3.Cold War -Indirect Conflicts & Canadian Foreign Policy

3.3. Cold War -Cold War - Indirect ConflictsIndirect Conflicts& Canadian Foreign Policy & Canadian Foreign Policy

Foreign Policy Foreign Policy - definition- definition a government’s policy a government’s policy

governing governing international relations international relations with other countrieswith other countries

Foreign policies Foreign policies generally are generally are designed to help designed to help protect a country's: protect a country's: • national interests national interests

(country's priorities & (country's priorities & goals re: what’s best goals re: what’s best for the country),for the country),

• national security, national security, • ideological goals, and ideological goals, and • economic prosperity economic prosperity

This can occur as a This can occur as a result of peaceful result of peaceful cooperation with other nations cooperation with other nations (diplomacy), or through aggression, (diplomacy), or through aggression, war, and exploitationwar, and exploitation

Canada as Middle PowerCanada as Middle Power• The threat of nuclear annihilation

kept superpowers (USA and USSR) from open war – both sides had allies in the developing world, where wars did occur

• Canada emerged as a leading "middle power," assuming the role of peacekeeper and negotiator in international disputes

• Prime ministers remained prominent in international affairs, taking part in visits from foreign heads of state, world tours, treaty negotiations, and other activities

• Canada also became an active member of the UN, supporting and promoting peace

Reflect & DiscussReflect & Discuss

What is “Foreign Policy”? Why is it What is “Foreign Policy”? Why is it necessary?necessary?

Why was Canada known as a “Middle Why was Canada known as a “Middle Power” during the Cold War and why was Power” during the Cold War and why was this an important role?this an important role?

Cold War Indirect ConflictsCold War Indirect Conflicts

a. The Korean War 1950-53a. The Korean War 1950-53 WWII left Korea divided WWII left Korea divided

into: into: • Communist NorthCommunist North, ,

supported by the USSR supported by the USSR and China and China

• Democratic SouthDemocratic South, , supported by the U.S.A.supported by the U.S.A.

In In 1950 North Korea 1950 North Korea invaded South Koreainvaded South Korea

a UN force under a UN force under American command American command tried to force the tried to force the invaders to retreatinvaders to retreat

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hh0hyALDW7Y&feature=related

Korean War – cont’Korean War – cont’

Canada sent Canada sent thousands of troops thousands of troops (27,000) to fight(27,000) to fight in in Korea as part of the Korea as part of the UNUN

Canada’s Minister of Canada’s Minister of External Affair Lester External Affair Lester Pearson urged all Pearson urged all sides to agree to a sides to agree to a cease firecease fire

Canadian soldiers in KoreaCanadian soldiers in Korea

Korean war – con’tKorean war – con’t From July 1951-July, 1953 – a stalemate developed – From July 1951-July, 1953 – a stalemate developed –

no side made great advances no side made great advances *See animation -*See animation - http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/korea.htmhttp://users.erols.com/mwhite28/korea.htm

In July 1953 both sides agreed to an armistice / In July 1953 both sides agreed to an armistice / ceasefireceasefire

Korea remained divided Korea remained divided and tensions increased and tensions increased between the West and the between the West and the communist nations.communist nations.

The Korean War The Korean War demonstrated that the UN demonstrated that the UN was willing to take actionwas willing to take action

b. The Suez Crisis -1956b. The Suez Crisis -1956 Suez canal in Egypt – links Mediterranean Sea with Red SeaSuez canal in Egypt – links Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea provides shortest sea route from Europe to the Indian Oceanprovides shortest sea route from Europe to the Indian Ocean built in 1800s and built in 1800s and privately owned by British and French privately owned by British and French

investorsinvestors 1956 – Egypt’s president, Nasser, & gov. took over canal and 1956 – Egypt’s president, Nasser, & gov. took over canal and

wanted to wanted to nationalize nationalize itit (to be owned and run by the (to be owned and run by the government)government)

The other side of the Suez Crisis – Part 1 - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnsBHL7PDv0&feature=related

Suez Crisis – cont’Suez Crisis – cont’ Israel frightened of Egyptian Israel frightened of Egyptian

aggression – Egypt threatened aggression – Egypt threatened to bar ships to and from Israel to bar ships to and from Israel from using the canalfrom using the canal

Britain and France backed Britain and France backed Israel; USSR backed EgyptIsrael; USSR backed Egypt

Suez Crisis – cont’Suez Crisis – cont’

•Lester Pearson – went Lester Pearson – went to UN to try and work to UN to try and work out solution out solution

• proposed a proposed a UN UN Emergency ForceEmergency Force (UNEF) (UNEF) (later became (later became peacekeeping forcespeacekeeping forces) ) be sent to Suez Canal be sent to Suez Canal to separate and to separate and mediate mediate Canadians at SuezCanadians at Suez

Suez Crisis – cont’Suez Crisis – cont’

1957 - Pearson 1957 - Pearson awarded the awarded the Nobel Nobel Peace PrizePeace Prize for his for his efforts in defusing the efforts in defusing the crisiscrisis

Lester Pearson Lester Pearson accepting Prizeaccepting Prize

Reflect & DiscussReflect & Discuss What started the Korean War and in what years did it What started the Korean War and in what years did it

occur?occur? How was Canada involved in the Korean War?How was Canada involved in the Korean War? Why was the Korean war an important event in the Why was the Korean war an important event in the

history of the UN?history of the UN? Why did the Suez Crisis occur, and in what year?Why did the Suez Crisis occur, and in what year? Who suggested the use of an UN Emergency Force and Who suggested the use of an UN Emergency Force and

what did he win as a result in 1957?what did he win as a result in 1957? How are both the Korean Conflict and the Suez Crisis How are both the Korean Conflict and the Suez Crisis

examples of indirect conflicts between the USA and examples of indirect conflicts between the USA and USSR?USSR?

c. c. The Cuban Missile Crisis -1962The Cuban Missile Crisis -1962 1959 - Cuban communist rebels under Fidel 1959 - Cuban communist rebels under Fidel

Castro overthrew Cuba’s pro-US leader in a Castro overthrew Cuba’s pro-US leader in a revolutionrevolution• US reacted angrily by imposing trade economic US reacted angrily by imposing trade economic

sanctions on Cubasanctions on Cuba

• 1961 – US backed an 1961 – US backed an invasion of Cuba by anti-invasion of Cuba by anti-Castro Cubans – failed (Bay Castro Cubans – failed (Bay of Pigs)of Pigs)

• this encouraged Cuba to this encouraged Cuba to turn to the USSR turn to the USSR (Khrushchev(Khrushchev) ) for supportfor support Castro & Khrushchev Castro & Khrushchev

Cuban Missile Crisis – cont’Cuban Missile Crisis – cont’

1962 - US planes 1962 - US planes took photos took photos showing that the showing that the USSR was USSR was installing installing offensive nuclear offensive nuclear missile bases in missile bases in Cuba – Cuba – direct direct threat to US threat to US securitysecurity

Cuban Missile Crisis – cont’Cuban Missile Crisis – cont’

President President Kennedy Kennedy announced a announced a naval and air naval and air blockade of blockade of CubaCuba

Cuban Missile Cuban Missile Crisis – cont’Crisis – cont’

Soviet Premier Soviet Premier Nikita Krushchev – Nikita Krushchev – at 1st refused to at 1st refused to remove missiles remove missiles

world on brink of world on brink of nuclear warnuclear war

Cuban Missile Crisis – cont’Cuban Missile Crisis – cont’ at last minute, Krushchev agreed to remove at last minute, Krushchev agreed to remove

missiles with US agreement that would not missiles with US agreement that would not invade Cubainvade Cuba

Canada & the Cuban Missile CrisisCanada & the Cuban Missile Crisis

the U.S. expected full the U.S. expected full support from Canada (its support from Canada (its NORAD partner)NORAD partner)

however PM Diefenbaker however PM Diefenbaker was reluctant to have was reluctant to have Canada drawn into the Canada drawn into the conflict and at first conflict and at first refused to put Canadian refused to put Canadian NORAD forces on red NORAD forces on red alert and allow U.S. alert and allow U.S. planes with atomic planes with atomic weapons to land in weapons to land in CanadaCanada

Canada & the Cuban Missile CrisisCanada & the Cuban Missile Crisis

Canadian troops Canadian troops were eventually were eventually put on alert; put on alert; however however Canada-Canada-U.S. relations U.S. relations were already were already damageddamaged

Fog of War Lesson One – Empathize with your Enemyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wOoOcIFhaoA&feature=related


How did the Cuban Missile Crisis start?How did the Cuban Missile Crisis start? How was this crisis a defining moment in How was this crisis a defining moment in

the Cold War?the Cold War? What was Canada’s involvement? Was What was Canada’s involvement? Was

the USA happy with how Diefenbaker the USA happy with how Diefenbaker reacted? Why or why not?reacted? Why or why not?

d. d. The Vietnam War 1954-1975The Vietnam War 1954-1975a) The U.S. in a) The U.S. in

Vietnam:Vietnam: major conflict in major conflict in

Cold WarCold War North – North –

communist-communist-controlledcontrolled – – backed by USSRbacked by USSR

South South – although – although more dictatorship more dictatorship than democracy – than democracy – was was supported by supported by USAUSA

VietnamVietnam

Vietnam & Domino TheoryVietnam & Domino Theory USA feared that if south fell USA feared that if south fell

to communism – all Asian to communism – all Asian countries could fall – by countries could fall – by 1960’s USA sent troops1960’s USA sent troops

first war recorded by first war recorded by television camerastelevision cameras

Americans watched Americans watched Vietnamese villages being Vietnamese villages being bombed, own young men bombed, own young men returning home disabled or returning home disabled or in body bags – some began in body bags – some began questioning involvementquestioning involvement

Billy Joel – Goodnight Saigonhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6gZefW4yEA&feature=related

Vietnam – cont’Vietnam – cont’ 1968 – learned that US 1968 – learned that US

soldiers had massacred soldiers had massacred women and children in the women and children in the village of My Laivillage of My Lai

ended in 1973 under ended in 1973 under President Richard Nixon – President Richard Nixon – lost war – BADLYlost war – BADLY

Term “Vietnam” has negative Term “Vietnam” has negative connotations to this day connotations to this day

Canada, especially Lester Canada, especially Lester Pearson, critical of US Pearson, critical of US involvement in Vietnaminvolvement in Vietnam

Vietnam – cont’Vietnam – cont’b) Canada’s reaction to the b) Canada’s reaction to the

Vietnam War:Vietnam War: PM Pearson PM Pearson did not support did not support

American involvementAmerican involvement in the war in the war – Canadian government officially – Canadian government officially NOT INVOLVEDNOT INVOLVED

Canada welcomed American Canada welcomed American “Draft Dodgers”“Draft Dodgers”

Some Canadian citizens enlisted Some Canadian citizens enlisted in American military and fought in in American military and fought in war (approx 40,000 between 1959-war (approx 40,000 between 1959-1975)1975)

e. Cyprus - 1964e. Cyprus - 1964

Civil war broke out on Civil war broke out on the Mediterranean the Mediterranean island of Cyprusisland of Cyprus

Between Greek majority Between Greek majority & Turkish minority& Turkish minority

Canadian UN troops initially sent in 1964 Canadian UN troops initially sent in 1964 Last of troops not withdrawn until 1993Last of troops not withdrawn until 1993 Now Cyprus is in relative harmonyNow Cyprus is in relative harmony

CBC Archives – Cyprus Pullouthttp://archives.cbc.ca/IDCC-1-71-1290-7540/conflict_war/blue_berets/

Détente -1960-1979Détente -1960-1979 Literally means Literally means

relaxation of tensionsrelaxation of tensions In terms of Cold War, In terms of Cold War,

refers to the period refers to the period between 1960-1979 between 1960-1979 when there was a when there was a relaxation of tensions relaxation of tensions between the USA and between the USA and USSRUSSR

SALT Treaties attempt SALT Treaties attempt to limit nuclear to limit nuclear proliferation during this proliferation during this timetime


How was the Vietnam War an example of How was the Vietnam War an example of an indirect conflict between the USA and an indirect conflict between the USA and USSR?USSR?

What was Canada’s involvement officially What was Canada’s involvement officially and unofficially?and unofficially?

What was Canada’s involvement in What was Canada’s involvement in Cyprus?Cyprus?

Trudeau’s Foreign PolicyTrudeau’s Foreign Policy1.1. Canada-U.S. Relations Canada-U.S. Relations In 1968 the Liberals, lead by In 1968 the Liberals, lead by Pierre Elliot TrudeauPierre Elliot Trudeau were were

electedelected Trudeau wanted to steer foreign policy away from Trudeau wanted to steer foreign policy away from

dependence on the U.S.dependence on the U.S. Trudeau realized Canada should consider the U.S. Trudeau realized Canada should consider the U.S.

government to some extent when it came to foreign government to some extent when it came to foreign affairs, as he explained in a famous speech:affairs, as he explained in a famous speech:

““Living next to you is in some Living next to you is in some ways like sleeping with an ways like sleeping with an elephant. No matter how elephant. No matter how friendly and even tempered is friendly and even tempered is the beast, one is affected by the beast, one is affected by every twitch and grunt.” (March, every twitch and grunt.” (March, 1969)1969)

Trudeau & USATrudeau & USA Trudeau wanted to ease Cold War Trudeau wanted to ease Cold War

tensions and scale back Canada’s tensions and scale back Canada’s participation in the nuclear arms participation in the nuclear arms racerace

Nuclear missiles were removed Nuclear missiles were removed from Canadian NATO forces in from Canadian NATO forces in Europe (1970-1972)Europe (1970-1972)• Bomarc missile sites were dismantled Bomarc missile sites were dismantled • The last nuclear warheads were The last nuclear warheads were

removed from Canada by 1984.removed from Canada by 1984.• Trudeau cut the national defence Trudeau cut the national defence

budgetbudget

Recognizing Communist ChinaRecognizing Communist China

In 1970, Canada In 1970, Canada officially recognized the officially recognized the communist government communist government of the People’s Republic of the People’s Republic of Chinaof China (even though (even though the U.S. was pressuring the U.S. was pressuring to withhold the to withhold the recognition)recognition)

Canada & China – HistoryCanada & China – History In 1949 – communists led by In 1949 – communists led by

Mao Zedong took over the Mao Zedong took over the government of Chinagovernment of China

The UN, under pressure of The UN, under pressure of the USA, refused to the USA, refused to recognize the communist recognize the communist governmentgovernment• Instead recognized the former Instead recognized the former

government, now located in government, now located in Taiwan, which held one of the Taiwan, which held one of the 5 permanent seats on the 5 permanent seats on the Security Council Security Council

1971 – USA finally allowed 1971 – USA finally allowed “Red China” to replace “Red China” to replace Taiwan on the Security Taiwan on the Security CouncilCouncil

Mao Zedong & Trudeau

CubaCuba

Trudeau (and PMs Trudeau (and PMs after him) did not after him) did not cut diplomatic ties, cut diplomatic ties, and ignored the and ignored the embargoembargo

When Cuba became When Cuba became communist in 1959 – communist in 1959 – the USAthe USA::• established an embargo (A established an embargo (A

government order imposing government order imposing trade barriers) on Cuba in trade barriers) on Cuba in October 1960October 1960

• Broke diplomatic ties Broke diplomatic ties following Januaryfollowing January

• Tensions peaked during the Tensions peaked during the Bay of Pigs invasion (1961) Bay of Pigs invasion (1961) and the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

Trudeau – Nuclear WeaponsTrudeau – Nuclear WeaponsIn early 1970’s – In early 1970’s – tensions between US tensions between US and USSR eased – and USSR eased – agreed to reduce # of agreed to reduce # of nuclear weaponsnuclear weapons

•signed SALT I signed SALT I (Strategic Arms (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) in Limitation Treaty) in 1972 1972

Trudeau EraTrudeau Era SALT II was delayedSALT II was delayed due to due to

several events led to each side several events led to each side accusing the other of provoking accusing the other of provoking war:war:

1. 1. 1979 – USSR invaded Afghanistan1979 – USSR invaded Afghanistan & & moved medium-range missiles into moved medium-range missiles into Eastern Europe – so NATO Eastern Europe – so NATO announced that it would move similar announced that it would move similar missiles into Western Europe – SALT missiles into Western Europe – SALT talks called offtalks called off

2. 2. 1983 (Sept.) – Soviet jets shot down 1983 (Sept.) – Soviet jets shot down a Korean passenger jeta Korean passenger jet that had that had strayed into Soviet airspacestrayed into Soviet airspace

3. 3. 1983 - USA –invaded Grenada1983 - USA –invaded Grenada (in (in Caribbean) and deposed a Soviet Caribbean) and deposed a Soviet governmentgovernment

4. 4. USA carried out a covert (secret) war USA carried out a covert (secret) war against left-wing Sandinista regime against left-wing Sandinista regime in Nicaraguain Nicaragua

Trudeau – appealed to both Trudeau – appealed to both sides to show more restraint – sides to show more restraint – conducted “peace tour” to enlist conducted “peace tour” to enlist support of countries around the support of countries around the worldworld• However - 1984 – Trudeau However - 1984 – Trudeau

decided to leave politicsdecided to leave politics

Foreign Aid - CIDAForeign Aid - CIDA

While the Cold War politically split the world While the Cold War politically split the world between the East and West, an between the East and West, an economic gap economic gap separated the rich North from the poorseparated the rich North from the poor SouthSouth..

The Trudeau government aimed to promote The Trudeau government aimed to promote world peace, he believed the North should be world peace, he believed the North should be helping countries struck with poverty in the helping countries struck with poverty in the South to develop their economies and improve South to develop their economies and improve living conditions. living conditions.

This became known as a policy of “This became known as a policy of “Trade and Trade and AidAid” of Trudeau’s foreign policy.” of Trudeau’s foreign policy.

In 1968 the Canadian International In 1968 the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)Development Agency (CIDA) was formed to was formed to boost foreign aid to less industrialized countries boost foreign aid to less industrialized countries (countries receiving aid would agree to buy (countries receiving aid would agree to buy products from Canada, which is called “products from Canada, which is called “tied tied aid”)aid”)

Commonwealth & FrancophonieCommonwealth & Francophonie

The The CommonwealthCommonwealth was made of countries of the former was made of countries of the former British Empire British Empire

la Francophoniela Francophonie was an organization of French-speaking was an organization of French-speaking states (many were former colonies of France) states (many were former colonies of France)

Canada is a member of both organizations, which discusses Canada is a member of both organizations, which discusses solutions for the North-South gap.solutions for the North-South gap.

19501950 the the Commonwealth countriesCommonwealth countries created the created the Colombo Colombo PlanPlan to provide money and aid to less developed countries in to provide money and aid to less developed countries in the organization in SE Asia (most of the Canadian aid went to the organization in SE Asia (most of the Canadian aid went to India, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan)India, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan)


What was Trudeau’s Foreign Policy towards the What was Trudeau’s Foreign Policy towards the USA? USA?

What was Trudeau’s Foreign Policy towards What was Trudeau’s Foreign Policy towards China? Cuba? How did these policies go China? Cuba? How did these policies go against the USA’s?against the USA’s?

Why was Foreign Aid a part of Trudeau’s Why was Foreign Aid a part of Trudeau’s Foreign Policy? Why did he feel it was Foreign Policy? Why did he feel it was important?important?

How were the Commonwealth and How were the Commonwealth and Francophonie connected to his Foreign Policy?Francophonie connected to his Foreign Policy?

Group of Eight (G8)Group of Eight (G8) Formerly Group of 7 Formerly Group of 7

(G7) – Canada joined (G7) – Canada joined in 1976 in 1976

Member countries: Member countries: Canada, France, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Russia, the United Kingdom and the Kingdom and the United StatesUnited States

an international forum an international forum for the member for the member governments to meet governments to meet annually to discuss annually to discuss political and economic political and economic issues of mutual issues of mutual concernconcern

G8 con’tG8 con’t

Together, these countries Together, these countries represent about:represent about:• 65% of the world economy 65% of the world economy • only about 14% of the world only about 14% of the world

population, population, • the majority of global military the majority of global military

power (7 of the top 8 positions power (7 of the top 8 positions for military expenditure, and for military expenditure, and almost all of the world's active almost all of the world's active nuclear weapons) nuclear weapons)

G8 – cont’G8 – cont’ The group's activities include The group's activities include

year-round conferences and year-round conferences and policy research, culminating policy research, culminating with an annual summit meeting with an annual summit meeting attended by the heads of attended by the heads of government of the member government of the member states. The European states. The European Commission is also Commission is also represented at the meetings.represented at the meetings.

The ministerial meetings bring The ministerial meetings bring together ministers responsible together ministers responsible for various portfolios to discuss for various portfolios to discuss issues of mutual or global issues of mutual or global concern. concern.

G8 cont’G8 cont’ The range of topics include The range of topics include health, law enforcement, health, law enforcement, labour, economic and labour, economic and social development, social development, energy, environment, energy, environment, foreign affairs, justice and foreign affairs, justice and interior, terrorism and interior, terrorism and trade. trade.

Many people are critical of Many people are critical of the G8 because they feel the G8 because they feel their policies negatively their policies negatively affect developed countries affect developed countries

common criticism: they common criticism: they only look out for their own only look out for their own interests rather that what is interests rather that what is best for the world as a best for the world as a wholewhole

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9IwOEeEQj8


What is the G8? What countries are What is the G8? What countries are involved?involved?

What is its purpose?What is its purpose? Why is it criticized in the world Why is it criticized in the world

community?community?

Middle EastMiddle East

Ongoing conflicts in Middle Ongoing conflicts in Middle East between Israel (est. East between Israel (est. 1949) and Arab states1949) and Arab states

1973 – Yom Kippur War 1973 – Yom Kippur War took placetook place

Few years later - Anwar Few years later - Anwar Sadat – leader of Egypt – Sadat – leader of Egypt – initiated peace talks with initiated peace talks with IsraelisIsraelis

USA – tends to back Israel, USA – tends to back Israel, USSR backs Arab nationsUSSR backs Arab nations

Middle East – cont’Middle East – cont’

Camp David accords – signed in 1979Camp David accords – signed in 1979 Egyptians agreed to recognize Israeli’s right to Egyptians agreed to recognize Israeli’s right to

existexist In turn – Israelis agreed to negotiate the In turn – Israelis agreed to negotiate the

occupied territories (i.e. Gaza Strip)occupied territories (i.e. Gaza Strip) By late 1990s –agreement seemed close, but By late 1990s –agreement seemed close, but

Intifadas (Palestinian uprisings) started in 2001 – Intifadas (Palestinian uprisings) started in 2001 – no resolutionno resolution

Afghanistan – 1979-1988Afghanistan – 1979-1988 Cold war “heated up” again when:Cold war “heated up” again when: USSRUSSR placed 350 missiles in Eastern Europeplaced 350 missiles in Eastern Europe USSR invaded AfghanistanUSSR invaded Afghanistan

• Installed a new dictator, Karmal, as PresidentInstalled a new dictator, Karmal, as President• The West, China, and India were alarmed because the Soviets appeared to be The West, China, and India were alarmed because the Soviets appeared to be

attempting to take control of the Persian Gulfattempting to take control of the Persian Gulf• Result – USA boycotted the 1980 Moscow OlympicsResult – USA boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics

• From 1980-1988 – viscous From 1980-1988 – viscous war in Afghanistan - created war in Afghanistan - created enormous refugee problem for enormous refugee problem for neighbouring states like neighbouring states like PakistanPakistan

• 1988 – Soviets agreed to 1988 – Soviets agreed to withdrawwithdraw

USA invaded Grenada - 1983USA invaded Grenada - 1983 US justification for invasion – to depose a Soviet US justification for invasion – to depose a Soviet

government that had assassinated the Prime Ministergovernment that had assassinated the Prime Minister

•Grenada was part of the Commonwealth of Nations • invasion was opposed by the United Kingdom, Trinidad & Tobago and Canada, among others.

•British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher personally opposed the U.S. invasion

Grenada – cont’Grenada – cont’• Ronald Reagan, President of the United States, assured her that an

invasion was not contemplated. Reagan later said, "She was very adamant and continued to insist that we cancel our landings on Grenada. I couldn't tell her that it had already begun."[8]

After the invasion, Prime Minister Thatcher wrote to President Reagan:

This action will be seen as intervention by a Western country in the internal affairs of a small independent nation, however unattractive its regime. I ask you to consider this in the context of our wider East-West relations

and of the fact that we will be having in the next few days to present to our Parliament and people the siting of Cruise missiles in this country...I

cannot conceal that I am deeply disturbed by your latest communication.[9]

NicaraguaNicaragua

4.4. USA carried out a covert (secret) war against left-USA carried out a covert (secret) war against left-wing Sandinista regime in Nicaraguawing Sandinista regime in Nicaragua

Trudeau – appealed to both sides to show more restraint – Trudeau – appealed to both sides to show more restraint – conducted “peace tour” to enlist support of countries around the conducted “peace tour” to enlist support of countries around the worldworld• However - 1984 – Trudeau decided to leave politicsHowever - 1984 – Trudeau decided to leave politics


Explain these conflicts and their Explain these conflicts and their importance to the Cold War:importance to the Cold War:• Middle EastMiddle East• AfghanistanAfghanistan• GrenadaGrenada• NicaraguaNicaragua

Mulroney’s Foreign PolicyMulroney’s Foreign Policy September 1984 – Conservative September 1984 – Conservative

leader Brian Mulroney became leader Brian Mulroney became new PMnew PM

His approach to international His approach to international relations in many ways relations in many ways opposite opposite of Trudeau:of Trudeau:

1.1.worked to forge stronger links worked to forge stronger links with USAwith USA

developed close personal developed close personal relationship with President relationship with President ReaganReagan

2.2. US’s Strategic Defense US’s Strategic Defense Initiative – “Star Wars”Initiative – “Star Wars”

defense shield plan – part defense shield plan – part of which would orbit the of which would orbit the earthearth

Canadians didn’t want it, Canadians didn’t want it, but Mulroney personally but Mulroney personally did – however he said “no” did – however he said “no” to Canada’s participationto Canada’s participation

3.3. Economically – Canada Economically – Canada “open “open for business”for business”

Mulroney Mulroney dismantled FIRA dismantled FIRA (Foreign Investment (Foreign Investment Review Agency)Review Agency) that that Trudeau set up in 1973 to Trudeau set up in 1973 to block any foreign investment block any foreign investment that seemed not to be in that seemed not to be in Canada’s interestCanada’s interest

4. 4. 1987 – Free Trade 1987 – Free Trade Agreement (FTA)Agreement (FTA)

with USA – removed tariffs with USA – removed tariffs on goods crossing the on goods crossing the borderborder

very controversialvery controversial

NAFTA NAFTA

5.5. 1992 – North American Free Trade 1992 – North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)Agreement (NAFTA)

with USA and Mexicowith USA and Mexico very controversialvery controversial came into effect in 1994 under Chrétiencame into effect in 1994 under Chrétien


What characterized Mulroney’s Foreign What characterized Mulroney’s Foreign Policy?Policy?

What were the names and dates of the What were the names and dates of the two Free Trade Agreements negotiated by two Free Trade Agreements negotiated by Mulroney?Mulroney?

End of the Cold WarEnd of the Cold War

1985 - Soviet leader Mikhail 1985 - Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev – realized that USSR Gorbachev – realized that USSR could no longer afford costly arms could no longer afford costly arms race with the U.S., he proposed race with the U.S., he proposed massive cuts in arsenal for both massive cuts in arsenal for both powers.powers.

To help communist countries run To help communist countries run more effectively Gorbachev began a more effectively Gorbachev began a series of social, economic and series of social, economic and political reforms. New policies:political reforms. New policies:

1. 1. perestroikaperestroika – reconstruction (of – reconstruction (of economic and political systems) - a economic and political systems) - a policy supporting reform.policy supporting reform.

2. 2. glasnostglasnost – openness (freedom of – openness (freedom of speech, no censorship, etc.) - speech, no censorship, etc.) - encouraging open debate about encouraging open debate about issues facing the country.issues facing the country.

End of Cold WarEnd of Cold War

November 1989November 1989 – Berlin Wall – Berlin Wall came downcame down

dissolution of USSR in 1991dissolution of USSR in 1991 – division between East and – division between East and West officially goneWest officially gone

broke into 15 smaller states broke into 15 smaller states (including Poland, Hungary, (including Poland, Hungary, East Germany (now part of East Germany (now part of Germany), Czechoslovakia, Germany), Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia)Romania, and Yugoslavia)

New World OrderNew World Order End of Cold War did not End of Cold War did not

bring peace to the world - bring peace to the world - numerous regional conflicts numerous regional conflicts and ethnic rivalries, such and ethnic rivalries, such as:as:• Gulf War – Iraqi invasion of Gulf War – Iraqi invasion of

Kuwait (1991) Former Kuwait (1991) Former Yugoslavia (1991-1999)Yugoslavia (1991-1999)

• Somalia (1992)Somalia (1992)• Rwanda (1994)Rwanda (1994)• Afghanistan (2001-present)Afghanistan (2001-present)• US invasion of Iraq (2003-US invasion of Iraq (2003-

present)present)

Post-Cold War Foreign RelationsPost-Cold War Foreign Relations Bi-lateral relations Bi-lateral relations

Bi-lateral relationsBi-lateral relations – between Canada – between Canada and one other and one other country – some country – some important important relationships relationships include:include:• Canadian-American Canadian-American

RelationsRelations • Canadian-British Canadian-British

RelationsRelations • Canada-Japan Canada-Japan

RelationsRelations

Post-Cold War Foreign RelationsPost-Cold War Foreign Relations Multilateral relations Multilateral relations

Multilateral relations – Multilateral relations – contacts with contacts with manymany other nations, other nations, usually within one association or organizationusually within one association or organization

Some International organizations of which Canada is a Some International organizations of which Canada is a part:part:• The United Nations (UN)The United Nations (UN)• The CommonwealthThe Commonwealth• La FrancophonieLa Francophonie• North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization• Organization of American States (OAS)Organization of American States (OAS)• World Trade Organization (WTO)World Trade Organization (WTO)• Group of Eight (G8)Group of Eight (G8)• Organization for Economic Co-operation Organization for Economic Co-operation

and Development (OECD)and Development (OECD)• Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)


Define “bilateral” and “multilateral” Define “bilateral” and “multilateral” relations.relations.

What are some of the more important What are some of the more important bilateral relations that Canada has?bilateral relations that Canada has?

What are some of the more improtant What are some of the more improtant multilateral relations that Canada has?multilateral relations that Canada has?

Documents

3.Cold War -Indirect Conflicts & Canadian Foreign Policy