2E Population

POPULATION

World Population Growth

BY THE END OF THE LESSON…

We will be able to,1. Describe the world population

development.2. Describe birth rate, death rate, rate

of natural increase, life expectancy and infant mortality rate.

WORLD POPULATION DEVELOPMENT

1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 20500

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0.15 0.2 0.3 0.5 1 1.2 1.30.9 1.1 1.3 1.8

2.8

6.3

10.2

Industralized Countries Developing Countries

Billi

ons

BIRTH RATE

• Refers to the number of live births per 1000 people per year.

• For example, if the birth rate of a country is 21 live births per 1000 per year,

• it means that for every 1000 people in the country, 21 babies were born in that year.

TOTAL FERTILITY RATE

• Sometimes also called the fertility rate.

• Refers to the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime.

DEATH/MORTALITY RATE

• Refers to the number of deaths per 100o people per year.

• For example, if the death rate of a country is 9 deaths per 1000 per year,

• it means that for every 1000 people in the country, 9 people died in that year.

IMMIGRATION

• The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.

EMIGRATION

• The action of leaving one’s country to settle permanently in a foreign country.

RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE

• Refers to how fast a population grows.• This can be calculated by subtracting

the death rate from the birth rate.

Birth Rate Death Rate Rate of natural increase21 919 2221 21

RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE

• Refers to how fast a population grows.• This can be calculated by subtracting

the death rate from the birth rate.

Birth Rate Death Rate Rate of natural increase21 9 1219 22 -321 21 0

LIFE EXPECTANCY

• Refers to the average number of years a person born in a given country would live if mortality rates at each age were to remain constant in the future.

INFANT MORTALITY RATE

• Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of deaths of children less than one year of age per 1000 live births.

LET’S PLAY!

Fastest 8

HOW TO PLAY?

• Get into teams of 4s• The next slide will display the

complete question items.• Complete your question items by

inserting the missing parts.• Answer the questions.• The fastest team to submit your

assignments to me wins!

ITEMS

1. Which country has the highest life expectancy? How much?

2. Which of these countries is the most densely populated – The Netherlands, Canada, India?

3. By how much does the world population increase each year?

4. How many babies are born in the world every second? 5. In the world, what is the ratio of boys to girls among

newborns? 6. What is likely to be the world’s most populated country

in 2050? 7. What is the world’s most populated city? 8. Who live longer, men or women?

POPULATION

Population Distribution


We will be able to,1. Describe the population distribution

of the world.2. Describe the factors affecting

population distribution.

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

• Refers to the arrangement or spread of people living in a given area.

• Can also be how the population of an area is arranged according to variables such as age, race, or sex.

POPULATION DENSITY PP/KM2 2013

FACTORS INFLUENCING POPULATING

DISTRIBUTION1. Physical Environment– Fertility of soil– Climate

2. Level of Technology

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

• The fertility of soil influences population distribution.

• People tend to live in areas where there is fertile soil as

• the conditions are favorable for agricultural activities and crop yield will be high.

• For example, • river deltas such as the Nile Delta in Egypt

and the Ganges River Delta have large populations as the soil is very fertile due to sediments deposited by the rivers.

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

• Climate conditions influences population distribution.

• Population is higher in areas where the climate is not extreme as

• places with climates which are too hot, too cold or too dry are neither favorable for the cultivation of crops nor suitable for human beings to settle in.

• For example,• there are fewer people living in deserts where

the climate is hot and dry.

LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGY

• The level of technology influences population distribution.

• With improvements in technology, environments which were previously unsuitable for living can be converted into suitable living environments.

• For example,• advances in technology has enabled water

to be transported to various places in Las Vegas, a city located within a desert region.

POPULATION

Population Density


We will be able to,1. Describe population density.2. Calculate population density.3. Describe the problems of high

population density.

POPULATION DENSITY

• Population density gives us an idea of the number of people living in a particular area.

• It is usually expressed in terms of the number of people per square kilometre of the land.

• Formula:Total number of people

Total land area

POPULATION DENSITY

• > 200: Densely populated• 10 – 199: Moderately populated• 0 – 9: Sparsely populated

POPULATION DENSITY PP/KM2 2013

LET’S PLAY!

How many can you fit?

HOW TO PLAY?

• Get into unisex teams of 8 or more.• Collect your “land parcel” (mahjong

paper)• Fit as many members as you can onto

your land parcel through whatever means.

• Team with the most members wins!

QUESTIONS

1. Describe your experience of living in a very high density environment.

2. What are the problems of high population density?

POPULATION

Population Pyramids


We will be able to,1. Describe and construct population

pyramids.

POPULATION PYRAMIDS

• A population pyramid, also known as a age-sex graph, is a special type of graph that shows the distribution of a location’s population in terms of age groups, called cohorts, and sex.

• The vertical scale tells us the age group of the population.

• The horizontal scale represents the percentage or the total number of people within that age group.

QUESTION

• Describe the following population pyramids.

TRIANGULAR, BROAD-BASED

TRIANGULAR, BROAD-BASED

• Population is growing rapidly.• Many more young people than elderly.• Low life expectancy, few can live up to

80.

BEEHIVE-SHAPED

BEEHIVE-SHAPED

• Population is growing very slowly.• Number of young and children are

decreasing.• High life expectancy, many can live up

to 80.

NARROW-BASED

NARROW-BASED

• High proportion of elderly • Low proportion of youth and children.• Population is ageing.

POPULATION

High rate of population growth


We will be able to,1. Explain the causes of a high rate of

population growth.

CAUSES OF A HIGH RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH

• Low death rate:1. Better hygiene2. Better medical and health care

• High birth rate3. Lack of family planning4. Early marriages5. Preference for sons6. Need for farm labour

POPULATION PYRAMID


1. Better medical and health care– Improved medical and health care

have enabled more babies to survive beyond their first year, and elderly receiving better medical care are able to live longer.

– For example, in developed countries such as Singapore and Australia, infant mortality rate is very low and life expectancy is high.


2. Better hygiene– If living conditions are clean and

hygienic, people are less prone to falling sick and contracting diseases like malaria and diarrhea.

– In many countries, the death rate and infant mortality rate has greatly decreased when there is a supply of clean water, or when the environment is clear of disease-carrying pests and insects.


3. Lack of family planning– Family planning refers to how many children a

couple plans to have.– In many less developed countries, people are

ledd educated and know little about family planning, which result in having more children.

– They may also have more children because of – Families may also have many children due to

religious or traditional beliefs, such as require sons to perform certain rituals.


4. Early marriages– Couple who marry at an early age tend

to have larger families as the women who marry early have longer childbearing years.

– Couple forced to marry early are more likely to be uneducated and have inadequate knowledge about family planning.


5. Preference for sons– Some societies such as those in parts

of China or India place a lot of importance in having sons.

– For example, these familes may prefer sons to carry on the family name or to inheri the family business.


6. Need for farm labour– People in less developed countries and

rural areas such as rural China and India often depend on farm labor for income.

– These people tend to have more children as they require more hands to work on the farms.


We will be able to,1. Explain the consequences of a high

rate of population growth.

QUESTION

• What are the consequences of a high rate of population growth?

CONSEQUENCES OF A HIGH RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH

1. Higher demand for resources2. Higher demand for housing3. Higher demand for education4. Higher demand for jobs5. Environmental problems

CRAFTING AN EXPLANATION

• Point + Elaboration + Example


1. Higher demand for resources– A high rate of population growth will

create higher demand for resources.– This is because with more people, the

demand for resources such as food and water also increases.

– For example, many less developed countries such as Angola and Somalia suffer from shortage of food because not enough food is being produced to feed the rapidly growing population.




2. Higher demand for housing– A rapid increase in population would result

in competition for housing.– This is especially so in cities of less

developed countries, which do not have sufficient housing for its growing population.

– For example, in some cities in India, it is common to see people living in temporary shelters made of cardboard and wooden planks.


3. Higher demand for education– A high rate of population growth will

create higher demand for education.– This is because with more babies born

every year, there is a need to ensure that there are sufficient schools and teachers to educate the young.

– Less developed countries such as Laos may lack the funds to build more schools hence not everyone will be able to attend school and obtain a good education.


4. Higher demand for jobs– In a country with rapid population

growth, there will be a higher demand for jobs as more people are competing for a limited pool of jobs.

– The limited supply of jobs would eventually create social problems such as poverty and crime as is the case in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.


5. Environmental problems– Rapid population growth also results in

environmental problems as– with a larger population, not only are

more resources used by more people, more waste such as used paper, empty bottles and sewage are produced.

– In less developed countries such as India, waste disposal services and other public services are lacking, leading to water and land pollution.

SCENARIO

• South Sudan ranks 3rd in the world in population growth rate with its population growing at 4.23% per annum.

• You belong to a team of population analysts invited by the South Sudan government to design actions or policies to manage the population growth rate.

• Suggest at least 3 ways to do this and highlight 1 which you think, will work best.

POPULATION

Actions to control a high rate of population growth


We will be able to,1. Explain the actions to control a high


ACTIONS

1. Education on family planning2. Incentives and penalties

ACTIONS

1. Education on family planning– One way is through education on family

planning.– This refers to teaching couples to use

various methods of controlling the size of their families.

– For example, in India and Bangladesh, family planning agencies are sent to rural areas to educate the people and give advice on family planning, such as the use of contraceptives.

ACTIONS

2. Incentives and penalties– Another way is to use incentives and

penalties.– This may refer to giving of monetary

incentives to couples who have fewer children, and penalising those who have more by imposing higher taxes.

– For example, China rewards couples who adhere to the ‘One Child Policy’ with incentives and fines those who do not.

POPULATION

Low rate of population growth


We will be able to,1. Explain the causes of a low rate of

population growth.

CRAFTING AN EXPLANATION

• Point + Elaboration + Example

CAUSES OF A LOW RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH

• Low death rate:1. Higher standards of hygiene2. Better nutrition3. Better medical and health care

• Low birth rate4. Later marriages5. Fewer marriages6. Preference for smaller families

POPULATION PYRAMID

QUESTION

• In groups of 4s, explain how 2 of the following lead to low population growth rate by contributing to http://tinyurl.com/lowpopn. Higher standards of hygiene1. Better nutrition2. Better medical and health care4. Later marriages5. Fewer marriages6. Preference for smaller families

• Support your answer with the use of examples.• Add value to your contribution by pointing

your friends to interesting case studies.

http://tinyurl.com/lowpopn

http://tinyurl.com/lowpopn


1. Higher standards of hygiene– In countries with high standards of

hygiene such as Australia and Singapore, there is clean food, water and air.

– People are less prone to contacting diseases such as cholera, which is associated with unhygienic conditions.


2. Better nutrition– In developed countries such as USA

and Canada, people generally enjoy higher levels of income and can afford to buy sufficient food and water.

– Food and water shortages are rare in these countries.


3. Better medical and health care– With better medical and health care,

people are able to enjoy longer and healthier lives.

– For example, in Singapore, all children are given vaccinations to protect them from illnesses such as smallpox and measles.

– In addition, world-class hospitals and well-trained medical staff in Singapore enable people to enjoy excellent medical care.


4. Later marriages– More people are marrying later and having

children later in their lives, largely due to more women having higher academic qualifications and thus may choose to pursue a career before settling down and having children.

– Since most women cannot conceive after they reach the age of 50, those who marry later or delay having children are left with fewer years to have babies.


5. Fewer marriages– As more people choose to remain

single, there will be fewer families and birth rates will fall.

– With fewer births, the number of young people in a population decreases.


6. Preference for small families– People in developed countries prefer

to have smaller families partly due to the increasing number of working women who find it difficult to balance work and family.

– In addition, the cost of raising children has also increased, hence some couples may prefer not having children at all.


We will be able to,1. Explain the consequences of a low


CONSEQUENCES OF A LOW RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH

1. Ageing population2. Higher taxes3. Smaller talent pool


1. Ageing population– Ageing population is one consequence of a low

rate of population growth. – This is because countries with a low rate of

population growth often have a growing percentage of elderly people compared to young people in their population.

– For example, in countries such as France, Germany and Japan, there are more elderly and fewer youths in the workforce, hence increasing the burden on the working population.

POPULATION PYRAMID


2. Higher taxes– Another consequence is higher taxes.– This is because public projects such as

the building of hospitals and roads are funded by taxes collected from the working population.

– This will mean that each working person will have to pay more taxes to fund public works.


3. Smaller talent pool– Another consequence is smaller talent

pool.– This is because the country will have a

smaller pool of talent to draw from to lead and serve the country.

– This is a very real problem for Singapore as Singapore already has a small population, hence a low rate of population growth only execrates the problem.


We will be able to,1. Explain the actions to manage a low


ACTIONS

1. Encouraging marriage and childbearing

2. Building special facilities3. Helping the elderly keep healthy4. Encouraging families to look after

the elderly5. Extending working life6. Encouraging financial planning

ACTIONS

1. Encouraging marriage and childbearing– One solution is to encourage marriage

and childbearing.– This can be done by encouraging married

couples to have more children through incentives.

– For example, in Singapore, couples are encouraged to have three or more children when they are younger and those who do are given tax breaks.

ACTIONS

2. Building special facilities– Another solution is to build special

facilities.– This means building more clinics,

hospitals, nursing homes and elderly-friendly facilities.

– For example, in Singapore, more nursing homes for the elderly are being built and public facilities such as buses and trains are becoming more elderly friendly.

ACTIONS

3. Helping the elderly stay healthy– Another solution is to encourage the

elderly to stay healthy.– This can be done through stay healthy

campaigns and events.– For example, in Singapore, fun walks

and simple aerobics events are common events during Grandparent’s Day.

ACTIONS

4. Encouraging families to look after the elderly– Families can also be encouraged to look

after their elderly.– With their years of experience, the elderly

have an important role to play in society and families can be encouraged to through incentives.

– For example, the Singapore government are promoted through various privileges and tax subsidies to support their elderly.

ACTIONS

6. Extending working life– More can also be done to extend the

working life of the elderly.– In an ageing population, the number of

people in the workforce will decrease as the elderly retire. The elderly can be encouraged to work longer and contribute more to society.

– For example, in Singapore, the retirement age has been raised to from 60 to 62.

ACTIONS

7. Encouraging financial planning– The elderly can also be encouraged to plan

for their finances early.– This will ensure that the elderly will have a

home and enough money to live comfortably in their retirement.

– For example, in Singapore, the government ensures all Singaporeans saves a portion of their earnings into the Central Provident Fund (CPF), which they can withdraw as retirement funds.

Documents

2E Population