2016 ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORTS - Ohio State University · 2017-03-07 · 2016 ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORTS Published: February 2017 MARKETING AND DELIVERY OF QUALITY GRAINS AND ... and preserve

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NC-213 (The U.S. Quality Grains Research Consortium)

2016 ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORTS

Published: February 2017

MARKETING AND DELIVERY OF QUALITY GRAINS AND BIOPROCESS COPRODUCTS

2016 Officers Chair ................................................................................................................ Gretchen Mosher, Iowa State University Vice Chair ........................................................................................................... Sam McNeill, University of Kentucky Secretary .................................................................................................. Anton Bekkerman, Montana State University Past Chair................................................................................................. Rose P. Kingsly Ambrose, Purdue University Industry Advisory Committee Chair ............................................................................... Chuck Hill, AgriGold Hybrids The Andersons, Inc. ................................................................................................................................... Joe Needham CSREES/USDA Representative ..................................................................... Hongda Chen, National Program Leader, Bioprocessing Engineering/Nanotechnology, USDA-National Institute of Food and Agriculture Administrative Advisor/Coordinator ...................................................... David A. Benfield, The Ohio State University Administrative Support and Report Production ................................................. Bill Koshar, The Ohio State University Participating Stations Representatives

University of Arkansas ............................................................................................................... Griffiths G. Atungulu*

University of Idaho ....................................................................................................................................... Dojin Ryu*

University of Illinois ................................................................................................................................... Vijay Singh* Grace Danao, Peter Goldsmith, Marvin Paulsen, Kent Rausch, Mike Tumbleson

Purdue University ...................................................................................................................................... Klein Ileleji * Kinglsy Ambrose, Linda Mason, Richard Stroshine

Iowa State University .................................................................................................................... Gretchen A Mosher* Carl Bern, Shweta Chopra, Chard E. Hart, Charles Hurburgh, Jr., Dirk Maier, Kurt Rosentrater, Angela Shaw

Kansas State University .................................................................................................................. Carlos Campabadal* Subramanyam Bhadriraju, Tom Phillips, Praveen V. Vadlani

University of Kentucky .................................................................................................................... Michael Montross* Sam McNeill

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Mississippi State University .........................................................................................................................Haibo Yao*

University of Missouri ..................................................................................................................................Joe Parcell*

Montana State University .................................................................................................................. David K. Weaver* Anton Bekkerman

University of Nebraska ............................................................................................................................... Devin Rose*

North Dakota State University ................................................................................................................ Senay Semsek* Clifford Hall, Kenneth Hellevang, Frank Manthey

The Ohio State University ........................................................................................................................... Pierce Paul*

Oklahoma State University ................................................................................................................... Brian D. Adam* Patricia Rayas-Duarte, Carol Jones

Texas AgriLife Research ...................................................................................................................... Tim J. Herrman* Joseph Awika, Kyung M. Lee, Wei Li

University of Wisconsin .......................................................................................................... Sundaram Gunasekaran*

USDA, ARS, CGAHR, Manhattan, Kansas ............................................................................................. Mark Casada* Paul Armstrong, Frank Arthur, Scott Bean, Thomas J. Herald

*Official Voting Representative. (Material on Participating Stations obtained from NIMSS Appendix E as of February 7, 2017.)

The Industry Advisory Committee The NC-213 Industry Advisory Committee consists of at least five NC-213 stakeholder members recruited by and voted on by the NC-213 Executive Committee to serve a two-year term each. This committee serves in an advisory role to NC-213, its Executive Committee and its membership. In addition, the committee serves as a reviewer pool for The Andersons Grant Review Committee, acts as a liaison between NC-213 researchers and the industry, actively encourages existing industry stakeholders and recruits new industry stakeholders to participate in NC-213, and provides active feedback regarding research agenda and results. Current members are listed below:

AgriGold Hybrids ........................................................................... Chuck Hill (Chair 2012 – Present) – 2010-Present

The Andersons, Inc. ................................................................................................... Christopher Reed – 2016-Present

Cargill .......................................................................................................................... Nick Friant – July 2007-Present

Foss. ............................................................................................................................... Steve Nenonen – 2012-Present

Foss Analytical AB ..................................................................................................... Jan-Ake Persson – 2006-Present

Pioneer ............................................................................................................................ Morrie Bryant – 2012-Present

Former committee members:

The Andersons, Inc. ............................................................................................................... Joe Needham, 2006-2016

Consolidated Grain and Barge ............................................................................... James Stitzlein, Chair – 1997-2012

Illinois Crop Improvement .................................................................................................................... John McKinney

The Quaker Oats Company/PepsiCo ................................................................................................. A. Bruce Roskens

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Contents1 NC-213 Objective 1 To characterize quality and safety attributes of cereals, oilseeds, and their processed products, and to develop related measurement systems. Equivalence of Near Infrared Transmission Platforms. Hurburgh, C.R., Iowa State University .......................................................................................................................... 1 Multispectral Imaging Methodology to Measure Fungal Growth and aflatoxin in Maize. Yao, Haibo, Geosystems Research Institute/ Mississippi Agricultural & Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University ............................................................................................................................................................. 2 Improving Safety and Quality of Wheat Flour. Rose, D., University of Nebraska-Lincoln .................................................................................................................... 3 Flaxseed Health-Promoting Compound Stability. Hall, C., North Dakota State University – Fargo ........................................................................................................... 5 Effect of Delayed Harvest on the Quality of Durum Wheat. Manthey, F. A., North Dakota State University – Fargo ............................................................................................... 7 Evaluation of Hard Red Spring Wheat Quality Using Four Roller Mill Types. Simsek, S., North Dakota State University – Fargo ...................................................................................................... 8 Mycotoxin risk Management and Outreach Programs in the Office of the Texas State Chemist (OTSC). Herrman, T.J., Texas A&M AgriLife Research ........................................................................................................... 10 Single Seed Analysis of Sprouted Wheat and Discrimination between Oat and Gluten Containing Grains. Armstrong, Paul R., CGAHR, USDA-ARS, Manhattan KS ....................................................................................... 13 Analysis of Sorghum Biomolecules and their Relationships to Sorghum Grain Quality. Bean, Scott, R., CGAHR, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS ............................................................................................. 14 NC-213 Objective 2 To develop efficient operating and management systems that maintain quality, capture value, and preserve food safety in the farm-to-user supply chain. Management of In-Bin Drying and Storage Systems for Grains to maintain Quality and Prevent of Mycotoxin Contamination. Atungulu, G.G., University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture .............................................................................. 15 Risk Assessment for the Food Safety Concerns of Mycotoxins in the Pacific Northwest under Climate Variability. Ryu, D., University of Idaho ....................................................................................................................................... 17

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Efficient Operating and Management Systems addressing Food Safety, Grain Dust, Grain Drying, and Fumigation of Insects. Bern, C.J., Iowa State University ................................................................................................................................ 19 Evaluation of Quality Parameters and Loading/Unloading Cycles on Grain Compressibility during Storage. Montross, M.D., Kentucky .......................................................................................................................................... 21 Research Activity Funded by The Andersons, Inc. (Andersons Research Grant Program) New Products for Insect Management in Stored Grain and the Role of Pre-harvest Species causing Kernel Damage at Grain Grading. Weaver, D.K., Montana State University .................................................................................................................... 23 Development of Sensing Systems to Detect and Identify Quality Characteristics in Agricultural Products. Jones, Carol, L., Oklahoma State University ............................................................................................................... 24 Determining Time, Aeration, and Loading Cycle Effects on Grain Packing. Casada M.E., USDA-ARS-CGAHR, Manhattan, KS.................................................................................................. 27 Research Activity Funded by The Andersons, Inc. (Andersons Research Grant Program) NC-213 Objective 3 To be a multi-institutional framework for the creation of measureable impacts generated by improvements in the supply chain that maintain quality, increase value, and protect food safety/security. Serving Industry and Educational Stakeholders by Providing Practical and Timely Information on Grain Quality and Handling. Hurburgh, C.R, Iowa State University ......................................................................................................................... 30 Research Activity Funded by The Andersons, Inc. (Andersons Research Grant Program) Third Edition of the Grain Drying, Handling and Storage Handbook (MWPS-13)-Using NC-213 Multi-state Expertise for National Impact. Maier, D.E., Iowa State University .............................................................................................................................. 32 Research Activity Funded by The Andersons, Inc. (Andersons Research Grant Program) Economics of Integrated Pest Management for Stored Products and Food Processing Facilities and Traceability in the Food Supply Chain. Adam, Brian, D., Oklahoma State University ............................................................................................................. 33 Research Activity Funded by The Andersons, Inc. (Andersons Research Grant Program)

1 Please note that some reports have more than one contributing institution and author. In the Contents, only the principal investigator, along with their institution, is listed. Please refer to the individual report for a complete list.


Objective 1 To characterize quality and safety attributes of cereals, oilseeds, and their processed products, and to develop related measurement systems.

Objective 1

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Title Equivalence of Near Infrared Transmission Platforms. By Hurburgh, C.R., Iowa State University Outputs In a study involving wheat, corn, soybean and barley samples, three near infrared transmission analyzers for composition did not give equivalent results as set up by their respective manufacturers. Recalibration on a common set of calibration samples brought them closer together (within 0.1% point for wheat protein). Additional steps for further study were determined. Outcomes/Impacts If the USDA Grain Inspection Packers and Stockyards Administration can use more than one make and model of NIRT unit in Official inspections of grains without loss of consistency, technology development would be encouraged and testing costs for the grain market chain would be reduced. Publications McGinnis, S. & C. R. Hurburgh. 2015. Equivalence of Near Infrared Transmission Instruments for Grain

Analyzers. Poster presented at the 2015 AACCI Annual Meeting, Minneapolis MN, October 2015. Nelson, C.K. & C. R. Hurburgh. 2015. Mass Balance Evaluation of Dry Grind Ethanol Plant Options. Poster

presented at the 2015 AACCI Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, October, 2015. Funding Source(s) Iowa Extension 21 program Industry contracts and service fees United Soybean Board USDA – GIPSA Awarded Grants and Contracts Equivalence of Near Infrared Transmission Platforms II, USDA-GIPSA. Extension 21 Grants

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Title Multispectral Imaging Methodology to Measure Fungal Growth and aflatoxin in Maize. By Yao, Haibo, Geosystems Research Institute/ Mississippi Agricultural & Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University Outputs Sorting of contaminated maize kernels is an approach to reduce aflatoxin levels in maize samples. The current research aims to evaluate an approach of repeated screening and sorting of maize samples to decrease the aflatoxin levels in contaminated grain with a multispectral fluorescence-based aflatoxin detection method. The multispectral fluorescence-based method uses two narrow bandwidth fluorescence bands for the detection. This method was developed based on a fluorescence shift phenomenon observed in the blue-green spectral region for maize kernels with a high aflatoxin content. A multispectral imaging system including one scientific grade 14-bit Pixelfly camera and one filter wheel was integrated to accomplish dual-band multispectral imaging. Outcomes/Impacts The focus is on the development of rapid, non-destructive technologies for fungal infection and aflatoxin detection in grains. Aflatoxin is a naturally occurring toxin, found in grain crops and products. It is regarded as one of the most important food safety problems in the world. Maize contaminated with toxigenic strains of A. flavus can result in great losses to the agricultural industry and pose threats to public health. The research effort aims at providing a rapid, non-destructive method for screening maize at elevators or grain collection points, identifying and diverting contaminated grain into alternative uses, thereby protecting the food supply and increasing producer profitability. Results from the current study enhanced the potential of using fluorescence multispectral imaging for the detection of fungal infected and aflatoxin contaminated maize. Publications Yao H., Z. Hruska, R. L. Brown, D. Bhatnagar, T. E. Cleveland, Hyperspectral Imaging Technology for Inspection

of Plant Products Ch 9 in “Hyperspectral Imaging Technology in Food and Agriculture” edited by Dr. Park and Dr. Lu., published by Springer, 2015. ISBN: 978-1-4939-2835-4.

Yao, H., Hruska, Z., & DiMavungu, J. D. 2015. Developments in Detection and Determination of Aflatoxins. World

Mycotoxin Journal. 8(2), 181-191. Zhu, F., Yao H., Z. Hruska, R. Kincaid, R. L. Brown, D. Bhatnagar, T. E. Cleveland. 2016. Integration of

Fluorescence and Reflectance Visible Near-Infrared (VNIR) Hyperspectral Images for Detection of Aflatoxins in Corn Kernels. Transactions of the ASABE. 59(3): 785-794.

Funding Source(s) USDA/Mississippi State University Cooperative Agreement, Mississippi State University Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Special Research Initiative

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Title Improving Safety and Quality of Wheat Flour. By Rose, D., University of Nebraska-Lincoln Bianchini-Huebner, A. Hallen-Adams, H. Stratton, J. Outputs We focused on pre-milling interventions to reduce the microbial load of wheat. In the first project, we continued our efforts to improve the safety of wheat grain prior to milling by further testing the saline-organic acid solutions as antimicrobial treatments. The tempering process of soft wheat was evaluated. At first tempering solutions were tested against enteric pathogens including Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, and non-O157 shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). In these experiments soft red winter wheat was inoculated with cocktails of either five serotypes of S. enterica, five kanamycin-resistant strains of E. coli O157:H7, or six serotypes of non-O157 STEC to achieve a 6.0 log CFU/g, followed by a resting time of 7 days to allow for microbial adaptation and moisture equilibration. During the resting period, inoculated samples were placed at temperatures of 2˚C, 11˚C, 24˚C and 33˚C to mimic the winter, spring/fall, and summer temperatures, respectively, encountered by wheat in storage. Besides water, solutions containing a combination of organic acid (acetic or lactic; 2.5% and 5.0% v/v) and NaCl (26% w/v) were used for tempering the wheat samples to 15.0% moisture. Grain samples were analyzed before and after tempering to determine the microbial reduction achieved by the tempering treatments at different seasonal temperatures. Regardless of temperature, the initial load of pathogens was reduced significantly by all treatments when compared to the control which was tempered with water (p<0.05). The best results for S. enterica were achieved using lactic acid 5%+NaCl 26% solution at 2˚C, which resulted in 2.1 log CFU/g reduction. Implementation of organic acids and salt in tempering water prior to milling could benefit the milling industry and consumers by preventing or reducing the risk of pathogen contamination in milled products. Further experiments will be conducted using hard red winter wheat. Besides pathogenic microorganisms, the efficacy of adding organic acids and NaCl to tempering water to reduce natural microbial flora in soft wheat prior to milling and the impact on the microbiological quality and functional properties of the resulting flour were evaluated. Soft red winter wheat was tempered to 15.0% moisture by adding sterile distilled water (control) or tempering solutions containing acid (acetic or lactic; 2.5% and 5.0% v/v) and NaCl (26% w/v) and holding for 18 h at 23-24°C and 60% relative humidity. Wheat was analyzed before and after tempering for Total Plate Counts (TPC), yeasts, molds, coliform, and Enterobacteriaceae (Eb). The microbial load of the tempered wheat was significantly reduced by all organic acid-NaCl treatments (p<0.05). The combination of lactic acid (5%) and NaCl was the most effective against TPC and Eb (p<0.05), with an average reduction of 3.1 and 4.5 log CFU/g, respectively. After milling on a Quadrumat Jr, milled fractions were collected and sieved to separate the bran and germ from flour. Flour was evaluated by the same microbial analysis described for wheat. Additionally, flour functionality was evaluated by Rapid Visco Analyzer and Solvent Retention Capacity (SRC). The microbial load of the flour obtained from wheat tempered with lactic acid (5%)-NaCl was significantly lower (p<0.05) than the control flour and no significant differences in pasting properties among resulting flours were observed (p>0.05). In addition, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the SRC values among flours for the sodium carbonate solvent, which indicates that starch granules were not damaged by the tempering solutions. Addition of organic acids and NaCl in tempering water provides milled products with improved microbiological quality, with a minimal

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impact on functionality. This project may impact grain processors by affording them a strategy to produce soft wheat flour with higher microbial safety. In the second project, a microbial survey was conducted in a pilot scale flour milling facility to determine microbial loads and microbial distribution across the milling equipment. Indicator microorganisms of fecal contamination such as coliforms and Enterobacteriacea, as well as Salmonella spp. are among the microorganisms included in the survey. One hundred and seven sampling points were distributed among all processing areas including wheat receiving/cleaning, wheat milling, and finished product handling. A preliminary review of the data shows that pathogens are distributed at very low levels and microorganisms tend to concentrate in the equipment used to sort and clean wheat kernels prior to milling, on the break rolls, and on the screw conveyors that carry the final milled products. Further data analysis is still being carried out including a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to evaluate the impact of the milling process on the ultimate safety of milling end products. The QMRA model will simulate the steps followed by grain after harvesting, from entering the milling system to the end product (i.e. flour or flour-based products). The model will be developed to evaluate the public health risks associated with the consumption of wheat-based products contaminated with E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and non-O157 STEC in the United States. The findings of this project will lead to better decision-making regarding strategies that could be applied throughout the wheat milling process to reduce microbial contamination and safeguard consumers. Outcomes/Impacts Our strategy to reduce microbial contamination in flour was validated in two market classes of wheat and with known pathogens. This represents an important step toward providing safe, ready-to-eat flours for products at risk for consumption without heat treatment by the consumer. Publications Sabillón, L, Stratton J, Rose DJ, Regassa TH, Bianchini A. 2016. Microbial load of hard red winter wheat produced

at three growing environments across Nebraska, USA. Journal of Food Protection 79:646-654. Sabillón, L, Stratton J, Rose DJ, Flores RA, Bianchini A. Reduction in microbial load of wheat by tempering with

organic acid and saline solutions. Cereal Chemistry 93:638-646.

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Title Flaxseed Health-Promoting Compound Stability. By Hall, C., North Dakota State University - Fargo Outcomes/Impacts. Summary: Flaxseed is an important source of health-promoting compounds. The alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and lignan are the most recognized health-promoting compounds in flaxseed. The use of natural or whole food to promote health is a trend that results from consumer demand. Understanding the stability of the health-promoting compounds is important if the food industry is to incorporate commodities such as flaxseed into food products. The objectives of the current study was to determine the stability of flaxseed lignans and other phytochemicals during the vinification and determine the best method for measuring oxidation of flaxseed. Situation: Flaxseed is an oilseed that contains 1-2% lignans and 38-45% lipid. Baked goods and dairy products have been used in most studies where lignan stability was of interest. Little is known about SDG stability during other food processing techniques. Therefore, the stability of lignans and other phenolic compounds during a fermented juice process would produce results on stability not currently known. The hypothesis of the research is that the fermentation process and the additives used during vinification will not affect the amount of SDG. It is also expected for the other phytochemicals to remain constant during the mild process of fermentation. During aging/storage, both the amount of SDG and other phytochemicals is expected to remain unchanged. ALA, a polyunsaturated lipid, accounts for 52% of the total fatty acids in the flaxseed oil, making it a rich source for omega-3 fatty acid. Trilinolenate accounts for 35% of the triacylglycerol species in flaxseed. The high content of lipid in flaxseed makes it susceptible to lipid oxidation. As a result of the potential increase in oxidation of flaxseed lipids, many flaxseed millers have concerns with the shelf life stability of their milled flaxseed. Peroxide values are a method for measuring initial oxidation products. The method follows a standard titration method; however, sample preparation and oil handling prior to the peroxide value test may differ among laboratories. Determining the best extraction and handling followed by peroxide value determination will provide researchers and quality control personnel with a means to accurately measure peroxide values. Responses: The focus of the stability study was to determine the stability of lignans (SDG) and other phenolic compounds during a fermented juice process. The analytical method to determine oxidative stability of flaxseed was also evaluated. The lignan and phenolic compound stability involved extracting these compounds with solvent and incorporating the dried extracts in grape juice. The grape juice was treated with yeast and allowed to ferment for 121 days. Samples were periodically collected over the course of the fermentation to assess lignan and phenolic stability. For the peroxide value assessment, the extraction protocol was changed to determine if the methods for extracting lipid had an effect on peroxide value. Different combinations of solvents, flaxseed pretreatments, and extraction temperature were investigated in this study. The knowledge gained included that the fermentation affected phenolic compound s and lignans differently and that the extraction protocol affects the peroxide value of flaxseed. In the fermentation study, the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) was found to increase over the course of the 121 week study. No significant change occurred in SDG until day 17 of the fermentation. This part of the fermentation is considered part of the secondary fermentation. The SDG changed over the course of the secondary fermentation but not significantly. However, during the last phase of the fermentation the SDG increased to a maximum by 91 days and remained stable until the end of the storage (121 days). The increased SDG content might related to the microbial action on

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the extract, which is a cell-wall complex that includes SDG. The hydrolysis of SDG from the complex might be the reason for the increased SDG content. Increases in phenolic compounds were also observed with gallic, chlorogenic and ferulic acids, which increased the most over the 121 day study. The increased phenolic contents may be the result of microbial hydrolysis of the phenolic-cell wall complex. The oil extract method had a significant impact on peroxide value. Hexane extractions produced the largest variation in peroxide values between room temperature and soxhlet extraction methods. Furthermore, room temperature extraction of the oil resulted in comparable peroxide values regardless of solvent used during extraction. The only exception being oil extracted with isopropyl alcohol in combination with hexane or chloroform. The extraction with hexane beyond 4 hours in the soxhlet suggests that hydroperoxides likely decomposed with the extended time in contact with heat during the extraction. In the chloroform: methanol extractions, the peroxide values were close despite the method used to extract the oil. Overall, greater variability in peroxide value of the oils was observed for oils extracted using soxhlet. The most significant finding was the excessive peroxide values in oil obtained with solvents containing isopropyl alcohol. Furthermore, wax extraction was observed and thus made peroxide value determination difficult. Pretreatment of the flaxseed prior to extraction also impacted peroxide value of the extracted oil. Oven drying at 130 C was detrimental to the oil. Higher peroxide values were observed in oils extracted from flaxseed treated at this temperature compared to other pretreatments. Drying of the flaxseed facilitates oil removal and thus might also allow for a better representation of the actual peroxide value compared to samples without moisture removal prior to oil extraction. Outcomes/Impacts The outcome of this study demonstrate that flaxseed lignans and phenolics are stable to fermentation processes. This would allow for consumers to benefit from the intake of flaxseed or flaxseed extracts via fermented foods. The most significant part of this work was the development of a pretreatment and extraction protocol prior to peroxide value determination. A 130 °C drying prior to extraction in NOT recommended because the higher peroxide values observed may be the result of the pretreatment and not the amount of hydroperoxides in the sample. The oil extracted using chloroform: methanol (2:1 v/v) had slightly higher peroxide values than oil extracted from non-dried flaxseed or vacuum-dried flaxseed using hexane. This indicates that the cholorform:methanol (2:1 v/v) may be a better solvent for removing hydroperoxides since minimal heat was applied in vacuum drying and no heat was used in not dried samples. As a result, extraction with chloroform: methanol (2:1 v/v) is recommended. Publications Hall III, C. and Gebreselassie, E. 2016. Understanding Lignan (SDG) stability in Fermented Beverages. Proceedings

of the 66th Flax Institute of the United States. Edited by H. Kandel and C. Hall. Published by North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. pp 31-38.

Rajala, F., Syverson, D., Niehaus, M. and Hall, C. 2016. Assessing Peroxide Value in Flaxseed – an oxidation

indicator. Proceedings of the 66th Flax Institute of the United States. Edited by H. Kandel and C. Hall. Published by North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. pp 86-90.

Hall III, C. and Gebreselassie, E. 2016. Understanding Lignan (SDG) stability in Fermented Beverages. The 66th

Flax Institute of the United States Meeting, Fargo, ND March. 31-April 1, 2016. Rajala, F., Syverson, D., Niehaus, M. and Hall, C. 2016. Assessing Peroxide Value in Flaxseed – an oxidation

indicator. The 66th Flax Institute of the United States Meeting, Fargo, ND. March 31-April 1, 2016.

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Title Effect of Delayed Harvest on the Quality of Durum Wheat. By Manthey, F. A., North Dakota State University - Fargo Elias, E. M. Cabas-Lühmann, P. Outputs Harvest can be delayed for many reasons including weather and competition of other crops and fields that are ready to harvest. Delayed harvest prolongs the exposure of the grain to the environment. This research was conducted to determine the effect of delayed harvest on the quality of durum wheat. Twelve durum cultivars were planted in eight row plots with four replications at Prosper, ND. Durum cultivars represent popular old cultivars (Ben, Dilse, Lebsock, Mountrail, Pierce), currently grown cultivars (Alkabo, Divide, Grenora, Strongfield) and new cultivars (Carpio, Joppa, Tioga). Two rows were harvested at four times: when grain had about 18% moisture, had 13-14% moisture, and with harvest delayed 1 and 2 weeks after the second harvest. Yield, test weight, kernel size, 1000-kernel weight, kernel vitreousness, kernel protein content, kernel yellow pigment content and polyphenol oxidase activity were determined for each harvested sample. Outcomes/Impacts Delayed harvest resulted in a decrease in yield, test weight, kernel vitreousness, and kernel yellow pigment content and an increase in kernel size. Harvest time did not affect 1000-kernel weight or kernel protein content. The decline in yield is attributed to shattering, kernels falling from the spikes before or during harvest. Decline in test weight and an increase in large kernels is attributed to swelling of the bran layer with exposure to moisture from heavy dew that commonly forms during autumn mornings. Increased seed size without an increase in weight would result in decreased test weight. Cultivars differed in their response to delayed harvest. When comparing the first and last harvests, greatest yield loss occurred with Grenora (27%) and Carpio (23%) and no yield loss occurred with Alkabo, Dilse, Joppa or Pierce. Grenora lost the most test weight (6%) and Carpio the least (2%). Polyphenol oxidase activity increased with delayed harvest for Carpio, Strongfield, and Tioga but generally decreased for the remaining cultivars. Yellow pigment content decreased the most with Ben and Mountrail. Yellow pigment content did not decrease in Lebsock. These results indicate that grain quality generally declined with delayed harvest and that the magnitude to the decline varied with cultivar. Awarded Grant(s) and Contract(s). North Dakota Wheat Commission

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Title Evaluation of Hard Red Spring Wheat Quality Using Four Roller Mill Types. By Simsek, S., North Dakota State University – Fargo Baasandorj, T.

Outputs Hard red spring (HRS) wheat constitutes about 25% of the wheat crop in the United States and is exclusively grown in the Northern Plains states of MN, MT, ND and SD. HRS wheat is known to have high protein content and excellent milling and baking performance. Domestic and overseas buyers pay premium price for HRS wheat because of its high quality and unique characteristics. The objective of this research was to determine if the ranking of HRS wheat cultivars for quality evaluation was affected by mill type. A cultivar scoring system was developed that considered their milling, flour, dough, and bread-baking qualities. This scoring system was designed to rank wheat cultivars for scores between 1 and 10, 1 being “average” and 10 being “most desirable”. Five bushels of 6 Hard Red Spring wheat cultivar composites (SD Forefront, ND Elgin, MN Bolles, ND 817, SY Ingmar, and ND Glenn) were obtained from Gulf/Great Lake Export Region as part of the 2014 Overseas Varietal Analysis (OVA). Additional five bushels of 6 HRS wheat cultivars of ND Dapps (2014), ND Elgin (2013), ND Faller (2014), SD Focus (2014), ND Glenn (2012), and ND Prosper (2014) from Casselton location were obtained from the North Dakota State Seed Department, thus making a total of 12 HRS wheat cultivars. After milling wheat samples on four different roller mill types (Quad. Jr, Quad. Sr, Buhler MLU-202, and MIAG-Multomat), the flour quality, dough quality and end-use quality was evaluated based on standard methods. The overall quality score for ranking these 12 HRS cultivars (that were milled on four laboratory mills) consisted of (1) wheat quality, (2) milling quality, (3) flour and dough quality, and (4) baking quality scores in which the weights/percentages were given to each of these quality characteristics. Points were awarded for each trait by subdividing these categories into various quality tests for evaluating these traits. Each of these 4 quality scores further consisted of various quality tests in which weights were again given to calculate individual quality score. Within each quality test, scores between 1 and 10 were assigned for each quality test to calculate the overall score, with ten being the best and one being the worst. Upon getting an overall score from these four quality traits (wheat, milling, dough, and baking quality), a final score was calculated by giving weights on these four quality scores. The weights were assigned for these quality traits, and emphasis was placed on dough and baking quality, as these are the most influential basis used to determine the overall quality. A poster was presented at the annual AACC International meeting, Savannah, GA, October 23-26, 2016. Outcomes/Impacts Mill type and wheat cultivar had significant (P<0.001) effect on the milling, dough, and baking quality scores. Cultivar by mill type interaction did not appear to be so strong as to cause discrepancy in quality evaluation of wheat cultivars since ranking of twelve HRS cultivars was consistent for the overall quality score across different mill types. Based on the overall quality score MN Bolles ND Glenn from G/GL region and ND Glenn from Casselton location had overall quality scores of 6.5 or above when averaged across mill types. This indicated that overall quality for these HRS wheat cultivars would be consistently high when used for different roller mills for quality evaluation. Thus, these cultivars would be considered “good” overall quality wheat cultivars. In contrast, ND

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Prosper and SD Focus from Casselton location, and SD Forefront from G/GL region were considered “fair” overall quality wheat cultivars receiving overall quality scores of 6.0 or less. The proposed overall wheat scoring system could assist farmers and breeders in selection of wheat cultivars considering the wheat end-use quality. Development of a comprehensive scoring system will also enable a more detailed scoring system for screening new lines for suitable end-use. The current research was carried out to determine whether the overall ranking of Hard Red Spring Wheat cultivars for quality evaluation was affected by mill type. The overall quality scoring system was developed in order to assist in comparing and ranking HRS wheat objectively. Differences in the roller mill types used in the quality evaluation were observed. Quad. Jr. and Sr. mills showed high flour and dough quality scores but low milling, baking, and overall quality scores. In contrast, Buhler and MIAG mills showed high milling, baking, and overall quality scores. Hard Red Spring wheat cultivars were ranked across mill types based on a developed overall scoring system. G-MN Bolles, C-ND Glenn and G-ND Glenn cultivars had overall quality scores of 6.5 or above making these cultivars “good” overall quality cultivars. In contrast, G-MN Bolles, C-ND Glenn and G-ND Glenn cultivars had overall quality scores of 6.5 or above. This indicates that overall quality for these HRS wheat cultivars would be consistently high when used for different roller mills for quality evaluation. Thus, these cultivars would be considered “good” overall quality wheat cultivars. In contrast, C-SD Focus, G-SD Forefront, and C-ND Prosper cultivars were considered “fair” overall quality wheat cultivars receiving overall quality scores of 6.0 or less. Therefore, the overall scoring system was effective in objectively ranking these HRS wheat cultivars. From the results obtained in this study we can conclude that the roller mill type does not affect the overall ranking of HRS wheat cultivars for quality evaluation when using a developed scoring system. Publications S. Simsek, T. Baasandorj, J. Ohm. 2016. Does mill type affect ranking of hard red spring wheat cultivars based on

end-use quality? Abstract. AACC International. http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/Documents/2016Abstracts/aacc2016abs65.htm

Awarded Grant(s) and Contract(s). North Dakota Wheat Commission. $30,000

Objective 1


Title Mycotoxin risk Management and Outreach Programs in the Office of the Texas State Chemist (OTSC). By Herrman, T.J., Texas A&M AgriLife Research Lee, K.M. Li, W. Outputs Maize hybrid performance in Africa. Fifty maize samples from the 2016 harvest season in Kenya were analyzed for aflatoxin levels. Information was collected from each grower about certain variables to investigate their impact on the aflatoxin concentration. The variables examined in this study were sub-county, altitude, maize hybrid, harvest season, days till harvest, planting density, type of fertilizer, amount of fertilizer, previous crop, weight, husk tightness, and whether or not the ear drooped at black layer. Each sample was tested three times due to the variability of aflatoxin. Eight (16%) of the 50 samples had an average aflatoxin concentration over the 20 ppb regulatory limit. Thirteen (26%) of the samples had average concentrations of aflatoxin over 10 ppb. The linear regression model with husk as the only covariate showed that the tightness of the husk had a significant effect on aflatoxin level. For the predicted model, a loose husk had a higher concentration of aflatoxin than ears with a tighter husk. Six (66.7%) of the 9 samples that had a loose husk also had aflatoxin levels over 20 ppb. Eight of the nine samples were from one hybrid, and the sample that was not from that specific hybrid was from the same company. Although not statistically significant, there were trends seen for seed corn hybrid and sub-counties. Variance structure of aflatoxin contaminated corn in trucks. The purpose of the study was to develop a sampling plan that could be used by regulators in Kenya to detect aflatoxin in maize. A pilot study was run where samples were taken from bags in nine different trucks from three different mills. Each bag was sampled in two areas to help determine the variability of aflatoxin within the bag. A power study was used to determine the number of bags that need to be sampled in order to locate excess levels of aflatoxin. Only one truck of the nine contained sampled bags that has an aflatoxin level over 20 ppb. Two of the ten bags sampled had high levels of aflatoxin. The levels were well above the 20 ppb regulation. Fumonisin test kit validation. The water-based Charm Sciences, Inc. ROSA WET-S5 Fumonisin Quantitative Test (LF-FUMQ-WETS5) was evaluated for measurement of fumonisin above 60 ppm in corn. In this procedure, three analysts made 21 measurements (each analyst made 7 measurements) of reference which contains 73 ppm (LC-MS results) fumonisins in total by using ROSA WET-S5 Fumonisin test kits. The evaluation is aligned with OTSC mission by assessing feed and fertilizer hazards related to animal and human health and the environment and ensuring the feed industry fulfills the requirements in the Texas Agriculture Code (Chapters 141 & 61). The conclusion of the evaluation is the performance of ROSA WET-S5 Fumonisin test kits meets GIPSA criteria. Fumonisin Pilot Study Program. A fumonisin pilot project study was initiated with two cooperatives already participating in the One Sample Strategy for aflatoxin. The facilities used a fumonisin test kit to analyze their corn, and these samples were then sent to OTSC for analysis on LC-MS. Cooperative A used the Neogen kit – Reveal Q+ for fumonisin while Cooperative B used the Vicam Fumo-V AQUA kit. For Cooperative A, 138 samples were analyzed. Eighty-five percent of those samples were in agreement with OTSC relative to a marker of ≤ 5 ppm. Four percent of the samples were in agreement for the > 5ppm. Eleven percent was classified incorrectly (kit < 5 ppm; OTSC > 5ppm). For Cooperative B, 77 samples were analyzed. Ninety-nine percent of those samples were in agreement with OTSC relative to a marker of ≤ 5 ppm. Only 1% was in disagreement.

Objective 1


Outreach Programs. The OTSC outreach program includes Educational Programs, Journal of Regulatory Science, Mycotoxin Activities, Communicating with stakeholders, and Laboratory activities- Tours, Method Validation. One important focus of OTSC outreach programs is managing mycotoxin economic and food safety risk on a global level through educational, co-regulation and proficiency testing programs. Since2012, the OTSC has coordinated the One Sample Strategy co-regulation program that facilitates the management of economic and food safety risk of aflatoxin contaminated corn by providing Texas producers, crop insurance agents, local grain elevators, feed mills, and regulators with real‐time information about the true level of aflatoxin going into and out of corn bins. On a global level, the OTSC’s Aflatoxin Proficiency Testing and Control in Africa, Asia, Americas and Europe (APTECA) program implements a process approach to measure and manage aflatoxin risk (Figure 1). APTECA promotes the use of uniform sampling, testing equipment and methods, proficiency testing, use of laboratory control samples, and third party verification. In addition, OTSC offers educational programs that focus on regulatory science, laboratory quality systems and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). (Table 1)

Figure 1. Countries (blue) participating in OTSC outreach program

Table 1. Participation in OTSC outreach activities in education and mycotoxin control programs

APTECA program (http://apteca.tamu.edu) Educational Programs

# of Proficiency Testing Laboratories

162 # of FAO/TAMU LQS Course Participants

107

# of Industry Participants 13 # of Regulatory Science Graduate Program Students

121

# of Analysts Qualified 105 # of HACCP Course Participants (http://feedhaccp.tamu.edu)

218

Objective 1


Outcomes/Impacts In the linear regression model the husk characteristic was found to be highly significant when looking at its effect on aflatoxin, while there were trends seen for sub county and seed corn hybrid. The analysis of these trends and characteristics provides useful information that could help improve preventative measures for maize growers in Kenya. Twenty bags per truck were found to be a sample size that was both feasible and would maintain a high level of detection for aflatoxin. The evaluation shows that WET-S5 Fumonisin Quantitative Test is a supplemental analysis to accurately test fumonisin in corn above 60 ppm. The kits may be used for testing corn at grain facilities operating under a compliance blending plan or participating in the One Sample Strategy fumonisin management program. The narrow range in fumonisin contamination did not yield as robust of a field validation as desired, but results are acceptable for the purpose of moving forward in the implementation of One Sample Strategy program for fumonisin. OTSC outreach program includes regulatory, industry and laboratory personnel in more than 50 countries and helps facilitate management of food safety risk on a global level. Publications Lee, K. M., Herrman, T. J., and Post, L. 2016. Evaluation of selected nutrients and contaminants in distillers grains

from ethanol production in Texas. Journal of Food Protection. 79, 15621571. Funding Source(s) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Cooperative Agreement Program.

Objective 1


Title Single Seed Analysis of Sprouted Wheat and Discrimination between Oat and Gluten Containing Grains. By Armstrong, Paul R., CGAHR, USDA-ARS, Manhattan KS Outputs Single seed near-infrared and visible spectroscopy was examined as a method to discriminate sprouted wheat kernels from non-sprouted kernels. Spouting that occurs in the field is very detrimental to bread making properties. Both near–infrared and visible methods could identify minimally sprouted kernels from those that were severely sprouted but intermediate levels were difficult to quantify. Near infrared spectroscopy of single seeds was also studied as a method to distinguish gluten containing kernels from oat and groat kernels. A commercial single seed instrument and an in-house instrument both provided high classification rates across a broad number of small grain types that included barley, rye, triticale and all classes of wheat. Outcomes/Impacts Inspection of field samples to distinguish between no or severe sprouting can be done quickly using single seed visible or near-infrared methods. This can eliminate some of the human analysis that is currently required for grading these samples although this will not likely occur unless the single seed methods are used for additional quality quantification purposes. Single seed near-infrared classification between oat and groat seeds from other grain types is very good and is currently being used by food manufacturers to screen incoming grain lots. Publications Armstrong, P.R., Dell’Endice, F., Maghirang, E. B., and Rupenyan, A. 2016. Discriminating oat and groat kernels

from other grains using near-infrared spectroscopy. Cereal Chem Armstrong, P.R., Maghirang, E.B., Yaptenco, K.F. and Pearson, T.C. 2016. Visible and near-infrared instruments

for detection and quantification of individual sprouted wheat kernels. Trans. of ASABE.

Objective 1


Title Analysis of Sorghum Biomolecules and their Relationships to Sorghum Grain Quality. By Bean, Scott, R., CGAHR, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS Outputs Protein digestibility was measured on samples of sorghum flour and several food products to evaluate interactions between sorghum genotype and food processing on nutritional quality of sorghum. Grain traits including physical kernel characteristics and grain composition were measured on a set of samples exposed to drought both pre-flowering and post-flowering to determine how the timing of drought stress impacts sorghum grain quality. Outcomes/Impacts Sorghum is an important drought and heat tolerant grain for areas of the central U.S. However, sorghum is known to have lower nutritional quality when compared to grains such as maize. In order to determine how drought stress impacts sorghum grain studies were conducted to determine how the timing of drought stress impacts sorghum grain quality. In addition, samples were processed into various traditional foods to identify genotypes that respond to food processing better than others in terms of preserving nutritional quality. These studies will help to identify germplasm that maintains grain quality under drought stress and is more suitable to various forms of processing. Publications Girad, A.L., Perez-Castell, M.E., Bean, S.R., Adrianos, S. L., Awika, J. M. (2016). Effect of condensed tannin

profile on wheat flour dough rheology. J. Agric. Food Chem. 64: 7348-7356. Cobb, A., Wilson, G.W., Goad, C.L. Bean, S.R., Kaufman, R.C., Herald, T.J., and Wilson, J.D. 2016. The role of

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in grain production and nutrition of sorghum genotypes: Enhancing sustainability through plant-microbial partnership. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 233: 432-440.

Bize, M., Smith, B.M., Aramouni, F.M., and Bean, S.R. 2016. The effect of egg and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of

monoglycerides addition on gluten-free sorghum bread quality. J. Food Sci. (In press)


Objective 2 To develop efficient operating and management systems that maintain quality, capture value, and preserve food safety in the farm-to-user supply chain.

Objective 2


Title Management of In-Bin Drying and Storage Systems for Grains to maintain Quality and Prevent of Mycotoxin Contamination. By Atungulu, G.G., University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture Outputs Studying kinetics of grain quality degradation, mold growth, and mycotoxin development during on-farm, in-bin drying and storage. Determination of accurate equilibrium moisture content isotherms for use in the new on-farm, in-bin drying and storage systems. Mathematical modeling to optimize performance of on-farm, in-bin grain drying and storage systems. Development of novel techniques to enhance drying rates and for detection, decontamination, and detoxification of harmful-grain molds and mycotoxins. Outcome/Impacts A computer simulation platform capable of predicting natural air in-bin drying of rice, corn and soybean has been built; models used in the simulations have been validated using field experiments. The developed platform, with a user-friendly interface, is helpful to determine natural air in-bin drying strategies such as airflow rate, harvest-start date, and fan control option for successfully drying and storage of grain harvested at varied moisture contents and geographic locations. Study continues to document kinetics of grain quality deterioration and mycotoxin formation; these are to be modeled to provide further constraints to defining guidelines for optimal in-bin drying and storage strategy. Developed novel one-pass drying and pest control strategies for rice: case studies of one-pass drying of rough rice with a 915 MHz industrial microwave and infrared heating techniques. Publications G. G. Atungulu, H. Zhong, G. S. Osborn, A. Mauromoustakos, C. B. Singh. 2016. Simulation and Validation of On-

Farm In-Bin Drying and Storage of Rough Rice. American Society of Biological and agricultural Engineers, Applied Engineering Journal, Vol. 32(6), 881-897.

Atungulu G., and Hou Min Zhong. 2016. Assessment of strategies for natural air in-bin drying of rough rice in

Arkansas locations. American Society of Biological and agricultural Engineers, Applied Engineering Journal, Vol. 32(4): 469-481. DOI 10.13031/aea.32.11361.

Olatunde G., Atungulu G., Sadaka S. 2016. CFD modeling of air flow distribution in rice bin storage system with

different grain mass configurations. Biosystems Engineering 151(2016), 286-297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.09.007.

Objective 2


Atungulu G., Thote S., Wilson S. 2016. Storage of Hybrid Rough Rice – Consideration of Microbial Growth

Kinetics and Prediction Models. Journal of Stored Product Research, 69(2016), 235-244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2016.09.003.

Atungulu G.G., Smith D., Wilson S., Sadaka S., Rogers S. (2016). Assessment of one-pass drying of rough rice with

an industrial microwave system on milling quality. American Society of Biological and agricultural Engineers, Applied Engineering Journal, Vol. 32(3): 417-429. DOI 10.13031/aea.32.11484.

Olatunde G., Atungulu G., Deandrae Smith. 2016. One-pass drying of rough rice with an industrial 915 MHz

microwave dryer: Quality and energy use consideration. Biosystems Engineering 155(2017), 33-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.09.007.

Sammy Sadaka, Gagandeep S. Ubhi, Griffiths Atungulu. 2016. Effects of initial moisture content and heating rate on

wheat (OAKES) drying kinetic parameters. International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology. 5(9), 42-54. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.61449.

Z. Pan, H. M. El Mashad, X. Li, R. Khir, G. Atungulu, L. Zhao, P. Kuson, T. McHugh, R. Zhang. 2016.

Demonstration tests of infrared peeling system with electrical emitters for tomatoes. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), Vol. 59(4): 985-994, DOI 10.13031/trans.59.11728.

G.G. Atungulu, Z.R. Young, S. Thote, H.M. Zhong, and S. Sadaka. 2016. Improving Germination Rate of Soybean

Seed Dried Using Recently Introduced In-Bin Drying Systems. Arkansas Soybean Research Studies 2014. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station May 2016 Research Series 631, Page 184-188.

Wilson S.A, Okeyo A.A, Olatunde G.A, and Atungulu G.G. 2016. Radiant heat treatments for corn drying and

decontamination. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 2016; e13193. doi:10.1111/jfpp.13193. Okeyo A., Olatunde G., Atungulu G., Sadaka S., McKay T. 2016. Infrared Drying Characteristics of Long-grain

Hybrid, Long-grain Pureline, and Medium-grain Rice Cultivars. Cereal Chemistry. Posted online on 17 Aug 2016, First Look. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM-07-16-0181-R.

Thote S., and Atungulu G. 2016. Dry Matter Loss for Hybrid Rough Rice Stored under Reduced Oxygen

Conditions. Cereal Chemistry. (in press). Xiaotuo Wang, Griffiths G. Atungulu, Ragab Gebreil, Zhengjiang Gao, Zhongli Pan, Shantae A. Wilson, Gbenga

Olatunde, David Slaughter. Sorting in-shell walnuts using near infrared spectroscopy for improved drying efficiency and product quality. International Agricultural Engineering Journal, Manuscript ID 2016-026 (in press).

Objective 2


Title Risk Assessment for the Food Safety Concerns of Mycotoxins in the Pacific Northwest under Climate Variability. By Ryu, D., University of Idaho Outputs For the objective 1, optimization and verification of methods for detecting and quantifying fungal population in soil, seasonal sampling has been performed twice using soil dilutions onto peptone-pentachloronitrobenzene agar (PPA). Colonies displaying unrestricted growth, indicative of Fusarium species, were easily recognized and transferred to homemade potato dextrose agar (PDA). The use of 24-well plates facilitated a highly efficient screening process of hundreds of isolates simultaneously to identify colonies capable of producing red-pigment. Red-pigmented colonies, which represent potential trichothecene producers, were transferred onto carnation leaf agar (CLA) and identified to species level using microscopic features such as macroconidia shape and phialide structure. F. culmorum, a potential deoxynivalenol (DON) producer and causal agent in Fusarium head blight (FHB), was shown to be cosmopolitan enough in soil samples to estimate soil population levels. F. graminearum, and F. pseudograminearum, other causal agents of FHB, were rarely detected and soil population levels for these plant pathogens were not determined. Further research will focus on F. culmorum as a model organism to assess the effect of climate on inoculum levels of plant pathogens capable of inducing FHB. Considering the intrinsic variability of both the high degree of spatial aggregation of F. culmorum soil populations and soil dilution plating methods, enumerating soil populations of F. culmorum could still be reliably preformed. Using a square-root transform reduced variance caused by high soil populations in sampling quadrats these values for each field could be used to correlate soil population levels to local climatic variables within one year prior to sampling. Soil populations of F. culmorum were found to be significantly positively correlated to total monthly rainfall during the period of maximum precipitation from October through April. In addition, soil populations of F. culmorum were significantly negatively correlated with mean maximum monthly temperature. These results demonstrate the utility of methods used to detect and quantify fungal populations in soil and relate them to local climate factors. The objective 2, development and validation of analytical method to detect mycotoxins using HPLC and LC-MS is in progress. Methods to assess the toxigenic potential of collected isolates is being developed and validated. Determination of mycotoxin concentration in both grains and extracts from fungal cultures is currently being assessed using an HPLC method with UV detection. The current limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for DON using this method are currently 50 and 100 ng/mL in standard solutions injected directly into an Agilent 1260 infinity HPLC system. LOD and LOQ in sampled grains are currently being determined, as modifications to the extraction protocol can change those values for sampled grains. Approximately 400 F. culmorum isolates have already been transferred to yeast extract sucrose agar (YES) to determine toxigenic potential. A method using agar plug extracts to quantify the amount of DON produced has been developed. Some F. culmorum isolates are also likely to be nivalenol (NIV) producers, so the incorporation of NIV standards and the development of a multi-mycotoxin method using the same HPLC-UV parameters are in progress. For the objective 3, determination of the mycotoxin concentrations and the presence of toxigenic fungi in soil and foods, the same collaborating wheat growers from which soil samples are collected have also agreed to the sampling of grains from their fields. Sampling of wheat heads and collection of grains will be performed during sampling in March and June 2017. Seasonal soil sampling has already been performed during June and September 2016, and

Objective 2


sampling is scheduled to take place in December 2016. Grain samples will be analyzed for fungal populations and mycotoxin concentration upon harvest, using plating methods for relevant fungi and HPLC-UV for mycotoxin concentrations. Given the high amount of Epicoccum nigrum detected when plating kernels from a field in Pullman, Washington prior to harvesting in August 2016, alternative options to determine the presence of toxigenic fungi using molecular techniques are being evaluated. Outcomes/Impacts The Pacific Northwest provides a sampling region with differing climate regimes relatively close together. By sampling from different agroecological classes simultaneously we can observe how populations of F. culmorum fluctuate and relate those changes to local climatic conditions. In the interest of climate change, understanding how an inoculum level of a plant pathogen changes due to climate conditions can hopefully prove useful in predicting how levels may change in the future. In addition, it is forecasted that areas which are currently under the annual cropping agroecological class may change to the transitional class in the future. Observing both simultaneously can give insight into how population levels might behave in the future under climate change. It is forecasted that climate change in the Pacific Northwest will manifest as warmer springs, summers, and winters along with wetter springs and drier summers. Understanding how population levels change over the seasons can help address whether climate change will bring Fusarium head blight into the Pacific Northwest. The survey has also collected approximately 400 F. culmorum isolates which will be utilized in future phylogenetic studies.

Objective 2


Title Efficient Operating and Management Systems addressing Food Safety, Grain Dust, Grain Drying, and Fumigation of Insects. By Bern, C.J., Iowa State University Rosentrater, K.A. Shaw, A.M. Hart, C.E. Chopra, S. Mosher, G.A. Maier, D.E. Hurburgh, C.R. Outputs In CY2016, the Food Safety Preventive Controls Alliance course Preventive Controls for Animal Food was offered four times to 60 participants each time. Two offerings were targeted at the feed ingredient suppliers and regulatory personnel, and two offerings were targeted toward fuel ethanol producers. As FSMA compliance becomes more important, food safety management systems are of greater interest to grain industry professionals. To facilitate the adoption of traceability and food safety management tasks by grain handling organizations, the use of the ISO 22000 standard is used, but standards language can be complex and unclear. To assist grain handlers in adopting ISO 22000, a guidance document on the development of a food safety management system using the ISO 22000 was published by the American Association of Cereal Chemists. Grain dust explosions are a hazard to grain industry workers and the mitigation of these events requires attention to both quality and safety aspects. Training was conducted for workers in Indiana, Iowa, South Dakota, and California on the prevention of grain dust explosions. The training emphasized engineering controls, properties of grain dust, and other worker-based mitigation strategies. A series of small quantity (<500 kg) corn drying trials were conducted at Iowa State University using a new biomass burner and heat exchanger design. The design was developed in Kenya and is targeted for small holder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa using either a horizontal shallow or circular column drying to hold the grain. Dr. Maier and his team evaluated the efficacy of fumigating grain in sealed storage structures to control insect pests using pressure half-life decay times, fumigant concentrations, and insect bioassays. Gas monitoring and thermosiphon closed-loop recirculation equipment was installed on two silos. Three fumigations with phosphine (PH3) pellets or tablets and two with cylinderized PH3 were performed in each silo. Outcomes/Impacts Feed and feed ingredient producers are beginning the process of compliance with the Food Safety Modernization Act, with 240 preventive controls qualified individuals trained in our courses. It is estimated that 10,000 PCQI’s will be needed on a nationwide basis.

Objective 2


Approximately 275 grain elevator employees were trained on prevention of grain dust explosions. These grain workers and processors now have information on daily tasks, engineering controls, and preventive operations needed to keep grain dust explosions from occurring. The combination of a biomass burner and heat per hour were able to remove 1.5 to 2.2 points of moisture per hour from 280 kilograms of shelled maize, with no substantial loss in quality. In the fumigation study, greater than 99% adult mortality was observed in all insect bioassays which included PH3 resistant strains of R. dominica and T. castaneum. The average emergence from fumigated bioassays was less than 10 adult insects, compared to an average of nearly 400 adult insects for the non-fumigated controls. Although the Australian silo retained higher fumigant concentrations than the U.S. silo, fumigations were successful in both. Publications C.J. Bern, D. Bbosa, T.J. Brumm, K.A. Rosentrater, R.A. Suleiman. 2015. Blending maize and amaranth to control

maize weevil during storage on smallholder farms. Presented and published in the proceedings of the First International Congress on Postharvest Loss Prevention, Rome, Italy, October 2015.

A.M. Shaw. 2015. Food Safety Modernization Act Mini Conference (with FDA and Iowa Department of Inspection

and Appeals). Workshop given in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. C.E. Hart. 2016. Crop market outlook. Presented at the Iowa Farm Business Association in Altoona, Iowa; Farm

Progress Show, Boone, Iowa; and the Northeast Iowa Research and Demonstration Farm Fall Field Day, Nashua, Iowa.

Grover, A.K., S. Chopra, and G.A. Mosher. Food Safety Modernization Act: A quality management approach to

identify and prioritize factors affecting adoption of preventative controls among small food facilities. Food Control, 66, July 2016, 241-249.

Ramaswamy, S.K., Rosentrater, K.A., and G.A. Mosher. 2016. Does a NIR system provide low-cost alternative to

on-farm feed and forage testing? A techno-economic analysis. ASABE Meeting paper #2460922. Orlando, FL: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineering (ASABE).

Funding Source(s) USDA – Foreign Agricultural Service – Cochran Program Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration Extension 21 Grants Grants and Contracts USDA – Foreign Agricultural Service – Cochran Program Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration Extension 21 Grants Industry contracts and service agreements

Objective 2


Title Evaluation of Quality Parameters and Loading/Unloading Cycles on Grain Compressibility during Storage. By Montross, M.D., Kentucky McNeill, S.G. Turner, A.P. Outputs There is very limited information in the literature on the effects of aeration, partial unloading/loading cycles, and side discharge on grain compaction in bins. These are frequent occurrences during grain storage that could result in deviations from “typical” pack factors. In addition, secondary grain quality parameters such as high dockage, blending, and GMO varieties have not been studied in relation to grain compaction. A laboratory bin with a diameter of 6 ft and a height of 17 ft was used for testing. The wall and floor were independently supported with load cells. Loading and unloading were stopped when the H/D ratio was 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 and the packing measured. The bulk density during filling increased as expected. At a H/D of 1.0 the density increase, relative to the test weight, was approximately 15 kg/m3. At a H/D of 2.0 and 2.5, the density increase in the bin was approximately 20 kg/m3. As the bin was unloaded, the density increase was smaller (less packing) compared to the loading condition. After unloading to a H/D ratio of 2.0, the density increase was 17 kg/m3, 3 kg/m3 lower than when the bin was being filled. The bulk density increase was 15% lower under conditions of unloading versus unloading. However, these differences were relatively small considering the test weight of the wheat was 780 kg/m3. The results were expected based on Janssen’s equation and the ratio of the floor and wall loads. The lower density increase observed during unloading was also expected. After unloading is initiated, the load on the wall increases by approximately 8-10% with a corresponding decrease in the floor load. If the wall carries a greater portion of the total wall, less overburden pressure is seen by the grain resulting in less packing. Clean and mold damaged corn samples (Pioneer 33D49 from Kansas) were used to determine the effects of mold damage on bulk density. The clean sample had an initial test weight of 723 kg/m3 and moisture content of 9.6%. This sample was then exposed to an environment where molds thrived resulting in a sample with the following composition: 41% mold damaged, 6.5% broken, and 1.4% insect damaged. The damaged sample had a slightly lower initial test weight (699 kg/m3) and higher moisture content (10.3%) than the normal sample. Bulk densities of the two samples were measured at different overburden pressures from 0 to 138 kPa. Results showed that the bulk density of mold-damaged corn was always less than the bulk density of the clean sample. As the overburden pressure applied to the sample increased, both samples exhibited an increase in density following similar trends, with the mold-damaged values slightly lower than the normal sample. Sound and insect damaged corn samples (Croplan 5757 VT3 from Kansas) were used to determine the effects of insect damage on bulk density. The sound sample had an initial test weight of 795 kg/m3 and moisture content of 11.2%. This sample was then exposed to insects, resulting in a sample with 18% of the kernels insect damaged. The insect-damaged sample had lower initial test weight (723 kg/m3) and lower moisture content (10.8%) than the sound sample. Bulk densities of the two samples were measured at different overburden pressures from 0 to 138 kPa. Results showed that the bulk density of insect-damaged corn was always lower than the bulk density of the sound sample.

Objective 2


As the overburden pressure applied to the sample increased, both samples exhibited a similar trend of increasing density, with the insect-damaged values slightly lower than the sound sample values following the difference in the initial bulk density. Outcomes/Impacts A number of variables impact the predicted packing of grain during storage. Small variations in the pack factor can result in large differences in the measured grain inventory. Assuming 10 billion bushels of grain are in storage at any given time and a value of $5/bu, a 0.5% error would translate to a 250 million dollar variation in the value of stored grain on a national level. Publications Turner, A.P., M.D. Montross, J.J. Jackson, S.G. McNeill, M.E. Casada, J.M. Boac, R. Bhadra, R.G. Maghirang, S.A.

Thompson. 2016. Error analysis of stored grain inventory determination. Trans. ASABE. 59(3): 1061-1072. Turner, A.P., M.D. Montross, J.J. Jackson, S.G. McNeill, M.E. Casada, J.M. Boac, R. Bhadra, R.G. Maghirang, S.A.

Thompson. 2016. Modeling the Compressibility Behavior of Hard Red Wheat Varieties. Trans. ASABE. 59(3) 1029-1038.

Funding Source(s) and Amount(s) 2015 Anderson Team Grant

Objective 2


Title New Products for Insect Management in Stored Grain and the Role of Pre-harvest Species causing Kernel Damage at Grain Grading. By Weaver, D.K., Montana State University Outputs Data evaluating synergism between nanoparticulate forms and plant-derived compounds indicated weak additive effects. Adding more than 1 compound did not improve this. The topic of insect damaged kernels (IDK) that can arise from pre-harvest insects continues to create concern. Kernel injury caused by the wheat head armyworm looks like IDK created by our dominant primary invader of stored grain, the lesser grain borer. Discussion of this is still ongoing, but the concern is that the assessment of IDK is “unfair”. The key point is that the pre-harvest pest causes holes in kernels, which are IDK. Growers have suggested discussion of an alternative designation for this impact on quality. Elevator operations are unyielding because of the difficulty in distinguishing the sources of injury. In addition, a presentation entitled “IPM of stored grain insects in Montana” was presented at the Fort Benton Agricultural Center on January 11, 2016. There were 50 attendees. Tactics stressed were aeration to manage moisture and temperature with judicious use of protectants. Fumigation guidelines were presented. The presentation was requested because of an increased concern about insects in stored grain. The problem was driven by a significant portion of the 2014 harvest that was stored for an entire year based on low wheat prices. This included a full summer cycle which is very difficult to manage successfully, especially for insects. A stored product pest management module was again presented to AGSC 401 – IPM students on the Montana State University Campus in October 2016. Outcomes/Impacts The discussion of how growers can account for insect damaged kernels caused by the wheat head armyworm to avoid the costs of fumigation is still ongoing. It is a difficult problem to resolve.

Objective 2


Title Development of Sensing Systems to Detect and Identify Quality Characteristics in Agricultural Products. By Jones, Carol, L., Oklahoma State University Outputs The results of this research were presented at several professional conferences. The venues are listed here: -Storing Grain Bags in Oklahoma, November 18, 2015, Oklahoma City, OK. -Grain Bin Aeration and Dust Prevention, Texas High Plains Grain Elevator Workshop, Amarillo, TX, January 22, 2016 (two presentations: dust prevention and aeration). -Missouri Pesticide Certification and Fumigation Workshops. (four presentations). January 19-20, 2016. Columbia, Missouri -Safety and Grain Bin Entrapment, SunRay Cooperative, Sunray TX. March 9–11, 2016. (Six presentations). -Fumigation: A Piece of the Safety Puzzle, National Grain and Feed Association’s Safety conference, August 2 – 4, 2016, Omaha, Nebraska -Change Management. OSU Academic Leader Academy Session 2 (two presentations). October 4-5, 2016. -Fumigation Continuing Education Workshop. Oklahoma Ag Expo. (four presentations). October 18, 2016. -Fumigation: a piece of the safety puzzle. Fall Fumigation Workshop. Stillwater, OK. November 2, 2016. Our team is also working on the following areas for Outputs: -To develop a sensing method to measure or estimate the forces within the grain bulk during storage in grain bins and silos. -To develop models that correlate electromagnetic, hyperspectral, and force sensor output to grain quality in storage. -To develop and extend response protocols for emergency personnel in the treatment and extraction of victims of grain bin entrapments -Our Research Team has created an initial protocol for pressure testing of grain bins under different sealing methods has been established and testing has begun. Results will be reported at a later date. -Forces encountered by a life-size mannequin have been determined using a specially designed force monitoring vest system. Results will be reported at a later date. -Storage conditions of oilseeds in marginally viable storage bins was tested and the results are being presented in early 2017. -Data is being collected on pressure half-life in various sealing procedures of grain bins. -Extension publications have been produced and are available through the Oklahoma State University extensions service. This research has also resulted in the following opportunities for training and personal development: -One Ph.D. student will complete a degree in May, 2017 -One M.S. student will complete a degree in December of 2017. -Over 400 emergency responders and grain elevator workers have been trained in 2015-2016 for level one awareness for grain bin incidents. Level two training is available and will be rolled out in 2017. Level three technician level training will be available in 2018 and is in review at present.

Objective 2


Outcomes/Impacts Early detection and real-time assessment of grain quality provides a safer working environment for agricultural workers and emergency responders. Publications Journal Articles Sekhon, J., N. Maness, and C. Jones. 2016. Effect of compressed propane extraction on storage stability of dried

cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.). Journal of Food Engineering Jan16. Sekhon, J., N. Maness, and C. Jones. 2015. Effect of preprocessing and compressed propane extraction on quality of

cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.). Food Chemistry 175: 322-328. Ismayilzade, N, V. Samedov, B. Kard, and C. Jones. 2015. Sunflower seed damage and economic injury level of the

European Sunflower Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Journal of Entomological Science 50(2): 138-146.

Moore, K and C. Jones. Grain Entrapment Pressure on the Torso - Can You Breathe While Buried in Grain? Journal

of Ag Safety and Health, ASABE. JASH-11648-2015.(Awaiting second round of reviewer comments) Extension Publications Jones, C.L., 2016. Grain Bin Entrapment: Don’t Let It Happen To You! BAE-1113. Oklahoma Cooperative

Extension Service, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Jones, C.L., 2016. Grain handling automation and controls. BAE-1290. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service,

Stillwater, Oklahoma. Jones, C.L., 2016. Grain bin entrapment: a case study from an Oklahoma country elevator. CR-1726. Oklahoma

Cooperative Extension Service, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Jones, C.L., C. Reed, and S. George. 2015. Grain Bin Safety Training, Instructors Manual and Student Manual.

Oklahoma State University Fire Services Training Publishing, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Jones, C.L., C. Reed, and S. George. 2015. Grain Bin Safety Training, Teaching Slides with video on external drive.

Oklahoma State University Fire Services Training Publishing, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Grain Bin Safety. 2015. Video delivered on thumb drive. Oklahoma State Fire Services Training, Stillwater,

Oklahoma. Jones, C.L. and E. Bonjour. Preparing grain bins and flat storages prior to harvest or incoming product storage.

Oklahoma State University Extension Service, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Grain Bin Safety Awareness. 2015. Curriculum for training ag workers. Oklahoma State University Fire Services

Training Publishing, Stillwater, OK.

Objective 2


Conference Papers/Presentations Bonjour, E., C. Jones and R. Beeby. 2015. A closed loop system improves phosphine fumigation in stored grain

facilities. Entomological Society of America. Entomology 2015 Conference, November 15-18, 2015. Minneapolis, MN.

Moore, K and C. Jones. 2015. Impact of a polyethylene liner on the storage of canola in unaerated steel bins – Year

1 results. ASABE Annual International Meeting Paper No. 152189116, New Orleans, LA. July 29, 2015. Jones, C. and G. Brown. 2015. Adapting a culture mapping technique to the needs of engineering students and

researchers. ASABE Annual International Meeting Paper No. 152189818, New Orleans, LA. July 29, 2015. Bonjour, E. and C. Jones. 2016. Minimizing insect infestations in grain storage facilities prior to harvest. XXV

International Congress of Entomology. Orlando, FL. September 25-30, 2016. Funding Source(s) and Amount(s) Principal Investigator. “On-farm Storage of Winter Canola – Study of Lined and Unlined Steel Bins”. 04/1/14 - 3/31/16. The Andersons Research Grant Program. With Moore. $50,000. Funded. Co-Principal Investigator. Supplemental and Alternative Crops Competitive Grants Program. With Bushong, Post, Arnall, Warren, Damicone, Giles and Royer. USDA. 10/1/14 – 9/30/16. $210,000. Funded Co-Principal Investigator. “Susan Harwood Capacity Building Development” OSHA with Louthan, 10/1/2014-9/30/2018, $640,000. Funded Co-Principal Investigator. Supplemental and Alternative Crops Competitive Grants Program. With Nowlin, Bushong, Post, Arnall, Warren, Damicone. USDA. 10/1/15– 9/30/17. $210,000. Funded Principal Investigator. “Evaluating Sealing Quality of Grain Storage Bins”. The Andersons Research Grant Program. With Casada, Bhadra, Arthur, Maghirang, Adam, Maier, Cook. 01/01/16 – 12/31/17. $50,000. Funded. Principal Investigator. “Mobile Grain Engulfment/Confined Space Rescue Simulator”. Assistance to Firefighters Grant. With Reed and Fire Services Training. 5/1/16-4/30/17. $345,000. Funded. Co-Investigator, “Reducing Aflatoxin Contamination of Corn in On-Farm Bin Drying and Storage Systems”, National Corn Growers Association, with Universities of Kentucky and Arkansas, 1/14 – 12/15, $90,000 Funded Principal Investigator. “Evaluating Sealing Quality of Grain Storage Bins”. The Andersons Research Grant Program. With Casada, Bhadra, Arthur, Maghirang, Adam, Maier, Cook. 01/01/16 – 12/31/17. $50,000. Funded. Principal Investigator. “Mobile Grain Engulfment/Confined Space Rescue Simulator”. Assistance to Firefighters Grant. With Reed and Fire Services Training. 5/1/16-4/30/17. $345,000. Funded.

Objective 2


Title Determining Time, Aeration, and Loading Cycle Effects on Grain Packing. By Casada M.E., USDA-ARS-CGAHR, Manhattan, KS Thompson, S.A., University of Georgia, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Bhadra, R., Kansas State University, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Maghirang, R.G. Petingco, M. McNeill, S.G., University of Kentucky, Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Montross, M.D. Turner, A. P. Outputs When stored in a bin, grain undergoes compression from the weight exerted from the overlying material in the bin. The extent of compression depends on crop type, test weight, moisture content, bin wall material, bin size, and other factors and results in an increase in bulk density. This study is improving the prediction of grain pack factors to include storage time, aeration, and effect of loading cycles. The effects of secondary grain quality parameters like high dockage wheat, high BCFM for corn, and presence of GMO traits are also being investigated. Field data have been collected from 16 bins at commercial elevators and farms to determine the effects of time and aeration on grain packing for corn, wheat, soybeans, and barley. In addition, 22 bins are being monitored through the spring of 2017 for changes in grant height over time with and without aeration. Four barley bins were tracked for 12 months (Figure 2). The change in grain height varied between crops and also between aerated and non-aerated bins. For six corn bins, the decrease in grain height after 6 month of storage ranged up to 0.5%. Similarly, for five soybean bins stored for 6 months with aeration of 900 to 1000 hours, the decrease in grain height ranged up to 0.21%. For three HRW wheat storage bins monitored for 4 months there was no change in grain height. This year’s field data will be combined with bin tracking data from other storage seasons for further analysis.

Figure 1. Grain height of barley in non-aerated bins for 12 months.

Objective 2


A partial unloading cycle was monitored in a corn bin (80-ft diameter, 63-ft eave height) at an Illinois ethanol plant. The bin was: (1) partially emptied via a center discharge until only a residual inverted cone remained (average grain height 8.9 ft), then (2) it was refilled and the height measured as 57.98 ft. These measurements were repeated later in an identical bin at the plant. Additional tests of partial unloading and refilling were conducted in the USDA-ARS, CGAHR concrete bins (D = 15 ft; H = 85 ft) and in the University of Kentucky Granular Mechanics Laboratory corrugated steel bins (D = 6 ft; H= 18 ft). The CGAHR concrete bins were filled and unloaded randomly at different H/D ratios while the Kentucky steel bin was filled and unloaded sequentially at increasing or decreasing H/D ratios. Preliminary results for the randomly loaded concrete bins showed no significant differences in packing for loading versus unloading at the same H/D level. Results from the sequentially filled steel bins at Kentucky showed greater packing during filling than during unloading for the same H/D level. Additional tests are planned for the concrete bins with sequential filling and unloading. Kernel size and shape variation was determined for use in discrete element method (DEM) modeling of initial bulk density and packing in wheat. Six different varieties of hard red winter wheat were analyzed for kernel shape and size. Kernels were passed through a series of sieves to determine size distribution. Kernels were then divided into three size classifications based on thickness size. Minor and major diameters were determined for each size classification using image processing. The different varieties had different proportions of small, medium, and large kernels. For modeling, the dimensions (thickness, minor diameter, major diameter) to be used are: 2.84mm 2.81 mm 5.94 mm for large kernels, 2.61 mm 2.50 mm 5.66 mm for medium, and 2.39 mm 2.16 mm 5.37 mm for small kernels. Different proportions of the three size classifications will be prepared for laboratory and simulation tests to determine the test weight, angle of repose, apparent density, tapped bulk density, and percent void before and after compaction. Outcomes/Impacts The existing WPACKING model does not account for the effect of storage time, aeration effects, and loading cycles for grain volume calculations or the effect of secondary quality parameters such as high dockage and high foreign material for wheat and corn and GMO traits in corn and soybeans. These new estimates of these effects on grain pack factors will give more accurate results in these cases. Effects of time and aeration will be an important addition to improve its accuracy of prediction and grain volume calculations. The comprehensive WPACKING program is user–friendly software and will be an effective tool for crop insurance agencies, licensing agencies, and stored grain managers for accurate grain inventory information.

Objective 2


Publications Turner, A.P., M.D. Montross, S.G. McNeill, M.P. Sama, M.E. Casada, J.M. Boac, R. Bhadra, R.G. Maghirang, S.A.

Thompson. 2015. Modeling the compressibility behavior of hard red wheat varieties. Transactions of the ASABE 59(3): 1029‐1038.

Turner, A.P., M.D. Montross, J.J. Jackson, N.K. Koeninger, S.G. McNeill, M.E Casada, R. Bhadra, J.M. Boac, R.G.

Maghirang, and S.A. Thompson. 2015. Error analysis in the measurement of stored grain volume. Transactions of the ASABE 59(3): 1061‐1072.

Bhadra, R., M.E. Casada, J.M. Boac, A.P. Turner, S.A. Thompson, M.D. Montross, R.G. Maghirang, and S.G.

McNeill. 2016. Correlating bulk density (with dockage) and test weight (without dockage) for wheat samples. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 32(6): 925-930.

Bhadra, R., M.E. Casada, S.A. Thompson, J.M. Boac, R.G. Maghirang, M.D. Montross, , A.P. Turner, and S.G.

McNeill. 2017. Technical note: Field-observed angles of repose for stored grain in the U.S. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. In Press.

Turner, A.P., M.D. Montross, J.J. Jackson, N.K. Koeninger, S.G. McNeill, M.E Casada, J.M. Boac, R. Bhadra, R.G.

Maghirang, and S.A. Thompson 2017. Technical Note: Stored grain surface estimation using a low-density point cloud. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. In Press.

Funding Source(s) and Amount(s) Andersons Research Grant Program, Team Competition (2015-2016).


Objective 3 To be a multi-institutional framework for the creation of measureable impacts generated by improvements in the supply chain that maintain quality, increase value, and protect food safety/security.

Objective 3


Title Serving Industry and Educational Stakeholders by Providing Practical and Timely Information on Grain Quality and Handling. By Hurburgh, C.R, Iowa State University Shepherd, H. Hardy, C. Rippke, G. Mosher, G.A. Maier, D.E. Outputs University and private sector agribusinesses continued to utilize our NIRS-based grain component testing service, with 10,615 samples of corn and soybeans submitted from the 2015 crop year, and 15,452 to date from the 2016 crop. Corn protein was low, but corn starch increased more than expected for the protein level. This means that ethanol yields will be elevated. Soybean protein content was approximately 0.5% point below average in 2016 while oil content was 0.5% point above average. This combination will increase the total value of products from a soybean crushing plant. The Iowa Grain Quality Initiative added 19 online training modules covering various areas of grain handling and processing. The Renewable Fuels monthly newsletter became part of this research program. An ongoing relationship with a major agribusiness insurance company has moved forward. One of the primary goals of this collaboration is to solidify the mindset for grain handlers that the quality of grain and the safety of their workers are closely linked. Two journal publications reporting on the safety outputs of this research are currently under review. Continued curriculum revision and updating continues, with the revision of the "Managing Grain after Harvest" textbook - an internal text used by agricultural engineering and technology students at Iowa State University in their grain handling coursework. The development of a feed technology academic minor for undergraduate students in bioprocess/food engineering, agricultural technology, animal science, food science, and agri business at Iowa State University was also initiated. Outcomes/Impacts Producers and the grain industry received advance forecasts of crop quality and storability conditions for 2017. Processors received advance estimates of product yields from both corn and soybeans. Collectively the training modules were downloaded 698 times in CY2016. The newsletter has 3000 regular subscribers and is downloaded an average of 30,000 times per month. In partnership with the Midwest agribusiness insurance company, a webinar for insurance clients is planned for early 2017 to address linkages between grain quality and safety.

Objective 3


The updated version of the grain drying, handling, and storage handbook (MWPS-13) is in the final phases of editing, with an expected release in early spring 2017. The book has been used as a supplemental text for grain handling and processing courses at the undergraduate level for many years. Publications Hurburgh, C. R. and E. Bowers. 2015. Crop Quality and the Role of Agronomists in FSMA. Proc 27th Integrated

Crop Management Conference, Iowa State University, Ames, IA. December 2, 2015. Hurburgh, C.R. 2015. Pay Attention to Condition of Stored Corn. Integrated Crop Management Newsletter, ANR

Extension and Outreach, Iowa State University, Ames, IA. August 13, 2015. http://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews

Hurburgh, C.R. 2015. Challenges to Watch in 2015 Harvest. Integrated Crop Management Newsletter, ANR

Extension and Outreach, Iowa State University, Ames, IA. September 20, 2015. http://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews

Hurburgh, C.R. 2015. What a Difference the Weather Makes. Integrated Crop Management Newsletter, ANR

Extension and Outreach, Iowa State University, Ames, IA. October 15, 2015. http://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews

Hurburgh, C. R. 2015. Crop Quality, Storage and FSMA. Grower Seminar, D and B Agrosystems, Hubbard, IA.

December 8, 2015. (25). Funding Source(s) The Andersons Research Grant Program Iowa Extension 21 program Industry contracts and service fees NIH-FDA Grants and Contracts Extension 21 Grants Industry contracts and service fees

Objective 3


Title Third Edition of the Grain Drying, Handling and Storage Handbook (MWPS-13) – Using NC-213 Multi-state Expertise for National Impact By Maier, D.E., Professor, Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University McNeill, Sam, Associate Extension Professor, Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky Hellevang, Ken, Professor, Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State University Outputs The authors of the MWPS-13 Grain Drying, Handling and Storage Handbook revision completed the seven chapters which constitute this revised and updated publication. The chapters were reviewed by an editor and as needed, revisions to the chapters were made which were reviewed and approved by the chapter authors. The new and revised graphics of figures were completed and incorporated into the layout of the chapters. Layout of the chapters is nearly complete and the final manuscript will soon go to the printer. Once completed, an initial batch of the final publication will be printed in early 2017 that will acknowledge the financial support of the NC-213/The Anderson grant program. Outcomes/Impacts In support of Objective 3 of the current NC-213 plan and as part of their responsibilities, NC-213 scientists and engineers conduct outreach activities for general training and for research transfer. Over the years, NC-213 has successfully engaged end-users to disseminate information throughout the grain industry. At the investigator level, most NC-213 participants have split appointments among research, teaching and extension/outreach lines. Traditional outlets for NC-213 scientists and engineers have been journal publications, conference proceedings, extension fact sheets, and relevant industry meetings. Enabling the revision and updating of the MWPS-13 Grain Drying, Handling and Storage Handbook is a new opportunity to enhance the NC-213 outreach plan and increase NC-213 impact among extension engineers, grain storage practitioners, grain handling equipment manufacturers and suppliers, farmers, university and community college professors and students. Funding Sources 2013 NC-213/The Andersons Research Grant Program Contacts Dirk Maier, Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University; Phone: 515-294 0140; e-mail: [email protected], URL: http://www.abe.iastate.edu Kathy Walker, MidWest Plan Service, Iowa State University; Phone 515-294-4337; email: [email protected], URL: http://www-mwps.sws.iastate.edu

Objective 3


Title Economics of Integrated Pest Management for Stored Products and Food Processing Facilities and Traceability in the Food Supply Chain. By Adam, Brian, D., Oklahoma State University Outputs The general objective of the research under this project is to improve the ability of the grain marketing system to respond to increased pesticide regulations and to consumer demands for wholesome, insect-free foods. The specific objectives are to estimate costs and risks associated with chemical-based and IPM pest-control strategies in stored grain facilities, and to estimate costs and risks associated with chemical-based and IPM pest-control strategies in food processing facilities. Other accomplishments include: Methyl bromide is a commonly used fumigant for controlling insects in food processing facilities. However, it has been designated as an ozone depleter and is becoming less available and more costly. Integrated pest management (IPM) is an alternative, and may additionally reduce insecticide resistance, improve worker safety, and reduce environmental concerns and consumer concerns about pesticide residuals. However, little is known about the costs and efficacy of IPM in food processing facilities. We consider several IPM approaches and measure both the treatment costs as well as the costs of failing to control insects for each approach. Food processing facilities face a high cost if they fail to control insects, but a relatively low probability of incurring those costs. In their operating context, a real options approach can provide a method for appropriately measuring the risks of insect infestation under alternative treatment approaches. A Ph.D. student (Suling Duan) is investigating alternative ways to apply this methodology to food processing facilities and their insect control decisions. We are working closely with entomologists on the project to gather and analyze data from the project for this purpose. We are also, with the help of the entomologists, gathering location data to be used in GIS models that will help improve the understanding of insect issues in processing facilities and thus aid in controlling insects. Traceability in the Food Supply Chain Research by B.D. Adam and Candi Ge (graduate student), along with Michael Buser (Biosystems & Ag Engineering), Blayne Mayfield and Johnson Thomas (Computer Science), and Steve Ricke and Phil Crandall (Food Science, U. of Arkansas) on the topic “Advancement of a whole-chain, stakeholder driven traceability system for agricultural commodities: beef cattle pilot demonstration.” We have developed a "proof-of-concept" interface between the Proprietary Centralized Data Whole-Chain Traceability System (PCD-WCTS) developed as part of this project and a local farmer-to-consumer traceability system developed by a private traceability company. What opportunities for training and personal development has the project created? One M.S. student has completed a M.S. thesis and is beginning a Ph.D. dissertation under this project, another student is beginning a Ph.D. dissertation, and two Ph.D. students are continuing dissertations under this project, for a total of four Ph.D. dissertations in progress.

Objective 3


We hope to accomplish the following by the next reporting period: Entomologists on the project are collecting data that will enable us to more precisely estimate costs of each treatment option. They are also modifying insect growth models (and insects’ responsiveness to treatment methods). Together those will allow our models to give more precise estimates of insect control costs from alternative treatment methods, and thus to give better recommendations. Thus, during this next reporting period we will continue to update our models with the new data from the entomologists so that we can estimate costs more accurately and give more accurate recommendations. Also, the current results and recommendations apply to whole floors of processing facilities. Work in progress is modifying and refining those results using GIS techniques to apply to multiple individual locations on a particular floor of the facility. We are continuing to adapt the concept of real options to measure the economic and risk tradeoffs in insect control decisions in a food processing environment. For the traceability project, we have completed a major funded project, and we have been awarded another funded project to adapt the developed technology for use with other food products as well as to interface with other traceability systems and marketing systems to make the technology more versatile and more widely used. This will enhance the food safety and value-added capabilities of the system. Outcomes/Impacts Sampling-based IPM can be economically effective in certain conditions in partially replacing fumigation in controlling insects in stored grain facilities I.P.M. Methods in in Processing Facilities. Change in knowledge Models are being developed to predict insect growth in different locations within a processing facility. This will facilitate analysis to determine economic effectiveness of alternatives to whole-plant fumigation in order to control insects. Traceability in the Food Supply Chain. Change in knowledge. A traceability system has been developed that permits supply chain participants who put data into the system to selectively share information with others in the supply chain. The traceability system developed can be used by farmers to manage production and marketing data. Farmers can use this data in the system to provide value-based and safety information to other participants in the supply chain, including consumers. This will facilitate communication of important food attributes through the supply chain, adding value to consumers and to other participants in the supply chain, and enhance food safety and animal disease traceability. Publications Journal Articles Adam, Brian D., Rodney Holcomb, Michael D. Buser, Blayne Mayfield, Johnson Thomas, Philip Crandall, Corliss

A. O’Bryan, Steven C. Ricke, Dar Knipe, and Richard Knipe. 2016. “Enhancing Food Safety, Product Quality, and Value-Added in Food Supply Chains Using Whole-Chain Traceability.” International Food and Agribusiness Management Review. Special Issue - Volume 19 Issue A:191-214.

Extension Publications Adam, B. D., C. C. Craige, and M. D. Buser. 2016. “Risk Reallocation in a Whole Chain Traceability System.”

Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet NWCTI-17, June.

Objective 3


Buser, M. D, C. C. Craige, and B. D. Adam. 2016. “What Access will Government Agencies Have?” Oklahoma

Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet NWCTI-16, June. Thomas, J.P., C. C. Craige, M. D. Buser, and B. D. Adam. 2016. How Secure Is Your Data in the National Whole

Chain Traceability System?.” Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet NWCTI-15, June. C. C. Craige, T. K. Kumar, M. D. Buser, and B. D. Adam. 2016. “How to Use the NWCTI System.” Oklahoma

Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet NWCTI-10, June. C. C. Craige, M. D. Buser, and B. D. Adam. 2016. “How Consumers Would Use the National Whole Chain

Traceability System.” Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet NWCTI-09, June. Stehle, A.M., C. C. Craige, M. D. Buser, and B. D. Adam. 2016. “Using RFID and Traceability Systems in Stocker

Operations.” Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet NWCTI-05, June. Adam, B.D., C.C. Craige, and M.D. Buser. 2016. “What makes the National Whole Chain Traceability System

Different? Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet NWCTI-02, June 2016. Posters Ge, Candi, and Brian D. Adam. 2016. “Value of Information in a Whole-Chain Traceability System for Beef Cattle:

Application to Meat Tenderness.” Selected Poster presented at the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association annual meetings, Boston, MA, July 31-August 2.

Conference Papers/Presentations and Posters Ge, Candi, and Brian D. Adam. 2016. Value of Information in a Whole-Chain Traceability System for Beef Cattle:

Application to Meat Tenderness.” Selected Paper presented at the Western Agricultural Economics Association annual meetings, Victoria, BC, Canada, June 21-23.

Theses/Dissertations Li, Niu. 2016. Alternatives to Methyl Bromide Fumigation for Insect Control in Rice and Wheat Processing

Facilities: An Economic Optimization.” M.S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University. (This was incorrectly entered last year as 2015.)

Funding Source(s) and Amount(s) “Evaluating Sealing Quality of Grain Storage Bins Combined with Appropriate Phosphine Application Strategy to Minimize Insect Resistance in U.S.” NC-213 The Andersons Research Grant Program – Regular Competition 2015. Amount of award: $50,000. Jones, Carol, Mark Casada, Rumela Bhadra, Frank Arthur, Ronaldo Maghirang, Dirk Maier, Samuel Cook, and Brian D. Adam. “Optimization of Food Grade Coatings, Environmental Conditions, and Fumigation of Dry Cured Hams.” USDA-NIFA-ICGP-004997, 9/1/2015-8/31/2018. $500,000, with $50,000 to Oklahoma State University. Other institutions: Mississippi State University and Kansas State University. P.I.s: Wes Schilling, Thomas Phillips, and Brian Adam.

Objective 3


“Sitlington Enriched Graduate Scholarships – Costs and Benefits of Alternative Biosecurity Measures in the Grain Production/Marketing System.” To be used for recruiting graduate students. A competitive grant funded by the Sitlington Endowment in the amount of $4,000/yr., plus $1,000 in research support, for academic years 2014-2017; $15,000. Project Leader Brian Adam, with C. Chung, and P. Kenkel. “Sitlington Enriched Graduate Scholarships – Multidisciplinary Research on Integrated Pest Management.” To be used for recruiting graduate students. A competitive grant funded by the Sitlington Endowment in the amount of $4,000/yr., plus $1,000 in research support, for academic years 2014-2017; $15,000. Project Leader Brian Adam. “Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for Effective Integrated Pest Management in Rice Mills,” USDA-NIFA Methyl Bromide Transition, 9/1/2014-8/31/2017, $450,000, with $93,503 to Oklahoma State University. P.I.s: McKay, Arthur, Campbell, Adam, Wilson, Yang, and Reagan. “Evaluation of New Strategies and Tactics to Manage Insect Pests in Mills,” USDA-NIFA-ICGP-004257, 9/1/2013-8/31/2016, $500,000, with $50,000 to Oklahoma State University. P.I.s: Kun Yan Zhu, Bhadriraju Subramanyam, Frank Arthur, James Campbell, Brian Adam, and Ducatte. “Developing IPM with MB Alternatives for Protecting Southern Dry-Cured Hams,” USDA-NIFA-ICGP-004257, 9/1/2013-8/31/2016, $500,000, with $60,000 to Oklahoma State University. P.I.s: Thomas Phillips (KSU), Wes Schilling (MSU), and Brian Adam (OSU). “Improving Efficacy of Aerosol Applications for Control of Stored Product Insects in Wheat and Rice Mills.” USDA-NIFA- ICGP-005778, Methyl Bromide Transitions. 9/1/2016-8/31/2019, $499,999, with $50,000 to Oklahoma State University. P.I.s: Kun Yan Zhu, James Campbell, Frank Arthur, Mark Casada, Daniel Brabec, Ronaldo Maghirang, and Brian Adam. “Whole-chain Traceability to Improve Food Safety: Melons.” USDA-AMS/Oklahoma Dept. of Ag, Food, and Forestry Specialty Crop Grant Program, 10/1/2016-9/30/2018, $82,777. P.I.s: Brian Adam, Michael Buser, Rodney Holcomb, Ravi Jadeja, and Blayne Mayfield.