4 formulating the research design2

MODULE 4: Formulating the research methodology & Data collection methods

Research MethodsSherzad Ali Ismael,Community Medicine Dept,College of Medicine.

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Module 1: Learning outcomes Be able to identify different types of

research design (methodology) & data collection methods (research methods).

Understand the advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires as a data collection method;

Be able to design, conduct and administer a questionnaire to answer research questions and to meet objectives.

Research Methods-Sherzad Ali Ismael- MODULE 4: Formulating the research design & Data collection methods

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Types of research methodology

Case study Survey Experiment Other types:

Action research. Grounded theory Ethnography Archival research


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Types of research methodology

Case study: A type of research strategy that includes

either a single case (a case record) or a small number of cases (case series) but each case is discussed in details.

The subject of the cases may be a person, an organization, a situation or a country.

Examples: ▪ Studying a case or a group of cases after Laser

eye surgery.


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Types of research methodology Survey:

Refers to the collection of information from a group of people belonging to a population of interest to make assumptions about that population.

The population of interest can be patients, learners (students), researchers or colleagues.

Can be descriptive or explanatory. Collect quantitative data that are analyzed

quantitatively using descriptive and inferential statistics

Use questionnaire or interview to obtain data.Research Methods-Sherzad Ali Ismael- MODULE 4: Formulating the research design & Data collection methods

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Types of research methodology Experiment:

A research design that attempts to discover a cause-effect relationship between two variables.

Used in exploratory and explanatory research to answer ‘what’ and ‘why’ questions.

Has two main key elements:▪ Experimental group.(Subjects exposed to the

experimental variable in an experiment)▪ Control group. (Subjects not exposed to the

experimental variable in an experiment)


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Definitions

Population: an entire body of people to which the researcher would like to generalize research findings.

Samples: a segment of the population.

Number of individuals (cases) are called sample size.


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Definitions

Independent variable: a variable that brings a bout change in another variable. (i.e. the cause)

Dependent variable: is the outcome of the study that is changed by the independent variable

Intervening variable (Moderating variable): a variable that may come between the independent & dependent variable in an experiment.


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Schematic diagram of a research variables (Model)


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Experiment

Example: Randomized controlled trial (clinical trial)


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Time horizon

Cross-section. (Collect data at a particular time) often employ the survey methodology

(Easterby-Smith et al. 2008; Robson 2002)

Longitudinal. (Collect data over time) study change and development (e.g.

incidence).


Jan. 2012 Jun. 2012

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Data collection methods(Research Methods)


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Types of research data

Primary data: data collected specifically for the purpose of the researcher.

Secondary data: Data have already been collected for some purposes other that researcher’s purpose, includes: Raw data, Compiled data (published summaries)


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Methods of data collection

Interview Focus group Questionnaire Others


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Interview

An interview is a purposeful discussion between two or more people (Kahn and Cannell 1957).

Types: Structured interviews;▪ Structured: the questions are the same for each

participant. Semi-structured interviews (Qualitative

research interview) Unstructured interview (in-depth interviews)


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Uses of different types of interview in each of the main research categories


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Forms of electronic interviews


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Focus groups (Group interview) Focus groups may be called discussion

groups or group interviews. A number of people are asked to come to

gether. (6-8 persons/ group, 3-4 groups). The discussion is led by a moderator or

facilitator who: introduces the topic, asks specific questions, controls side discussions

Focus groups may be video or audio-recorded


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Questionnaire

A set of questions which can be answered by research participants.

Tend to be used for descriptive or explanatory research

Some packages (e.g. Snap Surveys™, Sphinx Development™ and SurveyMonkey.com™) allow you both to design your questionnaire, collect, enter and analyze the data within the same software.


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Types of questionnaire


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Types of questions in questionnaire

Open-ended: Closed ended, Combination of both


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Open-ended questions

Open questions, used widely in in-depth and semi-structured interviews

Useful if you are unsure of the response, such as in exploratory research, when you require a detailed answer.


6. Please list up to three things you like about your study:

1………………………………………………………………2………………………………………………………………3. …………………………………………………………….

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Closed ended questions

Provide a number of alternative answers from which the respondent is instructed to choose.

Follow a set format Used to generate statistics in

quantitative research Type of question is usually quicker

and easier to answer, as they require minimal writing


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Types of closed ended questions

1. List questions offer the respondent a list of responses, any of which they can choose

The response categories you can use vary widely and include ‘yes/no’, ‘agree/disagree’ and ‘applies/does not apply’ along with ‘don’t know’ or ‘not sure’.


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2. Category questions are designed so that each respondent’s answer can fit only one category.

Useful if you need to collect data about behavior or attributes


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3. A ranking question asks the respondent to place things in rank order.


Please number each of the factors listed below in order of importance to you in your choice of selection. Number the most important 1, the next 2 and so on. If a factor has no importance at all, please leave blank

Factor ImportanceA []B []C []

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4. Rating questions are often used to collect opinion data.

Rating questions most frequently use the Likert-style rating scale.


For the following statement please tick ✓ the box that matches your view most closely.

Plagiarism is an intelligent theft Agree Don’t know Disagree

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5. Quantity questions: The response to a quantity question is a

number, which gives the amount of a characteristic.


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Question coding

They will need to be coded prior to entry if planned to analyze the data.

For quantity questions, actual numbers can be used as codes. For other questions, you will need to design a coding scheme.


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Thanks for listening


Documents

4 formulating the research design2