23 Perforations v2

8/12/2019 23 Perforations v2

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Production Technology for All

(Perforations)

Manuel BramaoPE-Perf-00


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Copyright 2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Learning Objectives

Guns classifications

Shaped charges

Classification of guns system

Perforating conveyance

Factors affecting performance Slick line perforating head

Dynamic underbalance perforating

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Perforating

Perforations connect the wellbore with the well

The productivity of a given reservoir is primarily dependent on the nearwellbore pressure drop.

This is governed by drilling damage and perforation parameters.

Furthermore, successful stimulation and sand control operations are strongly

dependent on perforation parameters.

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History

Mechanical, prior to 1932.

Bullet Gun, 1932 to present

Hydraulic, 1958 to present

Abrasive jetting

Shaped Charge, 1946 to present

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Perforations

Perforating

Casing is perforated using a perforating

gun to allow formation fluids to enter

the wellbore Run on wireline, slickline, tubing

Depth control is critical

Engineers rely on open-hole logs to

decide where to perforate

Safety is paramount

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Cavity Effect

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Shaped Charge Perforator

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The Perforation Process

High velocity

7,000 m/secHigh Pressure millions psi

High Speed microseconds

Low temperature

Particulated jet does the work

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Classifications of Perforating Gun Systems

Thru-Tubing

Small guns to get through the tubing string can be shot underbalance

Casing

Larger guns with big charges

Usually shot overbalance

High Shot Density Larger gun with more shots per foot

Used for tubing conveyed applications

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Three conveyance methods for perforating guns:

-Through Casing

-Through Tubing (Option for Magnetically Eccentered)

-Tubing (or drill-pipe) conveyed

Perforating Conveyance


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Classification of Gun Systems

Capsule Charge

Enerjet (1 11/16 & 2 1/8-in.)

Pivot Gun (1 11/16-in.)

Hollow Carrier

Scallop Guns (1 11/16 & 2 1/8-in.)

HEGS (3 1/8 & 4-in.) Port Plug Guns (4-in.)

HSD (2 to 7-in.)

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Casing Guns

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High-Shot Density (HSD) Guns

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Capsule and Hollow Carrier Guns

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Downhole Parameters that Affect Performance

Major effects

Gun clearance

Casing and formation strength

Effective formation stress

Wellbore Fluid

Temperature (selection of explosive)

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Factors Affecting Performance

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Gun Clearance

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F Aff i P d i i


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Factors Affecting Productivity

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F ti St th Eff t


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Formation Strength Effects

Penetration decrease is charge dependent

Penetration decrease ranges between 0.5" to 1.75" per 1 ksi strengthincrease

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All of these factors affecting performance can be simulated with a PC

program which will output penetration and productivity results for a

particular gun system in a particular environment.

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G /Ch S l ti


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Gun/Charge Selection

Temperature Rating

BH (Big Hole Charge) or DP (Deep Penetration Charge) BH only for gravel pack completion and fracturing

Gun Size

generally, larger the guns, better the performance

Shot Density

higher the shot density, better the performance

Shot Phasing

60, 90, 120 are better than 180 ro 0 degree phasing

180 or 0 degree guns for oriented perforation

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Sli k Li P f ti H d


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Slick Line Perforating Head

Electronic computer controlled firing mechanism

Responds only to direct commands

Firing sequence enabled when RIH

Power applied to detonator through several safety circuits

No radio silence required

No primary explosives

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N T h l


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New Technology

PURE* - Show Movie

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Any Questions?


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Any Questions?

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Documents

23 Perforations v2