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HEPATITE CRONICE Definitie, cadru nosologic Morfopatologie leziuni caracteristice Gradare/stadializare Etiologie Tablou clinic Diagnostic etape Tipuri etiologice Particularitati, evolutie, complicatii Tratament1
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS BDEFINITIE boala inflamatorie hepatica determinata de virusul B cu potential evolutiv spre ciroza sau asociata cu ciroza pt. visusul B este posibila si infectia cronica inactiva (viremie joasa) - starea de purtator 2
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS B
TRANSMITEREA VIRUSULUI B (EPIDEMIOLOGIE) perinatal parenteral transfuzii, injectii, grefe, transplant
sexual (frecvent !)3
How Do You Acquire The Infection In The West?Transfusion and transplant recipients Newborns of long-term carriers
Individuals with multiple sexual partners
Intravenous drug users
Healthcare workers
Prisoners and other institutionalised people
4
Hepatitis - Disease TerminologyAcute hepatitis Short-term hepatitis, during which the bodys immune system clears the virus from the body within 6 months
Chronic hepatitis Long-term hepatitis, in which the infection persists beyond 6 months because the bodys immune system cannot clear the virus from the body
5
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS BPATOGENEZA virusul B nu are un efect citopat major, dar ini ierea si ntre inerea leziunilor necesit persisten a HBV !
RASPUNSUL LA INFECTIA CU HBV R. antiviral precoce, adecvat = vindecare R. imunitar indecvat (toleranta imuna par ial ) = cronicizare, purt tor6
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS B1. RASPUNSUL ANTIVIRAL ADECVAT limitarea infectiei (IFN, Ac anti-pre S) eliminarea hepatocitelor infectate (limfocite NK si T citotoxice) = necroz hepatocitara ! => sunt oprite: integrarea ADN viral in ADN cromozomial hepatocitar declansarea agresiunii autoimune/hepatocite7
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS B2. RASPUNSUL IMUNITAR INADECVAT (mediat prin deficit de interferon IFN = toleran imun ) eliminare incompleta sau prelungita a HBV integrarea HBV in genomul hepatocitar persistenta leziunilor inflamatorii (cronice) autointretinere reactie (auto)imuna fata de proteine normale ale membranei hepatocitare8
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS BRASP IMUNITAR INADECVAT - consecinte: LEZIUNI HEPATOCITARE raspuns imunitar celular (T) fata de hepatocitele care exprima la suprafata Ag virale + molecule HLA
LEZIUNI SISTEMICE raspuns imunitar umoral (AC) prin complexe imune circulante (CIC) + complement (artrita, rash, GNA)
RISC PT. HEPATOCARCINOM legat de integrarea HBV in genomul hepatocitar (HBV este oncogen !)9
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS B
HISTOPATOLOGIE (variabil) necroza (piece-meal, bridging, spotty) infiltrat inflamator (portal, periportal) fibroza
10
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS BTABLOU CLINIC sd. asteno-adinamic + icter = activitate sd. dispeptic, subfebrilitati, prurit stelute vasculare, sd.hemoragipar hepatomegalie splenomegalie ff. rar: ascita tranzitorie11
Signs and Symptoms Of HBV InfectionThe majority of patients with chronic hepatitis B have no symptoms
Short-Term Infection
Long-Term Infection
Tiredness or flu-like symptoms Nausea or stomach ache Diarrhoea Skin rash Yellow eyes/skin (jaundice) Light-coloured stools Dark yellow urine
Same symptoms as acute Muscles and joints ache Weakness Signs and symptoms of cirrhosis Signs and symptoms of liver cancer
12
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS BEXPLORARI COMPLEMENTARE biochimice hepatice (variabil) hematologice (leucopenie, trombocitopenie) imunologice (IgG, CIC) MK infectiei virale (persistenta HBV) US (utila pentru dg. cirozei si diferential!) biopsie (gradare, stadializare)13
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS BDIAGNOSTIC epidemiologie conditii de infectie cu HBV
manifestari clinice astenie + icter + HSM
laborator citoliza + MK infectiei HBV + viremie
biopsie hepatica (PBH)14
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS BDIAGNOSTIC DIFERENTIAL toate bolile hepatice parenchimatoase cronice, inclusiv cirozele hepatice toate bolile hepatice parenchimatoase acute (forme prelungite) boli de sistem (colagenoze), ICC, septicemii, (care pot evolua cu afectare hepatica)15
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS B
EVOLUTIE SI PROGNOSTIC inactivitate (purtator - aparent sanatos) ciroza hepatica carcinom hepatocelular (HCC)
16
Progression Of Hepatitis B InfectionSilent Cirrhosis
Resolution
Resolution
Short-term Infection
Long-term Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Liver Cancer
Death
Long-term Carrier
Cirrhosis
Death
30 - 50 Years17
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS B TRATAMENTSCOP supresia permanenta sau eliminarea virusului clearance-ul AgHbs scaderea infectiozitatii normalizarea parametrilor biochimici rezolutia procesului inflamator hepatic prevenirea HCC18
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS B TRATAMENTTRATAMENT interferon (IFN) - ef.antiviral/imunomodulator chimioterapice antivirale interferon + subst. antivirale (?)
19
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS B TRATAMENT
Factori predictivi ai raspunsului pozitiv infectie recenta, adult, sex feminin stare de imunocompetenta pastrata virus salbatic (raspunsul este mai slab pt. varianta mutanta pre-core)
Criterii de selectie (Romania) Biochimic citoliza inalta (> 2 x N)
Virusologic Ag HBs pozitiv, AgHBe poz sau neg, AcHBe neg sau poz, ADN HBV 100.000 copii / ml
Histologic Scor Ishack: indice necro-inflamator = 6, fibroza < 6
Varsta < 65 ani
20
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS B TRATAMENT
MIJLOACE 1. INTERFERON (Intron, Roferon) Scheme de tratament: 5 MU/zi, subcutan, 4 - 6 luni 10 MU de 3 ori pe sapt, 4 - 6 luni
Rata de raspuns: AgHBe pozitiv 30-40% pierd MK replicare, dintre acestia = raspuns durabil -80-90%
AgHBe negativ raspuns durabil 20-25%21
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS B TRATAMENTMIJLOACE 2. LAMIVUDINA (Epivir, Zeffix - Glaxo) inhiba replicarea virala - activitatea polimerazei VHB-ARN dependente (indiferent de raspunsul imun al gazdei) indicatii practic - orice pacient (inclusiv cu ciroza) pacienti cu contraindicatii pt. IFN pacienti cu virus mutant pre-core (rezistent la IFN)
schema de tratament: 100 mg / zi, in prezent, cel putin 2 ani ! rata de raspuns: 17-20% (1 an), 33% (3 ani) defecte: selectare mutanti, durata scurta a raspunsului
22
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS B TRATAMENT
Alte resurse terapeutice actuale PEG-IFN interferon pegylat (Pegasys) IFN pegylat + medicatie antivirala (lamivudina) medicatie antivirala recenta: adefovir, tenofovir, entecavir (Baraclude) eficienta crescuta efecte secundare mai mici selectare mai rara a formelor mutante rezistente
23
Prevention Of Hepatitis BHBV infection can be prevented in non-infected individuals by vaccination with HBV vaccine. However the millions of infected people will not benefit Series of 3 injections at 0, 1 and 6 months Vaccination is effective in over 90% of recipients By 1998, 80 countries had introduced vaccination programmes24
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS CDEFINITIE boala inflamatorie hepatica determinata de virusul C cu potential evolutiv spre ciroza sau asociata cu ciroza
EPIDEMIOLOGIE ~ 3-5% din populatie prezinta AcHCV! dintre cei infectati, peste 80 % vor ramane purtatori ai virusului C (de fapt = HC !!)25
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS CTRANSMITEREA VIRUSULUI C (EPIDEMIOLOGIE) transfuzii, factor VIII (hemofilie) injectii (toxicomani), hemodializa, interventii chirurgicale transplant organe perinatal sexual (homo-, heterosexualitate comportament dezordonat)26
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS CPATOGENEZA - persistenta HCV este obligatorie=> leziuni hepatocitare prin: efect citopatic direct (HCV = virus ARN) citotoxicitate limfocitara (CD4, CD8) ~ FACTORI VIRALI marimea inoculului, nivel viremie (replicare rapida), genotip viral (1b), grad de diversitate genetica virala (mare) HCV = inta mobila pt.sist. imun (epitopi ff.rapid variabili) ~ FACTORI GAZDA varsta, sex, coinfectie HBV/HIV, etilism, deficite imune (celulare/umorale)27
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS CHISTOPATOLOGIE necroza infiltrat inflamator (agregate limfoide) steatoza macroveziculara leziuni ale ductelor biliare fibroza28
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS CMANIFESTARI CLINICE sd.asteno-adinamic, fatigabilitate icter, hepatosplenomegalie + hipersplenism manifestari extrahepatice: crioglobulinemie mixta, glomerulonefrita membranoproliferativa poliarterita nodoasa Sindrom Sjogren, tiroidita Hashimoto, hipotiroidism, DZ hematologic: anemie aplastica, limfome, purpura trombocitopenica29
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS CEXPLORARI COMPLEMENTARE teste functional-biochimice hepatice teste imunologice Ig , CIC , auto Ac, crioglobuline
imagistice - US MK infectiei virale Atc antiHCV, HCV-ARN + coinfectie (B, HIV)
biopsie hepatica (diagnostic, grad, stadiu)30
HEPATITE CRONICEGRADAREA evalueaza activitatea necro-inflamatorie scor) => HC minima / usoara / moderata / severa caracterizeaza prognosticul imediat STADIALIZAREA evalueaza amploarea fibrozei (scor) si, prin aceasta, progresiunea bolii si dezvoltarea cirozei caracterizeaza prognosticul la distanta31
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS CDIAGNOSTIC conditii de infectie C (anamneza) manifestari clinice (astenie, icter, HSM + manifestari extrahepatice) laborator (citoliza + MK virali + viremie + autoAc) biopsie hepatica (histopatologie)32
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS C
DIAGNOSTIC DIFERENTIAL toate bolile parenchimatoase hepatice cronice, inclusiv cirozele hepatice boli de sistem si autoimune (dg.dificil !)
33
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS CEVOLUTIE SI PROGNOSTIC Dintre pacientii infectati cu HCV: ~ 80% dezvolta hepatita cronica (10 ani) 25% dezvolta ciroza hepatica (20 ani) 3,5 5% dezvolta HCC (peste 30 ani) in functie de: nivelul viremiei, genotip 1b, varsta > 40 ani, sex (barbati), substrat histologic, asocierea etilismului sau altor boli
TRATAMENT -interferon + subst. antivirale34
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS C TRATAMENT SCOP Ideal - eradicarea ARN-HCV din toate compartimentele terapie de eradicare: in stadiul precoce al bolii terapie supresiva: in stadiul precirotic/cirotic criterii de selectie - hepatita activa (ideal), fibroza (relativ) redusa factori predictivi ai raspunsului pozitiv (virus, gazda)35
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS C TRATAMENT 1. INTERFERON (monoterapie) - depasit ! 3 MU de 3 ori / saptamana, 12 luni raspuns: 30-40%, dar numai 10-20% la 6 luni de la intreruperea tratamentului
2. INTERFERON + RIBAVIRINA IFN 3 MU de 3 ori/sapt. + Ribavirina 800 -1000 -1200 mg/zi, 12 luni raspuns: ~ 50% la terminarea tratamentului rasp. sustinut (1b): 33% (IFN + Riba) la 6 luni de la oprirea trat.
Astazi = PEG-IFN + Ribavirina pt. 12 luni!36
HEPATITA CRONICA CU VIRUS C TRATAMENT3. PEG -INTERFERON (Pegasys sau Peg-Intron) + RIBAVIRINA 800-1200 mg la start determinare viremie (incarcare virala) la 12 sapt. de terapie - determinare viremie (EVR) negativare VHC sau scadere cu cel putin 2 log (100 x) continua terapia (raspuns precoce) scadere viremie mai putin de 2 log stop terapie
continuare terapie pana la 48 saptamani la final viremie=incarcare virala raspuns viral (ETR) la 6 luni de la terminarea tratamentului incarcare virala raspuns sustinut (SVR) (vindecare)
efecte secundare (hematologice, tiroida, psihice) rata de succes (genotip 1b) : SVR ~ 60-66% ! 37