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2006-EE-425

2006-EE-455

2006-EE-4611

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4G TechnologyWhat is 4G technology:

4G is short for Fourth Generation wireless Technology. It isbasically the extension in the 3G technology with more bandwidthand services offers in the 3G. But at this time nobody exactlyknows the true definition for 4G. Some people say that 4G is thefuture technologies that are mostly in their maturity period. Theexpectation for the 4G technology is basically the high qualityaudio/video streaming over end to end Internet Protocol. If theInternet Protocol (IP) multimedia sub-system movement achieveswhat it going to do, nothing of this possibly will matter. WiMAX or

mobile structural design will become progressively moretranslucent, and therefore the acceptance of severalarchitectures by a particular network operator ever morecommon.

2

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4G Technology Contd..

Many Technologies appear in many different flavorsand have many diverse tags attached to them, but thatdoes not really indicate that they are moving indissimilar tracks.

The technologies that fall in the 4G categories areUMTS, OFDM, SDR, TD-SCDMA, MIMO and WiMAXto the some extent.

Some of the companies trying 4G communication at

100Mbps for mobile users and up to 1 Gbpsover fixed stations. They planned on publicly launchingtheir first commercial wireless network around 2010

3

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datarate

1 M

384 k

64 k

9.6 k IS-136

IS-136+

EDGE

WidebandOFDM

Microcellular Wireless Data Evolution

& AT&Ts Roadmap

CDPD

GSM

IS-95

GPRS

IS-95+

WCDMA

1995 2000 2005

PDC

5 M

HDR

4

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Generations Timeline

5

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6

Public cells before 4G

Small public cells after 4G due to

high carrier frequency and high

data rate.

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MIMO Multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO (commonly

pronounced my-moh or me-moh), is the use of multipleantennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improvecommunication performance. It is one of several forms of

smart antenna technology. MIMO technology has attracted attention in wireless

communications, since it offers significant increases indata throughput and link range without additionalbandwidth or transmit power. It achieves this by higher

spectral efficiency (more bits per second per hertz ofbandwidth) and link reliability or diversity (reduced fading).Because of these properties, MIMO is a current theme ofinternational wireless research.

7

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_antenna

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MIMO Contd..

8

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIMO_communications.svg

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MIMO Contd..

MIMO can be sub-divided into three main categories, precoding,spatial multiplexing or SM, and diversity coding

Spatial multiplexing requires MIMO antenna configuration.In spatial multiplexing, a high rate signal is split into multiple lowerrate streams and each stream is transmitted from a different

transmit antenna in the same frequency channel. If these signals

arrive at the receiver antenna array with sufficiently different spatial

signatures, the receiver can separate these streams, creating

parallel channels free. Diversity Coding techniques are used when there is no channel

knowledge at the transmitter. In diversity methods a single stream

(unlike multiple streams in spatial multiplexing) is transmitted, but

the signal is coded using techniques called space-time coding.

9

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precodinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_Codinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-time_codinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-time_codinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_Codinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precoding

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Generation 3G 3G evolution Beyond 3G Future

Deployment 2003/4 2005~6/2007~8/2009~10 2012~2015 2015~2020

Standard WCDMA HSPA/HSPA+/LTE IMT-Advanced Beyond IMT-Adv

Total rate 384kbit/s 14/42/65~250Mbit/s 1Gbit/s >10Gbit/s

Bandwidth 5MHz 5MHz/20MHz 20~100MHz >100MHz

Requirement Paradigm High reliability (High quality) High rate (High capacity) Lower interference High intelligence

Method Spatial diversity Spatial multiplexing Spatial cancellation Ambient intelligence

Spatial coding (SC) Spatial diversity coding Spatial multiplexing coding Spatial cancellation coding Ambient intelligence coding

Spatial beamforming (SB) Single-stream beamforming Multi-stream beamforming Interference nulling

beamforming

Ambient intelligence

beamforming

Examples SC: Alamouti coding, SB: TxAA SC: BLAST coding, SB: SVD SC: DPC, SB: MU-BF Such as cooperative MIMO

Summary of 3G MIMO

10

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_MIMO

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LTE LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the last step toward the 4th

generation (4G) of radio technologies designed to increase thecapacity and speed of mobile telephone networks

The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of at least100 Mbps, an uplink of at least 50 Mbit/s and RANround-trip times of less than 10 ms.

LTE supports scalable carrierbandwidths, from 20 MHz downto 1.4 MHz and supports both Frequency Division Duplexingand Time Division Duplexing.

The main advantages with LTE are high throughput, lowlatency, plug and play, [FDD] and [TDD] in the same platform,

with older network technology such as GSM, cdmaOne,W-CDMA (UMTS) improved end-user experience and simplearchitecture resulting in low operating costs. LTE will alsosupport seamless passing to cell towers , and CDMA2000

11

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Access_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-trip_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millisecondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CdmaOnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMA_(UMTS)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMA_(UMTS)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CdmaOnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millisecondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-trip_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Access_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G

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LTE Contd.. Peak download rates of 326.4 Mbit/s for 4x4 antennas, 172.8 Mbit/s for 2x2

antennas for every 20 MHz of spectrum.[6]

Peak upload rates of 86.4 Mbit/s for every 20 MHz of spectrum.[6]

5 different terminal classes have been defined from a voice centric class upto a high end terminal that supports the peak data rates. All terminals will beable to process 20 MHz bandwidth.

At least 200 active users in every 5 MHz cell. (specifically, 200 active dataclients)

Sub-5ms latency for small IP packets Increased spectrum flexibility, with spectrum slices as small as 1.5 MHz (and

as large as 20 MHz) supported (W-CDMA requires 5 MHz slices, leading tosome problems with roll-outs of the technology in countries where 5 MHz is a

commonly allocated amount of spectrum, and is frequently already in usewith legacy standards such as 2G GSM and cdmaOne.) Limiting sizes to5 MHz also limited the amount of bandwidth per handset

Optimal cell size of 5 km, 30 km sizes with reasonable performance, and upto 100 km cell sizes supported with acceptable performance

12

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution

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TD-SCDMA Time Division Synchronous

Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA)orUTRA/UMTS-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low ChipRate (LCR)[1] [2] , is an air interface[1] found in UMTS

mobile telecommunications networks in China asan alternative to W-CDMA. Together withTD-CDMA, it is also known UMTS-TDD orIMT2000 Time-Division (IMT-TD)[1] .

The term "TD-SCDMA" is misleading. While itsuggests covering only a channel access methodbased on CDMA, it is actually the common namefor the whole air interface specification

13

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Division_Multiple_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Division_Multiple_Access

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OFDMOrthogonal frequency-division

multiplexing Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme utilizedas a digital multi-carriermodulation method.

A large number of closely-spaced orthogonalsub-carriersare used to carry data.

The data is divided into several parallel data streams orchannels, one for each sub-carrier. Each sub-carrier ismodulated with a conventional modulation scheme (suchas quadrature amplitude modulation orphase shift keying)

at a low symbol rate, maintaining total data rates similar toconventional single-carriermodulation schemes in thesame bandwidth.

14

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcarrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_shift_keyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_shift_keyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcarrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing

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OFDM Contd..

15

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OFDMA_subcarriers.png

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SDR A Software-Defined Radio (SDR) system is a radio

communication system where components that have typicallybeen implemented in hardware (e.g. mixers, filters, amplifiers,modulators/demodulators, detectors. etc.) are insteadimplemented using software on a personal computer or other

embedded computing devices. While the concept of SDR is not new, the rapidly evolvingcapabilities of digital electronics are making practical manyprocesses that were once only theoretically possible Abasic SDR may consist of a computer(PC) equipped with asound card, or otheranalog-to-digital converter, preceded by

some form of RF front end. Significant amounts ofsignal processing are handed over to the general purposeprocessor, rather than done using special-purpose hardware.Such a design produces a radio that can receive and transmit adifferent form of radio protocol (sometimes referred to as awaveform) just by running different software.

16

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio

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SDR Contd.. Software radios have significant utility for the military

and cell phone services, both of which must serve awide variety of changing radio protocols in real time.

The ideal receiver scheme would be to attach an

analog-to-digital converter to an antenna. A digitalsignal processor would read the converter, and then itssoftware would transform the stream of data from theconverter to any other form the application requires.

An ideal transmitter would be similar. A digital signal

processor would generate a stream of numbers. Thesewould be sent to a digital-to-analog converterconnected to a radio antenna.

17

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_phone

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WiMAX WiMAX, meaning Worldwide Interoperability for

Microwave Access, is a telecommunicationstechnologythat provides wireless transmission of data using a varietyof transmission modes, from point-to-multipoint links toportable and fully mobile internet access.

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE) 802 committee (802.16 ). Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

(carriers of width of 5MHz or greater can be used ) connectivity at speeds up to 70 Mbps

provide high speed access to about 60 businesses at T1speeds. can serve up to a thousand homes in term of DSL speed.

18

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communication_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communication_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication

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UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is oneof the third-generation (3G) mobile telecommunicationstechnologies, which is also being developed into a 4Gtechnology.

It is specified by3GPP and is part of the global ITUIMT-2000standard.

The most common form of UMTS uses W-CDMA (IMT DirectSpread) as the underlying air interface but the system alsocovers TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA (both IMT CDMA TDD). Beinga complete network system, UMTS also covers the

radio access network (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network;UTRAN), the core network (Mobile Application Part; MAP) as wellas authentication of users via USIM cards (Subscriber Identity Module).

20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMT-2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_access_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTRANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Application_Parthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Application_Parthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTRANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_access_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMT-2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G

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UMTS Contd.. UMTS, using W-CDMA, supports maximum theoretical

data transfer rates of 21 Mbit/s (with HSDPA), although atthe moment users in deployed networks can expect atransfer rate of up to 384 kbit/s for R99 handsets, and 7.2

Mbit/s forHSDPA handsets in the downlink connection. This is still much greater than the 9.6 kbit/s of a single

GSM error-corrected circuit switched data channel ormultiple 9.6 kbit/s channels in HSCSD (14.4 kbit/s forCDMAOne), andin competition to other network

technologies such as CDMA2000, PHS or WLANoffersaccess to the World Wide Web and other data services onmobile devices.

21

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transfer_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbit/shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Circuit-Switched_Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Circuit-Switched_Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbit/shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transfer_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMA

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HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) isan enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephonycommunications protocol in theHigh-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also coined3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks basedon Universal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds andcapacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit/s. Further

speed increases are available with HSPA+, whichprovides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s downlink and 84Mbit/s with Release 9 of the 3GPP standards

22

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G

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Transmission technologies

23

Power fluctuations and frequencies are caused by

different access schemes and modulations:

GSM (2G) & EDGE (2,5G) uses GMSKmodulations

UMTS (3G) is based on CDMA

4G uses:

Smart antennas

Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) Systems

Space-Time Coding Dynamic Packet Assignment

Wideband OFDM

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2G; 2,5G & 3G modulations

24

3G

QPSK modulations &CDMACode Division Multiple

Access

2GGMSK modulations

Gaussian MinimumShift Keying

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Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplexing

OFDM is being increasingly usedin high speed information

transmission systems:

European HDTV Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB)

Digital Subscriber Loop (DSL) IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN

25

OFDM characteristics High peak-to-average power levels

Preservation of orthogonality in severe multi-path

Support for adaptive modulation by subcarrier

Frequency diversity

Robust against narrow-band interference

Efficient for simulcasting

Variable/dynamic bandwidth

Used for highest speed applications

Supports dynamic packet access

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26

Key 3G and 4G ParametersAttribute 3G 4G

Major Characteristic Predominantly voice- dataas add-on

Converged data and VoIP

Network Architecture Wide area Cell based Hybrid integration ofWireless Lan (WiFi), BlueTooth, Wide Area

Frequency Band 1.6 - 2.5 GHz 2 8 GHz

Component Design Optimized antenna; multi-

band adapters

Smart antennas; SW multi-

band; wideband radiosBandwidth 5 20 MHz 100+ MHz

Data Rate 385 Kbps - 2 Mbps 20 100 Mbps

Access WCDMA/CDMA2000 MC-CDMA or OFDM

Forward Error Correction Convolution code 1/2, 1/3;

turbo

Concatenated Coding

Switching Circuit/Packet Packet

Mobile top Speed 200 kmph 200 kmph

IP Multiple versions All IP (IPv6.0)

Operational ~2003 ~2010

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27

Key 4G Mobility Concepts

Mobile IPVoIPAbility to move around with the same IP address

IP tunnelsIntelligent Internet

Presence Awareness TechnologyKnowing who is on line and where

Radio RouterBringing IP to the base station

Smart AntennasUnique spatial metric for each transmission

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4G Networks Advances Seamless mobility (roaming)

Roam freely from one standard to another Integrate different modes of wireless communications indoor networks

(e.g., wireless LANs and Bluetooth); cellular signals; radio and TV;satellite communications

100 Mb/se full mobility (wide area); 1 Gbit/s low mobility (local area) IP-based communications systems for integrated voice, data, and video

IP RAN Open unified standards Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)

Successor to SS7; replacement for TCP

Maintain several data streams within a single connection Service Location Protocol (SLP)

Automatic resource discovery Make all networked resources dynamically configurable through IP-

based service and directory agents

28The demise of SS7

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Possible applications

29

Virtual Presence: 4G system gives mobile users a "virtualpresence" (for example, always-on connections to keeppeople on event).

Virtual navigation: a remote database contains the

graphical representation of streets, buildings, and physicalcharacteristics of a large metropolis. Blocks of this databaseare transmitted i rapid sequence to a vehicle

Tele-medicine: 4G will support remote health monitoring ofpatients.

Tele-geoprocessing: Queries dependent on locationinformation of several users, in addition to temporal aspectshave many applications.

Crisis-management applications

Education

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References

30

1. www.3gpp.org

2. WCDMA for UMTS, Ed.: H. Holma and A. Toskala,

John Wiley, 2001

3. UMTS - Mobile Communications for the Future, Ed.F.Muratore, John Wiley, 2001

4. WCDMA: Towards IP Mobility and Mobile Internet,

Eds E.Djanpera and R.Prasad, Artech House, 2001

5. IS-95 CDMA and CDMA2000, V.K.Garg, Publishing

House of Electronics Industry, Beijing, 2002

6. IP Telephony, O. Hersent, D. Gurle Et, and J-P Petit,

Addison-Wesley, 2000

7. www.mobileinfo.com

http://www.3gpp.org/http://www.3gpp.org/

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Webography

www.comlab.hut.fi/opetus/333/2004_2005_slides/4G_text.pdf

www.cost281.org/download.php?fid=719

www.telenor.com/telektronikk/Oien_Beyond3G.pdf

http://www.comlab.hut.fi/opetus/333/2004_2005_slides/4G_text.pdfhttp://www.cost281.org/download.php?fid=719http://www.telenor.com/telektronikk/Oien_Beyond3G.pdfhttp://www.telenor.com/telektronikk/Oien_Beyond3G.pdfhttp://www.cost281.org/download.php?fid=719http://www.comlab.hut.fi/opetus/333/2004_2005_slides/4G_text.pdf