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7/17/2019 3g&Cell Selection Reselection 3g to 2g to 3g
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People in India are looking forward to more information, faster data access and
multimedia services through their mobile phones. 3G technology is here to turn this dream
into reality. It’s a technology anxiously awaited by telecom operations and subscribers in
India.
ow long do we have to wait!
"ot very long# India is all set to launch 3G mobile telephone services by october $%%& first
in four indian metros.
'ccording to (elecom )egulatory 'uthority of India chairman "ripendra *isra, a total of
3$.+ * is available for allocation within the next -/ months.
(rai has also recommended auctioning $%% * for broadband wireless access services like
0imax 1worldwide interoperability for microwave access2 and has proposed a national
freuency management board to oversee spectrum availability and its efficient use.
e hopes that the allocated spectrum would be enough for the next two years and said (rai
would recommend freeing up more spectrum for those who lose out in this auction.
4o what is 3G spectrum all about!
0hat is spectrum!
)adio freuency 1)52 is a freuency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3 to
3%% G. (his range corresponds to freuency of alternating current electrical signals used
to produce and detect radio waves. 4ince most of this range is beyond the vibration rate
that most mechanical systems can respond to, )5 usually refers to oscillations in electrical
circuits or electromagnetic radiation.
ow is 3G different from $G and 6G!
0hile $G stands for secondgeneration wireless telephone technology, 7G networks used
are analog, $G networks are digital and 3G 1thirdgeneration2 technology is used to
enhance mobile phone standards.
3G helps to simultaneously transfer both voice data 1a telephone call2 and nonvoice data
1such as downloading information, exchanging email, and instant messaging. (he highlight
of 3G is video telephony. 6G technology stands to be the future standard of wireless devices.
8urrently, 9apanese company "(( :o8o*o and 4amsung are testing 6G communication.
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ow will 3G services help you!
3G services will enable video broadcast and dataintensive services such as stock
transactions, elearning and telemedicine through wireless communications
'll telecom operators are waiting to launch 3G in India to cash in on revenues by providing
highend services to customers, which are voice data and video enabled. India lags behind
many 'sian countries in introducing 3G services.
0hat is (rai’s recommendation on 3G pricing!
(he (elecom )egulatory 'uthority of India has recommended auctioning radio freuencies
for 3G telecom services at a reserve price of )s 7,%+% crore 1)s 7%.+% billion2 to companies
seeking to offer nationwide highspeed Internet and streaming video.
(he base price for spectrum in cities like *umbai and :elhi and 8ategory ' telecom circles
is )s 7$% crore 1)s 7$%% million2; in cities like 8hennai and <olkata and 8ategory = circles
)s &% crore 1)s &%% million2; and in all other cities )s 7+ crore 1)s 7+% million2.
0hat are the freuency bands and uota for 8:*'!
(rai has recommended three sets of freuency bands > 6+% mh, &%% mh and $.7 gh. 5or
8:*' players like )eliance ?Get @uoteA and (ata (eleservices 7.$+ * each is offered.
8:*' operators are free to bid both in the $.7 G and the 6+% * bands, but they will
be allocated spectrum only in one. (he pricing of these two bands is linked to the auction in
the $.7 G band.
8:*' operators will pay the same as the secondhighest G4* bidder. 'nd if there is more
than one claimant in the 6+% * band, the reserve price will be half of that arrived at in
the $.7 G band. 'nother rider is that if the highest bid is a uarter more than the lowest,
the lowest bidder has to raise its bid to B+ per cent of the winning bid.
=ut 8:*' operators are likely to face problems. Cperating 3G services on 6+% * is a
problem because we they do not have dualband phones that work both in 6+% * and in
&%% * 1the band in which 8:*' operates in India2.
0hat are the issues regarding 3G for providers and users!
3G has successfully been introduced in Durope. =ut several issues continue to hamper its
growth.
igh spectrum licensing fees for the 3G services
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uge capital reuired to build infrastructure for 3G services.
ealth impact of electromagnetic waves.
Prices are very high for 3G mobile services.
0ill $G users switch to 3G services.
(akes time to catch up as the service is new.
0hat are the issues regarding 3G pricing!
Pricing has been a cause of concern. 4pectrum auctions ran into billions of euros in Durope.
In Durope, spectrum licensing fees were collected years before the 3G service was
developed and it reuired huge investments to build 3G networks, hitting mobile operators’
margins.
owever, in 9apan and 4outh <orea, spectrum licensing fees were not applicable as the
focus of these countries were national I( infrastructure development.
0hich companies have applied for 3G license!
3G spectrum has been provided to G4* players like =4"E, *("E, =harti, and Fodafone
and some international companies have also shown intrest to carry out an interface check
on a noncommercial basis ahead of the start of 3G mobile services.
(rial spectrum has been given for a period of one month. (his will be only 77%%%th of the
actual 3G spectrum capability. 'part frm P4H maors, spectrum for carrying out 3G trials
has been given to all those who have applied under the "ational 5reuency 'llocation Plan
on the $.7 G band. G4* players operate on /%% * and 7,&%% *, while 8:*'
players operate on &%% *.
0hat is the pricing issue in India!
0hile (atas have welcomed (rai’s )s 7,6%%crore 1)s 76 billion2 base price for a
nationwide rollout of 3G services, the rest of the players find the price too exorbitant.
=harti'irtel is disappointed with the pricing as they were expecting it to be )s 3%%6%%
crore 1)s 36 billion2. (he reserve price is a disincentive for telecom companies in India.
=harti has appealed to lower the prices specially for rural penetration.
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(he 8ellular Cperators 'ssociation of India and the 'ssociation of Hnified 4ervice
Providers of India are studying ()'I’s recommendations and have not given their
comments.
owever, (rai chairman "ripendra *isra has said that there is no reason to worry as
players will not bid exorbitantly and derail the auction. *isra said telecom operators had
matured from their experiences and global developments, and would bid sincerely.
0hat about the security in a 3G network!
3G networks offer a greater degree of security than $G predecessors. =y allowing the HD to
authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the intended
one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use the <'4H*I block crypto instead of the
older '+7 stream cipher. owever, a number of serious weaknesses in the <'4H*I cipher
have been identified.
In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end to end security is offered when
application frameworks such as I*4 are accessed, although this is not strictly a 3G
property.
0here was 3G spectrum first introduced!
9apan was the first country to introduce 3G on a large commercial scale. In $%%+, about 6%
per cent of subscribers used only 3G networks. It is expected that during $%%- the
subscribers would move from $G to 3G and upgrade to the next 3.+ G level.
(he success of 3G in 9apan also shows that video telephony was the killer application for
3G networks. :ownloading music was the biggest draw in 3G services.
In how many countries does 3G exist!
(here are about -% 3G networks across $+ countries . In 'sia, Durope and the H4',
telecom firms use 08:*' technology. (he 08:*' standard provides seamless global
evolution from today’s G4* with support of the worlds’ largest mobile operators.
08:*' technology is built on open standards, wide ranging mobile multimedia
possibility, and vast potential economies of scale with the support of around 7%% terminal
designs to operate 3G mobile networks.
3G services were introduced in Durope in $%%3.
0hat speed we can expect!
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It is often suggested by industry sources that 3G can be expected to provide 3&6 kbits at or
below pedestrian speeds, but only 7$& kbits in a moving car
7. 3G 4ystems
3G Systems are intended to provide a global mobility with wide range of services includingtelephony, paging, messaging, Internet and broadband data. International Telecommunication
Union (ITU started the process of defining the standard for third generation systems, referred toas International !obile Telecommunications "### (I!T$"###. In %urope %uropean
Telecommunications Standards Institute (%TSI was responsible of U!TS standardisation
process. In &'' Third Generation )artnership )ro*ect (3G)) was formed to continue the
technical specification wor+. 3G)) has five main U!TS standardisation areas -adio ccess /etwor+, 0ore /etwor+, Terminals, Services and System spects and G%-/.
3G)) -adio ccess group is responsible of
-adio 1ayer &, " and 3 -- specification
Iub, Iur and Iu Interfaces
UT-/ 2peration and !aintenance reuirements
4TS radio performance specification
0onformance test specification for testing of radio aspects of base stations
Specifications for radio performance aspects from the system point of view
3G)) 0ore /etwor+ group is responsible of
!obility management, call connection control signalling between the user euipment and the
core networ+.
0ore networ+ signalling between the core networ+ nodes.
5efinition of interwor+ing functions between the core networ+ and e6ternal networ+s.
)ac+et related issues.
0ore networ+ aspects of the lu interface and 2peration and !aintenance reuirements
3G)) Terminal group is responsible of
Service capability protocols
!essaging
Services end$to$end interwor+ing
USI! to !obile Terminal interface
!odel7framewor+ for terminal interfaces and services (application e6ecution
0onformance test specifications of terminals, including radio aspects
3G)) Services and System spects group is responsible of
5efinition of services and feature reuirements.
5evelopment of service capabilities and service architecture for cellular, fi6ed and cordless
applications.
0harging and ccounting
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/etwor+ !anagement and Security spects
5efinition, evolution, and maintenance of overall architecture.
Third Generation )artnership )ro*ect " (3G)) was formed for technical development of
cdma"### technology which is a member of I!T$"### family.
In 8ebruary &''" 9orld -adio 0onference allocated freuencies for U!TS use. 8reuencies
&: $ "#": and "&&# $ ""## !;< were identified for I!T$"### use. See the U!TS 8reuency page for more details. ll 3G standards are still under constant development. In &''' %TSI
Standardisation finished for U!TS )hase & (-elease ='', version 3 and ne6t release is due
5ecember "##&. U!TS ;istory page has a list of all ma*or 3G and U!TS milestones. !ost of
the %uropean countries and some countries round the world have already issued U!TS licenses either by beauty contest or auctions.
$. H*(4 4ervices
U!TS offers teleservices (li+e speech or S!S and bearer services, which provide the capability
for information transfer between access points. It is possible to negotiate and renegotiate the
characteristics of a bearer service at session or connection establishment and during ongoingsession or connection. 4oth connection oriented and connectionless services are offered for
)oint$to$)oint and )oint$to$!ultipoint communication.
4earer services have different >oS parameters for ma6imum transfer delay, delay variation and
bit error rate. 2ffered data rate targets are
&?? +bits7s satellite and rural outdoor
3? +bits7s urban outdoor
"#? +bits7s indoor and low range outdoor
U!TS networ+ services have different >oS classes for four types of traffic
0onversational class (voice, video telephony, video gaming
Streaming class (multimedia, video on demand, webcast
Interactive class (web browsing, networ+ gaming, database access
4ac+ground class (email, S!S, downloading
U!TS will also have a @irtual ;ome %nvironment (@;%. It is a concept for personal service
environment portability across networ+ boundaries and between terminals. )ersonal serviceenvironment means that users are consistently presented with the same personalised features,
User Interface customisation and services in whatever networ+ or terminal, wherever the usermay be located. U!TS also has improved networ+ security and location based services.
3. H*(4 'rchitecture
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U!TS networ+ consist of three interacting domainsA 0ore /etwor+ (0/, U!TS Terrestrial
-adio ccess /etwor+ (UT-/ and User %uipment (U%. The main function of the corenetwor+ is to provide switching, routing and transit for user traffic. 0ore networ+ also contains
the databases and networ+ management functions.
The basic 0ore /etwor+ architecture for U!TS is based on GS! networ+ with G)-S. ll
euipment has to be modified for U!TS operation and services. The UT-/ provides the air
interface access method for User %uipment. 4ase Station is referred as /ode$4 and controleuipment for /ode$4=s is called -adio /etwor+ 0ontroller (-/0. U!TS system page has an
e6ample, how U!TS networ+ could be build.
It is necessary for a networ+ to +now the appro6imate location in order to be able to page usereuipment. ;ere is the list of system areas from largest to smallest.
U!TS systems (including satellite
)ublic 1and !obile /etwor+ ()1!/
!S07@1- or SGS/
1ocation rea
-outing rea ()S domain
UT-/ -egistration rea ()S domain
0ell
Sub cell
6. 8ore "etwork
The 0ore /etwor+ is divided in circuit switched and pac+et switched domains. Some of the
circuit switched elements are !obile services Switching 0entre (!S0, @isitor location register
(@1- and Gateway !S0. )ac+et switched elements are Serving G)-S Support /ode (SGS/and Gateway G)-S Support /ode (GGS/. Some networ+ elements, li+e %I-, ;1-, @1- and
U0 are shared by both domains.
The synchronous Transfer !ode (T! is defined for U!TS core transmission. T!
daptation 1ayer type " (1" handles circuit switched connection and pac+et connection
protocol 1: is designed for data delivery.
The architecture of the 0ore /etwor+ may change when new services and features are
introduced. /umber )ortability 5ata4ase (/)54 will be used to enable user to change the
networ+ while +eeping their old phone number. Gateway 1ocation -egister (G1- may be usedto optimise the subscriber handling between networ+ boundaries. !S0, @1- and SGS/ can
merge to become a U!TS !S0.
+. )adio 'ccess
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9ide band 05! technology was selected to for UT-/ air interface. U!TS 905! is a
5irect Seuence 05! system where user data is multiplied with uasi$random bits derived
from 905! Spreading codes. In U!TS, in addition to channelisation, 0odes are used forsynchronisation and scrambling. 905! has two basic modes of operation 8reuency
5ivision 5uple6 (855 and Time 5ivision 5uple6 (T55. UT-/ interfaces are shown on
U!TS /etwor+ page.
The functions of /ode$4 are
ir interface Transmission 7 -eception
!odulation 7 5emodulation
05! )hysical 0hannel coding
!icro 5iversity
%rror ;anding
0losed loop power control
The functions of -/0 are
-adio -esource 0ontrol
dmission 0ontrol
0hannel llocation
)ower 0ontrol Settings
;andover 0ontrol
!acro 5iversity
0iphering
Segmentation 7 -eassembly
4roadcast Signalling
2pen 1oop )ower 0ontrol
-. Hser Duipment
The U!TS standard does not restrict the functionality of the User %uipment in any way.
Terminals wor+ as an air interface counter part for /ode$4 and have many different types of
identities. !ost of these U!TS identity types are ta+en directly from GS! specifications.
International !obile Subscriber Identity (I!SI
Temporary !obile Subscriber Identity (T!SI
)ac+et Temporary !obile Subscriber Identity ()$T!SI
Temporary 1ogical 1in+ Identity (T11I
!obile station IS5/ (!SIS5/
International !obile Station %uipment Identity (I!%I
International !obile Station %uipment Identity and Software /umber (I!%IS@
U!TS mobile station can operate in one of three modes of operation
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P484 mode of operationJ The !S is attached to both the )S domain and 0S domain, and
the !S is capable of simultaneously operating )S services and 0S services. P4 mode of operationJ The !S is attached to the )S domain only and may only operateservices of the )S domain. ;owever, this does not prevent 0S$li+e services to be offered over the
)S domain (li+e @oI).
84 mode of operationJ The !S is attached to the 0S domain only and may only operateservices of the 0S domain.
U!TS I0 card has same physical characteristics as GS! SI! card. It has several functions
Support of one User Service Identity !odule (USI! application (optionally more that one
Support of one or more user profile on the USI!
Update USI! specific information over the air
Security functions
User authentication
2ptional inclusion of payment methods
2ptional secure downloading of new applications
here are the most important parameters... and my recommendations. Feel free to
challenge them, or to discuss them, because I can't be certain those will work in
your particular network.
EN_2_!"_#_$E%%_&EE%E$!I"N ( )* Enabled with # search acti+ated while the
E- is in ready state
/ to allow the # reselection /
EN_$"0&EE1_IN!E&_&!_INF" ( ) * enable
/ to reduce signalling load /
EN_$0I$3_2_#_&EE%E$!I"N ( )* $0I$3 Ec-No and &$0 measurements must
be used
/ to ensure both le+el and $-I of the # are good /
EN_F!_#_&EE%E$!I"N ( )*only fast # cell reselection at 2 $ call release is
used.
/ up to you, use it 4)5 or don't 465 /
F11_0&_7o8set ( )6d9
/ when the is in 0& 0!, it can reselect # cells which are )6d9 better than
2 ser+ing cell only. :ith such setting, the # reselection must be +ery di;cult / /
default ( <#2d9/
F11_7o8set ( <)6d9
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/ when the is in idle mode, it can reselect # cells with le+el4#5 = le+el425 <
)6d9. :ith such setting, the # reselection must be more di;cult than before / /
default ( <#2d9/
F11_7min ( <>d9
F11_7min_"8set ( <?d9/ reselection only to # cells where Ec-No = <>d9 4for pre &@ 5 or where Ec-No =
<)6d9 4for post &@ 5 / 4default ( <)2d9 for all 5
F11_&$0min ( <A@d9m
/ reselection only to # cells with &$0 = <A@d9m / 4default ( <)62d9m5
7search_I 4Idle mode - not 0& attached5 ( lways 4+alue B5
7search_0 40& 0I5 ( lways 4+alue B5
7search_0_0! 40& 0!5 ( lways 4+alue B5
/ when would the start looking for # cells... this is +ery special, I'll let you look
it up by yourself.. I recommend the +alue CalwaysC in your case, to a+oid a roblem.
9ut you can optimiDe this +alue. :hen the stops looking for # cell, it sa+es
battery o you could for eample force the to search for # cell only when the
2 le+el is less than <B?d9m 4+alue >5, or only when the 2 le+el is better than
<B6d9m 4+alue )6. It so strongly depends on your network design that I can't
recommend anything else than CalwaysC *5 /
