AReference Handbook COMMUNICATION21st Century

Edited by

William F. Eadie

Volume 1

AReference Handbook COMMUNICATION21st Century

San Diego State University

2&

Copyright 2009 by SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

21st century communication : a reference handbook / general editor William F. Eadie.p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-4129-5030-5 (cloth)1. Communication. 2. Mass media. I. Eadie, William F. II. Title: Twenty-first century communication.

P90.A14 2009302.2dc22 2008043063

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Publisher: Rolf A. JankeAcquisitions Editor: Jim Brace-ThompsonEditorial Assistant: Michele ThompsonDevelopmental Editor: Sara TauberReference Systems Manager: Leticia M. GutierrezReference Systems Coordinator: Laura NottonProduction Editor: Kate SchroederCopy Editor: QuADS Prepress (P) Ltd.Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.Proofreader: Penelope SippelIndexer: Joan ShapiroCover Designer: Candice HarmanMarketing Manager: Amberlyn McKay

CONTENTS

VOLUME ONE

Preface xi

About the Editors xiii

About the Contributors xv

PART I. THE DISCIPLINE OF COMMUNICATION

1. Communication as an Idea and as an Ideal 3H. Dan OHair, University of OklahomaWilliam F. Eadie, San Diego State University

2. Communication as a Field and as a Discipline 12William F. Eadie, San Diego State University

3. The Speech Tradition 22William M. Keith, University of WisconsinMilwaukee

4. The Journalism Tradition 31John Nerone, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

PART II. APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF COMMUNICATION

5. Philosophical Approaches to Communication 41James A. Anderson, University of Utah

6. Rhetorical and Textual Approaches to Communication 49Valerie R. Renegar and Jennifer A. Malkowski, San Diego State University

7. Quantitative Approaches to Communication Research 57Timothy R. Levine, Michigan State University

8. Qualitative, Ethnographic, and Performative Approaches to Communication 65Dean Scheibel, Loyola Marymount University

9. Critical/Cultural Approaches to Communication 74Kent A. Ono, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

10. Feminist Approaches to Communication 82Bonnie J. Dow, Vanderbilt University

11. Queer Approaches to Communication 90John M. Sloop, Vanderbilt University

PART III. KEY PROCESSES OF COMMUNICATION

12. Message Construction and Editing 101Michael E. Roloff, Northwestern UniversityCourtney N. Wright, University of Tennessee, Knoxville

13. Cognition and Information Processing 110John O. Greene and Melanie Morgan, Purdue University

14. Perspective Taking, Adaptation, and Coordination 119Amy S. Ebesu Hubbard, University of Hawaii at Manoa

15. Social Construction 128Mariaelena Bartesaghi and Kenneth N. Cissna, University of South Florida

16. Listening, Understanding, and Misunderstanding 137Andrew D. Wolvin, University of Maryland, College Park

17. Performance and Storytelling 147Eric E. Peterson, University of Maine

18. Persuasion and Compliance Gaining 156Robert H. Gass, California State University, FullertonJohn S. Seiter, Utah State University, Logan

19. Identity as Constituted in Communication 165Karla Mason Bergen, College of Saint MaryDawn O. Braithwaite, University of NebraskaLincoln

PART IV. FORMS AND TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

20. Conversation, Dialogue, and Discourse 177Robert R. Agne, Auburn UniversityKaren Tracy, University of Colorado, Boulder

21. Interviewing 186Charles J. Stewart, Purdue University

22. Public Speaking 194Amy Slagell, Iowa State University

23. Deliberation, Debate, and Decision Making 202James F. Klumpp, University of Maryland

24. Conflict Management and Mediation 211Linda L. Putnam, University of California, Santa Barbara

25. Visual Rhetoric 220Janis L. Edwards, University of Alabama

26. Memorials and Other Forms of Collective Memory 228Peter Ehrenhaus, Pacific Lutheran University

PART V. KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF MESSAGES

27. The Interplay of Verbal and Nonverbal Codes 239Laura K. Guerrero, Arizona State UniversityLisa Farinelli, Augustana College

28. Rhetorical Style 249Barry Brummett, University of Texas at Austin

29. Genre 257Karlyn Kohrs Campbell, University of Minnesota

30. Dramatic Elements in Messages 266Edward C. Appel, Lock Haven University

31. Rhetorical Exigency, Strategy, and Argumentation 275Karyn Charles Rybacki and Donald Jay Rybacki, Northern Michigan University

32. Social Support 283Erina L. MacGeorge, Purdue University

PART VI. KEY COMMUNICATION RELATIONSHIPS

33. Spouses and Other Intimate Partnerships 295Laura Stafford, University of Kentucky

34. Children, Parents, and Grandparents 303Michelle Miller-Day and Jennifer A. Kam, Pennsylvania State University

35. Friends 313Kristen Norwood and Steve Duck, University of Iowa

36. Dating and Romantic Partners 322Jennifer A. Samp and Caren E. Palevitz, University of Georgia

37. Supervisors, Subordinates, and Coworkers 331Patrice M. Buzzanell and Rebecca L. Dohrman, Purdue University

38. Social Groups, Workgroups, and Teams 340J. Kevin Barge, Texas A&M University

39. Students and Teachers 349Steven A. Beebe, Texas State UniversitySan MarcosTimothy P. Mottet, University of TexasPan American

40. Patients, Doctors, and Other Helping Relationships 358Wayne A. Beach, San Diego State University

PART VII. FACTORS AFFECTING COMMUNICATION

41. Gender 371Julia T. Wood, University of North California, Chapel Hill

42. Ethnicity 380Melbourne S. Cummings, Howard University

43. Sexual Orientation 387Bettina Heinz, Royal Roads University

44. Culture 396Fred E. Jandt, California State University, San Bernardino

45. Risk 405Katherine E. Rowan, George Mason University

46. Freedom of Expression 415Dale A. Herbeck, Boston College

47. Globalization 424John M. Eger, San Diego State University

PART VIII. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR COMMUNICATION

48. Ethical and Unethical Communication 435Josina M. Makau, California State University, Monterey Bay

49. Competent and Incompetent Communication 444Sherwyn P. Morreale, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs

50. Unwanted Communication, Aggression, and Abuse 454Brian H. Spitzberg, San Diego State UniversityWilliam R. Cupach, Illinois State University

51. Sexual Harassment 463Debbie S. Dougherty, University of Missouri

52. Deception 471Timothy R. Levine, Michigan State University

53. Bias 479Andrew Cline, Missouri State University

VOLUME TWO

PART IX. MEDIA AS COMMUNICATION

54. Traditional and New Media 489Rayford L. Steele, Ball State University

55. Media Portrayals and Representations 497James D. Robinson, University of Dayton

56. Media Uses and Gratifications 506CarrieLynn D. Reinhard, Roskilde UniversityBrenda Dervin, Ohio State University

57. Agenda Setting and Framing 516Salma I. Ghanem, University of TexasPan AmericanMaxwell McCombs, University of Texas at AustinGennadiy Chernov, University of Regina

58. Cultivation and Media Exposure 525Nancy Signorielli, University of Delaware

59. Virtual Reality and Presence 534Corey Bohil, Charles B. Owen, Eui Jun Jeong, Bradly Alicea,and Frank Biocca, Michigan State University

60. Computer-Mediated Communication 543Lara Lengel, Bowling Green State University

61. Group Decision Support Systems 550Marshall Scott Poole, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignIftekhar Ahmed, Texas A&M University

62. Media Literacy 558W. James Potter, University of California, Santa Barbara

PART X. COMMUNICATION AS A PROFESSION

63. Professional Communication Practices 571Dale Cyphert, University of Northern Iowa

PART XI. JOURNALISM

64. The Idea of Journalism 583John Steel, University of Sheffield

65. The Changing Nature of News 592Michele Weldon, Northwestern University

66. Reporting, Story Development, and Editing 600K. Tim Wulfemeyer, San Diego State University

67. Investigative Journalism 609Hugo de Burgh, University of Westminster

68. Magazine and Feature Writing 618Edward Jay Friedlander, University of South Florida

69. Photojournalism 626James E. McNay, Santa Barbara, California

70. Broadcast Journalism 635Mark Leff, Ohio University

71. New Media Journalism 643John V. Pavlik, Rutgers University

72. Media Law in the United States 652Sandra Davidson, University of Missouri

73. Journalism Ethics 661Clifford G. Christians, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

74. International Journalism 670Sam Chege Mwangi, Kansas State University

75. The Business of Journalism 679Robert Dowling, Tsinghua University

PART XII. PUBLIC RELATIONS

76. History and Concepts of Public Relations 689Glen M. Broom, San Diego State University

77. Theories and Effects of Public Relations 698Carl Botan, George Mason University

78. Public Relations Research 706Don W. Stacks, University of MiamiMarcia Watson DiStaso, Pennsylvania State University

79. Ethics in Public Relations 715Charles Marsh, University of Kansas

80. Issues Management 724Robert L. Heath, University of Houston

81. Campaign Design and Management 732Ronald D. Smith, State University of New York, Buffalo State College

82. Crisis Communication 741Kathleen Fearn-Banks, University of Washington

83. Political Communication 749Sharon E. Jarvis and Soo-Hye Han, University of Texas at Austin

84. International Public Relations 758Suman Lee, Iowa State University

85. The Business of Public Relations 767John D. Stone, James Madison University

PART XIII. ADVERTISING

86. History of Advertising 779Edd Applegate, Middle Tennessee State University

87. Research in Advertising Campaign Design 788Samuel D. Bradley, Texas Tech UniversityTimothy C. Laubacher, B&a Advertising

88. Creative Development and Copywriting in Advertising Campaigns 797David Klowden, The Lambesis Agency

89. Media Planning for Advertising Campaigns 805Donald W. Jugenheimer, In-Telligence Inc.

90. Integrated Marketing Communication 815Michael Belch and George Belch, San Diego State University

91. Social Marketing Campaigns 822Timothy Edgar and Megan J. Palam, Emerson College

92. International Advertising 830Barbara Mueller, San Diego State University

93. The Business of Advertising 840Edward W. Russell, Syracuse University

PART XIV. MEDIA MANAGEMENT

94. Media Economics and Ownership 851Fang Liu and Alan B. Albarran, University of North Texas

95. Media Policy and Regulation 859John Allen Hendricks, Southeastern Oklahoma State University

96. Radio and Television Programming 868Lynne Schafer Gross, California State University, Fullerton

97. Media Convergence 877Brad Mello, National Communication Association

Index 885

PREFACE

The discipline of communication has grown in popu-larity from the time professors of journalism andspeech decided, in the mid-1960s, that the termcommunication was an excellent general descriptor for thetheory and research that each group aspired to create. Overtime, the two groups grew closer together and began to rec-ognize significant overlap in their theoretical and researchinterests, but there were also differences in their traditionsthat kept them apart. While both groups agreed that com-munication is a practical discipline, journalism professorsfocused a great deal of their attention on the education ofmedia professionals. Speech professors, on the other hand,often were more oriented to the liberal arts and valuedthe fact that communication could be approached from avariety of traditions, including the arts, humanities, socialsciences, and even the sciences.A key term in 21st-century communication, however,

is convergence. Not only are media and technology con-verging with each other to produce new means of com-municating but also individuals are increasingly usingboth new and existing communication tools to create newforms of communication. And this convergence forcesthe various camps within the communication disciplineto draw on each others theories and research methods tokeep up with explaining the rapidly changing communi-cation environment.This convergence of ideas and theories provides a

space to challenge conventional ways of thinking aboutthe communication discipline, and thats what Iveattempted to do in these volumes. I wasnt alone in myconcerns: When I first accepted the assignment to serveas Editor, I immediately convened several informalgroups of scholars at a professional meeting to discusshow I should approach this task. Uniformly, these schol-ars said, The ways we talk about our discipline aretiredlook for different ways to approach the materialthat needs to be covered in such a work. And they said,Even though weve relied on contexts of communica-tion (interpersonal, group, organizational, public, andmass communication) to describe ourselves over theyears, this contextual approach hasnt served us very

well. So I looked for another way, one that would notonly honor the diversity of the study of communicationbut also integrate that diversity into a coherent form.In the end, following the sections that introduce the dis-

cipline and a number of different approaches to studyingcommunication phenomena, I divided communication studyinto four basic properties: (1) the different processes thatpeople typically use to accomplish the task of communi-cating with each other (such as message creation, informa-tion processing, and identity construction); (2) the formsand types of communication (such as conversation, publicspeaking, interviewing, and decision making) that arecommonly encountered in everyday life; (3) the character-istics (such as strategy, style, and the interplay of verbaland nonverbal codes) that a communicator must considerin creating messages; and (4) how communication changesdepending on the nature of the relationships (such asfamilial, work, and romantic) that individuals build andmaintain through these various processes, forms, and typesand carefully or not so carefully constructed messages. Tothese, I added a number of factors that influence how wecommunicate (such as gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation,and globalization), as well as a number of topics that couldbe considered to be both challenges and opportunities forcommunicators (such as communication competence, sex-ual harassment, deception, and bias).While media topics are not ignored in Volume 1, they

are the centerpiece of Volume 2. The study of media hasbeen somewhat more organized than has been the study ofthe communication process more generally, and there are anumber of widely recognized theories of media as com-munication for which considerable knowledge has beengenerated through various research studies. The first sec-tion of Volume 2 presents a number of these theories andapproaches (such as agenda setting, cultivation, uses, andgratifications), as well as topics related to how people usetechnology in the communication process.The remainder of Volume 2 focuses on communication

as a profession and the various professional courses of studyin the communication discipline: journalism, public rela-tions, advertising, and media management. The curricula for

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these programs of study contain courses that are commonlytaught across much of the United States, and so I tended toorganize the topics in these areas around those commoncourse titles. These sections are most in keeping with theSage Publications editors original concept for the 21stCentury reference work series, to have topics tied to coursetitles in the curriculum discussed in essays of approximatelythe same length (about 7,000 words per essay) and to havethem provide comprehensive coverage of each topic, alongwith suggestions for further reading should the reader wishto pursue the topic in greater depth.But because the communication discipline consists of

diverse approaches, these chapters are written in diversestyles and from different points of view. I am extremelypleased both with the quality of the authors that I was for-tunate to recruit to write for this work and with the qualityof the work that those authors produced. I asked theauthor(s) of each chapter to cover the chapters topic in acomprehensive manner, to write from that authors knowl-edge and experience with the topic, and to provide a per-spective that readers (both students and their professors)might find to be unique. And the authors took advantage ofthat challenge, producing approaches that range from per-sonal history to advice giving to vivid descriptions ofresearch and, yes, essays resembling traditional reviews ofliterature. In many cases, authors sought to place theknowledge that they were discussing into new forms or tomake new connections that might not have been madebefore. This work is no compendium of highlights fromtextbooks; rather, it reads more like a series of opening-daylectures, where the professor attempts to engage studentswith the course material. I see the differences in style andapproach as both representing the diversity of the commu-nication discipline and also pointing to the strength weobtain from gathering together such a variety ofapproaches and viewpoints.Perhaps I have a somewhat unique perspective on this

material. I was trained in the speech tradition of the field;my undergraduate degree is in speech, but my doctorateis in communication, from one of the first departments tocall itself by that name. I have served not only in tradi-tional professor roles but also as Associate Director of theNational Communication Association, the largest of thecommunication scholarly societies, where I found myselfworking on projects to the benefit of the entire disciplineand explaining our discipline to a variety of externalaudiences. And now I am serving as Professor ofJournalism and Media Studies, and although my col-leagues still think of me as that speech guy, they alsoallow me from time to time to push them toward the con-vergence of ideas that I described above. We are a long

way from that convergence, but my, admittedly biased,hope is that our two traditions will continue to look forwhat unites us rather than what divides us.No enterprise of this size and scope can be the product

of one person. I appreciate very much the invitation fromSage Publications to edit this work, the vision of JimBrace-Thompson of Sages Reference Division in creatingthis series of works and seeing them to fruition. SaraTauber served ably as Development Editor, even througha pregnancy and the early infancy of her child. LeticiaGutierrez and Laura Notton provided a multitude ofbehind-the-scenes technical assistance to me and to theauthors. Kate Schroeder and her staff provided efficientand effective production services to make the completedwork a reality.I also would like to thank the individuals (too numerous

to name, but you know who you are) who advised me oncreating the structure for the work. Sherwyn Morreale, myformer colleague from our days together at the NationalCommunication Association, and Glen Broom, mypresent-day colleague, agreed to assist as associate editors,and they helped me refine the chapter structure and togenerate ideas for the chapter authors. They also eachwrote an excellent chapter for this work.In fact, 21st Century Communication: A Reference

Handbook would not exist were it not for the generous andhigh-quality contributions of the many authors who agreedto participate in creating it. I frequently received commentsthat the idea behind this work was a wonderful and neededone, and when authors agreed to write they did so enthusi-astically. That enthusiasm shows in their work.I want to thank in particular my colleagues and the

administration at San Diego State University. The adminis-tration recognized this project as being an important oneand allowed me to work on it as a significant part of myscholarly duties. My colleagues across the campus, in theSchool of Journalism and Media Studies, the School ofCommunication, and the Department of Marketing, notonly encouraged me, but many of those talented individu-als also contributed chapters.Finally, editing such a large project can become obses-

sive at times (maybe even most of the time). I am gratefulto friends and family (and you, too, know who you are) forputting up with my obsession, for worrying about me at thetimes when the workload was at its peak, and for listeningto me endlessly and supporting me all the same.21st Century Communication has been a labor of love

on the part of many people. I hope that the love and carethat went into its creation comes through to its readers.

William F. Eadie

xii21ST CENTURY COMMUNICATION

ABOUT THE EDITORS

Editor-in-Chief

William F. Eadie is Professor of Journalism and MediaStudies at San Diego State University. His teaching andresearch interests include the development of theories ofmedia and communication, the history of the communica-tion discipline, and the role of media in social influencecampaigns. He also served as director of San Diego StatesSchool of Communication between 2001 and 2005. Prior toarriving at San Diego State, he was Associate Director ofthe National Communication Association (NCA) inWashington, D.C., where he worked with researchers andpromoted communication research to a variety of audi-ences. His other faculty appointments have been at OhioUniversity and California State University, Northridge, andhe has served as adjunct visiting faculty at the Universityof Minnesota; University of Maryland; University ofCalifornia, Los Angeles; and California State University,Los Angeles. He served as the first editor of Journal ofApplied Communication Research after it became an NCApublication, and he has been an advocate for the applicationof communication research in ways that affect the lives ofordinary people. He also has served as president of theWestern States Communication Association and as presi-dent of its auxiliary, the Executives Club, and he is cur-rently serving as editor of WSCA News, the associationse-newsletter. He has received the NCA GoldenAnniversaryAward for a journal article that was judged to be outstand-ing and NCAs Samuel J. Becker Award for DistinguishedService to the Communication Discipline, and he has beenelected a member of the national honorary societies PhiKappa Phi, Golden Key, and Phi Beta Delta. With PaulNelson, he coedited two books for SAGE: The Languageof Conflict and Resolution (2000) and The ChangingConversation in America: Lectures From the Smithsonian(2001). His next book project is tentatively titled WhenCommunication Became a Discipline, and it will focus onthe period from the mid-1960s through the mid-1970s,when both the journalism and the speech fields adopted theterm communication to describe scholarly work in those

fields. He received his PhD in communication from PurdueUniversity and his bachelors and masters degrees inspeech from the University of California, Los Angeles.

Associate Editor

Glen M. Broom, PhD, is Professor Emeritus, School ofJournalism and Media Studies, San Diego State University(19792007) and Adjunct Professor, Queensland Universityof Technology, Brisbane, Australia (2003present). He beganhis career in 1963 at the University of at Urbana-Champaignas Assistant Extension Editor in the Cooperative ExtensionService. His work included an assignment as a radio con-sultant with the U.S. Agency for International Developmentin Amman, Jordan. He moved to Chicago in 1968, becom-ing the part owner, vice president, and director of publicrelations of the Chicago-based management consultingand training firm Applied Behavioral Science, Inc. He leftthe company to pursue his PhD in Mass Communication atthe University of WisconsinMadison. He joined theUWMadison faculty as the head of the public relationssequence (19751979). He also has been a visiting profes-sor at the University of Texas at Austin and universities inBrisbane, Sydney, and Melbourne, Australia. He is a coau-thor of Effective Public Relations (6th9th eds., 19852006),author of Cutlip and Centers Effective Public Relations(10th ed., 2009), and coauthor of Using Research in PublicRelations (1990). He also has written more than 50 schol-arly journal articles, convention papers, and book chapters.He was awarded the Pathfinder Award (1986) by theInstitute of Public Relations, named Outstanding Educator(1991) by the Public Relations Society of America, andpresented the Jackson, Jackson and Wagner BehavioralScience Prize (1993) by the Public Relations Society ofAmerica Foundation. At San Diego State University, hewas selected three times as the outstanding journalism/communication professor (1989, 1995, and 2006) andnamed outstanding professor and faculty commencementspeaker for the College of Professional Studies and Fine

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Arts (1993). The School of Communication selected himas faculty commencement speaker in 2003. He earned hisBS and MS degrees from the University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign.

Editorial Board

Sherwyn P. Morreale, PhD, is Director of GraduateStudies in Communication at the University of Colorado atColorado Springs. For 8 years, she served as associate direc-tor of the National Communication Association (NCA),where she worked actively to promote communicationpedagogy and research. She has authored or coauthored20 refereed scholarly articles in national and regionaljournals, 13 books and monographs, and 14 book chapters.She has made 140 presentations at national and regionalconventions and numerous workshops on communicationassessment, curriculum development, and public speakingon campuses across the country. She has just completed ahandbook for graduate students in communication, distributednationally to all graduate programs, and Pathways toCommunication Careers in the 21st Century (7th ed.),

intended for undergraduates. She also recently wrote twoencyclopedia entries on the nature of communicationcompetence and two articles for NCAs leading journal,Communication Education, one on the centrality of com-munication education and the other on the nature of thebasic communication course. In the past year, she workedwith NCA to produce new editions of three publications oncommunication assessment, including Assessing Motiv-ation to Communicate (2nd ed.), Large Scale Assessmentof Oral Communication: K12 and Higher Education (3rded.), and The Competent Speaker Speech EvaluationProgram (2nd ed.). She is presently working on two bookprojects, a public speaking textbook and a coauthoredscholarly book on organizational trust, and on a majorreview of communication assessment for CommunicationEducation, as well as several other research studies. In hercapacity as Graduate Director at University of Colorado atColorado Springs, she presently teaches Introduction toGraduate Study inCommunication,AdvancedCommunicationTheory, a seminar in Communication Competence, and aseminar in Organizational Communication with the campuschancellor, Dr. Pamela Shockley. She received her PhD fromthe University of Denver.

xiv21ST CENTURY COMMUNICATION

ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS

Robert R. Agne is Assistant Professor of Communication atAuburn University, Auburn, Alabama. His research interestis in the communicative challenges people face in variousinteractional settings. Much of his work has focused onthe telephone negotiations between the Federal Bureau ofInvestigation and the Branch Davidians during the siegeoutside Waco, Texas, in 1993. Other studies have examinedfriendship interaction, mediation training, parasocial rela-tionships through blog postings, 911 telephone calls, andsocial interaction among psychic readers. He received hisPhD in 2003 from the University of Colorado, Boulder.

Alan B. Albarran is Professor and Director, Center forSpanish Language Media, University of North Texas. Hisresearch and teaching interests are in the management andeconomics of the communication industries. He served aseditor of the International Journal on Media Managementfrom 2006 to 2008 and editor of the Journal of MediaEconomics from 1997 to 2005. He is the author of sevenbooks: Handbook of Media Management and Economics;Management of Electronic Media; Media Economics:Understanding Markets, Industries and Concepts; GlobalMedia Economics; Understanding the Web: Social,Political and Economic Dimensions of the Internet; TheRadio Broadcasting Industry; and Time and MediaMarkets. He has conducted workshops and given lectures inseveral countries, including Spain, Italy, Germany, France,Sweden, Finland, the United Kingdom, Switzerland,Mexico, Portugal, China, Taiwan, Russia, and Colombia.In 2008, he received the Award of Honor given by theJournal of Media Economics recognizing his lifetimeachievement in the field. His professional experienceincludes work at six radio and two television stations, aswell as industry consulting. He received his PhD from theCenter for Spanish Language Media, MA from The OhioState University, and BA from Marshall University.

Bradly Alicea is currently a research associate in the MINDLab at Michigan State University. He earned his mastersdegree in anthropology and zoology from the University ofFlorida in 2002. He has done research in a number of areas,

including human-computer interaction, bioinformatics, andevolutionary biology. His PhD in media and informationfrom Michigan State University is nearing completion.

James A. Anderson, Professor of Communication,University of Utah, is the author/coauthor/editor of 16books, including Communication Research: Issues andMethods (1987), Mediated Communication: A SocialAction Perspective (Sage, 1988), Communication Theory:Epistemological Foundations (1996), The OrganizationalSelf and Ethical Conduct (2001), and Media Violence andAggression (Sage, 2008). His 100-plus chapters, articles,and research monographs are in the areas of family studies,cultural studies, media literacy, organizational studies,communicative ethics, methodology, and epistemology.He is a fellow and past president of the InternationalCommunication Association. He has been the editor ofCommunication Yearbook and Communication Theory,associate editor of Human Communication Research, andguest editor of Communication Studies and AmericanBehavioral Scientist, as well as a member of the editorialboard of seven other journals. He is currently ExecutiveEditor of the Rocky Mountain Communication Review. Hisforthcoming titles from Sage include works on mediatedcommunication research methods and theory. He earned hisPhD from the University of Iowa.

Edward C. Appel, Department of Communication andPhilosophy, Lock Haven University, received his PhD inrhetoric and communication from Temple University(1984) and an MDiv from the Lancaster TheologicalSeminary (1985). He is the author of eight journal articles,all pertaining to Kenneth Burke and dramatism. He hasserved as associate editor of the Quarterly Journal ofSpeech and as conversation editor and associate editor ofthe KB (Kenneth Burke) Journal.org. In addition to teach-ing, he has had practical experience in public address as aSupply Preacher in the Presbyterian Church USA.

Edd Applegate is Professor of Advertising at MiddleTennessee State University. He has written several books on

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advertising. He has contributed more than 75 articles andchapters to various books and encyclopedias. He has writ-ten more than 25 refereed articles for academic journalsand proceedings. His research focuses on the history ofadvertising and journalism as well as the history of adver-tising education. He received his doctorate from OklahomaState University.

J. Kevin Barge is Professor of Communication at TexasA&M University. His research interests center on devel-oping a social constructionist approach to managementand leadership, exploring the role of appreciative formsof communication to transform organizations, andarticulating the relationship between dialogue andorganizing in organizational and community contexts.His research has been published in the Academy ofManagement Review, Management CommunicationQuarterly, Journal of Applied Communication Research,The OD Practitioner, Communication Theory, andCommunication Monographs. He received his MA andPhD degrees from the University of Kansas.

Mariaelena Bartesaghi is Assistant Professor of Communi-cation at the University of South Florida. She has explored theimpact of social construction in communication inCommunication Yearbook (2008) and in a chapter of SociallyConstructing Communication (2009), both coauthored withTheresa Castor. Her work in language and social interactionexamines the therapeutic as discourse of authority that iscontinuously reconstructed in institutional talk and text. Shereceived her PhD from the University of Pennsylvania.

Wayne A. Beach is a professor in the School ofCommunication, San Diego State University; adjunctprofessor in the Department of Surgery, School ofMedicine; and member, Moores Cancer Center,University of California, San Diego. His research revealsa particular concern with health and illness, includinglong-term investigations of how family members talkthrough cancer on the telephone, medical interviewingin preventive and oncological care, and related illnessdilemmas (e.g., bulimia, obesity, chest pain, cancer diag-nosis, treatment, and prognosis). External funding forhis research has been awarded from the National CancerInstitute (NCI), the American Cancer Society, and sev-eral philanthropic foundations in San Diego. His currentwork examines how patients make available and oncolo-gists respond to fears, uncertainties, and hopes aboutcancer. Among other projects, he is also collaboratingwith professional theater groups in a production docu-menting how family members communicate about andmanage cancer. Additional information is available athttp://advancement.sdsu.edu/marcomm/features/2008/cancer.html. He earned his PhD in 1981 from theUniversity of Utah.

Steven A. Beebe is Regents Professor and Chair of theDepartment of Communication Studies and Associate

Dean of the College of Fine Arts and Communication atTexas State UniversitySan Marcos. He is the author orcoauthor of 12 widely used communication textbooks,most of which are in multiple editions. His researchhas appeared in Communication Education, HumanCommunication, American Communication Journal,Communication Quarterly, Communication ResearchReports, and numerous other communication journals.Hes received his universitys highest awards for bothresearch and service and was named OutstandingCommunication Professor in America by the NationalSpeakers Association. He received his PhD in 1976 fromthe University of MissouriColumbia.

George Belch is Professor of Marketing and Chairof the Marketing Department at San Diego StateUniversity, where he teaches strategic marketing planning,integrated marketing communications, and consumer/customer behavior. Prior to joining San Diego State, hewas a member of the faculty in the Graduate School ofManagement, University of California, Irvine. He hasbeen a visiting professor in the Graduate School ofInternational Relations and Pacif ic Studies at theUniversity of California, San Diego. Before enteringacademia, he was a marketing representative for theE.I. DuPont Company. He also worked as a research ana-lyst for the DDB Worldwide advertising agency. Hereceived his PhD in marketing from the University ofCalifornia, Los Angeles.

Michael Belch has been Professor of Marketing at SanDiego State University since 1976. Prior to obtaining hisPhD, he was employed by the General Foods Corporationas a marketing representative. He received his BS degreefromThe Pennsylvania State University and his MBA fromDrexel University. He obtained his PhD from theUniversity of Pittsburgh with a major in consumer behav-ior and a minor in social psychology.

Karla Mason Bergen is Assistant Professor ofCommunication and Coordinator of Womens Studies atthe College of Saint Mary in Omaha, Nebraska. Herresearch is focused on family communication and thesocial construction of identity, specifically how womencommunicatively negotiate unconventional identities. Shehas studied identity construction of female professors,lesbian families, and, most recently, women in commutermarriages and has published several articles and bookchapters based on her research. She earned her PhD fromthe University of NebraskaLincoln.

Frank Biocca is the AT&T Chair of Telecommunication,Information, and Media. He directs the networked MediaInterface and Network Design (MIND) Lab. He is interestedin howmind and media can be coupled to extend human cog-nition and enhance human performance. His current projectsinclude research on the psychology of presence in virtualenvironments, spatial cognition and information organization

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in high-bandwidth and mobile system collaborativeaugmented-reality systems, and work on adapting interfacesto cognitive styles and subcultural differences. Among hisbooks is the award-winning Communication in the Age ofVirtual Reality. He has patents on augmented reality technol-ogy and more than 150 publications and has participated inthe introduction of the first portable computer.

Corey Bohil is a cognitive psychologist with a backgroundin classification and decision making, cognitive modeling,and human-computer interaction. He has worked onresearch projects exploring body-worn interfaces,augmented-reality navigation aids, and psychophysiologi-cal responses to virtual stimuli. His industry experienceincludes serving as a cognitive scientist for PerceptiveSciences Corporation in Austin, Texas, where he designedand implemented usability studies for numerous prominentsoftware development companies. As the manager of theMichigan State University MIND Lab, he is involved in allphases of experimentation concerning uses of technology toaugment cognitive/behavioral task performance, includingspatial learning, embodied cognition, procedural andexplicit learning, and telepresence.

Carl Botan has four decades of practice and academicresearch experience in public relations, strategic communica-tion, and political campaigns. His current focus is on the useof strategic communication campaigns to address terrorismand other homeland security issues in both the United Statesand the developing world. In particular, he studies ways toethically integrate strategic communication campaigns intodomestic preparedness, training, and education effortsaddressing both terrorism and natural disasters. He has wonnumerous awards, including designation as Australias 1998Outstanding Scholar-Practitioner in Public Relations, and theOutstanding Research Achievement Award and the Book oftheYear Award, both from the public relations division of theNational CommunicationAssociation. His best-known booksare Public Relations Theory, Public Relations Theory II (bothwith Vincent Hazleton) and Investigating Communication(with Larry Frey and Gary Kreps).

Samuel D. Bradley is Assistant Professor of Advertisingat Texas Tech University. He runs a psychophysiology labdesigned to study attention, emotion, and memory inresponse to advertising and other mediated messages.He earned his PhD in mass communications and cognitivescience at Indiana University in 2005.

Dawn O. Braithwaite is a Willa Cather Professorand Professor of Communication at the University ofNebraskaLincoln. Her research focuses on how persons inpersonal and family relationships communicate duringtimes of family transitions and challenges. She has pub-lished four books and 70 articles and chapters. She receivedthe National CommunicationAssociations Brommel Awardfor Family Communication and the University ofNebraskaLincoln College of Arts and Sciences Award for

Outstanding Research and Creative Achievement in theSocial Sciences. She is a past president of theWestern StatesCommunication Association and will be the NationalCommunication Associations president in 2010. Shereceived her PhD in 1988 from the University of Minnesota.

Barry Brummett is the Charles Sapp CentennialProfessor in Communication and Department ofCommunication Studies Chair at the University of TexasAustin. Among his publications are A Rhetoric of Style(Southern Illinois University) and Rhetorical Homologies(University of Alabama). He is a specialist in the rhetoricof popular culture and in the theories of Kenneth Burke.He earned his PhD in 1978 at the University of Minnesota.

Patrice M. Buzzanell is Professor and Redding Fellow inthe Department of Communication. Her research interestscoalesce around issues of gender in the workplace, withemphasis on career, leadership, and work-familyprocesses. She received her PhD from Purdue University.

Karlyn Kohrs Campbell is Professor of CommunicationStudies at the University of Minnesota. She is the author ofMan Cannot Speak for Her: A Critical Study of EarlyFeminist Rhetoric (2 vols., 1989) and coauthor of DeedsDone in Words: Presidential Rhetoric and the Genres ofGovernance (1990), Presidents Creating the Presidency(2008), The Interplay of Influence: News, Advertising,Politics, and the Mass Media (6th ed., 2006), Critiques ofContemporary Rhetoric (1997), and The Rhetorical Act(4th ed., 2008) and editor ofWomen Public Speakers in theUnited States, 18001925 (1993) and Women PublicSpeakers in the United States, 1925Present (1994). Herawards include a fellowship at the Shorenstein Center ofthe Kennedy School at Harvard, the National Commu-nication Association Distinguished Scholar Award, theWoolbert Award for scholarship of exceptional originalityand influence, and NCAs Golden Anniversary MonographAward. She is the University of Minnesota 2002Distinguished Woman Scholar in the Humanities andSocial Sciences.

Gennadiy Chernov is an assistant professor in the Schoolof Journalism, University of Regina. His research interestsinclude mass communication theory, the psychologicalmechanisms of media effects, and agenda-setting theory.He received his PhD from the University of Oregon.

Clifford G. Christians is the Charles H. SandageDistinguished Professor and Research Professor ofCommunications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is Director of the Institute of Commu-nications Research and holds joint appointments asProfessor of Media Studies and Professor of Journalism. Hehas authored or coauthored numerous books and essays oncommunication ethics; his research specialty is universalsin media ethics. He received his PhD in communications in1974 from the University of at Urbana-Champaign.

About the Contributorsxvii

Kenneth N. Cissna is a professor and chair of the Depart-ment of Communication at the University of SouthFlorida, where he teaches undergraduate and graduatecourses in interpersonal communication, group communi-cation, and dialogue theory and practice. He has publishedscores of scholarly book chapters and journal articles andsix books, including Applied Communication in the 21stCentury, which received the 1995 Outstanding BookAward from the Applied Communication Division of theNational Communication Association (NCA); Momentsof Meeting: Buber, Rogers, and the Potential for PublicDialogue (with Rob Anderson); Dialogue: TheorizingDifference in Communication Studies (Sage, with RobAnderson and Leslie A. Baxter), and, most recently, theHandbook of Applied Communication Research (withLawrence Frey). He served as editor of the Journal ofApplied Communication Research and of the SouthernCommunication Journal, and with Rob Anderson, herecently coedited a special issue of Communication Theoryon Fresh Perspectives in Dialogue Theory. He is a pastpresident of both the Florida Communication Associationand the Southern States Communication Association(SSCA). His awards include SSCAs 2007 T. EarleJohnsonEdwin Paget Distinguished Service Award andNCAs 2008 Gerald M. Phillips Award for DistinguishedApplied Communication Scholarship. He earned his PhDin 1975 from the University of Denver.

Andrew Cline is Assistant Professor of Journalism atMissouri State University. His fields of study are rhetoricand political science. His research focuses on the rhetori-cal aspects of the interaction of the news media and poli-tics, including examining persuasive intention and bias. Heearned his PhD in the interdisciplinary program at theUniversity of MissouriKansas City.

William R. Cupach is a professor in the School ofCommunication at Illinois State University. His researchpertains to problematic interactions in interpersonalrelationships, including contexts such as embarrassingpredicaments, relational transgressions, interpersonal con-flict, and obsessive relational pursuit. He is a coauthor orcoeditor of four scholarly books on the dark side of com-munication and relationships. He is a past president of theInternational Association for Relationship Research. Hereceived his PhD in Communication Arts and Sciencesfrom the University of Southern California.

Melbourne S. Cummings is graduate professor ofCommunication and Culture at Howard University inWashington, D.C. She received her PhD in Speech andIntercultural Communications from University ofCalifornia, Los Angeles. She currently teaches and directstheses and dissertations in the areas of African Americanand intercultural communications. She has also written andpublished in these areas of rhetoric and culture as well ascurriculum development in African American discourse.She serves as mentor to doctoral students interested inentering the professoriat and has served on the advisory

council of the National Communication AssociationsPreparing Future Faculty, the Legislative Council, as well asChair of the Affirmative Action Committee, and the BlackCaucus. At the National Associations conventions, she hasbeen awarded two of their highest awards: The RobertKibler Memorial Award for service to the organization andthe MENTORAWARD for her work with doctoral studentsand young African American faculty in the field of com-munications. Her publications appear in several refereeddisciplinary journals and anthologies.

Dale Cyphert, PhD, is an associate professor in theDepartment of Management at the University of NorthernIowa. With degrees in speech, rhetoric and public rela-tions, her career has included managerial positions in pub-lic relations, personnel, retail operations, and workplacetraining. Specializing in cross-cultural rhetorical theory,her research focuses primarily on variations in decision-making norms across differing socioeconomic groups.Current projects include the definition and developmentof communication competence in business organizations,methods of improving virtual team decision-makingcommunication, the management of collaborative writing,and the use of communication to enforce or change acommunitys decision-making norms.

Sandra Davidson, PhD, JD, is Associate Professorof Journalism and Adjunct Associate Professor of Law atthe University of Missouri. She is the attorney for theColumbia Missourian. Her academic writings includeFrom Spam to Stern: Advertising Law and the Internet,in Advertising and the Internet: Theory and Research(2007), and Journalism: The Lifeblood of a Democracyand Journalism: Legal Situation, published in TheInternational Encyclopedia of Communication, edited byWolfgang Donsbach (2008).

Hugo de Burgh is Professor of Journalism at the UniversityofWestminster, Special Professor of Investigative Journalismat Tsinghua University (PRC 985 International LeadingScholar Programme Second Round/Specialist Plan for theIntroduction of Key Knowledge andTalents), and Director ofthe China Media Centre, London. Among his recent booksare Investigative Journalism (2nd ed., 2008), China: Friendor Foe? (2006), and Making Journalists: Diverse Models,Global Issues (2005) (the internationalization of journalism,including LatinAmerica, theArabWorld,Africa, ContinentalEurope, India, and the United States).

Brenda Dervin is a professor in The Ohio State UniversitySchool of Communication and Joan N. Huber Fellowin Social and Behavior Sciences. Her research focuseson improving methodological approaches, particularly inter-viewing, for studying and understanding audiences andusers. She formerly worked as a public information officer.

Marcia Watson DiStaso is Assistant Professor of PublicRelations in the College of Communications atPennsylvania State University. She serves as a board mem-ber of the International Public Relations Research

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Conference, and her research focuses on investor relationsas well as other issues important to public relations, suchas research and new technologies. She received her PhD incommunication from the University of Miami.

Rebecca L. Dohrman is a doctoral student in theDepartment of Communication who focuses on gender,alternative organizations, and entrepreneurship. Shereceived her MA from Saint Louis University.

Debbie S. Dougherty is an associate professor in theDepartment of Communication at the University ofMissouri. Her research interests focus on organizationalpower, particularly as it relates to sexual harassment and toemotions at work. She received her PhD in 2000 from theUniversity of NebraskaLincoln.

Bonnie J. Dow is Associate Professor and Chair ofCommunication Studies and Associate Professor ofWomens and Gender Studies at Vanderbilt University. Sheis the author of Prime-Time Feminism: Television, MediaCulture and the Womens Movement Since 1970 (1996)and a coeditor (with JuliaT.Wood) of The SAGEHandbookof Gender and Communication (Sage, 2006). Her researchinterests include analysis of womens public address andfeminist criticism of the mass media. She earned a doctor-ate in speech communication from the University ofMinnesota in 1990.

Robert Dowling has been a reporter and editor for fourdecades and is a visiting professor at Tsinghua Universityin Beijing, where he helped launch a Global BusinessJournalism program for the School of Journalism andCommunications. He is also the editorial adviser toCaijing, Chinas leading business magazine. Before hisretirement from Business Week in 2007, he was the inter-national managing editor of the magazine from 1991 to2006 and assistant managing editor for ethics and training.He served as the magazines European economic corre-spondent and Washington economic and monetary corre-spondent. He has been an editor and reporter for theAmerican Banker, Baltimore Sun, and The Hartford Timesand a reporter for UPI (United Press International). He is aboard member of the Overseas Press Club (OPC) andserves on its Freedom of the Press Committee. During hiseditorship, Business Week won 16 awards for best eco-nomic, foreign affairs, and environmental coverage fromthe OPC. He is a frequent commentator on internationaleconomic and media trends.

Steve Duck is the Daniel and Amy Starch DistinguishedResearch Chair at the University of Iowa and the author oreditor of more than 50 books, the latest being (with DavidMcMahan) Sages new hybrid text Basics of Communication:A Relational Perspective.

Amy S. Ebesu Hubbard is an associate professor in theDepartment of Speech at the University of Hawaii atManoa. She earned her PhD in communication from theUniversity of Arizona.

Timothy Edgar is an associate professor and director ofthe graduate program in health communication at EmersonCollege, where he teaches social marketing and behavioraland communication theory. He also has a secondaryappointment as an associate adjunct clinical professor inthe Department of Public Health and Family Medicine atthe Tufts University School of Medicine. His career hasbeen devoted to conducting research on the use of com-munication and social marketing strategies to motivatechanges in health-related risk behaviors. Prior to joiningthe Emerson faculty, he was a senior study director atWestat in Rockville, Maryland for 9 years. While atWestat, he was an evaluator for the VERB campaign. Hehas a PhD from Purdue University.

Janis L. Edwards is Associate Professor ofCommunication Studies at the University of Alabama,where she teaches courses in rhetorical criticism, politicalcommunication, and visual communication. She has twicechaired the NCAVisual Communication Division, and herresearch on political cartoons and other visual artifacts hasbeen published in a variety of journals and in the booksDefining Visual Rhetoric and Visual Rhetoric: A Reader inCommunication and American Culture. She is the authorof Political Cartoons in the 1988 Presidential Campaign:Image, Metaphor, and Narrative. She received a PhD in1993 from the University of Massachusetts.

John M. Eger is Van Deerlin Endowed Chair ofCommunication and Public Policy and Executive Directorof the International Center for Communications at SanDiego State University. He has taught media technology ina global environment, trends in technology and public pol-icy, government telecommunications, and internationalcommunications for more than 16 years. A former advisorto two presidents and director of the White House Officeof Telecommunications Policy (OTP), he helped spearheadthe restructuring of Americas telecommunications indus-try and initiated the development of an Asian Basin secre-tariat on telecommunications. This effort resulted in theformation of the Pacific Telecommunications Council. Asthe head of CBS Broadcasting International, he negotiateda groundbreaking agreement with China CentralTelevision (CCTV) for commercial television. He was alsoresponsible for the development of the prize-winninghome video documentary seriesWorld War II With WalterCronkite; the inauguration of live and tape-delayed, in-flight programming on domestic and international aircraft;and satellite delivery of The CBS Evening News With DanRather to Paris and Tokyo.

Peter Ehrenhaus is Professor and Chair in the Depart-ment of Communication and Theatre at Pacific LutheranUniversity, Tacoma, Washington. He has writtenextensively about the cultural legacies of the VietnamWar, through projects concerned with the VietnamVeterans Memorial, the Tomb of the Unknown for theVietnam War, and the uses of Holocaust memory and

About the Contributorsxix

American memory of the Second World War to circum-vent the Vietnam syndrome. He is currently workingon several projects concerned with memory of racelynching in America. He has a PhD from the Universityof Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Lisa Farinelli (PhD, Arizona State University, 2008) isan assistant professor of Speech Communication atAugustana College. Her research program emphasizesissues of emotional communication and conflict dynam-ics in personal relationships. Her most recent work hascentered on the mental health context, with a focus onparents (a) care-giving practices and (b) verbal and non-verbal emotional expressions with children who havemental illnesses.

Kathleen Fearn-Banks, a tenured associate professor, joinedthe Department of Communication, University ofWashington(Seattle) after more than 25 years in the communicationsprofessionsas a feature writer at the Los Angeles Times,a news writer/producer/reporter for KNXT-TV (nowKCBS) in LosAngeles, and a publicist and media relationsmanager for NBC Television Network. She was VicePresident of Development and Public Relations for TheNeighbors of Watts, a nonprofit entertainment industry,which raised funds for day care centers in underprivilegedareas. She is the author of three editions of CrisisCommunications: A Casebook Approach, published firstin 1996, with a fourth edition to be published in 2010. TheHistorical Dictionary of African-American Television waspublished in 2006.

Edward Jay Friedlander is Professor of MassCommunications at the University of South Florida. He isthe coauthor of three journalism textbooks, includingFeature Writing for Newspapers and Magazines: ThePursuit of Excellence. The textbooks have been used bystudents at more than 250 colleges and universities in theUnited States, including 25 large state universities andnumerous private universities such as Harvard. The booksalso have been used by dozens of universities in Asia,Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. Hehas been a reporter for newspapers in Wyoming,Pennsylvania, Colorado, and Arkansas, and his freelancework has appeared in 40 other newspapers and a dozennational and regional magazines. He received his doctoratefrom the University of Northern Colorado, his mastersdegree from the University of Denver, and his bachelorsdegree from the University of Wyoming.

Robert H. Gass received his PhD from the University ofKansas and is a professor of Human CommunicationStudies at California State University, Fullerton. His areasof expertise are argumentation, persuasion, social influ-ence, and compliance gaining. He has published two texts(with co-author John Seiter) and over 70 scholarly articles,book chapters, conference proceedings, and professionalpapers. His recent research has focused on credibility inpublic diplomacy, visual persuasion, and interpersonal

influence. His textbook with John S. Seiter, Persuasion,Social Influence, and Compliance Gaining, is now in itsthird edition.

Salma I. Ghanem is Professor and Chair of theDepartment of Communication at the University ofTexasPan American. Her research interests include first-and second-level agenda setting, coverage of the MiddleEast, and political communication. She has a PhD from theUniversity of Texas at Austin.

John O. Greene is currently a professor in theDepartment of Communication at Purdue University. Hisresearch interests lie in interpersonal communication,nonverbal communication, and communication and aging.His approach to these areas of study is that of cognitivescience. He is a past editor of Human CommunicationResearch, a recipient of the National CommunicationAssociations Charles H. Woolbert Award, and a two-timewinner of the Gerald R. Miller Book Award. He earnedhis PhD in communication from the University ofWisconsinMadison.

Lynne Schafer Gross has taught radio-television pro-duction and theory courses at California State University,Fullerton (where she was the vice chair of theCommunications Department), Pepperdine University,Loyola Marymount University, University of California,Los Angeles (UCLA), University of Southern California,and Long Beach City College. She is the author of 12books and numerous journal and magazine articles, manyof which deal with radio and TV programming. She iscurrently Associate Producer for the instructional videoseries Journeys Below the Line and in the past wasProgram Director for Valley Cable TV. She has served asproducer for several hundred television programs, includ-ing the series From Chant to Chance for public televi-sion, Effective Living for KABC, and Surveying theUniverse for KHJ-TV. Her consulting work includes pro-jects for Childrens Broadcasting Corporation, RKO,KCET, CBS, the Olympics, Visa, and the Iowa StateBoard of Regents. It has also taken her to Malaysia,Swaziland, Estonia, Russia, Australia, and Guyana,where she has taught radio and television production andconsulted on film planning and postproduction equip-ment. She is active in many professional organizations,serving as Governor of the Academy of Television Artsand Sciences and President of the Broadcast EducationAssociation. The awards she has received include theRosebud Award for Outstanding Media Arts Professor inthe California State University System, the Frank StantonFellow for Distinguished Contribution to ElectronicMedia Education from the International Radio andTelevision Society, and the Distinguished EducationService Award from the BEA. She received her doctoratefrom UCLA.

Laura K. Guerrero is a professor in the Hugh DownsSchool of Human Communication at Arizona StateUniversity in Tempe. She has published extensively in the

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areas of nonverbal and relational communication. Her workon nonverbal communication includes articles and chaptersfocusing on issues such as attachment, conflict, emotion,and intimacy. She has also published three books on non-verbal communicationNonverbal Communication inRelationships (with Kory Floyd), The NonverbalCommunication Reader (with Michael Hecht), andNonverbal Communication (with Judee Burgoon and KoryFloyd). She has a PhD from the University of Arizona.

Soo-Hye Han is a doctoral candidate in communicationstudies at the University of Texas at Austin. She is study-ing political language, campaign discourse, and mediaeffects.

Robert L. Heath is Professor Emeritus at the University ofHouston and Academic Consultant, University ofWollongong, Australia. He has published 14 books,including Terrorism: Communication and RhetoricalPerspectives (2008), Todays Public Relations (2006),Encyclopedia of Pubic Relations (2005), Responding toCrisis: A Rhetorical Approach to Crisis Communication(2004), and Handbook of Public Relations (2001). He alsorecently coedited Communication and the Media (2005),volume 3 of the series Community Preparedness andResponse to Terrorism. He has contributed chapters andarticles on issues management, public relations, crisis com-munication, risk communication, environmental communi-cation, emergency management, rhetorical criticism, andcommunication theory. He is a coeditor of the forthcomingHandbook of Crisis and Risk Communication and coauthorof the forthcoming Strategic Issues Management (2nd ed.).He received his PhD in 1971 from the University of Illinois.

Bettina Heinz is an associate professor in the School ofCommunication and Culture and Associate Dean of theFaculty of Social and Applied Sciences at Royal RoadsUniversity in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Herscholarship focuses on culture and communication, withparticular focus on language, gender identity, and sexualorientation. She is a past chair of the Caucus on Gay andLesbian Concerns of the National CommunicationAssociation and a past member of the NCA L/G/B/TDivision Committee on L/G/B/T CommunicationScholarship. She obtained her PhD in communicationstudies from the University of NebraskaLincoln in 1998.

John Allen Hendricks is Professor of Communicationand a former chairperson of the Department ofCommunication and Theatre at Southeastern OklahomaState University. He has published numerous articles,chapters, and essays in journals, encyclopedias, and bookson media policy, media regulation, media history, andpolitical communication. He holds a PhD in mass commu-nication from the University of Southern Mississippi.

Dale A. Herbeck is currently a professor in theCommunication Department at Boston College, where heteaches courses in communication law, cyber law, and free-dom of expression. He is a coauthor of Freedom of Speech

in the United States, a past editor of the Free SpeechYearbook, and a former chair of the Commission onFreedom of Expression of the National CommunicationAssociation. He holds a PhD in communication studiesfrom the University of Iowa.

Fred E. Jandt is Professor of Communication and Dean,Palm Desert Campus, California State University, SanBernardino. He was formerly Professor of Communicationand Director of Faculty Development and Research atState University of New York, College at Brockport. Hehas also been a visiting professor at Victoria University ofWellington in New Zealand. His areas of interest are inter-cultural and international communication, negotiation andmediation, and computer-mediated communication. Hisbooks include Win-Win Negotiating (1985), which hasbeen translated into eight languages, and An Introductionto Intercultural Communication: Identities in a GlobalCommunity, now in its sixth edition (Sage, in press). He isalso a coeditor, with Paul B. Pedersen, of the Sage bookConstructive Conflict Management: Asia-Pacific Cases.He has a PhD from Bowling Green State University.

Sharon E. Jarvis is Associate Professor of CommunicationStudies and Government at the University of Texas atAustin,where she is also Associate Director for Research at theAnnette Strauss Institute for Civic Participation. She has aPhD from the University of Texas at Austin.

Eui Jun Jeong is a PhD student in the Department ofTelecommunication, Information Studies, and Media atMichigan State University. He was a senior researcher atthe Korea Game Development and Promotion Institutefrom 2001 to 2004. His main interests are the educationaleffects of games on users and the applicability of interac-tive new media in education and health. His interestsinclude education-applied technology, human-computerinteraction, virtual reality, social network, and humancognition.

Donald W. Jugenheimer recently retired as Professor andChair, Department of Advertising, Texas Tech University.He currently holds the position of principal and partner atIn-Telligence Inc. He does research in advertising media,management, and the future of media. He has experiencein advertising, media planning, and administration. He hasa PhD in communications from the University of Illinois.

Jennifer A. Kam is currently a PhD candidate in theCommunication Arts and Sciences Department at thePennsylvania State University, where she has taught inter-cultural communication, interpersonal communication,and public speaking. Her areas of research comprise inter-personal communication, family and life span communica-tion, and culturally grounded health promotion. Shereceived her MA in 2004 from San Diego State University.

William M. Keith is Professor of Communication at theUniversity of WisconsinMilwaukee. He is the author ofDemocracy as Discussion (2007) and was a coeditor, with

About the Contributorsxxi

Alan Gross, of Rhetorical Hermeneutics (1998). He holdsa PhD from the University of Texas at Austin.

David Klowden is Senior Copywriter at The LambesisAgency. He has worked on campaigns for Hitachi, SkyyVodka, Bebe, Campari, and The Natural ResourcesDefense Council. Prior to his career in advertising, hetaught writing and cultural studies at the University ofCalifornia, San Diego (UCSD), San Diego Mesa College,and Southwestern College. He is currently writing his sec-ond novel, which he hopes will be better than his first. Hegraduated Summa Cum Laude with a BA in creative writ-ing from UCSD, where he also received his MA and CPhilin composition.

James F. Klumpp is Professor of Communication at theUniversity of Maryland. He is a rhetorical critic withresearch interests in argumentation, political communication,and the history of American speaking. He was formerlyDirector of Debate and Forensics at the University ofMinnesota, Wayne State University, and the University ofNebraska. He is a former president of theAmerican ForensicAssociation, former editor of Argumentation and Advocacy,and former director of the National CommunicationAssociation/American Forensic Association SummerConference on Argumentation. His publications include thecoauthored Public Policy Decision Making: Systems Analysisand Comparative Advantages Debate. He earned his PhD in1973 from the University of Minnesota.

Timothy C. Laubacher is a brand strategist for B&a, anadvertising agency in Columbus, Ohio. His research whilea student at Ohio State University focused on mass andinterpersonal mediated communication. Specifically, hisresearch attempted to measure the concept of presenceusing psychophysiological methods. Now, working in theadvertising industry, he is responsible for keeping the cus-tomers perspectives at the forefront of all advertising mes-saging through planning and conducting advertisingresearch. He earned an MA in mass communication fromOhio State University in 2006.

Suman Lee is an assistant professor in the GreenleeSchool of Journalism and Communication at Iowa StateUniversity. His research focuses on international publicrelations, image/reputation building process, public dip-lomacy, and international newsworthiness. His arti-cles appeared in Public Relations Review, CorporateReputation Review, International CommunicationBulletin, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Journalof Intercultural Communication Research, and PublicRelations Quarterly. He served as an editorial assistant forCommunication Research and has professional experiencein public relations at Samsung, Seoul, Korea. He has a PhDfrom Syracuse University.

Mark Leff, 20082009 Fulbright Fellow at the Televisionand Journalism Studies School of the CommunicationUniversity of China in Beijing, began teaching broadcast

news at Ohio Universitys E. W. Scripps School ofJournalism in 2002, after working in radio and televisionnews for more than 30 years. His career began in SanFrancisco radio news and also included on-air and produc-ing work in Seattle, Washington, Columbus, Ohio, NewYork, London, Rome, and Atlanta, Georgia. At thenational/international level, he worked for TVN, NBCNews, and Visnews (now Reuters Television) and was oneof the original employees at CNN, where he wrote, pro-duced, and voiced the 365-part This Day/This Centuryseries, which was aired throughout 1999. He worked withShanghai Television and China Central Television at the2001 APEC summit in Shanghai and has made award-winning documentaries in Georgia and Ohio.

Lara Lengel began her research on transnational commu-nication and computer-mediated communication when shewas a Fulbright Scholar in Tunisia (19931994). Sheis Chair and Associate Professor, Department ofInterpersonal Communication, Bowling Green StateUniversity. Her books, including Computer-MediatedCommunication: Social Interaction on the Internet (withC. Thurlow and A. Tomic, Sage), and numerous articlesappearing in, among others, Text and PerformanceQuarterly, Gender and History, and Convergence: TheJournal of Research into New Media Technologies addresstransnational and intercultural communication, and infor-mation technology in the Middle East and North Africa(MENA). She presented at the United Nations WorldSummit on the Information Society in Tunis and has codi-rected nearly $500,000 of federal grant programs in theMENA on environmental communication and women,democracy, and media.

Timothy R. Levine is Professor of Communication atMichigan State University. He has published more than 70original research articles on topics including deception,interpersonal communication, persuasion, and culture. Hismethodological papers focus on statistical analysis, mea-surement validation, and experimental research design. Heis a founding coeditor of Communication Methods andMeasures. He obtained his PhD from Michigan StateUniversity.

Fang Liu is an assistant professor at the University ofNorth Texas. His research interests center on economicsand management of the media and telecommunicationindustries. In particular, he is interested in the managementimplications of new media technologies for market struc-ture and firm strategy. Some of his recent research projectsinclude cable system diversification into high-speedInternet access and telephony, predictors of the video win-dow and financial performance of motion pictures in thehome video market, strategic alliances between broadcasttelevision networks and Internet firms, and value chainanalysis of cable-based Video-on-Demand. He earned hisPhD from Michigan State University, MA from Universityof Florida, and BA from Tsinghua University.

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Erina L. MacGeorge is Associate Professor of Communi-cation at Purdue University (West Lafayette, Indiana). Herresearch focuses on the role of communication in coping withproblems, including advice, comforting, and prayer. Sheobtained her PhD from the University of Illinois in 1999.

Josina M. Makau is a former arts and humanities dean. Sheis currently Professor of Philosophy and Communication and Co-Coordinator of the Program in Practicaland Professional Ethics at California State University,Monterey Bay. She has published more than three dozenbook chapters, articles, and reviews related to communica-tion ethics, law, and moral reasoning. She is one ofnine scholars selected for inclusion in Exploring Com-munication Ethics: Interviews With Influential Scholars in theField. A past Communication Ethics Commission Chair andEditor of Ethica, her recognitions include Communica-tion Ethics Conference Scholar-in-Residence; DuquesneUniversitys ScholarAward for Excellence in Ethics Educationfor the Mind, Heart, and Soul; the H. A. Wichelns Award forScholarship in Speech and Law; and Ohio State UniversitysAlumni Teaching Award. She earned an MA in philosophyfrom the University of California, Los Angeles and MA andPhD in rhetoric from the University of California, Berkeley.

Jennifer A. Malkowski received her MA in communicationin 2008 from the School of Communication at SanDiego StateUniversity. Her research focuses on the intersection of rhetoric,political communication, health communication, and publicpolicy in order to illuminate how public discourse influenceseveryday experiences. Her work has been presented on toppaper panels at both national and regional conferences, and herpolitical communication research has been recognized by aDean'sAward at San Diego State University for its cross-disci-plinary appeal. She currently teaches at the University of SanDiego and at Grossmont Community College.

Charles Marsh is an associate professor and WilliamAllen White Foundation Professor at the School ofJournalism and Mass Communications at the University ofKansas. His articles on classical rhetoric and public rela-tions have appeared in Public Relations Review, Journal ofMass Media Ethics, and Written Communication. WithDavid Guth and Bonnie Poovey Short, he is the coauthorof three textbooks: Public Relations: A Values-DrivenApproach; Adventures in Public Relations: Case Studiesand Critical Thinking; and Strategic Writing: MultimediaWriting for Public Relations, Advertising and More. Hehas a PhD from the University of Kansas.

Maxwell McCombs holds the Jesse H. Jones CentennialChair in the School of Journalism at the University ofTexas at Austin. A cofounder of agenda-setting theory, hisresearch is focused on the explication of this theory andother aspects of political communication. He has a PhDfrom Stanford University.

James E. McNay is a California-based teacher and writer.At Brooks Institute, he was the founding program director

of the visual journalism program, where he taught for 7years. Previously, he directed the photojournalism programat San Jose State Universitys School of Journalism. Hewas the first college instructor to receive the summer fel-lowship in the National Geographic photography depart-ment. As a journalist, he worked as a staff photographer forThe Houston Post and The Daily Iberian in New Iberia,Los Angeles. He is a past president of the National PressPhotographers Association (NPPA) and continues as a reg-ular participant on the Black Team of the Eddie AdamsWorkshop. He writes regularly for the Sports Shooter Website (www.sportsshooter.com) with the intention of helpingemerging photographers break into the profession.

Brad Mello joined the National CommunicationAssociation (NCA) in July 2008, after 13 years of teachingat Trinity University, Washington, D.C. At NCA, he isresponsible for supporting members as they strive to pro-vide the highest quality instruction in communication. Heassists efforts to develop and assess communication cur-ricula. He works to encourage talented undergraduates toattend graduate school in many ways, including supportingthe work of NCA student honoraries and clubs. Finally, heserves as an advocate for the discipline through outreach toother educational organizations in the District of Columbiaarea. He received his BA and MA from Penn StateUniversity and his PhD from the University of Oklahoma.

Michelle Miller-Day is Associate Professor of Communi-cation Arts and Sciences at Pennsylvania State University,where she teaches family communication, mother-daughtercommunication, interpersonal communication, and qualita-tive research methods. Her current research interests includestudying the ways in which communication in personal rela-tionships affect health and well-being. Her work hasbeen published in outlets such as Journal of AppliedCommunication Research, Journal of Family Communi-cation, Health Communication, Journal of Social andPersonal Relationships, and Qualitative Inquiry. Shereceived her PhD in 1995 fromArizona State University.

Melanie Morgan is currently Associate Professor ofCommunication at Purdue University. Her primaryresearch interest explores cognitive factors underlyingcommunication skill development and message produc-tion. Her research has focused on the production of com-plex messages in a variety of areas, including aging,family, legal, and scientific contexts. Recent publicationshave appeared in the Journal of Communication,Communication Studies and the Southern Journal ofCommunication. She is the author of PresentationalSpeaking: Theory and Practice (5th ed.). She holds a PhDin communication studies from the University of Kansas.

Timothy P. Mottet is Professor and HenryW. andMargaretHauser Endowed Chair in Communication at the Universityof TexasPan American, Department of Communication.Listed among the top 50 most published scholars in the

About the Contributorsxxiii

discipline between 1996 and 2001, his research appears inCommunication Education, Communication Quarterly,Communication Research Reports, Journal of Psychology,and Psychological Reports. He is a coauthor or coeditor ofthree books. While a faculty member at Texas StateUniversitySan Marcos, he received two of the three highestawards the university presents to faculty members, includingthe Presidential Award for Excellence in Research (in 2005)and Service (in 2006). He received his EdD from WestVirginia University in 1998.

Barbara Mueller is Professor of Advertising in theSchool of Journalism and Media Studies at San DiegoState University. In addition to numerous book chaptersand articles in professional journals, she is the author ofCommunicating With the Multicultural Consumer:Theoretical and Practical Perspectives (2008) andDynamics of International Advertising: Theoretical andPractical Perspectives (2004) and coauthor (withKatherine Toland Frith) of Advertising and Societies:Global Issues (2003). She received her PhD from theUniversity of Washington.

Sam Chege Mwangi is an assistant professor at theA. Q. Miller School of Journalism and Mass Commu-nications at Kansas State University, where he teachesnewswriting and international communication courses. Hehas served as a resident fellow at the Kettering Foundationresearching international journalism and has also workedas a media consultant for UNESCO in the Caribbean. Heearned his PhD in journalism and mass communicationsfrom the University of South Carolina.

John Nerone is Professor of Communications and MediaStudies in the College of Media at the University of Illinoisat Urbana-Champaign. He writes about media history,freedom of expression, and the public sphere, and is theauthor of four books and numerous articles, includingViolence Against the Press (Oxford, 1994), Last Rights(Illinois, 1995), and, with Kevin Barnhurst, The Form ofNews: A History (Guilford, 2001).

Kristen Michelle Norwood is a doctoral candidate in theDepartment of Communication Studies at the University ofIowa. Her research centers on close personal relationshipsand gender and communication. She earned her MA incommunication from the University of Arkansas in 2006.

H. Dan OHair is Professor in the Department ofCommunication at the University of Oklahoma. Histeaching and research interests include organizationalcommunication, health systems, risk communication, andpatient care communication processes. He has publishedmore than 80 research articles and scholarly book chaptersin communication, health, management, and psychologyjournals and volumes and has authored and edited16 books in the areas of communication, business, andhealth. He is one of the founding directors of theSouthwest Program for Pancreatic Cancer at the University

of Oklahoma and was a cochair of the Pancreatic CancerProgress Group at the National Cancer Institute. He hasserved on the editorial boards of more than 20 researchjournals and is a past editor of the Journal of AppliedCommunication Research, published by the NationalCommunicationAssociation. In 2006, he served as presidentof the National Communication Association.

Kent A. Ono is Professor of Communications and AsianAmerican Studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His written and edited work includes ShiftingBorders: Rhetoric, Immigration, and Californias Proposition187 (with JohnM. Sloop, 2002),Asian American Studies AfterCritical Mass (2005), A Companion to Asian AmericanStudies (2005), and Asian Americans and the Media (withVincent Pham, 2008). He is a past chair of the Critical andCultural Studies Division of the National CommunicationAssociation; a former director of theCultural StudiesGraduateProgram at the University of California, Davis; and a coeditorof the Critical Cultural Communication book series.. He hasa PhD from the University of Iowa.

Charles B. Owen is Director of the Media andEntertainment Technologies Lab and Associate Professorof Computer Science and Engineering at Michigan StateUniversity. His research focuses on solutions in computergaming, augmented reality systems, and human-computerinteraction. His work includes fundamental inventions indisplay calibration, system integration, and applicationdesign. He has more than 60 publications and has authoreda book on multimedia stream correlation. He has also beenthe recipient of numerous awards for teaching excellence.

Megan J. Palam is a graduate student in the MAProgram in Health Communication at Emerson College.She has a BA from the University of Buffalo.

Caren E. Palevitz is pursuing her masters degree at theUniversity of Georgia. She is primarily interested in theintersection of relational communication and computer-mediated communication. Since beginning her mastersprogram, she has researched the interplay of compulsiveInternet use and interpersonal relationships and looks for-ward to beginning work on social-networking sites andrelationships. She completed her BA in 2007 at theUniversity of Georgia.

John V. Pavlik is Professor and Chair of the Departmentof Journalism and Media Studies at the School ofCommunication, Information and Library Studies,Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, where he isalso Director of the Journalism Resources Institute. He isChair of the editorial board for Television Quarterly: TheJournal of the National Academy of Television Arts andSciences. He was awarded the Fulbright DistinguishedChair in Media Studies at theAcademy of FineArtsVienna(Austria), 20072008. His research focus is new mediatechnology. His books include Converging Media (coau-thored with Shawn McIntosh, 2004), Journalism and New

xxiv21ST CENTURY COMMUNICATION

Media (2001), and New Media Technology: Cultural andCommercial Perspectives (1998). In collaboration withSteven Feiner, computer science professor at ColumbiaUniversity, he developed the situated documentary, a newtype of documentary using mobile-augmented reality tech-nology. His PhD and MA in mass communication are fromthe University of Minnesota. He is a 1978 graduate of theSchool of Journalism and Mass Communication at theUniversity of Wisconsin at Madison.

Eric E. Peterson is a professor at the University of Maine,where he teaches in the Department of Communication andJournalism. His research and teaching interests are in nar-rative performance, media consumption, and communica-tion diversity and identity. He is best known in performanceand storytelling for his work on theory and methodologyand for his coauthored publications with Kristin M.Langellier on narrative performance, family storytelling,and personal narrative, including their book, Storytelling inDaily Life: Performing Narrative (2004). He earned hisPhD in speech communication at Southern IllinoisUniversity in 1980.

Marshall Scott Poole is Professor of Communication andSenior Research Scientist at the National Center forSupercomputing Applications at the University of Illinoisat Urbana-Champaign. His research interests includegroup and organizational communication, information sys-tems, collaboration technologies, organizational innova-tion, and theory construction. He is the author of more than125 articles and book chapters. His articles have appearedin Communication Monographs, Human CommunicationResearch, Quarterly Journal of Speech, CommunicationResearch, Small Group Research Management Science,Organization Science, Information Systems Research,MISQuarterly, and Academy of Management Review, amongothers. He has coauthored or edited 10 books, includingTheories of Small Groups: Interdisciplinary Perspectives,Organizational Change and Innovation Processes: Theoryand Methods for Research, and The Handbook ofOrganizational Change and Innovation. He has beennamed Fellow of the International CommunicationAssociation and Distinguished Scholar of the NationalCommunication Association. He obtained his PhD fromthe University of WisconsinMadison in 1980.

W. James Potter is a professor in the Department ofCommunication at the University of California, SantaBarbara, where he teaches courses in media literacy, mediacontent, and media effects. He has also taught at WesternMichigan University; Florida State University; IndianaUniversity; University of California, Los Angeles; andStanford University. He is a former editor of the Journal ofBroadcasting and Electronic Media. He is the author ofnumerous scholarly articles and book chapters and a dozenbooks, including the following Sage-published titles:MediaLiteracy (4th ed.), On Media Violence, Theory of MediaLiteracy: A Cognitive Approach, How to Publish Your

Communication Research (edited with Alison Alexander),and The 11 Myths of Media Violence. He holds a PhD incommunication and another in instructional systems.

Linda L. Putnam is Professor in the Department ofCommunication at the University of California, SantaBarbara. Her research focuses on negotiation and organi-zational conflict, discourse and negotiation, and languageanalysis in organizations. She is a past president of theInternational Association for Conflict Management andformer director of the Program on Conflict and DisputeResolution at the George Bush School of Government andPublic Service, Texas A&M University. She has a PhDfrom the University of Minnesota.

CarrieLynn D. Reinhard is a doctoral student in the finalstages of her doctoral work at School of Communication,The Ohio State UniversityColumbus. Her researchfocuses on media audiences and users and their ways of andreasons for engaging with media. She formerly worked foran agency representing Hollywood writers and directors.

Valerie R. Renegar is an associate professor in the Schoolof Communication at San Diego State University. Herrecent research is focused on contemporary feministrhetorical theory and the rhetoric of social change. Shereceived her PhD from the University of Kansas in 2000.

James D. Robinson is a professor and director of graduatestudies in the department of communication at theUniversity of Dayton. He earned his PhD at Purdue (1982),MA at West Virginia University (1979), BA at Universityof the Pacific, and AA at West Valley College. He haspublished work in a number of journals including Journalof Broadcasting, Health Communication, JournalismQuarterly, Progress in Transplantation, Women's HealthIssues, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,Sociology