2015 ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORTS - Ohio State University · 2016-03-09 · 2015 ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORTS Published: February 2016 MARKETING AND DELIVERY OF QUALITY GRAINS AND ... Third

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NC-213 (The U.S. Quality Grains Research Consortium)

2015 ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORTS

Published: February 2016

MARKETING AND DELIVERY OF QUALITY GRAINS AND BIOPROCESS COPRODUCTS

2015 Officers Chair ........................................................................................................ Rose P. Kingsly Ambrose, Purdue University Vice Chair ........................................................................................................ Gretchen Mosher, Iowa State University Secretary ............................................................................................................. Sam McNeill, University of Kentucky Past Chair................................................................................................ Senay Simsek, North Dakota State University Industry Advisory Committee Chair ............................................................................... Chuck Hill, AgriGold Hybrids CSREES/USDA Representative ..................................................................... Hongda Chen, National Program Leader, Bioprocessing Engineering/Nanotechnology, USDA-National Institute of Food and Agriculture Administrative Advisor/Coordinator .......................................................... Steven A. Slack, The Ohio State University Administrative Support and Report Production ................................................. Bill Koshar, The Ohio State University Participating Stations Representatives

University of Arkansas ............................................................................................................... Griffiths G. Atungulu*

University of Idaho ....................................................................................................................................... Dojin Ryu*

University of Illinois ................................................................................................................................... Vijay Singh* Grace Danao, Peter Goldsmith, Marvin Paulsen, Kent Rausch, Mike Tumbleson

Purdue University ............................................................................................................................. Richard Stroshine* Kinglsy Ambrose, Klein Ileleji, Linda Mason

Iowa State University .................................................................................................................... Gretchen A Mosher* Carl Bern, Chard E. Hart, Charles Hurburgh, Jr., Dirk Maier, Kurt Rosentrater, Angela Shaw

Kansas State University ....................................................................................................... Subramanyam Bhadriraju* Tom Phillips, Praveen V. Vadlani

University of Kentucky .................................................................................................................... Michael Montross* Sam McNeill

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Mississippi State University .........................................................................................................................Haibo Yao*

University of Missouri ..................................................................................................................................Joe Parcell*

Montana State University .................................................................................................................. David K. Weaver* Anton Bekkerman

University of Nebraska ............................................................................................................................... Devin Rose*

North Dakota State University ................................................................................................................ Senay Semsek* Clifford Hall, Kenneth Hellevang, Frank Manthey

The Ohio State University ........................................................................................................................... Pierce Paul*

Oklahoma State University ................................................................................................................... Brian D. Adam* Patricia Rayas-Duarte, Carol Jones

Texas AgriLife Research ...................................................................................................................... Tim J. Herrman* Joseph Awika, Kyung M. Lee, Wei Li

University of Wisconsin .......................................................................................................... Sundaram Gunasekaran*

USDA, ARS, CGAHR, Manhattan, Kansas ............................................................................................. Mark Casada* Paul Armstrong, Frank Arthur, Scott Bean, Thomas J. Herald

*Official Voting Representative. (Material on Participating Stations obtained from NIMSS Appendix E as of January 4, 2016.)

The Industry Advisory Committee The NC-213 Industry Advisory Committee consists of at least five NC-213 stakeholder members recruited by and voted on by the NC-213 Executive Committee to serve a two-year term each. This committee serves in an advisory role to NC-213, its Executive Committee and its membership. In addition, the committee serves as a reviewer pool for The Andersons Grant Review Committee, acts as a liaison between NC-213 researchers and the industry, actively encourages existing industry stakeholders and recruits new industry stakeholders to participate in NC-213, and provides active feedback regarding research agenda and results.

AgriGold Hybrids ............................................................................ Chuck Hill (Chair 2012 – Present) – 2010-Present

The Andersons, Inc. .......................................................................................................... Joe Needham – 2006-Present

Cargill ........................................................................................................................... Nick Friant – July 2007-Present

Foss Analytical AB ...................................................................................................... Jan-Ake Persson – 2006-Present

Pioneer ............................................................................................................................. Morrie Bryant – 2012-Present

Foss. ................................................................................................................................ Steve Nenonen – 2012-Present

Former committee members:

Consolidated Grain and Barge ................................................................................. James Stitzlein, Chair – 1997-2012

Illinois Crop Improvement .................................................................................................................... John McKinney

The Quaker Oats Company/PepsiCo .................................................................................................. A. Bruce Roskens

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Contents1 NC-213 Objective 1 To characterize quality and safety attributes of cereals, oilseeds, and their processed products, and to develop related measurement systems. Controlling bio-deterioration of Maize in Tanzania and Extending NIR Measurement and Evaluation. Bern, C.J., Iowa State University ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Improving Safety and Quality of Wheat Flour. Rose D., University of Nebraska-Lincoln ............................................................................................................................ 3 Antioxidant Activity of Corn and Dry Distiller Grains. Hall, C., North Dakota State University, Fargo .................................................................................................................... 4 Quality Parameters that Affect Pasta Color. Manthey, F.A., North Dakota State University-Fargo .......................................................................................................... 6 Whole Wheat Milling of Hard Red Spring Wheat. Simsek, S., North Dakota State University-Fargo ................................................................................................................ 7 Evaluation of Distillers Grains in Texas and Methods for Mycotoxin Detection in Maize. Lee, K.M., Texas A&M AgriLife Research ......................................................................................................................... 9 Analysis of Sorghum Biomolecules and their relationships to Sorghum Grain Quality. Bean, Scott, R., CGAHR, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS .................................................................................................... 12

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NC-213 Objective 2 To develop efficient operating and management systems that maintain quality, capture value, and preserve food safety in the farm-to-user supply chain. Management of In-Bin Drying and Storage Systems for Grains to maintain Quality and Prevent of Mycotoxin Contamination. Atungulu, G.G., University of Arkansas ............................................................................................................................ 13 Risk Assessment for the Food Safety Concerns of Mycotoxins in the Pacific Northwest under Climate Variability. Ryu, D., University of Idaho .............................................................................................................................................. 16 Measurement, Documentation and Postharvest Processing for the Prevention of Postharvest Losses. Paulsen, M.R., University of Illinois .................................................................................................................................. 19 Creation of a Guidance Document for ISO 22000 Standard to Enhance Food Safety Management Systems in Bulk Processing and Using Workers’ Compensation Claims Data to Facilitate Continuous Improvement in the Grain Elevator. Hurburgh, C.R., Iowa State University ............................................................................................................................... 21 Intrinsic Characteristics of Modified DDGS and Development of Effective Handling Strategies. Research Activity Funded by The Andersons, Inc. (Andersons Research Grant Program) Ambrose, K., Purdue University ......................................................................................................................................... 23 Investigation of Variables Effecting Stored Grain Pack Factors. ................................................................................ 27 Research Activity Funded by The Andersons, Inc. (Andersons Research Grant Program) Montross, M., University of Kentucky Understanding and Capturing Economic Value within Changing Grain Marketing Landscapes. Bekkerman, A., Montana State University ......................................................................................................................... 29 New Products for Insect Management in Stored Grain and the Role of Pre-harvest Species causing Kernel Damage at Grain Grading. Weaver, D.K., Montana State University ........................................................................................................................... 32 NC-213 Objective 3 To be a multi-institutional framework for the creation of measureable impacts generated by improvements in the supply chain that maintain quality, increase value, and protect food safety/security. Framework of Quality Measurement, Value Enhancement, and Food Safety, and Biosecurity. Hart, C.E., Iowa State University ....................................................................................................................................... 34 Third Edition of the Grain Drying, Handling and Storage Handbook (MWPS-13) – Using NC-213 Multi-state Expertise for National Impact. Research Activity Funded by The Anderson, Inc. (Andersons Research Grant Program) Maier, D.E., Iowa State University ..................................................................................................................................... 36

1 Please note that some reports have more than one contributing institution and author. In the Contents, only the principal investigator, along with their institution, is listed. Please refer to the individual report for a complete list.


Objective 1 To characterize quality and safety attributes of cereals, oilseeds, and their processed products, and to develop related measurement systems.

Objective 1

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Title (Primary) Controlling bio-deterioration of Maize in Tanzania. Title (Secondary) Extending NIR Measurement and Evaluation. By Bern, C.J., Iowa State University Rosentrater, K.A. Suleiman, R.A. (Graduate Student) Hurburgh, C.R. Rippke, G. Hardy, C. Bowers, E. (Post Doctorate Associate) Outputs Research undertaken in Tanzania examined control processes for maize weevil population, which contribute to significant post-harvest loss of maize. Field and laboratory experiments tested whether mixing maize and amaranth grain during storage would lower the population growth of maize weevils in stored maize. Other experiments involving time, temperature, relative humidity and harvest time were conducted but results have not been determined as of September 2015. In 2014, the Grain Lab was contracted by the USDA Grain Inspection Service to determine whether more than one make or model of NIR instrument could be effectively used in grain inspections. Thirty-two instruments were measured as part of the study, broadening the access of grain elevators to utilize NIR instruments in their quality management and quality control decisions. Grains included were wheat, barley, corn and soybeans. Calibrations to measure methionine, lysine, and cysteine were initially developed in 2007 for two brands of NIR analyzers commonly used by seed breeders and grain handlers. These calibrations were done in conjunction with an organic seed breeding program. The calibration statistics demonstrated that we are able to measure methionine, lysine, and cysteine independently of the protein measurement. Each year thereafter, corn variety samples have been added to the calibration set so that the current calibration set includes corn from years 2006-2013. Service samples from the 2014 crop included approximately 14,400 samples from 54 clients, up approximately 9% from the 2013 sample count. Rapid measures allow the characterization of corn and soybean traits, allowing enhanced ration balances for livestock diets and providing a leading indicator for important user traits. These allow nutritionists to save time and money in identifying products of high value to feed rations. Outcomes/Impacts The research demonstrated that mixing maize and amaranth grain in storage reduced the maize weevil population growth by 75%. This method is effective at controlling maize weevil infestation in stored maize in tropical climates and has implications for storage of maize in the southern United States.

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Industry users of NIRS used the data provided by the Grain Quality Initiative for grain management planning, storage choices, and other strategic decisions. Public availability of samples and calibration support has increased the pace of NIRS instrument development, to the benefit of both users and vendors. Publications Hurburgh, C.R., Alison Robertson and Erin Bowers. 2014. Update on 2014 Crop Quality. Integrated Crop

Management Newsletter. Iowa State Extension and Outreach. October 15, 2014. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/CropNews/2014/1015Hurburgh.htm

Biller, Clemence, Charles Hurburgh, Nanning Cao, and Glen Rippke. 2014. Calibration of the JDSU MicroNir 1700

for agricultural product analysis. NIR News, 25: 16-29. Medic, J, Dennis Lock, Charles R. Hurburgh, Jr. and Christine Atkinson. 2014. Uncertainty of methods for

measuring soybean composition – an interlaboratory study. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 91: 363-384.

Awarded Grant(s) and Contract(s) Iowa Extension 21 program grants. $156,430. July 1, 2014 – June 30, 2015. Center for Crops Utilization Research Industry Contract(s) and Service Fee(s) Hurburgh, C. R. 2014. Equivalence of Near Infrared Transmission Platforms. USDA-GIPSA. $71,319. September 1, 2014 – August 31, 2015.

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Title Improving Safety and Quality of Wheat Flour. By Rose D., University of Nebraska-Lincoln Bianchini-Huebner A. Hallen-Adams, H. Stratton J. Outputs Strategies to improve microbiological quality of wheat flour were assessed. A combination of lactic acid and sodium chloride in tempering water prior to milling can reduce microbial load of the flour by up to 5 logs without dramatic effects on functional properties of white flour. Additionally, this tempering treatment can be used to "clean" a mill. After 4 passes through a mill the microbial load was reduced to non-detectable levels in resulting flour. Outcomes/Impacts A new strategy to reduce microbial contamination in flour and in the mill was discovered. This represents an important step toward providing safe, ready-to-eat flours for products at risk for consumption without heat treatment by the consumer.

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Title Antioxidant Activity of Corn and Dry Distiller Grains. By Hall, C., North Dakota State University, Fargo Outcomes/Impacts Summary: The use of natural food additives is a recent trend by the food industry in response to consumer demands. Corn and dried distillers’ grain (DDGs) could be used as a source of colorants, antioxidants and health promoting ingredients for the food industry. Although corn and DDGs are an abundant source of many functional ingredients, the evaluation of these as multifunctional ingredients has not been evaluated. A study that assessed application of corn and dried distiller’s grain (DDG) extracts was completed. Situation: Corn and dried distillers’ grain (DDG) could be used as a source of colorants, antioxidants and health promoting ingredients for the food industry. Although corn and DDGs are an abundant source of many functional ingredients, the evaluation of these as multifunctional ingredients has not been evaluated. The stakeholders include corn growers and processors, food manufacturers and consumers. Responses: The focus of this research was the antioxidant activity of extracts in pita chips. The use of the corn and DDGs extracts were incorporated into pita chips. Chip formulation contained approximately 500 mcg/g of corn or DDG extract. The product was stored 40 days at 40°C (104°F). The peroxide value is the main indicator of oxidation stability where lower peroxide values indicate better oxidative stability. The secondary oxidation products result in rancid odors and flavors that most people can detect. Hexanal is one of those secondary oxidation products, which was also measured. The knowledge gained included that the DDG extract performed better than the corn extract in preventing oxidation. The DDGs extract significantly inhibited the oxidation of the cracker compared to the control cracker by 20 days. After this storage day and through the remaining storage, the crackers with DDG extract had significantly lower oxidation than the control crackers. The crackers with DDG extract also had significantly less oxidation than the cracker with the corn extract at day 40. The hexanal content increased in all samples over the 40 day storage period. However, the crackers with DDG extract had significantly less hexanal than the control cracker by day 20 of the storage and the crackers with corn extract by day 35. Collectively, the addition of DDG extract and the corn extract inhibited the oxidation of the pita chips. The effectiveness of the DDG extract relates to the content of tocopherols present in the extract. Tocopherols are known antioxidants and in this study the better oxidation protection observed in crackers with DDG extract was likely due to the higher tocopherols content. The loss of tocopherols is indicative of their contribution to stabilizing the crackers from oxidation. Tocopherol content reductions would be expected if they participate in preventing oxidation (i.e. antioxidants). In this study the tocopherol content decreased, thus supporting their role as antioxidants. Impacts The corn and food industries will be directly affected by the isolation and application of corn and DDG extracts as colorants and antioxidants. The corn and corn processing industry could produce high value ingredients from targeted extraction of the DDG. The global carotenoid market for example will increase to $1.4 billion by 2018. The antioxidant market is over $500 million. Corn and DDG are an important source of colorants (i.e. carotenoids) and antioxidants, and could serve as a raw material for providing the food manufacturers with color and antioxidant

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ingredients. Consumers will benefit from the presence of natural antioxidants in food products because the shelf life of food will be extended, resulting in less food waste. Furthermore, the availability of a natural colorant will provide the food industry with alternatives to synthetic colorant. The results of the oxidation study in pita chips lead to the re-direction of the corn and DDG research. The focus shifted to assessing optimizing DDG extracts for the purpose of enhancing tocopherol levels in extracts and incorporating the optimized extracts in pita chips as a natural antioxidant. The higher recovery of antioxidants (e.g. tocopherol) from DDG versus corn suggests that the ethanol production process does not degrade the antioxidant compounds. Thus, the higher antioxidant concentration in DDG supports this source of raw material because fewer inputs would be needed to recover larger concentration of important food ingredients, thereby making the ingredient less expensive to end users. Publications Presentations – Oral Joseph Kallenbach*, Bonnie Cobb, Scott Pryor, and Clifford Hall. Antioxidant Activity of Corn and Dry Distiller’s

Grain Extracts in Chips. Presented at the American Oil Chemists Society Annual Meeting, May 3-6, 2015. Orlando, Fl.

Posters Joseph Kallenbach*, Bonnie Cobb, Scott Pryor, and Clifford Hall. Antioxidant Activity of Corn and Dry Distiller’s

Grain in Chips. Presented at the Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting. July 11-14, 2015. Chicago, IL.

Awarded Grant(s) and Contract(s) Hall, C. (2014-2015). Multifunctional Natural Food Additive from Corn and Dried Distillers Grains. North Dakota Corn Council.

Objective 1


Title Quality Parameters that Affect Pasta Color. By Manthey, F.A., North Dakota State University, Fargo Outputs Thirteen genotypes were grown at five locations in North Dakota in 2014 and 2015. The genotypes were harvested and were evaluated for their grain, milling, semolina and pasta qualities. Grain quality included test weight and kernel size, weight, vitreousness, polyphenol oxidase activity and protein, ash, yellow pigment contents. Milling quality included total extraction, semolina extraction, and speck count. Semolina quality included protein and ash contents, mixogram, gluten index, and Hunter L, a, b values. Pasta quality included color score, cooking loss, cooked firmness and cooked weight. Quality parameters for samples harvested in 2015 are currently being determined. Outcomes/Impacts Pasta color is an important physical quality parameter. In general, consumers prefer pasta that has a rich yellow to amber appearance. Pasta color is often assigned a score. Pasta color score is determined by Hunter L-value (brightness/lightness) and b-value (yellowness when positive). Yellowness is related to yellow pigment content. However, pasta can contain high levels of yellow pigment and have a dull brown appearance. The goal of this project was to identify quality parameters that are related to pasta color. Pasta color had a positive correlation with semolina Hunter b-value (r=0.95) and kernel yellow pigment content (r=0.56). The correlation coefficient for kernel yellow pigment content and pasta color was lower than expected, which indicates that another factor might be affecting pasta color. Polyphenol oxidase activity, associated with browning, did not correlate with any of the quality parameters tested. It was anticipated that polyphenol oxidase activity would negatively correlate with semolina Hunter L-value and pasta color. Speck count had a negative correlation with semolina Hunter L-value (r=-0.73) but neither speck count or Hunter L-value correlated with pasta color. Research will continue in order to find the factor(s) that modify appearance of dry pasta. Once identified these factors can be used in durum breeding program to improve the pasta color that consumers desire.

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Title Whole Wheat Milling of Hard Red Spring Wheat. By Simsek, S., North Dakota State University-Fargo Khalid, H. Outputs Consumption of whole grain foods by US adults fall well below the recommended level. Most consumers prefer refined products simply because of their smooth texture and fine particle size distribution. Whole grain foods need to mimic the refined white flour texture and particle size in order to stimulate consumers to consume whole grain foods. However it is also known that the bran fraction in whole wheat will reduce bread quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bran particle size on whole-wheat bread quality. Specifically, the objectives were: To determine the effect of rotor speed and seed moisture content on quality of whole wheat flour, and to evaluate the performance of whole wheat flour on baking quality. Whole wheat flours were produced using an ultra-centrifugal mill with a 250µm screen (Retsch ZM200, Haan, Germany). The mill rotor speed (6, 9, 12 and 15 thousand rpm), mill feed rate (12.6 and 44.5 g/min) and seed moisture content (10, 12, 14 and 16%) were varied to determine the best conditions for milling whole wheat flours. Additionally, whole wheat flour directly milled as whole grain was compared to reconstituted whole wheat flour. Coarse (49% are greater than 500um) and fine (50% fall between 100-50um) whole-wheat flours were obtained from ultra-centrifugal mill, restructured coarse (50% fall between 100-50um) and fine (60% fall between 100-50um) whole-wheat flours were obtained by blending the reground bran and shorts portion (from Buhler laboratory mill) with white flour. White flour (70% fall between 100-50um) and commercial whole-wheat flour (70% fall between 250-150um) were used as control. A poster was presented at the annual AACC International meeting, Minneapolis, MN, October 18-21, 2015. Outcomes/Impacts Variation in milling conditions for whole wheat resulted in whole wheat flours having significant (P<0.05) differences in quality. When whole wheat flours were milled at higher rotor speeds there was lower starch damage and greater amount of fine particles in the flour. Whole wheat flours milled from samples with lower seed moisture content also had low starch damage, but had lower amount of fine particles. The milling conditions also had an impact on the dough and bread quality of the whole wheat flours milled on the centrifugal mill. The mixograph peak time was significantly higher (P<0.05) for whole wheat flours milled with a rotor speed of 15 thousand rpm. Also, the mixograph peak time was significantly (P<0.05) higher at lower seed moisture contents (10 and 12%) than when the seed moisture content was raised to 14 or 16%. The rotor speed and seed moisture affected the loaf volume. Overall, higher rotor speed resulted in better dough handling properties and higher loaf volume. Whole wheat flour produced from wheat with low seed moisture content also resulted in higher loaf volume. The presence of bran fraction impacted the water absorption, 10% more water needed to reach 500BU. Fine bran produced easy-to-handle dough while coarse bran produced hard-to-seam dough. Fine bran produced smoother crumb texture, darker crust color, higher loaf symmetry, and higher proof height compared to coarse bran. However, regardless whether it is fine or coarse bran fraction, the loaf volume of whole-wheat bread was not significantly (p>0.05) different. Despite the health benefits of bran and whole-wheat products, it tends to negatively impact

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dough viscoelastic properties, loaf volume and crumb texture. Decreasing particle size of bran (for blended whole-wheat flour) and whole-wheat flour does not improve bread quality. Addition of bran alters the water binding of the flour and contains enzymes which will affect dough and bread quality. It is suggested that the bran might interact with gluten network, and disrupt the gluten development or yeast activity during fermentation/proofing. The information from these studies can allow us to determine the best type of wheat flour and the best way to produce that wheat flour to increase consumer acceptance of whole wheat products. Publications K. H. Khalid, L. Deng, F. Manthey, S. Simsek. 2015. Does bran particle size affect whole-wheat bread quality?

Abstract. AACC International. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/Documents/2015Abstracts/aacci2015abs57.htm

Awarded Grant(s) and Contract(s) North Dakota Wheat Commission. $30,000

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Title Evaluation of Distillers Grains in Texas and Methods for Mycotoxin Detection in Maize. By Lee, K.M., Texas A&M AgriLife Research Herrman, T.J. Li, W. Outputs Maize and sorghum distillers grains. Distillers grain (DG) by-products distributed in Texas during fiscal years 2008 to 2014 were evaluated. For the present work, we assessed 1) concentrations of protein, sulfur, and virginiamycin; 2) occurrence of animal protein prohibited for use in ruminant feed and Salmonella; and 3) prevalence and levels of aflatoxins and fumonisins in different types of DG by-products. Maize DG by-products showed a marked difference in the level of protein, sulfur, and virginiamycin concentrations as well as in the prevalence of mycotoxins compared to sorghum DG by-products. Protein and sulfur contents of DG were largely different between maize and sorghum by-products as well as wet distillers grain with solubles (WDGS) and dry distillers grain with solubles (DDGS), indicating a significant effect of grain feedstock and dry-grind process stream on DG composition and quality. Salmonella serotypes were isolated from 4 (2.5%) of 157 DG samples. All Salmonella-positive samples were DDGS byproducts derived from maize and sorghum feedstocks. Two Salmonella-positive samples were found in 2009, whereas one positive sample was identified in 2008 and one in 2012. A small amount of virginiamycin residue was also found in 24 maize DDGS, 1 maize WDGS, and 2 sorghum DDGS samples out of 242 samples in total. Apparently, WDGS byproducts showed a lower rate of virginiamycin contamination than DDGS by-products. Animal protein prohibited in ruminant feed was detected only in 1 DDGS sample derived from sorghum, out of 168 maize and sorghum DG samples. The contaminated sorghum DDGS sample was isolated and disposition plan developed whereby the contaminated product was fed to poultry. Of 148 DDGS samples for aflatoxin, 28 samples (18.9%) did not contain aflatoxins and 73 samples (49.3%) were below 1.0 g/kg. Also, 29 DDGS samples (93.5%) contained less than 1.0 mg/kg fumonisins and all DDGS samples were below 5.0 mg/kg fumonisins. Five DDGS samples contained aflatoxin levels higher than the FDA minimum action level (20 g/kg) for use in animal feeds, whereas no DDGS samples analyzed for fumonisin exceeded the FDA advisory level (5 mg/kg) for any animal feeds. Fumonisin analysis by Raman spectroscopy. The applicability and feasibility of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method was investigated to develop an accelerated spectroscopic method as an alternative analytical technique to commonly used wet chemical methods such as chromatographic and ELISA for fumonisin analysis in maize. SERS spectra showed a clear visual difference among fumonisin contaminated groups, indicating higher sensitivity and better ability of SERS method in determining fumonisin concentration in ground maize sample than conventional Raman spectroscopy. Three chemometric classification models achieved comparable correct classification rates for training and validation datasets regardless of the mathematical pretreatment method for the spectra. Among the chemometric classification models, k-nearest neighbor (KNN) models yielded slightly better predictive accuracy than LDA and PLSDA models. The KNN models had correct classification rates for the training and validation dataset in the ranges of 79.6–84.5% and 70.6–79.4%, respectively. The first two canonical discriminant scores from linear discriminant functions allowed us to clearly differentiate among groups of ground maize samples with different concentrations of fumonisins. Chemometric quantification models using validation dataset yielded a good predictive power and ability, showing satisfactory regression quality (slope=0.902–1.096), high coefficient of determination (r2=0.825–0.940), and low root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP=11.162–19.954 mg/kg), with no statistical significant difference with the reference value. Multiple linear regression (MLR)

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models for four preprocessed spectra appeared to perform better on the overall assessment, displaying higher predictive accuracy, lower error rate, and better regression quality than PLSR and PCR models whose predictive performance was comparable to each other. Mycotoxin detoxification. The efficiency and effectiveness of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) non-thermal plasma and electron-beam (e-beam) techniques for detoxification of aflatoxin contaminated maize samples were investigated. The preliminary works showed the DBD non-thermal plasma technique can be an effective tool for mycotoxin detoxification. When pure aflatoxin B1 (100 ppm) dissolved in methanol was directly treated with DBD non-thermal plasma, the treatment reduced the initial aflatoxin levels by 49 to 98%. After 30 or 60 s exposure to DBD non-thermal plasma, chemical components of maize appeared to be altered. Scatter plots created by the first two canonical discriminant scores using Raman normalized spectra of maize samples displayed difference in molecular components between non-thermal plasma-treated and control samples. However, no significant reduction in aflatoxin concentrations in maize samples was observed after e-beam treatment at 5 to 10 kGy doses. Since the electron beam process is both a reductive and an oxidative process, organic molecules such as mycotoxins are theoretically unable to withstand the e-beam treatment and they can lose or reduce their toxicity according to the evidences reported in the previous researches. Mycotoxin test kit validation. This study surveyed the commercial mycotoxin testing kits based on the GIPSA standard to investigate the performance characteristics of products in the market. Since testing kits belong to those ready-available and economic tools for ender users to measure mycotoxins, the quality of those commercial kits largely impact the general evaluation of mycotoxins threats in the food chain and in business. OTSC has evaluated twelve quantitative aflatoxin test kits and six quantitative fumonisin test kits manufactured by four companies including Charm Sciences Inc., Romer® Labs, Inc., Neogen Corporation and VICAM Waters Business. Those commercial mycotoxin testing kits were evaluated based on the GIPSA standard to investigate the performance characteristics of products in the market. Of all the aflatoxin testing kits evaluated, 27% of the trails at different concentration levels failed to meet the GIPSA requirement of the performance requirements. Ten of the twelve aflatoxin kits have been certified by GIPSA. The two kits that do not have the GIPSA certificate failed to meet the GIPSA requirement. However, for kits which have obtained the GIPSA certificate, some of the kits failed to meet the extended GIPSA requirements at higher concentrations (i.e. > 100 ppb). Of all six fumonisin kits, regardless of the GIPSA certificate status, all six kits failed to meet the current or extended GIPSA requirements. Outcomes/Impacts The comparative evaluation of maize and sorghum DG by-products provides useful information involving potential hazards and preventive controls for improvement of risk management by feed manufacturers/distributors and regulators. SERS technique is still in the early development stage for practical applications for mycotoxin analysis. However, SERS method can be viewed as a promising and preferred technology suitable for routine high-throughput fumonisin analysis in some locations along the grain supply chain such as farms and processing facilities. Successful implementation of a robust model of SERS method for rapid and convenient detection of fumonisins would provide high value of safe maize and maize-based products for domestic and international markets with economic benefits. The DBD non-thermal plasma and e-beam methods for mycotoxin removal in maize through their bioavailability reduction or molecular transformation can add an alternative useful tool in current mycotoxin risk management in the grain and other agricultural product sectors for prevention of economic losses and health risks. In the process of the testing kits evaluation, it was observed that some kit performance could be very sensitive to the testing parameters (i.e. delay in reading the testing results). Typically, the kit is designed to enable the rapid and

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simple testing of mycotoxins in a variety of matrices even for a user without advanced training for sophisticated chemical analysis. However, the current study points to the importance of including a routine quality assurance program to meet the performance expectations from the user’s end. Publications Handiseni, M., Jo, Y. K., Lee, K. M., and Zhou, X. G. 2015. Screening Brassicaceous plants as biofumigants for

management of Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA. Plant Disease. In press Lee, K. M., and Herrman, T. J. 2015. Determination and prediction of fumonisin contamination in maize by surface–

enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Food and Bioprocess Technology. In press. Funding Source(s) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Cooperative Agreement Program

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Title Analysis of Sorghum Biomolecules and their relationships to Sorghum Grain Quality. By Bean, S.R., CGAHR, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS Outputs New methods for separating sorghum polymeric proteins were developed. Sorghum proteins were dived into three fractions (F1, F2, and F3) using solubility in aqueous alcohols, alkaline detergent solutions and by sonication. The total amount of F3 was significantly negatively correlated to in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD). A two-dimensional HPLC separation method was used to determine the protein composition of fraction F3. Individual proteins within fraction F3 were also found to be negatively correlated to IVPD. These results demonstrate that the packaging of sorghum proteins into polymeric complexes is important in controlling digestibility. Because the total amounts of F3 and of individual proteins within F3 were both negatively correlated to IVPD, these proteins are potential markers to predict IVPD in sorghum. These proteins are also potential targets for breeding efforts to manipulate to improve the nutritional quality of sorghum. Outcomes/Impacts Sorghum is an important drought and heat tolerant grain for areas of the central U.S. However, sorghum is known to have lower nutritional quality when compared to grains such as maize. In order to further understand the differences between sorghum and other grains, a new method for fractionating sorghum polymeric proteins was developed. This method can be used to predict sorghum protein digestibility and provides new information that can be used to improve the nutritional quality of sorghum. Publications Perumal, R., Tesfaye, T., Kofoid, K., Prasad, V.P., Aiken, R., Bean, S.R., Wilson, J., Herald, T., and Little, C. 2015.

Registration of nine grain sorghum seed parent (A/B) lines. J. Plant Registrations 9:244-248. Dunn, K.L., Yang, L., Girard, A., Bean, S., and Awika, J. M. 2015. Sorghum tannins in a wheat flour dough matrix:

Interactions and effects on starch and protein digestibility in flour tortillas. J. Agric. Food Chem. 63:1234-1241.


Objective 2 To develop efficient operating and management systems that maintain quality, capture value, and preserve food safety in the farm-to-user supply chain.

Objective 2


Title Management of In-Bin Drying and Storage Systems for Grains to maintain Quality and Prevent of Mycotoxin Contamination. By Atungulu, G.G., University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture Outputs Modern on-farm, in-bin drying systems for grains are equipped with new technology to allow fan operation under set conditions to avoid over-drying. The new in-bin technology comprises sensors to measure ambient air conditions as well as cables to monitor grain moisture content and temperature throughout the grain mass; such data can also be accessed anytime via the internet, which has revolutionized grain monitoring capabilities. From electronic monitor and fan control standpoints, this new technology appears very promising. However, the ultimate success hinges on accurate fan control, and knowledge of rates of mycotoxin development and grain quality reduction, especially in upper layers. For rice, specific research entails determination of conditions under which natural air/low temperature (NA/LT) in-bin drying/storage result in reduced grain quality and production of harmful mold/mycotoxins; and establishing mathematical models to predict the degradation rates of the quality indices and mycotoxins. As milestones, we have established the general kinetics of mold growth on two long-grain hybrid rice, XL753 and XL745 [i.e. for 2014 rice crop stored at moisture contents ranging from 12.5% to 21.0% (wet basis) and temperatures ranging from 10°C to 40°C for a period of sixteen weeks] and are presently repeating the experiments using the 2015 rice crop [i.e. two long-grain hybrid rice (XP760 and XL745)]. In addition to the above milestones, we have also developed mathematical models to simulated in-bin drying of rough rice with different drying strategies [rough rice initial MC, drying-start date, air flowrate, and fan control strategy (i.e. equilibrium moisture content controlled and uncontrolled drying modes of fan operation)]; consequently, durations required to completely dry freshly-harvested rough rice to 14% moisture content using weather conditions in Arkansas rice growing locations of Jonesboro, West Memphis, Dermott, and Stuttgart have been established. The results will be coupled with on-going studies on kinetics of mold growth, specifically for the aflatoxin producing A. flavus mold, to provide guidelines for suitable natural, low temperature air drying strategies for rice in Arkansas. For corn, we are involved in two separate projects. The goal of the first project is to develop effective strategies to achieve simultaneous drying and microbial decontamination while maintaining dried corn quality and prevent development of mycotoxins, especially aflatoxins. New infrared (IR) heating approaches are currently being developed for corn drying at the Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. These utilizes special catalytic infrared (CIR) emitters that produce IR energy at a peak wavelength of 3.7 microns. As milestones, from the batch experiments (in 2014), the surface temperature profiles, percentage points of moisture removed and the levels of microbial load reduction for corn [i.e. at initial MCs 20%, 24% and 28% (w.b.)] when subjected to single- and double-pass IR heating [i.e. at intensities 2.2 kW m-2 (7,336.1 Btu. hr-1. m-2) to 10.8 kW m-2 (36,851 Btu. hr-1. m-2)] were established. The experiments also assessed impacts of introducing tempering steps to improve effectiveness of sequential treatments. For instance, corn with MC 28% (w.b.) was heated in a single-pass, with IR intensity of 2.2 kW/m2 (PEG of 43 cm) to 90C (IR heating duration 140 s), followed by tempering for 6 h at 90C, the percentage point moisture removed was 5.1, but 8.6 in a double-pass treatment; the microbial log reduction after the sample was further dried using natural air to safe storage MC of 13% were 3.9 and 4.5 for single- and double-pass, respectively. The construction of a single zone continuous flow IR heating system which utilizes CIR emitter powered by either natural or propane gas and with modular design for process parameter adjustments was

Objective 2


successfully completed. In year two of research (i.e. 2015), we commenced inoculation of corn samples with A. flavus molds to assess the treatment duration and intensity of IR which ensure complete inactivation of the molds. These treatments and data analyses are still ongoing. In the fall of 2015, we successfully tested the newly built continuous flow IR system to dry corn and inactivate mold with very promising results. However, the experiments need to be repeated in fall 2016 for duplication and result verification. At that time we also hope to assess the implications of corn feeding rate (to increase throughput) on system performance and energy requirements. The second corn project is supported by the National Corn Growers Association through the Aflatoxin Mitigation Center of Excellence (AMCoE). The AMCoE priority area that this research project responds to is providing the best management strategies for reducing aflatoxin in corn. This multistate project is being carried out in four states including Arkansas, Kentucky, Oklahoma and Mississippi. In the first year of the project, simulation algorithms were developed to comprehensively investigate consequences of NA/LT drying strategies such as air flowrate, initial moisture content (IMC) of corn, drying-start date, and fan control on factors such as corn dry matter loss, drying duration, average MC, and drying energy requirements and cost at representative corn-growing locations in US-mid southern states (USMS): Arkansas – Jonesboro, West Memphis, Stuttgart, Monticello/Greenville, Fort Smith; Mississippi – Greenwood, Natchez, Tunica, Vicksburg; Oklahoma – Anid Vance AFB, Guymon, Lawton, Woodward; Kentucky – Bowling Green, Lexington, Paducah, Owensboro. Data analyses show that rough rice drying clearly depends on weather conditions present with the right combination of air flowrate, drying-start date, IMC, and fan control strategy being key parameters. For soybean, specific research entails improving germination rate of soybean seed dried using in-bin drying systems equipped with recently-introduced technology comprised of cables with sensors to measure ambient air conditions as well as monitor grain moisture content and temperature. The following are milestones attained to date: (1) we have established constants of EMC isotherms for soybean seeds grown in Arkansas. Growing locations do not seem to have a significant effect on the isotherms, for the same soybean cultivars, but rather the cultivars do. Determination of EMC isotherms of more cultivars will proceed into the third year of the project. (2) We have performed lab-based studies using three soybeans grown in Arkansas and determined the kinetics of germination rate versus storage and drying duration and moisture content. The data acquired so far illustrate kinetics of soybean seeds of moisture contents 16% and 13% (wet basis) in temperature ranges of 15C to 40C. (3) In-bin drying of soybean has been simulated for Arkansas conditions and locations. The soybean drying durations, fan run times, and drying costs per bushel have been determined for simulations covering typically encountered drying air flowrates, drying-start dates, and soybean harvest moisture contents. Outcome/Impacts The primary and practical questions the research seek to answer are as follows: (1) What is the rate of grain "quality" reduction and mycotoxin development under various drying/storage scenarios? (2) With respect to stored product "quality", what is the upper moisture content limit for grain (rice, corn, sorghum, and soybean) placed into these systems at various locations? (3) What energy savings could be realized with these new in-bin drying/storage systems? These answers are critical for successful implementation of the new in-bin systems in Arkansas and the U.S. Mid-South.

Objective 2


Publications Griffiths G. Atungulu, HouMin Zhong, Anne Okeyo, Supriya Thote. 2015. Prevalence of Molds on Freshly-

harvested Long-grain Pureline, Hybrid and Medium-grain Rice Cultivars. American Society of Biological and agricultural Engineers, Applied Engineering Journal, 31(6), DOI 10.13031/aea.31.11216.

Lawrence, J., Atungulu, G.G., Siebenmorgen, T.J. 2015. Modeling In-Bin Rice Drying using Natural-Air and

Controlled-Air Drying Strategies. Transaction of American Society of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, 58(4), 1103-1111. DOI 10.13031/trans.58.10911.

Wilson S. A., Atungulu, G.G., Couch, A., Sadaka, S. Radiant heating and tempering treatments for improving rate

of moisture removal during drying of shelled corn. American Society of Biological and agricultural Engineers, Applied Engineering Journal, 31(5), 799-808. DOI 10.13031/aea.31.11243.

Sammy Sadaka, Scott Osborn, Griffiths Atungulu and Gagandeep Ubhi. 2015. On-farm Grain Sorghum Drying and

Storage. Arkansas Grain Sorghum Production Handbook, Chapter 10, pg1-12. G.G. Atungulu, H. Zhong, S. Thote, A. Okeyo, A. Couch, S. Sadaka, T. Siebenmorgen. 2015. Microbial Prevalence

on Freshly Harvested Long-Grain Hybrid, Long-Grain Pure-Line, and Medium-Grain Rice. Rice Quality and Processing. B.R. Wells- Arkansas Rice Research Studies 2014, Research Series 626, 306-313.

Zhongli Pan, Griffiths G. Atungulu, Xuan Li. 2014. Infrared Heating. In: Emerging Technologies for Food

Processing. 2nd Edition. Da-Wen Sun (ed.). Academic Press-an Imprint of Elsevier, San Diego CA. Pg. 461-474.

Griffiths G. Atungulu and Zhongli Pan. 2014. Rice industrial processing worldwide and impact on macro- and

micronutrient content, stability, and retention. ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 1324 (2014) 15–28, doi:10.1111/nyas.12492.

T. Siebenmorgen, G. Atungulu, R. Norman, T. Roberts, P. Counce. Impacts of Nitrogen-Fertilizer Management and

On Farm Drying Practices on Milling Yield and Quality of Rice. Ecosystems Interim report 01-2014 for BR Wells

Objective 2


Title Risk Assessment for the Food Safety Concerns of Mycotoxins in the Pacific Northwest under Climate Variability. By Ryu, D., University of Idaho Outputs The objective 1, optimization and verification of methods for detecting and quantifying fungal population in soil, is in progress. Tested different semi-selective media for their ability to efficiently isolate Fusarium species present in agricultural soils. Media tested were different peptone-pentochloronitrobenzene agar (PPA) and Czapek-Dox agar with iprodione and dichloran (CZID) formulations. Soil dilutions on CZID plates were overrun with non-Fusarium genera and no Fusarium species could be isolated. Soil dilutions on PPA also grew non-Fusarium genera, but Fusarium colonies were easily differentiated by their unrestricted growth. Colonies suspected to be Fusarium species were transferred to synthetic nutrient agar (SNA) to sporulate. Single spores were separated using micromanipulation under a compound microscope and used to inoculate carnation leaf agar (CLA) and homemade potato dextrose agar (PDA) for species level identification. Colony color on PDA was used to confirm species identity. Multiple isolates of deoxynivalenol (DON) producing fungi were identified including F. graminearum and F. culmorum. Soil dilution plating using PPA will be used to isolate, identify, and quantify toxigenic Fusarium species present in agricultural soils. Quantification method of the population of fungal strains in other genera using polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) based technique is in progress. The objective 2, development and validation of analytical method to detect mycotoxins using HPLC and LC-MS is in progress. In order to determine levels of mycotoxins contamination of cereal grains (especially, winter wheat) grown in sampled fields, and to assess mycotoxins production in grain cultures, a HPLC method is being developed and validated. Inmmunoaffinity column (IAC) technique was used for sample preparation and Agilent 1260 infinity HPLC system with UVD for DON or FLD for ochratoxin A (OTA) was used for mycotoxin determination. The limit of detection (LOD) was the concentration of mycotoxins that gave a peak height 3 times the average height of the equipment noise (i.e. the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio was 3:1). The limit of quantification (LOQ) was the concentration of mycotoxins that gave an S/N ratio of 10:1. The LOD and LOQ values for OTA are 0.032 and 0.10 ng/g, respectively. The LOD and LOQ values for DON are 50 and 100 ng/g, respectively. For the objective 3, determination of the mycotoxin concentrations and the presence of toxigenic fungi in soil and foods, a collaboration between multiple winter wheat growers was formed to seasonally sample soil and collect harvested grains. The test plots were selected based on the amount of rainfall and agricultural conditions. Three agroecological zones of the Pacific Northwest (annual crop, grain-fallow transition, and grain-fallow) displaying different annual precipitation regimes are represented by three growers each. Locations of sampling sites are summarized in Table 1. Sampling sites were chosen based on grower cooperation and representative location within different agroecological zones. Each site has a unique local climate differing in mean annual precipitation and snowfall, as well as temperature regime. Grain samples will be analyzed for fungal population and mycotoxin concentration upon harvest. Soil samples from each testing plots will be collected and analyzed for the fungal population.

Objective 2


Outcomes/Impacts Optimization and verification of methods for detecting and quantifying fungal population in soil using semi-selective media and microscope were tested (Objective 1). As the physical and chemical characteristics of food matrices vary significantly, detection methods for DON and OTA in wheat samples were tested for its validity and necessary modification were made (Objective 2). As areas within each agroecological zone of the Pacific Northwest will shift due to climate change, three agroecologial zones and three locations per each agroecologial were selected based on different climate and agricultural conditions (Objective 3). Publications Lee, H.J. and D. Ryu. 2015. Advances in mycotoxin research: Public health perspectives. J. Food Sci. doi:

10.1111/1750-3841.13156. Kuruc, J.A., J. Hegstad, H.J. Lee, K. Simons, D. Ryu, and C. Wolf-Hall. 2015. Infestation and quantification of

ochratoxigenic fungi in barley and wheat naturally contaminated with ochratoxin A. J. Food Prot. 78(7):1350-1356.

Bianchini, A., R. Horsley, M.M. Jack, B. Kobielush, D. Ryu, S. Tittlemier, W.W. Wilson, H.K. Abbas, S. Abel, G.

Harrison, J.D. Miller, W.T. Shier, and G. Weaver. 2015. DON Occurrence in Grains: A North American Perspective. Cereal Foods World 60(1):32-56.

Objective 2


Table 1: Summary of sampling locations

Zone* Site

Mean Max

Temp Range (°C)

Mean Max

Temp (°C)

Mean Min

Temp Range (°C)

Mean Min

Temp (°C)

Precipitation Range (mm)

Mean Annual

Precipitation (mm)

Snowfall Range (mm)

Mean Annual

Snowfall (mm)

Field Location

GPS coordinates

1

1

13.6 - 19.1

19.1

-0.3 - 5.1

5.1

599 - 605

599

1257 - 2515

1257 Genessee, ID 46.49356 -116.97205

2 14.5 2.6 605 1265 Moscow, ID 46.68661 -116.89479

3 13.6 -0.3 949 2515 Troy, ID 46.67649 -116.78328

2

4

14.2 - 15.7

14.2

2.3 - 2.6

2.6

500 - 540

540

719 - 726

719 Pullman, WA 46.76238 -117.05108

5 14.2 2.6 540 719 Albion, WA 46.76055 -117.17069

6 15.7 2.3 500 726 Colfax, ID 46.87574 -117.45165

3

7

16.9-18.3

16.9

2.8 - 6.4

2.8

289 - 359

359

61 - 422

422 Lacroose, ID 46.77597 -117.72181

8 18.3 6.4 289 61 Hay, ID 46.71484 -117.80174

9 18.3 6.4 289 61 Hay, ID 46.70976 -117.79111

* 1 = annual crop; 2 = annual crop-fallow transition; 3 = grain-fallow

Objective 2


Title Measurement, Documentation and Postharvest Processing for the Prevention of Postharvest Losses. By Paulsen, M.R., University of Illinois, Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Urbana, IL. Kalita, P.K. Rausch, K.D. Outputs The ADM Institute for the Prevention of Postharvest Loss has the goal of reducing postharvest losses of grains and oilseeds in many parts of the world. Harvest operations in developing countries were studied as a review paper to understand how harvest losses contribute to overall postharvest losses. The summary of review results indicate that the speed of manual cutting operations risks significant crop loss due to delayed harvesting in developing countries. When harvest is delayed, shatter loss is the most-often mentioned cause of losses. Estimates of harvest losses range from 5 to 16% for rice and 8 to 18% for a range of different cereal crops. All of the cereal, oilseed and pulse crops have a narrow range of moistures for optimally-low harvest losses and high crop quality. The optimal moisture for harvest of all crops is nearly always too high to allow safe storage. Increased harvest mechanization can enable more timely harvest with lower losses, and would likely create a gender shift in harvest workers. Training is essential for developing mechanized harvest operator skills. Most non-mechanized threshing/ cleaning systems have an inadequate means for separation/ cleaning and containment of harvested grains, oilseeds, and pulses. Threshing, separating and cleaning losses for well-trained combine operators can be very low, rice 0.3%, maize 0.4%, soybeans 0.75 - 1%, and wheat 1% of yield or less. Losses will go higher when the header is included but in general, rice should be less than 1.25 - 2.2%, maize less than 1.8%, soybeans less than 3%, and wheat less than 2% of yield in good standing crop. Outcomes/Impacts Postharvest losses of grains, oilseeds, and pulses worldwide are higher than desired, with reports of up to 30% in some countries. Such losses involve the entire food supply chain from harvesting, gathering, drying, storage, transport, and end use processing. Harvest loss reduction is the essential first step in reducing overall postharvest losses. Increasing world food supply by reducing post-harvest losses, rather than by increasing production, makes a huge savings. Each kernel of grain saved – also saves the water, fertilizer, chemical inputs, labor, transportation and environmental costs that were expended to produce that kernel.

Objective 2


Publications Paulsen, M.R., P.K. Kalita, and K.D. Rausch. 2015. Postharvest losses due to harvesting operations in developing

countries: a review. ASABE Paper No. 152176663, presented at 2015 ASABE Annual International Meeting, New Orleans, LA, Jul 26-29, 2015.

Paulsen, M.R. 2015. Harvesting: effects of crop maturity and moisture on losses. Abstract presented at First

International Congress on Postharvest Loss Prevention, Rome Italy, Oct 4-7, 2015. Funding Sources ADM Institute for the Prevention of Postharvest Loss. Contact Marvin R. Paulsen; 338 Agricultural Engineering Sciences Bldg., 1304 W. Pennsylvania Ave., Urbana, IL 61801; e-mail: [email protected]

Objective 2


Title (Primary) Creation of a Guidance Document for ISO 22000 Standard to Enhance Food Safety Management Systems in Bulk Processing. Title (Secondary) Using Workers’ Compensation Claims Data to Facilitate Continuous Improvement in the Grain Elevator. By Hurburgh, C.R., Iowa State University Shepherd, H.E. Mosher, G.A. Shaw, A.M. Bowers, E. (Post Doctorate) Hardy, C. Jacobs, K.L. Ramaswamy, S.K. (Graduate Student) Outputs A review article on soybean composition as related to grain yield was published. As part of the American Association of Cereal Chemistry Food Safety Task Force outputs, a guidance document for the application of ISO22000, Food Safety Management Systems to bulk processing and handling operations is now available. Planning has begun for a feed and grain science research and teaching facility, to be located in the animal science research corridor south of Ames between University and South Dakota Avenues. Iowa State University uses 15,000 tons of feed per year for various species. A relationship was established with a large agribusiness insurance company. As part of this relationship, a database containing workers’ compensation claims was given to researchers to examine for relevant patterns. The database includes claims from over 25 grain elevators in the upper Midwest. Initial analysis has begun – more advanced modeling will continue in 2016. Outcomes/Impacts The consistency of soybean quality patterns and root causes over many years was documented. Agribusiness insurance company premium costs can be communicated more openly to clients, with emphasis on why premiums are above or below the industry mean. The ISO 22000 guidance document will be the basis for a practical training program for food safety in grain handling and processing industries.

Objective 2


Publications Medic, J., C. Atkinson, and C. R. Hurburgh. 2014. Current Knowledge in Soybean Composition. J Am Oil Chem

Soc (2014) 91:363–384 Laux, C, G. A. Mosher and C.R. Hurburgh. 2015. Application of quality management systems to grain: an

inventory management case study. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 31(2), 313-321. Funding Source(s) Iowa Extension 21 program, NIH-FDA, Industry contracts and service fees

Objective 2


Title Intrinsic Characteristics of Modified DDGS and Development of Effective Handling Strategies. By Ambrose, K., Purdue University, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering Casada, M., USDA-ARS-CGAHR, Manhattan, Kansas Simsek, S., North Dakota State University, Department of Plant Sciences Outputs The heat transfer during cooling of DDGS piles, during winter and summer conditions, was studied. In addition, the hopper flow characteristics of modified DDGS was evaluated. The effect of time consolidation, atmospheric conditions, and mechanical treatment on bulk DDGS on flow characteristics were evaluated. To develop a heat transfer model, the conical bed of low oil DDGS particles was modeled as a porous media, which presents a resistance to flow inside. Temperature gradient developed due to the difference from ambient conditions, diffusion of moisture, and the wind effect were considered the driving force for heat transfer in the modified DDGS pile. The measured physical and thermal properties of DDGS and surrounding media are given in Table 1 and 2. Figures 1 and 2 show the side and middle layer temperatures for the modified DDGS pile simulated for 62 days during winter season. For most days the model’s prediction followed the measured value quite well. But, the predictions were 1° to 2° C higher than the measured value during few days of simulation. The possible reason for this difference could be due to: 1) assumption of constant thermal properties throughout the simulation period; or 2) assumption of porous boundary condition at the side walls of the pile, because moist air (70-80% RH) entering into the bed of M-DDGS, might have created an impermeable layer due to increase in moisture at the side layer; or 3) the convective heat transfer coefficient used on the outer pile might be incorrect. The mass flow rate results (Table 3) indicate that there is no significant change in the mass flow rates (lb/sec) of M-DDGS stored at different consolidation times. The ‘no flow’ observed at summer condition could be due to the triggering of glass transition temperature, which might have caused the M-DDGS particles to agglomerate. The ‘no flow’ observed at winter condition could be due to the increase of moisture (from 10% wb to 12.5% wb) due to higher humidity in the surrounding atmosphere, and the eventual crystallization of liquid bridges formed between the particles. Outcomes/Impacts A 3-dimensional heat transfer model based on finite volume method was developed to predict cooling pattern of M-DDGS pile, which could be useful for the cooling of M-DDGS in pads before shipping. The hopper flow studies confirmed that, environmental conditions have significant effect on flow behavior of M-DDGS. The particle segregation study confirmed the variation in particle size within a pile of DDGS formed by gravity-driven discharge. From the minimum orifice study, it is concluded that the minimum orifice opening of the hopper is 6.3 cm (175 times of GMD).

Objective 2


Publications Siliveru, K., R. Bhadra, R. P. K. Ambrose, and M. E. Casada. 2015. Hopper flow characteristics of modified

distillers dried grains with solubles. ASABE Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana (Paper No. # 152189631).

Funding Sources The Andersons Research Grant Program Team Competition - 2012 Figures and Tables Table 1. Values of physical properties for low oil DDGS sample.

Physical property Modified DDGS

Initial moisture content (% w.b.) 9.02 (0.03)

Dried sample moisture content (% w.b.) 0.72 (0.03)

Bulk density (kg/m3) 488.26 (0.59)

True density (kg/m3) 1342.9 (2.36)

Porosity 0.64

Average particle size (mm) 0.36

Angle of repose (o) 46.32 (1.24)

Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.115 (0.003)

Specific heat (kJ/kg.K) 1146.33 (19.03) a Values in parenthesis are standard deviations. Table 2. Values of physical and thermal properties for surrounding media (air), and concrete block.

Thermal property For air media at 297 K

For air media at 279 K

For concrete block

Density (kg/m3) 1.205 1.293 1860 Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 0.026 0.024 0.72 Specific heat (kJ/kg.K) 1005 1005 780 Viscosity of air (Kg/m.sec) 1.85 × 10-5 1.33 × 10-5 - Thermal expansion coefficient (1/k) 0.0034 0.0036 -

Objective 2


Table 3. Mass flow rate measurements (lb/sec) measured at different ambient conditions.

Consolidation time (days)

Mass flow rate (lb/sec)

Room condition (20 °C, 50% r.h)

Summer condition (35 °C, 45% r.h)

Winter condition (0 °C, 85% r.h)

2 8.67 (0.38) No flow No flow




a Values in parenthesis are standard deviations.

Figure 1. Predicted and actual temperature profiles of side layers of low oil DDGS open pile during winter season.

Objective 2


Figure 2. Predicted and actual temperature profiles of middle layers of low oil DDGS open pile during winter

season.

Objective 2


Title Investigation of Variables Effecting Stored Grain Pack Factors. By Montross, M.D., University of Kentucky McNeill, S.G. Outputs A number of factors influence the amount of packing in stored-grain. Packing is defined as the increase in grain bulk density caused by the cumulative weight of overbearing material on the compressible grain products. As material is added, the vertical pressure increases in an exponential manner with grain height. Bin geometry, material properties, and numerous other variables influence packing, therefore, these factors were considered when developing the new packing model and conducting subsequent model validation exercises in commercial storage structures. An error analysis was conducted to evaluate the source and magnitude of errors related to measuring stored grain inventory. The compressibility of GMO and non-GMO soybeans and corn were compared using laboratory uniaxial compression tests. The work is on-going, but the data is confounded by differences in particle sizes between the samples. Although the samples were derived from the same genetic lines. Laboratory experiments in a 6 ft diameter bin are being conducted to evaluate the effect of loading and unloading cycling on the packing of grain. During loading, measurements are taken at H/D ratios of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and when filled to 2.5. A laser scanning device is used to accurately map the surface and the mass of grain in the bin is recorded using load cells. The bin is unloaded measurements taken at the same H/D ratios as used during filling. The effect of aeration and moisture changes during aeration were evaluated with corn and soybeans in 6 inch diameter PVC tubes. The airflow rate was high and corresponded to a year of aeration in one week. Aeration with no moisture change had a minor effect (less than 1%) on the bulk density. This 1% change was due to vibration, settling, and potentially the influence of the airflow rate. Samples that had 4.6 points of moisture removed due to aeration had a volume change of 7.5%. The volume change observed in the grain was greater than the volume change expected due to moisture removal alone. Outcomes/Impacts The current methods to estimate inventory are based on data from the 1930s and we are working with USDA-ARS and University of Georgia to develop new procedures and estimates of packing. An updated procedure will be used by all farmers in the US where 9.74 billion bushels of grain are stored and a 1% error in the inventory measurement, which is highly likely with the existing protocol, represents 840 million dollars nationally.

Objective 2


Publications Boac, J., R. Bhadra, M. E. Casada, S. A. Thompson, A.P. Turner, M. D. Montross, S. G. McNeill, R. G. Maghirang.

Stored grain pack factors for wheat: comparison of three methods to field measurements. Trans ASABE 58(4): 1089-1101.

Bhadra, R., A. P. Turner, M. E. Casada, M. D. Montross, S. A. Thompson, J. M. Boac, S. G. McNeill, R. G.

Maghirang. Pack factor measurements for corn in grain storage bins. Trans ASABE. 58(3): 879-890. A.P. Turner, M.D. Montross, S.G. McNeill, M.P. Sama, M.E. Casada, J.M. Boac, R. Bhadra, R.G. Maghirang, S.A.

Thompson. Modeling the compressibility behavior of hard red winter wheat varieties. Submitted to Trans ASABE

A.P. Turner, M.D. Montross, J.J. Jackson, S.G. McNeill, M.E. Casada, J.M. Boac, R. Bhadra, R.G. Maghirang, S.A. Thompson. Error analysis of stored grain inventory determination. Submitted to Trans ASABE

A.P. Turner, M.D. Montross, J.J. Jackson, N.K. Koeninger, S.G. McNeill, M.E. Casada, J.M. Boac, R. Bhadra, R.G.

Maghirang, S.A. Thompson. Stored grain surface estimation using a low density point cloud. Submitted to Appl. Eng. Agric.

Funding Source(s) and Amount(s) 2015 Anderson Team Grant. 25,000

Objective 2


Title Understanding and Capturing Economic Value within Changing Grain Marketing Landscapes. By Bekkerman, A., Montana State University Overall Objectives Grain quality is becoming increasingly important to both domestic and international consumers, and understanding economically efficient approaches to supply quality grain is an important concern for U.S. producers. Changing economic conditions, government policies, technical innovations, and biological barriers related to the production of high quality grains usually result in changing marketing opportunities. This project provides research-based information regarding the impacts of changing economic conditions on domestic demand, supply, product price and production risk, and production choices. Knowledge that helps increase producers' abilities to produce more high quality grains with lower input costs and lesser strains on the environment will also be transferred to consumers in the form of lower prices and more nutritious foods. This combination is expected to increase overall societal welfare. Outputs Numerous research projects have been developed and either published, under review, or in progress that directly relate to the project's objectives. The publication "Potential check-off benefits to farmers in the presence of wind-borne diseases" examines how group-based disease mitigation strategies for soybeans can be used to develop market solutions to fungal disease outbreaks that can reduce the quality and yields of the crop. This work includes collaborators from Montana State University, North Carolina State University, and North Carolina A&T University. The publication "Decoupling Direct Payments: Potential Impacts of the 2014 Farm Bill on Farm Debt" considers the effects of government policies on the financial fragility of grain farmers. Understanding how grain farmers are affected by public policy decisions and how this, in turn, affects their production decisions is critical to understanding the economic security of U.S. food production. In "Intensification of Dryland Cropping System for Bio-feedstock Production: Evaluation of Agronomic and Economic Benefits of Camelina sativa," a multidisciplinary team of agronomists and economists examine the viability of intensifying dryland cropping systems by introducing a crop that could be used for biofuel production. We examine the resulting quantity and quality impacts on wheat production and evaluate the agronomic and economic impacts of alternative cropping systems. The work, "Pea in Rotation with Wheat Reduced Uncertainty of Economic Returns in Southwest Montana" is a unique, long-run study of cropping system intensification by including pulse crops. We find that over the long run, wheat farmers can reduce input costs without sacrificing wheat yields or quality through incorporation of pulse crops into their rotations. Lastly, in the extension publication, "Short-term (2-yr) Effects of Crop Rotations and Nitrogen Rates on Winter Wheat Yield, Protein and Economics in North Central Montana," we again consider the impacts of pulse crop introduction into dryland wheat rotations and provide a summarized version of the impacts and recommendations to a broader audience. Outcomes/Impacts The work on the wind-borne diseases mitigation strategies helps provide a description and structure for a market-based system that would reduce farmers' losses associated with the spread of wind-borne crop diseases. The results show that by instituting a small check-off for all producers of a particular at-risk crop, an efficient, cost-effective protection system can be developed to minimize economic losses without depending on government support. For

Objective 2


example, in the case of the soybean market and the Asian soybean rust disease, this program would cost $0.0007/bushel for a farmer but could prevent between $161 and $527 million in market losses during a particular growing season, depending on the level of infestation. These represent substantial benefits from a relatively low-cost program that avoids the additional costs that may be associated with having a government-based protection program. The research on the effects of government payments demonstrates the economic implications of policy changes on the ability for farmers to develop high-quality crop production operations. The results of the study indicate that a negative and statistically significant relationship exists between decoupled payments and farm debt, implying that farmers likely used annual decoupled payments to reduce their debt. Removing these programs from the 2014 Farm Bill potentially influences farmers' exposure to financial risks, capacity to withstand financial instability, access to credit, and long-run production and marketing decisions. In developing future farm policy, the work provides important motivation for paying attention to how policies can affect financial decisions by agricultural producers. The traditional fallow-winter wheat rotation is widely used in dryland cropping systems in the northern Great Plains, but this system has been shown to be associated with numerous sustainability issues, including severe soil erosion, reduction of soil organic matter, and nitrate leaching. We show that by optimizing crop management practices, the net revenue for camelina-wheat rotation would be closer or could exceed the fallow–wheat rotation. Camelina is one crop that can be used for biofuel production, one category of candidates for replacing fallow in winter wheat-based cropping systems and an area that has been a major effort by the U.S. government. By providing a well-informed model of market and production scenarios under which camelina could enhance producers' profits as well as have positive effects on soil productivity and the environment, we are able to more ably define the parameters that are necessary for this market to develop. Lastly, we show an important finding for the intensification of dryland cropping systems in the northern Great Plains by using pulse crops. Specifically, we show that by using a pea-wheat cropping system, farmers can reduce net return uncertainties relative to wheat-only systems under contrasting N fertility regimes, and variable wheat protein discount schedules in southwestern Montana. This implies that pea–wheat rotations, which protected wheat yield and/or protein levels under varying N fertility management, can reduce farmers’ exposure to annual economic variability while increasing the delivery and marketing of two high-quality crops. This is a critical finding for Montana wheat producers who rely on marketing high-quality (high protein) wheat. An extension publication component from this research provides a summary of the most critical results and insights about the implementation of the research. Publications Jefferson-Moore, K., A. Bekkerman, N. Piggott, B. Goodwin, S. Palat, and C. Turner. 2015. “Potential check-off

benefits to farmers in the presence of wind-borne diseases.” Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development. 7(5):176-177.

Bekkerman, A., E. Belasco, and A.Watson. “Decoupling Direct Payments: Potential Impacts of the 2014 Farm Bill

on Farm Debt.” Agricultural Finance Review. 75(4):434-449. Chen, C., A. Bekkerman, R. Afshar, K. Neill. 2015. “Intensification of Dryland Cropping System for Bio-feedstock

Production: Evaluation of Agronomic and Economic Benefits of Camelina sativa.” Industrial Crops and Products. 71(September):114–121.

Miller, P., A. Bekkerman, C. Jones, M. Burgess, J. Holmes, and R. Engel. 2015. “Pea in Rotation with Wheat

Reduced Uncertainty of Economic Returns in Southwest Montana.” Agronomy Journal. 107(2):541–550.

Objective 2


Miller, P., C. Jones, A. Bekkerman, J. Holmes. Short-term (2-yr) Effects of Crop Rotations and Nitrogen Rates on Winter Wheat Yield, Protein and Economics in North Central Montana. Montana State University Extension, Fertilizer Facts (No. 68), January 2015.

Awarded Grants and Contracts Bekkerman, A. “Understanding State-level Impacts of the Emerging Pulse Crop Industry in Montana.” Montana Research Enhancement and Development Initiative. $55,588. 2015–2016. Principle investigator. Bekkerman, A. (PI), with K. Fuller. “Improving Accuracy and Access to Crop Production Economics Decision Tools for Montana Grains Producers.” Montana Wheat and Barley Committee. $16,187. 2015–2016.

Objective 2


Title New Products for Insect Management in Stored Grain and the Role of Pre-harvest Species causing Kernel Damage at Grain Grading. By Weaver, D.K., Montana State University Buteler, M. Outputs Characterization and improvement of the insecticidal activity of nanostructured alumina dusts was accomplished using multiple solution based synthesis routes. Standard aluminum salt precursors were used to synthesize three unique types of alumina dust. These were compared with regards to morphology, particle size and surface area using electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering particle size analysis. Insect toxicity of the various dusts was assessed using two insect species that are pests of stored grain – the rice weevil and the lesser grain borer. Dust synthesized using a modified glycine-nitrate combustion process consistently yielded greater mortality rates, and all dust types were more effective on rice weevil than on lesser grain borer, although the difference varied across dust types. These data clearly show that insecticidal activity is dependent on particle size, particle morphology and surface area but also indicated that minimizing particle size and maximizing surface area are not the sole dominant factors influencing efficacy. This study suggests that pesticide dusts can be engineered through modified synthesis to better target different insect species. We have also been asked to clarify how insect damaged kernels can arise from preharvest insects. Specifically, the wheat head armyworm and to a lesser degree, the orange wheat blossom midge both cause injury to wheat seeds. The injury caused by the wheat head army worm is counted as insect damaged kernels, while the orange wheat blossom midge causes shrunken or shriveled kernels that also can reduce quality ratings. Further discussion of the implications of increased field damage by wheat insect pests that resembles damage caused by storage insects is ongoing. In addition, a presentation subject entitled “Wheat head armyworms and IDK in Montana wheat” was presented at the Knees Area Field Day hosted by the MSU Western Triangle Research Center and MSU Extension - on June 25, 2015. A stored product pest management module was again presented to AGSC 401 – IPM students on the Montana State University Campus in November 2015 and is incorporated in the course syllabus. Outcomes/Impacts A specific type of synthesis reaction yielded nanostructured alumina particles that increased mortality at higher relative humidity relative to an available nanostructured alumina product. This result was largely due to the size and specific surface area of the particles produced, but was also influenced by the shape of the particles, as well. An ongoing discussion of how growers can account for insect damaged kernels caused by the wheat head armyworm to avoid the costs of fumigation is continuing.

Objective 2


Publications M. Buteler, S.W. Sofie, D.K. Weaver, D. Driscoll, J. Muretta and T. Stadler. 2015. Development of nanoalumina

dust as insecticide against Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica. International Journal of Pest Management 61: 80-89. DOI: 10.1080/09670874.2014.1001008.


Objective 3 To be a multi-institutional framework for the creation of measureable impacts generated by improvements in the supply chain that maintain quality, increase value, and protect food safety/security.

Objective 3


Title Framework of Quality Measurement, Value Enhancement, and Food Safety, and Biosecurity. By Hart, C.E., Iowa State University Hurburgh, C.R. Shaw, A.M. Mosher, G.A. Chopra, S. Grover, A. (Graduate Student) Ramaswamy, S.K. (Graduate Student) Ryan, S.J. (Graduate Student) Outputs Modules developed as part of an FDA project ending on December 31, 2014 were finalized with presentations, teaching aids, and assessments archived as part of FDA’s distance learning program in a partnership between Kansas State University and Iowa State University. Materials were updated in preparation for training grain elevator personnel on prevention of grain dust explosions. Training will be completed in the spring, summer, and fall of 2016 in a partnership between Purdue University and Iowa State University. Two levels of workshops on Good Agricultural Practices were offered in October 2014 and February 2015, led by Angela Shaw and other food safety specialists. Outcomes/Impacts Producers and the grain industry received advance forecasts of crop quality and storability conditions for 2015. Processors received advance estimates of product yields from both corn and soybeans. There is now a core group of FDA inspectors that have practical knowledge of bulk commodity agricultural handling and processing. Publications Hurburgh, C. R. 2014. Quality and Handling of the 2014 Iowa Crop. Integrated Crop Management Newsletter.

Iowa State Extension and Outreach. October 2, 2014. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/CropNews/2014/1002Hurburgh.htm

Hurburgh, C.R., Alison Robertson and Erin Bowers. 2014. Update on 2014 Crop Quality. Integrated Crop


Hurburgh, C. R. 2014. Pay Attention to Stewardship Requirements for Biotech Grains. Integrated Crop


Objective 3


Hurburgh, C. R. 2014. Harvest 2014: What We Know Now. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Integrated Crop

Management Conference. Ames, IA. December 3, 2014. http://store.extension.iastate.edu/Product/Proceedings-of-the-26th-Annual-Integrated-Crop-Management-Conference

Hart, C.E. 2015. Grain Market Trends and Outlook. Presented at the Northeast Iowa Research and Demonstration

Farm Fall Field Day, Nashua, Iowa, August 2015. Hart, C.E. 2015. Corn and Soybean Outlook. Presented at the Central Iowa Farm Business Association Annual

Meeting, Paton, Iowa, August 2015. Grover, A.K., S. Chopra, and G.A. Mosher. 2015. Adoption of Food Safety Modernization Act: A Six Sigma

Approach to Risk Based Preventative Controls for Small Food Facilities. Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering (ATMAE), 2015 Conference Proceedings Papers, November 2015, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Ryan, S.J., C.V. Schwab, and G.A. Mosher. 2015. Agricultural risk: Development of a probabilistic risk assessment

model for measurement of the difference in risk of corn and biofuel switchgrass farming systems. International Society of Agricultural Safety and Health paper #15-01. Bloomington-Normal, Illinois, June 2015.

Ramaswamy, S.K. and G.A. Mosher. 2015. Analysis of predictive factors for agricultural student perceptions of

quality management mitigating safety. International Society of Agricultural Safety and Health paper #15-03. Bloomington-Normal, Illinois, June 2015.

Awarded Grants and Contracts Iowa Extension 21 program Industry Contract(s) and service fee(s) National Institutes of Health / Food and Drug Administration Department of Labor (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

Objective 3


Title Third Edition of the Grain Drying, Handling and Storage Handbook (MWPS-13) – Using NC-213 Multi-state Expertise for National Impact. By Maier, D.E., Professor, Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University McNeill, S., Associate Extension Professor, Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky Hellevang, K., Professor, Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State University Outputs The authors of the MWPS-13 Grain Drying, Handling and Storage Handbook revision have continued to make progress in preparing and submitting drafts of the seven chapters which constitute this publication. The drafts of four chapters (1, 2, 6 and 7) are in hand, two chapters (3 and 4) were partially completed, and chapter 5 is still outstanding. We are working closely with the authors to get these submitted before end of the 2015 calendar year. The generation of new and revised graphics has begun. Editing of chapters will take place after all has been submitted. This will be the major effort going forward with all chapters and is anticipated to be completed by early 2016. Once completed, an initial batch of the final publication will be printed that will acknowledge the financial support of the NC-213/The Anderson grant program. Outcomes/Impacts In support of Objective 3 of the current NC-213 plan and as part of their responsibilities, NC-213 scientists and engineers conduct outreach activities for general training and for research transfer. Over the years, NC-213 has successfully engaged end-users to disseminate information throughout the grain industry. At the investigator level, most NC-213 participants have split appointments among research, teaching and extension/outreach lines. Traditional outlets for NC-213 scientists and engineers have been journal publications, conference proceedings, extension fact sheets, and relevant industry meetings. Enabling the revision and updating of the MWPS-13 Grain Drying, Handling and Storage Handbook is a new opportunity to enhance the NC-213 outreach plan and increase NC-213 impact among extension engineers, grain storage practitioners, grain handling equipment manufacturers and suppliers, farmers, university and community college professors and students. Funding Sources The Andersons Research Grant Program, 2013. Administered through OSU/OARDC – NC-213. Contacts Dirk Maier, Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University; Phone: 515-294 0140; e-mail: [email protected], URL: http://www.abe.iastate.edu Kathy Walker, MidWest Plan Service, Iowa State University; Phone 515-294-4337; email: [email protected], URL: http://www-mwps.sws.iastate.edu