241-206: Chapter 2 Networking Fundamentalsfivedots.coe.psu.ac.th/~touch/241-206/Chapter2.pdf · 241-206: Chapter 2 Networking Fundamentals [email protected] Wednesday, June 10,

241-206: Chapter 2Networking Fundamentals

[email protected]

Wednesday, June 10, 2009

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Chapter Outline


Chapter Outline

• Network Terminology


Chapter Outline


• Bandwidth


Chapter Outline


• Bandwidth

• Networking Models


Network Terminology



Physical Network Topology


Computer Communication Protocol

• data representation

• signaling

• authentication

• error detection


Standard Organization

• IETF, IEEE, ISO for internet communication

• ITU-T for telecommunications and PSTN

• ITU-R for radio communications

• NMEA for marine electronics

• etc.


Proprietary Standards

• AppleTalk

• DECnet

• IPX/SPX

• Server Message Block (SMB) and CIFS

• Systems Network Architecture (SNA)

• Apple Filing Protocol (AFP)


Local Area Network (LAN)

• Operate within a limited geographical area

• Usually required high data rate transmission

• Control the network privately under local administration

• Provide full-time connectivity to local services

• Connect physically adjacent devices



LAN Devices


LAN Devices• Repeater



• HUB



• HUB

• Bridge



• HUB

• Bridge

• Ethernet Switch



• HUB

• Bridge

• Ethernet Switch

• Router


Wide Area Network (WAN)

• Operate over a large geographical area

• Allow access over serial interfaces operating at lower speeds

• Provide full-time and part-time connectivity

• Connect devices separated over wide, even global areas



WAN Devices


WAN Devices

• Router


WAN Devices

• Router

• Modem, DSU/CSU, TA/NT


WAN Devices

• Router

• Modem, DSU/CSU, TA/NT

• Communication Switch


Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)


Storage Area Network (SAN)


Virtual Private Network (VPN)


VPN Technologies


Intranet and Extranet



Bandwidth


Why bandwidth is so important?

• Bandwidth is limited by physics and technology

• Bandwidth is not free

• Bandwidth requirement are growing at a rapid rate

• Bandwidth is critical to network performance


Pipe Analogy for Bandwidth


Highway Analogy for Bandwidth


Units of Bandwidth


Units of Bandwidth

Unit of Bandwidth Abbreviation Equivalence

Bits per second bps 1 bps = fundamental unit of bandwidth

Kilobits per second kbps 1 kbps = ~1,000 bps

Megabits per second Mbps 1 Mbps = ~1,000 kbps

Gigabits per second Gbps 1Gbps = ~1,000 Mbps

Terabits per second Tbps 1 Tbps = ~1,000 Gbps


Units of Bandwidth








Units of Bandwidth








Units of Bandwidth








Units of Bandwidth








Units of Bandwidth








Maximum Bandwidths and Length Limitations


WAN Services and Bandwidth


Throughput

• Actual measured bandwidth

• throughput <= Digital Bandwidth of a medium


Variables that May Affect Throughput

• PC (client)

• The server

• Other users on the LAN

• Routing within the “Cloud”

• The design (topology) of all networks involved

• Type of data being transferred

• Times of day


Transfer Time Calculation


Audio Analogy of Bandwidth



Networking Models


Analyzing Network in Layers


Network Comparisons


Network Communications


Layer Communications


OSI Model


Benefits of the OSI Model

• Reduces complexity

• Standardizes interfaces

• Facilitates modular engineering

• Ensures interoperate technology

• Accelerates evolution

• Simplifies teaching and learning


Physical Layer


Datalink Layer


Network Layer


Transport Layer


Session Layer


Presentation Layer


Application Layer


Peer-to-Peer Communications


Peer-to-Peer Communications


TCP/IP Model


Common TCP/IP Protocols


Comparing TCP/IP with OSI Model


Data Encapsulation

010101010101010101


Data Encapsulation Example


Documents

241-206: Chapter 2 Networking Fundamentalsfivedots.coe.psu.ac.th/~touch/241-206/Chapter2.pdf · 241-206: Chapter 2 Networking Fundamentals [email protected] Wednesday, June 10,