ard Enumera tion Area

    SSS - Sma ll Sc a le Ag ricultura l Stra tum

    TB - Tub erculo sis

    TNDP - Transitiona l Nat iona l Deve lopme nt Plan

    ZAM SIF - Zambia Soc ia l Investme nt Fund

    ZDHS - Zam bia Demo grap hic and Health Survey

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    Executive SummaryChap ter 4: GENERAL DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

    The Living C ond itions Mo nito ring Survey (LCM S] results show tha t the p op ulat ion o f Zamb ia w as 13

    million in 2010 and 11.7 million in 2006. The po pula tion w as ma inly c onc entrated in rura l areas, at

    about 65 per cent, compared to about 35 per cent in urban areas in both years. Copperbelt

    Province had the largest share of population with 15 per cent, closely followed by Lusaka Province

    with 13.5 per cent in bo th yea rs. The m ost urba nised province w as Lusaka Province with a bo ve 82.5

    pe r cent of the po pulation living in urban a rea s in both years.

    The survey a lso show ed tha t the na tiona l ave rage househo ld size w as ab out 5.1 in bo th years. The

    distribution by province in 2010 showed that the household size ranged from 4.8 in Lusaka and

    Western Provinces to 5.5 in Central and Luapula Provinces.

    Community Developmental

    The results further show ed that the a ge group with the highest p ercenta ge of ho usehold head s wa s

    30-34 with ab out 16.5 pe r cent in bo th yea rs.

    The pe rc enta ge o f fema le head ed households at na tional level wa s ab out 23 pe r ce nt in bo th

    years. Western Province had the highest p ercenta ge of fem ale hea de d households with ab out 35

    pe r cent in both years. The p rovinces with the lowest p ercenta ge of fema le hea de d ho useholds

    we re Luap ula, Cop pe rbe lt and Northern, with ab out 19 pe r cent ea c h in bo th years.

    The p op ulation d istribut ion for the ag e g roup 12 yea rs and a bove b y ma rital sta tus in both 2010 and

    2006 showed that about 45 per cent had never been married, about 44 per cent were married,

    ab out 1.5 per ce nt sepa rated , 3 per cent d ivorced and ab out 5 per ce nt widowed .

    The p erce nta ge of o rphans wa s 15.8 per ce nt in 2010 c om pared to 17 pe r cent in 2006. The

    distribution by type shows that the majority of the orphans were paternal orphans, 56.5 per cent in

    2010 and 60 pe r cent in 2006, 28.7 pe r cent w ere d oub le orpha ns in 2010, while in 2006 the d oub le

    orphans we re 26 per ce nt, and ab out 14.8 pe r cent we re m ate rnal orpha ns in both years.

    The mo st c omm on c ause o f de ath rep orted b y the households for the person w ho ha d died 12

    months prior to the survey was fever/malaria in both years. Of these deaths 21.7 per cent died of

    fever/m alaria in 2010 co mp ared to 23.4 per ce nt in 2006. This wa s follow ed by c oug h/ c old/ che stinfec tions at 7 per c ent in 2010 and 6.1 pe r cent in 2006.

    Chap ter 5: MIGRATION

    The LCMS show s tha t a tot al o f 252,000 pe rsons or 2 pe r cent o f the pop ulation w ere involved in

    migration in 2010.

    The p ropo rtion o f migrants in urban a reas wa s sligh tly highe r (3 per c ent ) than tha t of rural a reas

    (ab out 2 p er ce nt) in both 2010 and 2006.

    There has be en no c hang e in the p rop ortion o f pe rsons who migrated , at 2 per c ent in bo th 2006

    and 2010.

    The p ropo rtion o f mig rants in 2010 wa s higher in Cop pe rbelt Province (2.7 pe r cent) a nd lowe st in

    North-Western Province with 1 p er ce nt.

    There were m ore migrants in the ag e g roup 20-29 as op po sed to the other younger and older ag e

    group s for both ma les and fem ales in both yea rs.

    Western Province had the highest p rop ortion o f p ersons who move d from one rural a rea to another

    (51.5 per cent) in 2010, while Southern Provinc e (50 pe r cent) w as the highe st in 2006. In the same

    vein Lusaka Province had the least (3.2 per cent). Urban to urban migration was mostly recorded in

    Lusaka Province (63.3 per cent) in 2010, while Copperbelt Province was the highest in 2006 with 75

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    per ce nt. Luapula Provinc e ha d the least (8.9 pe r cent) in 2010, while Western Provinc e ha d least a t

    11 per cent in 2006.

    The results revea led that m ost of those who mig rated did so b ec ause their househo ld hea d ha d

    migrated , at ab out 25 pe r c ent in both yea rs.

    Chap ter 6: EDUCATION

    The p ropo rtion o f the p op ulation a ttend ing schoo l in the a ge group s 5-6, 7-13, 14-18 and 19-22 years

    were at 19.1, 82.8, 77.2 and 27 per cent in 2010 respectively. For 2006 the proportions attendingschool in age groups 5-6, 7-13, 14-18 and 19-22 years were 19, 78, 74 and 25 per cent respectively.

    Sc hoo l atte ndance w as highe st a mo ng girls ag ed 11-13 with 91.7 per c ent. Dispa rities in

    at tend anc e b y sex cont inue to be ob served espe c ially at sec ond ary scho ol and tertiary level with

    mo re ma le than female c hildren a ttend ing sc hoo l. There we re a lso ruralurban differenc es in sc hoo l

    at tend anc e. Sc hool a ttend anc e w as consistently low er in rural tha n urban a rea s for all sc hool a ges

    excep t for the 19-22 age group, which is higher ed uca tion ag e.

    The net at tend anc e increased by 2.9 pe r cent be twe en 2006 and 2010 for prima ry and also

    increa sed by 8.4 pe r c ent fo r sec ond ary schoo l level ed uc at ion. The p rimary ra te inc reased from 77

    per ce nt in 2006 to 79.9 per ce nt in 2010 and the sec ond ary rat e increa sed from 36 pe r cent in 2006

    to 44.4 pe r cent in 2010.

    Central Government rema ins the m ain provide r of educ ation a t a ll levels with ab out 88 per cent o f

    the school attendants in Government schools. However, the private sector had a significant

    c ontribution to ed uca tion pa rticularly a t c olleg e and university level in bo th yea rs.

    Chap ter 7: HEALTH

    Results from the LCM S show tha t 14.6 per c ent o f persons in 2010 and 9.2 per c ent o f persons in 2006

    repo rted an illness in the tw o w eeks p rece ding the survey. In rural a reas, 16.1 per cent o f the p eop le

    repo rted illness com pa red to 11.6 per c ent of their urba n c ounterpa rts in 2010. In 2006, 10.3 pe rsons

    in rura l area s and 7.1 persons in urba n a reas reported illness.

    There was not muc h d ifferenc e in the prop ortion of p ersons repo rting illness or injury betw een the

    ma les and fema les in both yea rs. About 13.6 pe r cent o f the ma les and 15.5 pe r cent of the fema les

    reported illness or injury in the two-week period prior to the survey in 2010. In 2006, 8.5 per cent

    ma les and 9.9 pe r cent fema les repo rted illness.

    The a ge group s tha t were mo re prone to illness and injury we re 0-4 yea rs and 50 yea rs and a bove ,

    with 23.9 per cent and 22.6 per cent of the population reporting illness respectively. In 2006, the

    same age groups had higher proportions of people reporting illness with 17 per cent in each

    category.

    The m ost c om mo n illness repo rted in Zamb ia w as feve r/m a laria. The p ropo rtion o f peop le suffering

    from feve r/m ala ria increased from 40 per ce nt in 2006 to 47 pe r cent in 2010.

    Over 80 per cent of the persons who reported illness had consulted either a Government owned

    hosp ital or clinic in bo th yea rs.Comm unity Developme ntal Issues

    Chap ter 8: ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF THE POPULATION

    Out of the total population aged 12 years and above in 2010, 61.7 per cent constitute the labour

    force. Of these 43.1 per cent were in paid employment and 10.5 per cent were unpaid family

    workers, while 8.1 per cent were unemployed. In 2006, 64.3 per cent of 12 years and above

    c onstituted the lab our force . These w ere broken do wn a s 43.4 pe r cent pa id em ployment, 12.1 pe r

    c ent unpa id fam ily workers and 9.1 per cent unem ployed .

    In 2006, of all persons aged 12 years and above residing in rural areas, 47.1 per cent were in paid

    employment, 18.4 per cent were unpaid family workers, 3.4 per cent were unemployed and 26.2

    per cent were full time students. In urban areas, on the other hand, 37.3 per cent were paid

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    employees, 18.6 per cent were unemployed and 28.2 per cent were students. In 2010, the

    proportions of 12 years and above of rural residents in the labour force were as follows: 46.2 per

    cent in paid employment, 15.9 per cent unpaid family workers and 27.9 per cent full time students.

    In urban areas the proportions were 37.3 per cent paid employment, 1.6 per cent unpaid family

    workers and 18.6 per cent full time students, suggesting that high unemployment is a phenomenon

    mo re preva lent in urban than in rural area s.

    Among the males aged 12 years and above the labour force participation rate was higher (65.6

    pe r cent) b y 6.5 perce ntag e p oints than that of fem ales in 2010.

    The lab our force pa rticipat ion rates we re except ionally high in Eastern Province a t 70 per ce nt,while Cop pe rbelt Province ha d the lowe st pa rtic ipa tion rate a t 54 pe r c ent. The trend w as similar to

    tha t o f 2006.

    Very high unemployment rates were observed among young persons and reduced with an

    increa se in a ge in both years. Abo ut 30 per c ent o f a ll pe rsons in the labo ur forc e in the ag e g roup

    12-19 years we re reg istered to b e unemp loyed in bo th yea rs.

    In 2010, Copperbelt and Lusaka Provinces recorded higher unemployment rates than the other

    provinces, with 24.5 per cent and 22.3 per cent respectively. Eastern and Northern Provinces

    rec orded the lowest unemp loyment rates at 4.1 per ce nt a nd 4.9 pe r cent respe c tively.

    The m ajority of emp loyed pe rsons were eng age d in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries ac c ounting

    for 66.7 per cent of all employed persons in 2010 compared to 71 per cent in the same sector in2006. The sec ond mo st p op ular industrial sec tors of e mp loymen t were Com munity, Soc ial and

    Persona l Services and Trade Wholesa le and Reta il Distribut ion, ac c ounting for 9.8 pe r ce nt a nd 9.2

    per cent of a ll em p loyed persons respec tively in 2010. In 2006, the p ropo rtions we re 9.2 pe r cent in

    Trad e Wholesa le and Reta il Distribution, while Comm unity, Soc ial and Persona l Services ha d 6.6 per

    cent.

    At national level in 2010, 53.7 per cent of employed persons were self-employed, while 23.6 per

    c ent w ere em p loyed as unpa id fam ily workers. Sex differentials indica te tha t 58.6 per cent a nd 48.5

    per cent of males and females respectively were predominantly self-employed. In 2006, 49.8 per

    c ent o f emp loyed pe rsons we re self-emp loyed , while 31.8 pe r c ent w ere unpa id fam ily workers.

    In 2010, about 15 per cent of males were employed in the private sector, while 4.9 per cent of

    fema les we re em ployed in the private sec tor.

    The p rop ortion of tho se em ployed in informal ag ric ulture d ec reased from 81.6 per ce nt in 2006 to

    76.9 pe r ce nt in 2010.

    Chapter 9: HOUSEHOLD FOOD PRODUCTION

    An e stima ted 1,631,000 househo lds we re eng ag ed in ag ric ultural p roduc tion in the 2008/2009

    agricultural seasons compared to 1,551,952 households reported to be engaged in agricultural

    p roduc tion a c tivities during the 2005/ 2006 agricultural sea son.

    Ruralurban comparisons show that 91 per cent of rural households and 20.5 per cent of urban

    households were involved in agricultural production activities in 2010, compared to 94 per cent of

    rura l househo lds and 21 per ce nt o f urban househo lds involved in a gricultural produc tion in 2006.

    The tota l qua ntity of m aize p roduc ed increa sed from 1.9 million m etric to ns in 2006 to 2 million

    metric tons in 2010. In 2010, Eastern Province producing 456,000 metric tons was the highest

    followed by Ce ntral Provinc e w ith 411,000 me tric tons and then Southe rn Province with 402,000

    me tric tons.

    The overall num ber of a gric ultural househo lds ow ning livestoc k inc reased from 422,000 in 2006 to

    588,000 in 2010. Of 588,000 households who owned livestock in 2010, 52.6 per cent owned cattle,

    57.9 pe r cent o wned go ats, 30.1 per cent owne d p igs and only 2.9 pe r cent o wned sheep .

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    The p ropo rtion of livestoc k-ow ning househo lds ow ning c at tle de c lined from 62 pe r c ent in 2006 to

    53 pe r c ent in 2010. The to ta l numb er of ca ttle ow ned by a gricultural househo lds dec lined from 3

    million in 2006 to 2.6 million in 2010, while the num ber of shee p ow ned by ho useho lds de c lined from

    167,000 to 116,000 during the same period .

    The num ber of a gricultural househo lds ow ning p oultry inc reased from 881,000 to 1 million betw een

    2006 and 2010. Among the agricultural households owning poultry, nearly all owned chickens while

    a sma ll propo rtion ow ned other p oultry such as ducks, gee se and / or guinea fowl. The numb er of

    c hickens ow ned b y household s dec lined from 15.9 million in 2006 to 14.4 million in 2010.

    Chap ter 10: HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND ASSETS

    The m ea n mo nthly incom e fo r a Zambia n household in 2010 was K1,112,000.

    The m ajority of Zam b ian househo lds, or ap proximately 66.8 per cent, ha d income s below K800,000.

    Male headed households had higher mean monthly incomes compared to female headed

    househo lds. The m ea n mo nthly inc om e fo r a m ale he ad ed househo ld w as K1,188,000, while the

    me an monthly incom e for fema le heade d ho useho lds wa s K861,000.

    The results show tha t the me an mo nthly inco me increases as the level of ed uc at ion increa ses. Those

    who had attained higher levels of education were more likely to earn more than those with lower

    levels of ed uca tion.

    The ave rag e p er ca pita household incom e, defined a s the tota l household incom e divided b y the

    num ber of persons in the househo ld, d ec lined from K152,000 in 2006 to K269,000 in 2010. The ma le

    hea de d households had higher pe r c ap ita inc ome (K272,000) than the fema le head ed households

    (K260,000) in 2010. The trend wa s the sam e in 2006 with ma le hea de d househo lds having a higher

    per capita income of K154,000 compared to K143,000 for female headed households.

    The bo ttom 50 pe r c ent ac c ounted for 9.1 pe r c ent of the tota l incom e, while the top 10 pe r c ent

    accounted for 52.6 per cent of the income in 2010. In 2006, the poorest 50 per cent of the

    households accounted for 7.8 per cent of per capita income, while the richest 10 per cent

    ac co unted for 51.9 per cent o f total per cap ita income.

    The m a jority of househo lds in 2010 owned a hoe (81 per cent); b ed (71.5 per c ent ); ma ttress (71.8

    per ce nt); resident ial building (53.9 per cent); b razier or mb aula (65.6 per ce nt); axe (62.9 per cent);c ellular phone (49.4 per ce nt); and rad io/ stereo (47.4 per cent). The p ropo rtion o f asset o wne rship

    was a lmost the same a s in 2006.

    Chap ter 11: HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE

    Average mo nthly per c ap ita expend iture of househo lds increased from K144,014 in 2006 to K226,128

    in 2010.

    The p rop ortion o f expend iture t hat households app ortioned to food increa sed from 41.9 per ce nt in

    2006 to 48.5 per cent in 2010, while the proportion of expenditure apportioned by households to

    non-foo d items dec reased from 58.1 per ce nt in 2006 to 51 per ce nt in 2010.

    Households in rural areas spent more of their expenditure on food items than urban households inboth years. In 2010, rural households spent more of their expenditure on food items with 64.8 per

    c ent c omp ared t o 58.7 pe r c ent spe nt on foo d items in 2006.

    About 13.5 per cent of total household expenditure was on account of consumption of own

    prod uce d food in 2010 com pa red to 29.5 pe r c ent in 2006.

    In 2010, households in Eastern Province (28.1 per cent) had the highest share of own produce

    followed by Western and Luapula Provinces at about 24 per cent each. In 2006, North-Western

    Province (46.3 per cent) had the highest share of own produce followed by Western (43.3 per cent)

    and Southe rn Provinces (40.8 pe r ce nt).

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    Chap ter 12: POVERTY ANALYSIS

    The p ropo rtion o f the pop ulation who lived below t he p ove rty line in 2010 wa s 60.5 per cent

    c om pa red to 62.8 per c ent in 2006.

    The rural pop ulation of Zam bia rem a ined p red om inantly poor with overall pove rty levels at 77.9 pe r

    c ent as c om pa red to their urba n c ounterpa rts at 27.5 pe r cent in 2010. In 2006, 80.3 per c ent in rural

    a reas lived be low the p ove rty line, while 29.7 pe r c ent in urba n area s lived be low the p ove rty line.

    There w as a d ec rease in poverty a mo ng rural sma ll sc ale farme rs from 81.5 pe r ce nt in 2006 to 79.9per cent in 2010.

    In urban areas, the low cost housing dwellers had the highest incidence of aggregate poverty at

    34.5 per cent, followed by medium cost housing dwellers at 8.8 per cent, while the high cost

    housing d we llers had the low est incid enc e a t 4.9 per ce nt in 2010. The p at tern wa s the same as in

    2006.

    Levels of extreme poverty have continued to remain high especially in the predominantly rural

    Luapula, Western, Eastern and Northern Provinces in both years. Unlike the other regions, results

    show a sharp increase in extreme poverty in Luapula Province between 2006 and 2010, from 53.6

    per cent to 64.9 per cent. Eastern and Lusaka Provinces also recorded some marginal increase in

    extreme po verty. The rest o f the reg ions revea led d ec lines in leve ls of e xtreme p ove rty, pa rtic ularly

    Ce ntral Province, fo llow ed by Southern Provinc e.

    In 2010, fema le hea de d ho useholds had 62.4 pe r c ent of the p eop le b elow the a gg rega te p overty

    line, while male headed households had 60.1 per cent. In 2006, female headed households had

    67.4 pe r c ent of the p eop le below the a gg reg ate p overty line, while ma le hea de d households had

    61.7 pe r c ent.

    Households with older heads of household were more likely to be below the poverty line, with about

    80 per cent of individuals in households with a head 65 years or older falling below the poverty line

    in both years, as compared to 55 per cent in 2010 and 57.6 per cent in 2006 of individuals in

    households with a head be twe en 15 and 24 years.

    In 2010, the incidenc e o f p overty in households head ed by individua ls with no e d uca tion wa s at 87

    pe r c ent, of these 77 pe r cent w ere extreme ly po or. On the o ther hand, 31 pe r cent o f households

    hea de d by individua ls with tertiary educ ation lived be low the p overty line, of these 9 pe r cent w ereextreme ly po or.

    The p ropo rtion of po or persons in househo lds with five to six pe rsons red uc ed from 64 pe r cent in

    2006 to 59.5 per c ent in 2010.

    Chap ter 13: SELF-ASSESSED POVERTY AND COPING STRATEGIES

    The p ropo rtion o f persons defining them selves as be ing ve ry po or has dec lined from 40 per ce nt in

    2006 to 38 per c ent in 2010.

    The p ropo rtion of p ersons defining themselves as being mod erate ly po or dec lined from 50 per cent

    in 2006 to 47 pe r ce nt in 2010.

    In 2010, 46 pe r cent o f the househo lds who ident ified them selves as be ing ve ry poo r resided in rural

    a reas c om pared with 23.4 per c ent in urba n a rea s. Simila rly, in 2006, 47 per c ent w ho p erce ived

    themselves to be po or lived in rural a rea s c omp ared to 26 pe r cent in urban a rea s.

    The mo st c om mo nly c ited rea son for househo lds p erce ived p ove rty sta tus (21.1 per cent in both

    yea rs) wa s househo lds inab ility to a fford a gricultural input s.

    In 2010, the ma jority of ho useho lds (60 per ce nt) tho ught they had be en in the sam e situation a s the

    previous year. About 22.7 pe r cent of households thoug ht they w ere be tter off c om pa red with the

    p revious yea r. Ab out 16 pe r c ent o f househo lds thoug ht they were wo rse off.

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    The p rop ortion o f households who c an a fford at least three m ea ls a da y inc rea sed from 42 pe r cent

    in 2006 to 47.3 per cent in 2010. Rural households are the most disadvantaged in terms of the

    numb er of mea ls taken p er da y in bo th yea rs.

    Lack of money (24.5 per cent) followed by lack of food (21.3 per cent) and change in food prices

    (19.6 per cent) were the most common shock incidents households experienced in the past 12

    months prior to the 2010 survey.

    Chap ter 14: HOUSEHOLD AMENITIES AND ACCESS TO FACILITIES

    Traditiona l housing is the m ost c om mo n type o f dwe lling in Zam bia . How eve r, the p ropo rtions of

    households occupying traditional dwellings reduced from 66.6 per cent in 2006 to 60 per cent in

    2010. The p ropo rtion o f househo lds living in mod ern/c onve ntiona l dw ellings increa sed from 33 per

    c ent in 2006 to 37.7 pe r cent in 2010.

    The p rop ortion of househo lds living in trad itiona l househo lds in rural area s de c rea sed from 90.2 pe r

    cent in 2006 to 84 per cent in 2006. In comparison with urban areas the proportions of households

    who oc c upied trad itiona l housing units red uc ed from 22.4 per ce nt in 2006 to 19.7 per cent in 2010.

    Lusaka and Copperbelt Provinces were the only provinces with the majority of households

    oc c upying mod ern/c onventional types of d we lling units in both yea rs.

    The m a jority of househo lds, ab out 71.7 per cent in 2010 and 75.4 pe r cen t in 2006, oc c upied their

    ow n d we llings. Hom e o wne rship w as highe r in rura l area s, with 87.9 pe r ce nt o f househo lds in 2010

    and 90.9 per cent in 2006, compared to urban areas with 42.6 per cent in 2010 and 46.4 per cent in

    2006.

    Renting of houses was most common in urban provinces especially in Lusaka and Copperbelt

    Provinc es in bo th yea rs.

    Community Developmental Issues

    About 62.3 per cent of households had access to safe water sources in 2010 compared to 58 per

    c ent in 2006.

    The p erce nta ge of househo lds using kerosene / pa raffin for light ing reduc ed from 40.8 per cent in

    2006 to 27.2 per c ent in 2010. The p roportion