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BRKSPM-5127

3G/4G FemtocellArchitecture and Design

Dave Burns

July 12, 2011

Manager, Systems Engineering


• Femtocell Introduction and Review

• Market Drivers

• Femtocell Standards/Architectures

• Cisco Femtocell StrategyHome Node B, Home Node B Gateway, Zero Touch Provisioning, and Network Elements

• Cisco Femtocell Key Features

• Cisco Femtocell Architecture Evolution

• Summary

Agenda


Femto Introduction and Review


What Is a Femtocell?

Picocell

Macrocell

Femtocell

In-Home

• Focus of this topic is FemtocellIn-house coverage

• Compare and contrast with Macrocell, PicocellFemto provides in fill for Macro and Pico


What Is a Femtocell?

OperatorManagement & Services

Standard Handset

FemtocellHome Node B

FemtocellHNB Gateway

BroadbandConnection

LicensedSpectrum

LicensedSpectrum

Residential GW

Macro Cellular Network

Femto Cellular Network

Tiny Home Base Station Radio signal inside

the home Standalone device or

integrated into home gateway Works with all standard

handsets

Connects to the Core Network via the Internet Part of the wireless carrier’s

network Uses home broadband

connection for backhaul

Typical Specification

Low power output Short range

BTSWireless Core(MSC,SGSN)

Internet


2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Femtocell Market Accelerates Mass Market Femtocell Adoption

Technology challenges are being ironed out- Luh standardized and gains momentum- Interference problem solved in mass market- Femto from/to macro handover- Provisioning and Management still in the works

Market launches are driven by HSPA - Coverage benefits with bb speeds of 7.2 Mbps- Major infrastructure vendors support femto- ASP goes down from $200 to sub $150

Regulation - Spectrum ownership an issue - Competition with bb fixed- Health risks

Technology is market proven- Interference and handover solved- Multiple architectures deployed- Cost effectiveness of mass deployment- OpEx reductions from mobile offload

Market develops- Consumer and enterprise market develop sophisticated offerings (DSL+VOIP+mobilebb+mobile+femto) - Pricing sub $100 gets widely available. bb cpe vendors such as Netgear get into the market

Regulation evolves to accommodate femtos - Services based requirements begin- Universal coverage - No professional installation required

Sources Infonetics, (03/09)

Femtocell Deployment to Accelerate


Market Drivers


Hierarchical Networks are the Only Answer

Spectrum allocation is not increasing significantly Small cells are the only answer to exponential growth in data traffic Ultimately, physics will drive this transition

Macro

ConsumerFemto

BusinessFemto Metro Femto

In Summary: Why Femto?Scaling CoverageDelivering 66 Fold Increase in Capacity

1000

100

10

11990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Gro

wth

Spectrum

AverageMacro CellEfficiency

Capacity

Source: Agilent

Future Networks supporting the Mobile Internet will need to seamlessly integrate a lot more smaller cells

Femtocells Reduce Costs

A 66-fold increase in mobile data over five years will make femtocells irresistible as a cost reduction play

For any carrier, the tipping point existsThe key is to develop tools and techniques to determine where the crossover point lies

kbps per subscriber

Dollarcost per

subscriberFemtocell Costs

Macrocell Costs

Tipping Point

Time

Femtocells Have Many Cisco Adjacencies

Increasing Price and Complexity

Open InterfacesAdjacency to

ConnectedHome

Adjacency to ConnectedEnterprise

ASR 5000

Other FAP Partners

Home SMB EnterpriseCommercial


Mobile Operator Opportunities With Femto

Reducing Operational Costs• Backhaul of cell tower traffic accounts

for 20% of mobile operator OpEx

• Site acquisition, leasing costs, power costs

• Capacity demand is expected to be 4x to 10x as migration to 3Gand 4G proceeds

Increasing Revenue/Reducing Churn• High quality WiFi/3G/4G signal in the home

• Enables new bundled service offerings (triple/ quad play)

Improving In-Home Coverage Significant percentage of mobile

voice originates in the home

Poor coverage leads to unhappy customers – churn

Delivery of high speed data in the home is challenging with macrocell network

Increase mobile device battery life


Mobile Operator Opportunities With Femto

Femtozone Services Leveraging Location Awareness and Local IP Access (LIPA) Capabilities

Virtual home number

Presence alerts in entering and exiting the home

Photo and video upload to home computer

Instant Podcast reload

Seamless mobility between home and macro network

Home network available from anywhere

Control Security, Appliance, Temperature

Synchronize music and video

Automatically backup content

Secure Access to home server, media

Connected Home ServicesSecure Remote IP Access (RIPA)


Mobile Operator: Femto Market Insertion*

Subs

crib

er T

raffi

c an

d R

even

ue G

row

th

Service Adoption Timeline

Cross Chasm

2008 2012

Connected Home Device convergence, home gateway Improved applications; QoS, presence,

immersion gaming More trust in SP

Connected Enterprise / UC Managed voice and data Always secure Triple play for businessesStandalone Femto

Improve indoor coverage Mostly voice, some data Price and business

case being worked on

Early Adopters Mass Market

*Based on Operator’s feedback and present industry direction


Smaller Cells for Increased Capacity• MSP are faced with capacity crunch in their network (radio, backhaul, core)

• Three ways to increase network capacity

Additional spectrum

Radio access efficiency

Densify the network by adding sites

• Various status and gains with the options

Spectrum is a finite resource

Radio technology is getting closer to the physical limit (see graph)

Smaller cells is a valid option but requires tight interference management

• Femto/Pico is definitely one way to maximize the radio capacity while avoiding congestion on the backhaul

• Femto will be even more attractive for higher spectrum radio (e.g. LTE)


Projected Femtocell CPE Shipment


Projected Femtocell CPE Price per Unit


Femto Positioning

Complements Macro• Improved Coverage for users• Cost Efficient Backhaul Model• Willingness to pay and how much?

Personalized Experience• New Revenue Streams• Creates stickiness, Service bundling• User willing to pay premium

Balance Femto Positioning to Both Sides of the Equation


Sample of Femto Commercial OffersOperator Offering Technology Launch Country Vendor

Airave CDMA (1xRTT) Aug 08 USA Samsung

Home Zone WCDMA (HSDPA) Dec 08 Singapore Huawei

Network Extender CDMA (1xRTT) Jan 09 USA Samsung

Sure Signal (UK)Voz y Datos Premium (Sp)Vodafone Access Gateway (Gr)

WCDMA (HSDPA)July 09June 10July 10

UKSpainGreece

ALUHuaweiHuawei

Microcell WCDMA (HSDPA) Sept 09Apr 10 (Nal)

USA Cisco

3G Inn WCDMA (HSDPA) Oct 09 China Huawei

MyArea WCDMA (HSDPA) Nov 09 Japan NEC, Mitsubishi

Home 3G WCDMA (HSDPA) Nov 09 France NEC, Ubiquisys& Kineto

Sinal On HSDPA Dec 09 Portugal Huawei

FT Home Antenna HSDPA Jan 2010 Japan NEC, Ubiquisys

Au Femtocell CDMA June 2010 Japan Airvana, Hitachi


AT&T Deployment• AT&T microcell officially announced during CTIA

http://www.wireless.att.com/learn/why/3gmicrocell/

• National network has been deployed with full zero-touch provisioning

• Full Cisco solution see the following link

http://cisco.com/en/US/solutions/ns341/ns973/att_microcell.html

BEST COMMERCIAL FEMTO LAUNCH

AT&T’s 3G MicroCell National Deployment

“AT&T’s 3G MicroCell deployment with Cisco caught the judges’ eyes fortwo crucial reasons. First and foremost, it emphasised the importance ofthe customer at the heart of the femtocell experience, positioningtechnology very much as an enabler, rather than an end in itself. Secondly,the deployment is on a national scale, which given the US market’s sizeadds an additional layer of complexity”, agreed the judges.

London, England - June 23, 2010

http://www.att.com/gen/press-room?pid=4800&cdvn=news&newsarticleid=30685

http://www.wireless.att.com/learn/why/3gmicrocell/

http://cisco.com/en/US/solutions/ns341/ns973/att_microcell.html


Femtocell Standards/Architectures


Organisations and Standards Bodies Involved in Femtocell

• Market representative organisation pushing femto as the de facto solution for in home coverage for all technologies (WCDMA, CDMA, WiMAX)

Several working groups covering service requirements (wg1), radio and interference management (wg2), network architecture (wg3) and legal issues (wg4)

• 3G/GSM standardisation BodyDefining standards femtocell architecture and interface for 3G and LTER8 contains initial set of standards published. Follow-on functionalities being specified in R9 and R10.

• DSL standardisation bodyObjective is to reuse TR-069 framework for zero-touch provisioning of FemtocellAccess Point. Femto specific data model (WT-196) published in April 2009

• Mobile SP organisation looking at beyond 3G services and architectureFully supporting FemtoForum work on Femtocell for LTE

• Mobile SP organisation defining interoperability and deployment guidelinesPublished guidelines on Femto security and broadband network reqs

www.femtoforum.org

www.gsmworld.com

www.3gpp.org

www.ngmn.org

www.broadband-forum.org

http://www.femtoforum.org/

http://www.gsmworld.com/

http://www.3gpp.org/

http://www.ngmn.org/

http://www.broadband-forum.org/


Femto Forum Activities• Defined Femtocell requirements (including end-user services, OAM,

Security, Network Integration, Enterprise femto, etc.)

• Whitepapers available on the femto forum website: www.femtoforum.org

• Femto Forum major deliverablesBusiness case (full analysis has been recently released)

Interference management whitepapers (3G and LTE)

UE power consumption

• Femto Forum current focusFemto enterprise architecture and use cases

Chipset API (FAPI)

Local breakout requirements

Legal and regulatory requirements

http://www.femtoforum.org


FemtoAccess PointMobile

Device

Home GW

Femto GW

Femto Management System

FAP-MS FGW-MS

FL

Fa/Iuh

SeGW

Fixed Broadband Interconnect

Radio/Uu

Fm/TR-069

Fg/tbd

CS Core

PS Core

Subscriber Databases

Fb-cs/Iu-cs

Fb-ps/Iu-ps

Fr/tbd

HPLMN Core Network

IMS Core

Fb-ims/I2

HPLMN RAN

FemtoForum Reference Architecture


3GPP Femto Standards Content• WCDMA and LTE Femto standard defined in 3GPP starting with R8• RAN-based architecture with standard interface between H(e)NB and H(e)NBGW

Iuh for WCDMA (3G TS 25.467, 468, 469) S1 for LTE (note that for LTE HNBGW is optional)

• Standard interfaces to the core network• Access control

Based on Closed Subscriber Group definition (CSG Id is broadcasted by the HNB and part of user subscription data)

• Full Mobility support (starting with R9), inc. femto-to-femto as well• IPSec tunnel between HNB and HNBGW

IKEv2 with X.509 based authentication (SIM based is optional)

• HNB ProvisioningTR-069/TR-196 interface and data model

• Management (3G TS 32.581, 582, 583, 584)Standard configuration and performance management interface (XML based)


Iuh Interface Details

• HNBAP defined in 3G TS

• Procedures includes

HNB (de)registration

UE (de)registration

UEUTRAN

MSC/VLR

HNB-GWIuh

HNB

L1/L2IP

HNBAP

SCTP

IPsec

L1/L2IP

RANAP

SCTPIPsec

RUA

Iu CS – ATM or IP

SGSNIu PS – ATM or IP


Iuh Stack – Control Plane


Iuh Stack – CS and PS Bearer Planes


3GPP R9 and R10 focus

• HeNB architecture specification (3G TS 36.300) RF aspects Core Architecture (couple of options still in discussion, i.e. with or without HeNB gw)

• CSG concept finalisation• Full Femto mobility

Hand-in and inter-femto (esp. Important for pico)

• Open/hybrid access mode specification• Roaming support• IMS-based femto architecture (postponed to R10)

Different options being discussed: IMS interworking in Femto or in core

• Local Breakout (postponed to R10)Also know as LIPA (Local IP Access)Mechanism to allow traffic to egress directly in the home environmentLikely to be based on local GGSN/PGW in the Femtocell


Cisco Femtocell Strategy


Devices and Applications

WiFiFemto

Radio Unified ServiceDelivery

WiMAX

3GLTE

DataCenter

IMS

4G3G

IP RAN

IP/MPLSCore

RAN Backhaul

IP Core

Mobile Packet Core

Enabling Next-Generation Mobile Multimedia Applications and Services

Cisco End-to-End Mobile Internet Network Architecture


Solution Delivery Service-led approach Prime and take end-to-end responsibility Plan for scale

Technology and Products Design end-to-end architecture with best-of-breed products Pre-standard solution for early delivery Committed to drive and deliver standard solution

Cisco Femtocell Overall Strategy

Solution Definition Leverage Cisco leadership in IP, broadband and mobile Aligns with Connected Home strategy Future integration with Cisco enterprise solutions Initial focus on 3G technology


Cisco Femtocell Solution

• World Class Zero Touch ProvisioningTrue plug’n’play customer experienceDramatic OpEx reductionThe key to scaling service

• Industry-Leading Mobile Packet Core IntelligencePerformance optimized for throughput, transactions, and densityStandard support easing interoperability (e.g. with third party HNB vendors)

• State of the Art Femtocell APSuperior indoor signal strength and coverageHigh data speeds for an enhanced multimedia experienceSelf-optimization tied to backend network intelligence

•Largest Femtocell DeploymentLarge North American carrierVast experience with integration into carrier network for location verification, billing, management, regulatory compliance


Project PlanHLDMigration Tools

Femto End-to-End Solution LLDNetwork Migration PlanTest and Validation

Migration ExecutionLab Verification and Multi-Vendor Integration

Discovery WorkshopNetwork AssessmentSite SurveyPrepare

PlanOptimize

Implementation

DesignOperate

Scale for Market Rollout

Operationalize with OSS Systems

Femtocell System IntegrationCisco Services Capabilities


Zero-touch Provisioning for user self installCheck location (multiple methods: GPS, NWL, IP@, MAC@, etc.)

Customised provisioning integrating with existing backend

Design to minimize user requests to Customer Care

Interference Management (with macro and between femto)Network Listen on all available radio bands (2G and 3G)

Automatic radio settings configuration (UARFCN, SC, CPICH, neighbours, etc.)

Regular monitoring for fine tuning

Network integrationSupport of all existing bearer services (CS and/or PS bearers)

Mobility (Idle and Active mode (Hand-out and Hand-in))

Backhaul support (DL/UL bandwidth, jitter, delay, DSCP)

Key Challenges for Mass Deployment


• Femtocell managementScalable architecture (design to manage 100ks of HNBs)Non-real time and real time capabilities (Stats file and remote management) Automatic firmware management and upgradeWhitelist management for IMSI based access control

• Securing the femtocellX.509 certificate authentication for HNB (hardware and software (signature)Encryption of all traffic (SSL for management and IPSec for Iuh)Tampering detection

CPE specific requirementsCustomised form factor and capabilitiesIntegrated capabilities (Router, GPS, WiFi (Future))

Key Challenges for Mass Deployment


Cisco Femtocell End-to-End Solution


Three Pillars of Femto 3GPP Radio Access Network

Femto Provisioning and Management System

Service Assurance

• These 3 domains are interdependent

• All three required for deployment

• Cisco offers cohesive fully integrated solution

Protocols: Iuh, IPSec, IKE, x.509, RADIUS, DHCP

Radio Signaling, Voice and Data Traffic

Cisco Solution: ASR5000 (HNBW/SeGW); Opt. WSG/7600 (External SeGW)

Protocols: TR-069, HTTPS, x.509, NTP, XMLAuthorization, Configuration, Software Management, Monitoring and Troubleshooting of HNBsCisco Solution: BAC & PMG/FRM (HMS), CAR (AAA), CNR (DHCP)

Protocols: SNMP, Syslog, XML PM Files, HTTPSAlarms, Performance, Config Monitoring, User Authentication, Backup/Restore for Entire Back-EndCisco Solution: EMS (WEM (ASR5k)), Stats Server, Fault, Performance and Config Management


Cisco End-to-End Femtocell Architecture

5mW output power, configurable (up to 20mW in Q1CY11)

Network Listen (NWL) for auto configuration, interference management and location verification

4 simultaneous active users Up to 3.6Mbps HSDPA (7.2 in

Q1CY11) Emergency call support Certificate based authentication Secure transport (Iuh over Ipsec and

SSL for TR-069)

Optional components Secure DMZ access Single point of termination

for signaling/ management security

ASR5000 SeGW//HNBGW Multifunction platform: S/GGSN,

LTE EPC, etc. High capacity 1:n Stateful redundancy Open/Closed Mode Full mobility

Auto discovery of the network to provide full visibility of network changes

Alarm Monitoring, reporting SLA, statistics monitoring

Fully redundant and scalable architecture

TR-069 standard compliance (planned support for full TR)196)

Northbound interface/API for OSS&BSS integration

Access Control list management HNB status monitoring


Cisco Femtocell Interoperability• Cisco Femtocell solution complies with 3GPP standards

R8 for Iuh and Iu

R6 (HSDPA/HSUPA) for Uu

• Cisco participated to the first ETSI IOT Plugfest for Iuh with the ASR5k HNBGW (March 2010) and will participate to the next one (April 2011)

Refer to the plugfest test results

• Femto interoperability Status

Iuh - Advanced Iuh Testing has been performed with Argela, Picochip, (Airvana)Customer lab with Femtel, Digimoc, ZyXEL, Panda, etc.

Iu - Core Network IOT includes NSN, Ericsson and ZTE

Uu - Successful test done with major vendors of UEs/Smartphones

• Focus is now on TR-196 support for femto provisioning and management


Cisco Femto Home Node B (HNB)• Femtocell Hardware

PicoChip chipset for the radio access

Dual memory banks for easy upgrade

• Femtocell Software

IP.Access (for radio and core interfaces)

Cisco Remote Management module (RMM) for provisioning and management; Optionally, integrated router can be supported

• 3G R6 Radio Compliant

UMTS Band I, II, IV and V Support

Single carrier with up to 5 mW (7 dBm) output power

• NetworkListen (NWL) for autoconfiguration/optimisation

Macro network (2G & 3G) scan to select radio parameters (SC, LAC/RAC) & create neighbour list

Interference management (CPICH and power control) based on macro measures

Macro Synchronisation to set internal oscillator (NTP used as backup)

• Service mix

CS and PS support ; up to 3.6Mbps HSDPA (7.2Mbps and 1.4Mbps HSUPA in next release)

4 simultaneous user service limit - Multi-RAB CS/PS combinations per-user

• Transport and Security Capability

IPSec for transport security based on IKEv2 & X.509 certificates, NAT traversal, bandwidth mgmt

Configurable DSCP marking per femto traffic


Combining Intelligence and Performance

Multimedia Core Platform

ASR 5000

Processing Power

Bandwidth

ROUTER / SWITCH

Servers


Security Gateway

Access Service Network (ASN) Gateway

Platform

GGSN / SGSN Femto GW

HA / PDSN

Session Control Manager

IP Services Gateway

Network Function Modules

In-Line Services

Enhanced Charging Service

Content Filtering

Stateful Firewall

Peer-to-Peer Detection and Control Dynamic Policy

Intelligent Traffic Control

MME / SGWY / PGWY

TTG / PDG

ASR 5000

Product PortfolioOnly Multi Access Solution Today

Traffic Performance Optimization

DPI

EMS

Mobility Unified

Reporting


HNB Gateway• Terminate IuH Protocol• Optimized to aggregate more than 100 thousand of HNBs

(Femtocells) into a singe interface to the Core network• Standards-based interfaces with 3GPP Core Network or IMS/SIP

Network• Handover capabilities

Outgoing to Macro (2G, 3G)—Based on identified neighbour cell listIncoming from Macro

• Paging – IMSI based routing• Fully redundant hardware and software architecture • 3G Iu Connectivity

Iuh over IP

IuCS over IP or ATM

IuPS over IP or ATM


ASR5KOperator Benefits – Deployment Flexibility

IntelligenceMulti-Access Scalability Availability

LTE

Operator BenefitsPerformance

Market Leading Performance

Network intelligenceRecognize and Shape Transactions; In-Line Services

Reliability Voice Grade Reliability

Flexibility Single Node for Multiple Functions; Access Independent

4G / LTE Software Migration to 4G/LTE

Mobile Network

Internet

Enterprise

CDMA2000 or UMTS / HSPA

Femto / WiFi/WiMAX


MME

PGW/ePDG/HA

GGSNSGW

HNBGW

SGSN

2G/3G EPC/WiFi

Cisco ASR5K: Only Flexible Complete Mobile Core SolutionSeamless Evolution Between 2.5G, 3G, and 4G

• Ultra-high performanceMost bps, MIPS & memory

ThroughputSessionsCall transactions

• Integrated intelligenceIn-line Services and policy enforcement with no performance degradation

• FlexibilityMultiple functions, integration, seamless migration to 4G

• Voice-grade reliability• All functional blocks available on the

same platform today=> no forklift

• Multi access by nature

TTG/PDG

HeNBGW/ePDG


Internet

UMTS Femto HNB Solution

IuCS

RNC IuPS

MSC/VLR

OAM&P

Iu-PS

D’/Gr’/WxHLR/HSS

Broadband Internet IPSec/Iuh

IPsec/Iuh

RNC

Uu/Um

Uu/Um

HMSEMS

IuCSBB-GW

BB-GW

SeGWHNB-GW

Gn

Uu/Um

HNB BB-GW

IPSec/Iuh

Gn

Gr

Legacy Services

Ga

Femto

Femto

Femto MobileData

Uu/Um

HNB

Uu/Um

HNBSGSN

GGSN

OSS,BSS

BACDPE

BACRDU

FPG


Iuh Registration with HNB-GW


ASR5k Combined SeGW/HNBGW

• Integrated Security Gateway 1M+ IPSec IKEv2 TunnelsNAT and Firewall TraversalHNB Authentication (X.509 & EAP-SIM/AKA)SeGW can be enabled/disabled

• Standard compliance (3GPP R8)Iuh over IPIuCS/IuPS over IP or ATMFull Idle and Active mode mobilityOpen/Closed Access modeIntelligent PagingIu Flex

• Future CapabilitiesInternet Offload (SIPTO)3G Packet Core IntegrationIMS Integration & InterworkingIn-Line Service (ITC, ECS, Firewall etc.)

Internet

MSC

SGSN

GGSN

Internet

HNB

IPS

ec

Iuh


HNBGW Performance and Reliability• Performance

See table below

3,000+ Session/Second

1024 VC per ATM Line Card

• Reliability1:N session redundancy on a single chassis

5 nines figure

Inter-chassis redundancy planned

Parameter Per PPC Max per PPC Chassis

Per PSC2 Max per PSC2 Chassis

# IPSec Tunnels 40,000 500,000 80,000 1,000,000

# HNB with IPSec

40,000 500,000 80,000 1,000,000

# User Sessions 160,000 2,000,000 320,000 4,000,000

# Voice Bearers 20,000 240,000 20,000 240,000

Throughput (Gbps)

1 12 3 36

Note: These Are Max Figures per Dimensioning Parameters, Actual Performance Will Depend on the Specific Traffic Model


EnginesRoute Switch Processor 720

Ethernet Services ModulesGE and 10GE

with Rich QoS, Distributed, Line-Rate Performance

Services ModulesFirewall, IDS,

SSL Termination, Load Balancing

S Chassis7609-S, 7606-S,

7603-S, 7604Traditional Chassis

7606, 7609, 7613

SeGWScalable IPSec

Termination

Cisco 7600 DMZ Router


Cisco Wireless Security Gateway (WSG)

Scales by Adding Security Gateway Feature Modules in the Chassis. Up to 8 Modules per 7613

Technology Requirements

Standards Compliance Complies with IETF RFCs for IPSec and IKEv2 to ensure interoperabilityNEBS 3-compliant

Redundancy First release N+1 Load Balancing using ACE (1+1 stateful redundancy is a candidate feature for release 2.0)

Extensions

ESP in Tunnel ModePre-Shared Key, X.509 Certificate Authentication, CRLDead Peer Detection (DPD) for IKE transactionsNAT TraversalAnti ReplayQoS: inner-to-outer ToS/DSCP marking during encapsulation

Flexible Mobile Security Solution

Femtocells, Picocells, UMA, connections to 3G/4G macrocells (LTE) over untrusted networks, etc…

Security GatewayFeature Modules

Cisco 7609S

Performance Per SAMI Per ChassisTunnels 100,000 800,000Throughput 2 Gbps* 16 Gbps*Initiations 270/sec 2160/sec

*With small packets. Up to 5 Gbps per SAMI w/ large packets**A Tunnel is defined as 3 SAs, thus the numbers above would be multiplied by 3 from a SA perspective.


Femto Secure Connectivity

HNBGW

MSCIu-cs

Management and Provisioning

3G UE

UuIPSec Tunnel

(Iu+ and CS/PS bearer traffic) SGSN

SSL Connection (mgmt traffic)

FWSM

WSG

AC

E

SUP

SSL termination& load balancing

ACLs for whole traffic

Iu-ps

HNB

Firewalling

IPSec termination

7609 Chassis


HNB Provisioning

BAC/DPE

Femtocell Service Assurance

Fault Management

ConfigurationManagement

Scheduled Data Retrieval

(SCP, FTP)

BAC/DPE

BAC/RDU

Cisco Statistics Server

Performance Management

HNB Gw

ConfigureMonitor & Control(SNMP, CORBA)

Change Monitor &

Control

HNB Device Provisioning

& Control(TR-069)

SNMP Remedy/ClarifyJava/PERL/SOAP API

PMG

XML Femto Interface

Integration Layer

ExistingOSS & BSS

SNMP, Syslog, Other

HNB Other Components (DMZ, NTP, etc.)

WEM

Stats File Upload (HTTPS)

Bulkstats(FTP,

HTTPS)

To Customer CareTo Web Subscription GUI

Alarm &Events

(SNMP, Syslog)

Alarm Events

(SNMP)

Java API

Perf(SNMP)

DB

FRM

Existing Component

Cisco Component

Optional Component

Femtocell NMS Architecture


Cisco Broadband Access Center (BAC)• Cornerstone of the Femto Zero Touch System• Mass-scale CPE provisioning product

Started as DOCSIS provisioning

Evolved to TR-069 on the same proven platform

• Policy-based CPE managementConfiguration and firmware

• Distributed design for mass scaleBAC RDU (Regional Distribution Unit)

Centralised authority for all Femtocell Provisioning

Up to 2 Millions HNBs per pair of RDU

BAC DPE (Distributed Provisioning Engine)

Provides scalable CWMP support and local femto policy

Up to 250k HNBs per pair of DPEs

• Carrier-grade productRedundancy, instrumentation, auditing, security

• Over 150 SP customers worldwide


• NMS architecture manages all Femto components (HNBGW and HNB) as well as all of the IP networking elements (Routers, Firewalls, LoadBalancers, etc.)

• All elements do open interfaces/API allowing for integration with existing OSS&BSS

• Fault Management (e.g. Cisco CIC)

Auto discovery of network

Alarm Monitoring and browsing through customisable GUI

Collect, Filter, Consolidate Alarms and Report

• Performance Management (3rd party (e.g. IBM Netcool PM))

Rich Reporting collecting information from all network elements

Collect statistics from the HNB file

SLA, statistics monitoring

Capacity planning

Apply Service level metrics

• Configuration Management

Autodiscovery of the network to provide full visibility of network changes

Track and regulate configuration and software changes for the whole solution

Enforce compliance to defined policies

Regular reporting of network configuration status

Note: HNB configuration management is supported through Cisco BAC

NMS Components Overview


Client Workstation• Browser based interface to server• Full configuration • Graphing• Up to 100 clients per server

Network Provisioning Level• Element Management Server

• Service provisioning & commissioning

• Multi-protocol:R6,R4,R3,AAA• 50 managed client workstations• Bulk statistics collection• Trap server (e.g. CORBA/SNMP)

Application Control Level• Interface to application/billing servers • Export bulkstats data into commonly

used formats (Eg CSV, MS Excel)

Local Craft Level• Command line interface• Full configuration

OSS Provisioning Level• Integration with 3rd party NMS• CORBA objects exposed for

higher level management systems• XML interface from bulkstats

processor & NMS

RS-232,Telnet, SSH

CORBA, SNMPJAVA

CORBA, SNMPRADIUS

CORBAASR5000

Web Element Manager (WEM)Complete FCAPS Functionality


Cisco Femtocell Key Features


Cisco Femtocell Solution Key Features• Self-install activation

Automated activation flowsXML interface to the SP backend systems

• Self-optimizing network concept for automatic assignment of RAN parametersAdaptable parameters (e.g. per location or SP): frequencies, scrambling codesUnique SAI for billing, unique OTA Cell ID

• Automatic Location VerificationActivation time, on boot, nightly using NWL and optionally Passive GPSPossibility to use IP/MAC address detection

• Extensive RAN Data Management ToolsDaily reporting of access statisticsHNB re-assignment to gateways, bulk frequency changes, etc.

• ManageabilityOn-demand TR-069 session for debugging, status request or activation/shutdownNon-disruptive config and firmware upgrades

• ConfigurationSecure whitelist provisioning to HNBGW (via RADIUS)Authorization of access to HNB via SeGW


Femtocell Specific Features

• Location AwarenessControlling where the Femto is operating

• Security and Access ControlControlling the allowed users on femto and securing all traffic

• Interference Management (to macro and between femto)Making sure the Femto does not impact the macro layer

• Handover Support (hand-in/hand-out)• Zero-touch Provisioning

Safely installing an operator managed Node B in the user environment

• Emergency call supportMeet the regulatory requirements

• Local Breakout of IP trafficEnabling new services and further offloading the core network


Femtocell Interference ManagementWhat Is the Issue?

• Interference between Macro and Femto layers

– Downlink interference from Femto (HNB) to a non-registered UE

– Downlink interference from nearby Macro cell to a UE camping on the HNB

– Uplink interference from UE connected to the HNB to nearby Macro cell receiver

– Uplink interference from UE connected to the Macro cell to nearby HNB receiver

• Interference between Femtocells

– Downlink interference from Femto1 to the UE connected to nearby Femto2

– Uplink interference from UE connected to Femto2 on the nearby Femto1 receiver


Femtocell Interference ManagementDedicated or Co-Channel?

• How to minimize interference between the Femto and Macro layers?

– Dedicated channel deployment gives optimal performance

– Co-channel deployment is possible and understood. Scenarios are complicated but detailed modelling (TS 25.820) of different configurations show that femtocells will not impact the Macro network

– Co-channel deployment was successfully deployed within a service provider environment during a femto trial

• In many situations femtocells improve coverage and capacity of the network as a whole

• Both options are valid although co-channel deployments requires a tighter control on the emitting power


Cisco Femtocell Evolution


Enterprise Femtocell• Can support large number of simultaneous call – up to 16• Self-installation capabilities• Provides the capacity of a picocell but with lower cost and ease of installation

similar to residential femtos• Open & closed UE access options

Whitelists up to 1500 users or open to all

• Standards-basedIuh for HNB – HNB-GW signaling

TR-069 protocol for HNB – HMS interactions

• Possible FeaturesLocal break outEnterprise PBX integrationQuality of Service - Prioritization of enterprise usersSoft handover (femto to femto)Location AwarenessLocal Paging or Broadcast


Enterprise Femtocell Architecture

Provisioning &ManagementSystem

CiscoEnterpriseFemtocell

Web Portal for EnterpriseAdmin

FemtoGateway

PublicInternet

SecurityGateway

Enterprise Facilities Service Provider Facilities

Web Portal for SP Ops

Local Web UIfor IP Setup

Other Options:VPN ConcentratorFemtocell Controller


Cloud Based Wireless Solution Phase 1

VPN (Internet)

HNB

WiFi AP

Data Center

HNB-GWIMS

HostedUC Services

WLAN Contr

Local Network

Hosted WiFi and Cellular Solution Zero/Light Touch WiFi and Cellular Configur


Cloud Based Wireless Solution - Phase 2

VPN (Internet) Data Center

IMSHostedUC Services

Local Network

Wi-Fi + Femto ManagementSystem

WLANController+HNB-GW

IntegratedWIFi+HNB

Integrated WLAN Controller and HNB-GW Integrated Wi-Fi AP and HNB Local Gateway (Breakout) integrated with HNB Local breakout of Wi-Fi and Cellular


Increased Operational Synergies and Revenue

Operations• Integrated Management Systems

• Integrated components

• Extending Cisco’s WLAN RRM (Radio Resource Management) technology to Enterprise Femtos

Revenue Managed Enterprise WiFi/Femtocell

Guest Access for partners

WiFi/Femtocell Hotspot at Enterprise


LTE Femtocell Driver

• Small cells- fewer users and more bandwidth allocated to each user

• User device such mobile phones, dongle, data card have smaller cell radius. The closer to the radio limits signal degradation

• Many little femtocells will be a less expensive compare to capital cost of more 4G towers

• High frequencies 4G systems degrade fast in-door and in-buildings

• Seamless application roaming. Ubiquitous network access.


HeNB Architecture (See 3G TS 36.300) HeNB gateway is optional No X2 interface between HeNB and eNB Security Gateway is required


IMS-Based Femtocell

• Several challenges comes with an IMS-based approach

Services: Availability of IMS and supporting of legacy services (esp. voice)

Location of the SIP/IMS client (Remote User Agent - RUA): HNB, HNBGW, other

Evolution: in the long term, IMS will be natively supported in the UE

Mobility: network-based mobility only as the SIP/IMS client is not in the handset

• Initial IMS based femto comes with 3GPP R10

Several alternatives were studied (see 3G TS 23.832)

Decision was made to interface with an ICS

No impacting on existing femto standards (Iu-cs to new ICS-IWF)

UE HNB

HNB subsystem

ICSIWF

I2/I3IuH HNBGW

Iu-csUu

IMS

HSS

D

MSCServer

E/Nc

GERAN/UTRAN

A/Iu

HO between Macro and IMS-HNB


IPv6 Problem Definition

IPv6 is being deployed due to IPv4 address depletion.

Cisco FAP needs to operate in different IPv6 transition technologies while not relying on the transition services provided by other ISPs to reduce service call.

A transition proposal is desired from Cisco to help AT&T planning this transition.

A two-step approach is provided following SP XYZ’s guideline.

Step 1: Allow IPv4 FAP to connect to IPv4 3G servers tunnelling across IPv6 WAN

Step 2: Dual-stack FAP to enable native IPv6 support


Step1: IPv6 Tunnel Through Translators Customer’s ISP has IPv6 WAN

WAN SLA monitoring and fault detection (not isolation)Tools to isolate an end to end issue into an administrative domain

WSG and ACS (Provisioning) will remain IPv4-only in a cloud behind SP’s IPv6 network

Leverage existing SP’s operations practices within the private IPv4 only network FAP will implement algorithm based on RFC3484 to determine if IPv6 is the preferred

route (e.g. native IPv6 v.s. 6to4). FAP operational reachability for both cases Spilt operations and diagnostic models IPv4 ping, trace route, IPv4 tools work as is, as currently possible within NAT

environments IPv6 ICMP translator is required for simple diagnostic tools – ping, traceroute

If IPv6 is to be used, a tunnel will be built through NAT46 and NAT64 services. DNS46 and NAT46 translators are added on FAP for IPv6-bound packets DNSv6 and NAT64 servers will be added by 3G SP to translate packets back to

IPv4 Both IPv6 & IPv4 will be provided to cell phones on data connections (capable now)


Step 2: Dual Stack to Enable Native IPv6

Customer’s ISP has IPv6 WAN Step 2 and Step 1 both have same considerations. IPv6 will be enabled by applications peer-to-peer on phases

IPv6 IPsec from FAP to WSG

(IPv4 inside tunnel) 3G stack IPv6 support from FAP to AC

(IPv6 inside tunnel) TR-069 IPv6 support from FAP to ACS (Provisioning)

NAT46 & NAT64 to be decommissioned when all services are upgraded to support IPv6


Step 1: FAP Translator Module Details

This solution has minimum change on IP Access stack. NAT46 & DNS46 Translator module is added in FAP IPv6 operations:

Translator module get IPv6 address from Internet SP through SLAAC mechanism used on the home GW.

Visibility – success/failure, logging, IP assignment life cycle (thrashing) Translator module replaces IPv4 header to IPv6 for outbound traffic and

reverse versa. Success/failure logging, statistics

Translator module will implement algorithm (RFC3484) to decide if DNS46 & NAT46 module should be enabled.


Router CPU get IPv4 address assigned from Home GW Femto CPU get IPv4 address from Router CPU IPv4 NAT or NAPT on SP 7600 before ACE

Note: We Must Support Combinations of All Three Scenarios as Below…

RouterCPU

SP ‘A’ Network

ACE(VIP)

IPv4

Scenario I: 4-4-4 NAT Solution (Current)Get Info on Current Operational and Management Tools/Procedures. Leverage Forward as Possible.

IPv4-Public

IPv4

IPv4-Only Private

IPv4-Private

SP ‘B’ Network

IPv4-Private

AC/FGW

BAC(ACS)

FemtoCPU NTP

Home Network

HomeGW

NAT44

7600DMZ/WSG


Employs v4 to v6 translation at Translator Module and v6 to v4 at 7600.

Translator Module configuration.1. ISP IPv6 prefix/address (SLAAC assigned)2. Learn AT&T 7600 IPv6/v4 address from DNS

• Femto CPU configuration – same as normal

Scenario II: 4-6-4 NAT Solution

AC/FGW

TranslatorModule

NAT46

ISP Network (e.g. SP ‘A')

IPv6

IPv4-Public

IPv6

IPv4-Only Private

SP IPv6

SP ‘B’ Network

IPv6-Public

FemtoCPU

Home Network

HomeGW

ACE(VIP)

IPv4-PrivateBAC

(ACS)

NTP7600

DMZ/WSG

NAT64

SLAACLink Local IPv61) Preferred2) Deprecated

DHCP or ManualGlobal Unique IPv6

Ping, Traceroute,MIBSSyslogQoS Interworking Authenticated Peers

SLAAC – DiagnoseCapability - Logging

Round Trip Delay Monitor

ARIN IPv6 -• Service providers may have IPv6 transit or peering, but those

connections may not be dual-stacked and so IPv6 operates over a separate physical interface than the IPv4 traffic.

• The IPv6 path is more circuitous than IPv4 because of sub-optimized routes to get to the target node. Because there are so (comparatively) few IPv6 links, the physical path to the target mode may be indirect.

• The service provider may have less-optimized transit or peering links than IPv4, and so while they may have IPv4 peering with Company A and B, they may not have IPv6 peering with Company B.

• An intermediate router(s) may not be able to route IPv6 in hardware but only in software, and relatively low levels of traffic may bring the router to a very high level of CPU utilization resulting in lower IPv6 throughput.

• The service provider may be using tunnelling or 6to4. • http://www.getipv6.info/index.php/Troubleshoot_IPv6_Issues

Assigned IPv4

6 -4 Nat on 7600Consider PPS


Packet Walk-Through: 4-6-4 NAT

1. Femto CPU sends DNSv4 packet to find ACS IP address. Translator Module translate the request to both DNSv4 and DNSv6 to get both address. Only the IPv4 address will be passed to Femto CPU. The mapping will be saved in the translation table for future usage.

2. Femto CPU sends IPv4 packet to SP’s ACS IPv4 address. Source IP is private IPv4 provided by Translator Module. Destination IP is public IPv4 provided by SP’s DNS server.

3. Translator Module takes the packet and do the NAT46 translation. Source IP will be IPv6 address derived from home gateway. Destination IPv6 address will be matched on the NAT46 table. The packet will have IPv6 header replacing IPv4 header. The destination IP will be routed to NAT64 server in SP's network.

4. The IPv6 packet arrive at 7600 and NAT64 translate IPv6 destination through algorithm or stateful mapping to ACS’s IPv4 address. The source IP address is translated to private IP of NAT64 server on IPv4 side. The IPv6 header is replaced by IPv4 header and sends to ACS. NAT64 server maintains static/dynamic mappings for the address translation.

5. ACS received the IPv4 packet and establish session with NAT64 server’s IPv4 address and port number.

TranlatorModule

NAT46

SP Network (eg. SP ‘A’)

IPv6

IPv4-Public

IPv6

IPv4-Only Private

SP IPv6

SP ‘B’ Network

IPv6-Public

FemtoCPU

Home Network

HomeGW

ACE(VIP)

IPv4-Private

AC

BAC(ACS)

NTP7600

DMZ WSG

NAT64


IPv4 infrastructure in customer ISP network ISP supports IPv6 through 6RD

IPv4 tunnel provided for IPv6 traffic between 6RD Home GW and 6RDBR (Border Relay)

Employs v4 to v6 translation at Translator Module and v6 to v4 at ACE. Translator Module & Femto CPU configuration same as Scenario II. MTU size will become smaller !! Need IPv6 Path MTU discovery

TranslatorModule

NAT46

SP Network(e.g. SP ‘A’ or ‘B’)

IPv6

Scenario III: 4-6-4-6-4 NAT Solution (Not Ideal, Better Use Native IPv4)

IPv4-Public

IPv4& 6RD

IPv4-Only Private

SP 6RD IPv6

SP ‘B’ Network

IPv6-Public

FemtoCPU

Home Network

6RD HomeGW BR

IPv6ACE(VIP)

IPv4-Private

AC/FGW

BAC(ACS)

NTP7600

DMZ WSG

NAT64


Summary


Summary

Future Networks Supporting the Mobile Internet Will Need to Seamlessly Integrate a Lot More Smaller Cells

RAN-Gateway Approach by Standards Bodies, 3GPP and Femto Forum Makes It Easy to Integrate with the Existing Macrocell and Service Providers Core Node Network

Femto Success = Seamless Integration with Macro, Auto-Provisioning, Ease of Use and Self Optimization

Femtocell Will Be an Integral Part of Large Scale LTE Deployments

In Addition, Key Directions Will Be Considered for Further Evolution:• Alignment with SAE/LTE with delivery of femto HeNBGW• Local breakout support• Integration of Pico/Femto with enterprise solutions


Further Reading• IP Design for Mobile Networks, ISBN: 978-1-58705-826-4 or

978-1-58705-937-7

• Plan Your Long Term Evolution (LTE) Network Deployment, coming late this year, ISBN: 978-1-58714-282-1

• Building the Mobile Internet, ISBN: 978-1-58714-243-7 or 978-0-13-139050-8

• Recommended Breakout Sessions in Cisco Live 2011:BRKSPM-5143 IPv4-Exhaustion and IPv6-Transition in Mobile Networks

BRKSPM-5288 LTE Design and Deployment Strategies

BRKSPM-5244 Mobile Video Optimization and Delivery

BRKSPM-5149 Next Gen Datacenter for Mobile Operators

BRKSPM-5293 Mobile Multimedia, Messaging and Voice over LTE

BRKSPM-2483 Deploying Timing Services in Packet based Networks

TECSPM-2188 Next Generation Mobile Networks

TECSPM-3040 Enabling an Intelligent Mobile Network


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Documents

3G/4G Femtocell Architecture and Design · PDF fileHuawei. Huawei. Microcell. WCDMA (HSDPA) Sept 09 Apr 10 (Nal) USA: Cisco. 3G Inn: WCDMA (HSDPA) Oct 09: ... • WCDMA and LTE