5G Mobile Phone Technology Seminar Report New

5G: Mobile Technology 2011-2012

Dept of CS &E Vemana Institute of Technology. 1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

The present cell phones have it all. Today phones have everything ranging from the

smallest size, largest phone memory, speed dialing, video player, audio player, and camera and

so on. Recently with the development of Pico nets and Bluetooth technology data sharing has

become a child's play. Earlier with the infrared feature you can share data within a line of sight

that means the two devices has to be aligned properly to transfer data, but in case of blue tooth

you can transfer data even when you have the cell phone in your pocket up to a range of 50

meters. The creation and entry of 5G technology into the mobile market place will launch a new

revolution in the way international cellular plans are offered. The global mobile phone is upon

the cell phone market. Just around the corner, the newest 5G technologies will hit the mobile

market with phones used in China being able to access and call locally phones in Germany.

Truly innovative technology changing the way mobile phones will be used. With the

emergence of cell phones, which are similar to a PDA, you can now have your whole office

within the phone. Cell phones will give tough competitions to laptop manufacturers and normal

computer designers. Even today there are phones with gigabytes of memory storage and the

latest operating systems .Thus one can say that with the current trends, the industry has a real

bright future if it can handle the best technologies and can produce affordable handsets for its

customers. Thus you will get all your desires unleashed in the near future when these smart

phones take over the market. 5G Network's router and switch technology delivers Last Yard

Connectivity between the Internet access provider and building occupants. 5G's technology

intelligently distributes Internet access to individual nodes within the building.



Chapter 2

EVOLUTION FROM 1G-5G NETWORKS

Cell phones are used millions and billions of users worldwide. How many of us know the

technology behind cell phones that is used for our communication? I have also intrigued about

the type of technology used in my phone. What are 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G technologies? 1G, 2G,

3G & 4G ("G" stands for "Generation") are the generations of wireless telecom connectivity. In

1945, the zero generation (0G) of mobile telephones was introduced. Mobile Telephone Service,

were not officially categorized as mobile phones, since they did not support the automatic

change of channel frequency during calls. 1G (Time Division Multiple Access and Frequency

Division Multiple Access) was the initial wireless telecom network system. It's out-dated now.

The analog “brick phones” and “bag phones” are under 1G technology. Cell phones era began

with 1G.The next era, 2G has taken its place of 1G. Cell phones received their first major

upgrade when they went from 1G to 2G. This leap effectively took cell phones from analog to

digital. 2G and 2.5G were versions of the GSM and CDMA connections. And GSM is still the

most popular technology, but with no internet. Fortunately, GPRS, an additional service, is

provided over GSM for the purpose of internet access. GPRS has been developed and thus,

EGPRS was created. It's more secure and faster than GPRS.

Then 3G came, the new Wireless CDMA technology. It is the first wireless telecom

technology that provides broadband-speed internet connection on mobile phones. It has been

specially made for the demand of internet on smart phones. Further development led to the

creation of 3.5G, which provides blazing fast internet connection on phones, up to the speed of

7.2 MBPS. A smart phone can be connected to a PC to share its internet connection and 3G and

3.5G are ideal for this. But, as this WCDMA technology is not available in all regions, its not as

popular as GSM yet. Before making the major leap from 2G to 3G wireless networks, the lesser-

known 2.5G was an interim standard that bridged the gap. Following 2.5G, 3G ushered in faster

data-transmission speeds so you could use your cell phone in more data-demanding ways. This

has meant streaming video (i.e. movie trailers and television), audio and much more. Cell phone

companies today are spending a lot of money to brand to you the importance of their 3G

network. The above systems and radio interfaces are based on kindred spread spectrum radio



transmission technology. While the GSM EDGE standard ("2.9G"), DECT cordless phones and

Mobile Wi MAX standards formally also fulfil the IMT-2000 requirements and are approved as

3G standards by ITU, these are typically not branded 3G, and are based on completely different

technologies.

4G, which is also known as “beyond 3G” or “fourth-generation” cell phone technology,

refers to the entirely new evolution. Developers are now going for 4G (OFDMA), which will

provide internet up to the speed of 1 GBPS! It is said to be able to overcome the problems of

weak network strength and should provide a much wider network, making sure that the users get

high-speed connectivity anytime anywhere. No doubt, 4G will open new doors of revolutionary

internet technologies, but for now, 3G and 3.5G are the best. 4G will allow for speeds of upto

100Mbps. 4G promises voice, data and high-quality multimedia in real-time form all the time

and anywhere.

2.1 1G WIRELESS SYSTEM

First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the original analog(An analog or analogue

signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a

representation of some other time varying quantity), voice-only cellular telephone standard,

developed in the 1980s. The main difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems,

1G and 2G,is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are

digital. Although both systems use digital signalling to connect the radio towers (which listen to

the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during a call is encoded to

digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency, typically 150 MHz and

up. One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic countries, Eastern

Europe and Russia. Others include AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) used in the United

States, TACS (Total Access Communications System) in the United Kingdom, JTAGS in Japan,

C-Netz in West Germany, Radio com 2000 in France, and RTMI in Italy. Analog cellular service

is being phased out in most places worldwide. 1G technology replaced 0Gtechnology, which

featured mobile radio telephones and such technologies as Mobile Telephone System (MTS),

Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS),

and Push to Talk (PTT).



Keys:

· Developed in 1980s and completed in early 1990’s

· 1G was old analog system and supported the 1st generation of analog cell phones speed

up to 2.4kbps

· Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first launched by the US and is a 1G mobile

system

· Allows users to make voice calls in 1 country

Figure2.1: 1G Mobile Phone




2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second

generation2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in

Finland by Radio linja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991. 2G network allows for much greater

penetration intensity. 2G technologies enabled the various mobile phone networks to provide the

services such as text messages, picture messages and MMS (multi media messages).

2Gtechnology is more efficient. 2G technology holds sufficient security for both the sender and

the receiver. All text messages are digitally encrypted. This digital encryption allows for the

transfer of data in such a way that only the intended receiver can receive and read it. Second

generation technologies are either time division multiple access (TDMA) or code division

multiple access (CDMA). TDMA allows for the division of signal into timeslots. CDMA

allocates each user a special code to communicate over a multiplex physical channel. Different

TDMA technologies are GSM, PDC, iDEN, IS-136. CDMA technology is IS-95. GSM has its

origin from the Group special Mobile, in Europe. GSM (Global system for mobile

communication) is the most admired standard of all the mobile technologies.

Although this technology originates from the Europe, but now it is used in more than

212 countries in the world. GSM technology was the first one to help establish international

roaming. This enabled the mobile subscribers to use their mobile phone connections in many

different countries of the world’s is based on digital signals ,unlike 1G technologies which were

used to transfer Analogue signals. GSM has enabled the users to make use of the short message

services (SMS) to any mobile network at any time. SMS is a cheap and easy way to send a

message to anyone, other than the voice call or conference. This technology is beneficial to both

the network operators and the ultimate users at the same time. In comparison to 1G's analog

signals, 2G's digital signals are very reliant on location and proximity. If a 2G handset made a

call far away from a cell tower, the digital signal may not be enough to reach it. While a call

made from a 1G handset had generally poor quality than that of a 2G handset, it survived longer

distances. This is due to the analog signal having a smooth curve compared to the digital signal,

which had a jagged, angular curve. As conditions worsen, the quality of a call made from a 1G

handset would gradually worsen, but a call made from a 2Ghandset would fail completely.



Keys:

· Fielded in the late 1980s and finished in the late 1990s

· Planned for voice transmission with digital signal and the speeds up to 64kbps

· 2G was the digital handsets that we are used today

· 2G network allows for much greater penetration intensity.





International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT--2000), better known as 3G or

3rdGeneration, is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunications

services fulfilling specifications by the International Telecommunication Union. The use of 3G

technology is also able to transmit packet switch data efficiently at better and increased

bandwidth. 3G mobile technologies proffers more advanced services to mobile users. The

spectral efficiency of 3G technology is better than 2G technologies. Spectral efficiency is the

measurement of rate of information transfer over any communication system.3G is also known

as IMT-2000.

Keys:

· Transmission speeds from 125kbps to 2Mbps

· In 2005, 3G is ready to live up to its performance in computer networking

(WCDMA,WLAN and Bluetooth) and mobile devices area (cell phone and GPS)

· Data are sent through technology called packet switching

· Voice calls are interpreted using circuit switching

· Access to Global Roaming

· Clarity in voice calls

· Fast Communication, Internet, Mobile T.V, Video Conferencing, Video Calls, Multi

Media Messaging Service (MMS), 3D gaming, Multi-Gaming etc are also available

with3G phones.





4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to 3G and

2G families of standards. The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change in the

fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards compatible transmission technology, and new

frequency bands.3G technologies make use of TDMA and CDMA. 3G (Third Generation

Technology) technologies make use of value added services like mobile television, GPS (global

positioning system) and video conferencing.

The basic feature of 3GTechnology (Third Generation Technology) is fast data transfer

rates. However this feature is not currently working properly because, ITU 200 is still making

decision to fix the data rates. It is expected that 2mbit/sec for stationary users, while 348kbits



when moving or travelling. ITU sell various frequency rates in order to make use of broadband

technologies. Network authentication has won the trust of users, because the user can rely on its

network as a reliable source of transferring data.3G technology is much flexible, because it is

able to support the 5 major radio technologies. These radio technologies operate under CDMA,

TDMA and FDMA.CDMA holds for IMT-DS (direct spread), IMT-MC (multi carrier). TDMA

accounts for IMT-TC (time code),IMT-SC (single carrier). FDMA has only one radio interface

known as IMT-FC or frequency code. Third generation technology is really affordable due to the

agreement of industry. This agreement took place in order to increase its adoption by the users.

3G (Third Generation Technology) system is compatible to work with the 2G technologies. 3G

(Third Generation Technology) technologies holds the vision that they should be expandable on

demand. The aim of the 3G (Third Generation Technology) is to allow for more coverage and

growth with minimum investment. The bandwidth and location information available to 3G

devices gives rise to applications not previously available to mobile phone users.

Some of the applications are:

· Mobile TV- a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the subscriber's phone where it

can be watched.

· Video on demand- a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone.

· Video conferencing- subscribers can see as well as talk to each other.

· Tele-medicine a medical provider monitors or provides advice to the potentially isolated

subscriber.

· Location-based services- a provider sends localized weather or traffic conditions to the

phone, or the phone allows the subscriber to find nearby businesses or friends

· Mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier transmission.

· Mobile WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)




Keys:

· 4G is a conceptual framework and a discussion point to address future needs of a high

speed wireless network

· It offer both cellular and broadband multimedia services everywhere

· Expected to emerged around 2010-2015

· 4G should be able to provided very smooth global roaming ubiquitously with lower cost

4G Mobile Phone



Comparision from 1G to 4G

Figure 2.5: Comparison from 1G to 4G



Chapter 3

WHAT IS 5G & WHAT IT OFFERS?

5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G technology has

changed the means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever

before such a high value technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features

which makes 5G technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future.

The gigantic array of innovative technology being built into new cell phones is stunning.

5G technologies which are on hand held phone offering more power and features than at least

1000 lunar modules. A user can also hook their 5Gtechnology cell phone with their Laptop to get

broadband internet access. 5G technology including camera, MP3 recording, video player, large

phone memory, dialling speed, audio player and much more you never imagine. For children

rocking fun Bluetooth technology and Pico nets has become in market.

As per the present status all over the world WCDMA is commercially launched .Some

nations has planned to launch LTE within next quarter. Operator is looking ahead for wide-scale

deployment of LTE in 2012. Operators will also find that the timing is right to make the switch

because much of the first generation of 3G equipment will need to be upgraded soon. LTE

networking equipment and handsets, already under development, will become available in 2010,

and should be rolled out in large quantities in Europe by 2012. clearly shows that within 2020

LTE will become the latest trend for wireless communication all over the world. But yet our

question remains unanswered. Why there is a need for 5G?.

Even though LTE provides wide range of growth for present wireless telecommunication.

People are not in a circumstance to make use of those benefits in an effective manner.LTE might

be rigorously used in Commercial/Industrial areas. But think of a common man who utmost

utilize LTE for downloading a movie or make a video call. Fact is that there is no such ground-

breaking application exists in real world to be utilized by a common man. You might doubt how

this verdict is applicable for current innovative world, where have enormous splendid real time

applications. Concern is that our present wireless telecommunications is bottlenecked to use

those applications in an effective manner. This paper mainly focuses on how a 5G network can



provide more approach to a common man to utilize his available possessions in an immense way

to make him to feel the real progress.

Ø If you can able to pay all your bills in a single payment with your mobile.

Ø If you can able to sense Tsunami/earthquake before it occurs.

Ø If you can able to visualize lively all planets and Universe.

Ø If you can able to navigate a Train for which you are waiting.

Ø If you can get the share value lively.

Ø If you can lock your Laptop, car, Bike using your mobile when you forgot to do

so.

Ø If you‟re mobile can share your work load.

Ø If you‟re mobile can identify the best server.

Ø If you‟re mobile can perform Radio resource management.

Ø If your mobile can intimate you before the call drops.

Ø If your mobile phone get cleaned by its own. If you can able to fold your mobile

as per your desire.

Ø If you can able to expand your coverage using your mobile phones.

Ø If you can able identify your stolen mobile with nanoseconds.

Ø If you can able to access your office desktop by being at your bedroom.

Ø If you‟re mobile can able to suggest you possible medicine as per your

healthiness.

Ø If you‟re mobile can able to calculate approximate Hike.

Ø If you‟re mobile can estimate the quality of your new build house.

Ø If you‟re mobile can able to provide recent worth on products using its barcode.



Chapter 4

BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF 5G TECHNOLOGY

4.1.1 Ubiquitous Computing

5G would be about "ubiquitous computing", that is, having the ability to access the

applications want from any platform, anywhere, any time. To create such an environment, one

needs to integrate various applications, emerging from various engineering practices. Human life

will be surrounded by intelligent sensors, which will bring radical change to human life’s daily

approaches of doing things, as:

Ø Your intelligent car will send SMS to your cell phone, from your car.

Ø Your home security camera is attached to secured internet. So that you can view

your sitting room on your laptop/mobile phone screen, by accessing secure

website.

Ø You are receiving regular MMS from your hospital about your medication need

and next doctor appointment.

Key challenges:-

Integration of various standards: Each engineering practice has their own standard (F.eks

Telecom has 3GPP, 3GPP2, ITU, IETF, etc). To integrate these various standards, requires

systematic and time consuming approach.

o Common Platform: There is no common architecture for interconnecting various engineering

practices. One common governing body is required, which creates a common platform for all

engineering practices to regularize the interconnectivity issues as well as knowledge sharing.

4.1.2 Aggregator

Existing telecom networks are fashioned in hierarchical way, where subscriber traffic is

aggregated at aggregation point (BSC/RNC) and then routed to gateways. (As shown in

figure).Flat IP architecture will lessen burden on aggregation point and traffic will directly move

from Base station to Media gateways. Vision of Super Core is based on IP platform. All network

operators (GSM, CDMA, Wimax, and Wireline) can be connected to one Super core with



massive capacity. This is realization of single network infrastructure. The concept of super core

will eliminate all interconnecting charges and complexities, which is right now network operator

is facing. It will also reduce number of network entities in end to end connection, thus reducing

latency considerably.

Key challenges

Ø High redundancy requirement: Under Super core concept, all network operators

will be moving to single core infrastructure, high redundancy and security among

core network entities is required. A failure of single node will impact huge

number of subscribers across various network operators.

Ø Transparency among network operators, regarding Subscriber data, churn

management, etc. Government regulatory framework for Super core

4.1.3 Flatter IP concept

At regular interval, semiconductor manufacturers advance to a new generation with

smaller feature sizes. This allows them to incorporate more functions into a given area of silicon

and, hence, more features or new capabilities into electronic devices like cell phones, Increased

processing capacity will be allow Mobile devices (cell phones, PDAs, etc) to do more tasks

(instructions per minute) then before. This will lead to even the Flatter IP network. As Flat IP has

shifted some of the BSC/RNC’s radio resource functions to Base station, Flatter IP will shift

some of the RR functions, to Mobile devices from Base station. Finally your cell phone will not

be just access device but, it will also perform some of the Radio Resource Management

functions.

With the shift to flat IP architectures, mobile operators can

Ø Reduce the number of network elements in the data path to lower operations costs

and capital expenditure

Ø Partially decouple the cost of delivering service from the volume of data

transmitted to align infrastructure capabilities with emerging application

requirements



Ø Minimize system latency and enable applications with a lower tolerance for delay;

upcoming latency enhancements on the radio link can also be fully realized

Ø Evolve radio access and packet core networks independently of each other to a

greater extent than in the past, creating greater flexibility in network planning and

deployment

Ø Develop a flexible core network that can serve as the basis for service innovation

across both mobile and generic IP access networks

Ø Create a platform that will enable mobile broadband operators to be competitive,

from a price/performance perspective, with wired networks

4.1.4 5G: Nano Core

Sophisticated technology has enabled an age of globalization. Technological convergence

is the tendency for different technological systems to evolve towards performing similar tasks.

What Nicholas Negroponte labeled the transformation of "atoms to bits," the digitization of all

media content. When words, images and sounds are transformed into digital information, it

expand the potential relationships between them and enable them to flow across platforms.

The 5G Nancore is a convergence of below mention technologies. These technologies have their

own impact on exiting wireless network which makes them in to 5G.

Ø Nanotechnology.

Ø Cloud Computing.

Ø All IP Platform.



Figure 4.1: Architecture of 5G

4.2 Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Interoperability

The challenge in the design of the terminals is connected to the management of trade

between the flexibility of how to use the spectrum and needed space and power to given

platform. New methods for partial reconfigurable offer design dimensions that allow the system

to adapt to the opportunities and requirements of the terminals in a manner that shall maximize

the spectral efficiency and also maximize the battery power. As a result of growing level of

acceptance of the wireless technologies in different fields, challenges and types of wireless

systems associated with them are changing. In heterogeneous wireless networks the concept is

"always best connected" (always associated with the best quality), aimed at client terminals, and

is proposed in different researches.



Reviewing the concept of heterogeneous networks inevitably raises the question of inter-

working among the radio access technologies in a newly designed system, which will not

demand changes in the RATs, but only introduction of control functionalities the core networks.

In terms of the user or user applications, heterogeneous system or a heterogeneous network is

considered as a unified network and access a single segment which will place the connection

with the application servers in and out of operator’s network. To meet the relevant requirements

of the user applications are generally considered two possible models for interoperability

between building blocks of radio access technologies within the heterogeneous system. First one

refers to a centralized operator access, while the second one defines the Internet model of

interoperability. The first model involves introducing a certain level of integration between the

radio access technology through which mobile access terminal, in this direction have been made

different analysis and developed different standards that should define the levels of architecture

connectivity for realizing vertical handover between different access technologies involved in the

construction of heterogeneous domain. The introduction of this model implies interoperability

protocol interoperability of lower levels of communication in the field of radio access. The

second model is called the Internet model, which represents a focus for further development in

this paper and refers to providing continuity of customer service in case of independent radio

access technologies available to the mobile terminal by connecting on the network level. In this

case, interoperability between network technologies is done on the upper (network) protocol

levels, i.e. at a level that is common to all access technologies for communication between user

applications with the appropriate application servers. The ultimate goal of both models for

interoperability is the same and it is providing a transparent transfer of user information between

client applications and related application servers without impact on the diversity of access

technologies in the communication process and providing continuity of user sessions in the

communication process. The main difference between the two models concerns the way in

providing interoperability. Apart from this difference, very important are vertical handover

between access technologies and the conditions or circumstances which trigger handovers. The

first method provides an integrated architecture of radio access technologies that builds

heterogeneous network, and as such is applicable in cooperative networks or in networks where

the radio access technologies are owned by the same operator or operators who have

cooperation. In such networks are strictly defined rules for vertical handovers, mainly dictated by

conditions in the radio access networks, or by the operator's preference, while user preferences



are taken into cooperative architectures. The second method is more general and relates to

interoperate regardless of the user’s operators, which provide access technology for the user

equipment. In these methods, generally speaking, vertical handover is accomplished as a result of

the conditions under which user applications see main qualitative parameters of service or

experience to the user.

The tendency of introducing heterogeneity in future wireless radio systems entails the

implementation of different radio interfaces in the new terminals. Each radio access technology

has its own radio resource management and they are well engineered for maximum utilization of

available resources. Radio access technologies can ensure achievement of customer service in

the access part. In most of the radio access technologies which have been made, the system

makes adaptation of appropriate resources allocated according to the nature of the services.

Variety of access technologies in order to realize the user requirements. The

heterogeneity of these networks allows the user terminal to perform a selection of radio access

technologies depending on given preferences. This choice provides better conditions for user

applications.



Chapter 5

DESIGN OF 5G MOBILE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Figure shows the system model that proposes design of network architecture for 5G

mobile systems, which is all-IP based model for wireless and mobile networks interoperability.

The system consists of a user terminal (which has a crucial role in the new architecture) and a

number of independent, autonomous radio access technologies. Within each of the terminals,

each of the radio access technologies is seen as the IP link to the outside Internet world.

However, there should be different radio interface for each Radio Access Technology (RAT) in

the mobile terminal. For an example, if want to have access to four different RATs, need to have

four different access - specific interfaces in the mobile terminal, and to have all of them active at

the same time, with aim to have this architecture to be functional.

Figure 5.1: Functional Architecture for 5G Mobile Networks



The first two OSI levels (data-link and physical levels) are defining the radio access

technologies through which is provided access to the Internet with more or less QoS support

mechanisms, which is further dependent upon the access technology (e.g., 3G and WiMAX have

explicit QoS support, while WLAN has not) . Then, over the OSI-1 and OSI-2 layers is the

network layer, and this layer is IP (Internet Protocol) in today’s communication world, either

IPv4 or IPv6, regardless of the radio access technology. The purpose of IP is to ensure enough

control data (in IP header) for proper routing of IP packets belonging to a certain application

connections - sessions between client applications and servers somewhere on the Internet.

Routing of packets should be carried out in accordance with established policies of the user.

Figure 5.2: Protocol Layout for the Elements of the Proposed Architecture



Application connections are realized between clients and servers in the Internet via

sockets. Internet sockets are endpoints for data communication flows. Each socket of the web is

a unified and unique combination of local IP address and appropriate local transport

communications port, target IP address and target appropriate communication port, and type of

transport protocol. Considering that, the establishment of communication from end to end

between the client and server using the Internet protocol is necessary to raise the appropriate

Internet socket uniquely determined by the application of the client and the server. This means

that in case of interoperability between heterogeneous networks and for the vertical handover

between the respective radio technologies, the local IP address and destination IP address should

be fixed and unchanged. Fixing of these two parameters should ensure handover transparency to

the Internet connection end-to-end, when there is a mobile user at least on one end of such

connection.

In order to preserve the proper layout of the packets and to reduce or prevent packets

losses, routing to the target destination and vice versa should be uniquely and using the same

path. Each radio access technology that is available to the user in achieving connectivity with the

relevant radio access is presented with appropriate IP interface. Each IP interface in the terminal

is characterized by its IP address and netmask and parameters associated with the routing of IP

packets across the network. In regular inter-system handover the change of access technology

(i.e., vertical handover) would mean changing the local IP address. Then, change of any of the

parameters of the socket means and change of the socket, that is, closing the socket and opening

a new one. This means, ending the connection and starting e new one. This approach is not-

flexible, and it is based on today’s Internet communication. In order to solve this deficiency

propose a new level that will take care of the abstraction levels of network access technologies to

higher layers of the protocol stack. This layer is crucial in the new architecture.

To enable the functions of the applied transparency and control or direct routing of

packets through the most appropriate radio access technology, in the proposed architecture

introduce a control system in the functional architecture of the networks, which works in

complete coordination with the user terminal and provides a network abstraction functions and

routing of packets based on defined policies. At the same time this control system is an essential



element through which it can determine the quality of service for each transmission technology.

He is on the Internet side of the proposed architecture, and as such represents an ideal system to

test the qualitative characteristics of the access technologies, as well as to obtain a realistic

picture regarding the quality that can be expected from applications of the user towards a given

server in Internet (or peer).

Protocol setup of the new levels within the existing protocol stack, which form the

proposed architecture, is presented in Figure . The network abstraction level would be provided

by creating IP tunnels over IP interfaces obtained by connection to the terminal via the access

technologies available to the terminal (i.e., mobile user). In fact, the tunnels would be established

between the user terminal and control system named here as Policy Router, which performs

routing based on given policies. In this way the client side will create an appropriate number of

tunnels connected to the number of radio access technologies, and the client will only set a local

IP address which will be formed with sockets Internet communication of client applications with

Internet servers. The way IP packets are routed through tunnels, or choosing the right tunnel,

would be served by policies whose rules will be exchanged via the virtual network layer

protocol. This way achieve the required abstraction of the network to the client applications at

the mobile terminal.

The process of establishing a tunnel to the Policy Router, for routing based on the

policies, are carried out immediately after the establishment of IP connectivity across the radio

access technology, and it is initiated from the mobile terminal Virtual Network-level Protocol.

Establishing tunnel connections as well as maintaining them represents basic functionality of the

virtual network level (or network level of abstraction).



Chapter 6

ENTITIES AND FUNCTIONALITIES IN THE PROPOSED

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Heterogeneity of wireless networks enables the user terminal to perform a selection of

access technologies depending on their preferences. This choice provides better conditions for

user applications. The processes of achieving connectivity in new environments are strongly

associated with the application process. Namely, the need of the user application to establish

communication with the some application server usually ends by initiating a connection through

the network level, i.e., network access to resources by the user terminal.

Considering that the functions of the virtual network layer in the proposed new

architecture include many functions related to connectivity, security and continuity of the

application sessions initiated by the user, the virtual network layer logically is divided into

several cooperative software modules which perform different functionalities. Figure given

block-diagram of the software modules in the virtual network layer.



Figure 6.1:Software Diagram of the Proposed Virtual Network Layer

Figure 6.2 Software Diagram of the Proposed Virtual Network Layer

There are certain differences between client and server functions to a virtual network layer. On

the client side there are five software modules that:

Ø RAT-CCSM (Radio Access Technology - Connection Control Software Module);

Ø MQPBR (Mobile Quality Policy Based Router);

Ø SPME (Security and Policy Management Entity);

Ø ITHC (Inter Tunnel Handover Control); and

Ø QoS / QoE CM (QoS and QoE Control Manager).

On the other side, the Policy Router includes four software modules as follows:

Ø MCCSM (Media Connection Control Software Module);

Ø CQPBR (Central Quality Policy Based Router);

Ø SPME (Security and Policy Management Entity);

Ø CPH (Client Profile Handler); and

Ø QoS / QoE CM (QoS and QoE Control Manager).

Each software module has determined position within the global architecture to provide the

ultimate functionality that is providing interoperability in 5G heterogeneous systems. Providing

functionality between software modules is done through precisely defined interfaces to other



modules and with appropriate links between peer protocol modules on both sides of the

architecture. As can be seen from the diagram in Figure there are four common cooperative /

coordination modules on different sides (client and server) that are interconnected. Hence, we

may distinguish among four basic functionalities carried out by the virtual network layer. First

basic functionality of the virtual network layer is to provide a network abstraction. This

functionality is related to the cooperative working together of the RAT-CCSM and MCCSM

software modules that are designed to make masking of the IP level seen by each radio access

technology. Besides this basic functionality, RAT-CCSM module at the client side is using API

interfaces for access to the appropriate software modules from the lower levels of radio access

technologies in order to provide additional information. This link is a way through which it

receives information for improving connectivity of individual access technologies (e.g.,

generated PDP context with specified IP address, connection established with a given AP in

WLAN networks and corresponding IP addresses, etc.) and the level of received signal of the

corresponding radio access technology.

In this way the software module has continuous information for the network and radio

conditions in each radio access technology. Tunnels are formed between RAT-CCSM on the

client side and MCCSM module in the Policy Router. RAT-CCSM module starts a process to

establish a tunnel between the mobile client and the Policy Router (in particular, with the

MCCSM module). The tunnel is formed through the established IP connectivity of the particular

radio access technology. Source IP address of the tunnel is the IP address obtained by the

establishment of IP connectivity via the given access technology, while destination IP address of

the tunnel seeing in the uplink direction from the mobile side) is the loopback address of the

software module of MCCSM Policy Router. RAT-CCSM software module performs continuous

monitoring of the status of each radio access technology in terms of radio parameters (signal

received level) and in terms of IP connectivity through the same network. The obtained

information regarding the radio access technologies it forwards to another associated software

module whose primary function is managing handover in the transmission of data between the

established IP tunnels (the ITHC software module).

The second link of this module refers to the routing module, where routing is based on

policies determined on the offered Quality of Service. Their interaction results in defining the

appropriate tunnel interfaces (corresponding to the tunnels created by the radio access

technologies) within the routing table. The process of establishing the tunnel procedure begins



with the authentication and authorization between the mobile client and the Policy Router, so the

software module has a direct connection with SPME module for management of security

mechanisms.

The second function is related to routing policies based on the determined Quality of

Service offered by access technologies. This functionality is accomplished by cooperative

working between MQPBR and CQPBR software components on the client and server sides. The

mutual cooperation between these two modules is realized through the appropriate routing

control protocol developed specifically for this purpose. Its goal is to provide proper

prioritization of routes or routing rules via the tunnel interfaces within routing matrix / table. The

changes are initiated and controlled by MQPBR client module in cooperation with the ITHC

module. At the same time, the MQPBR software module on the client side presents the client IP

address which is obtained in the phase of the authentication and authorization by the software

module for that purpose - SPME. The actual determination of the client mobile IP address will be

marked with McIP, where it is an IP address of the client in the heterogeneous network, which is

generated by SPME software module and it is then given to the MQPBR client module. The

communication of the upper protocol levels, such as the transport, session and application levels,

is via McIP address of the user, which is seen as IP network address to them. The main feature of

this software module, in comparison with other routing software components, is its ability to

perform coordinated routing between the two software modules depending on the application

that is initiated by the client. This would mean that routing table of this module expands and

takes the form of three-dimensional routing matrix where for each initiated user application is

defined priority for the tunneling interface.

The third function is associated with managing security procedures or security

mechanisms and policies applied to users. RAT-CCSM module triggers corresponding module

on the client side (SPME) in order to carry out proper user authentication and authorization for

the same approval to create a tunnel through the appropriate technology. This process is

accomplished through any “free” IP address obtained from a radio access technology towards a

defined IP address of the server on the other side. In this case RAT-CCSM transparently

forwards these packages directly to the network interfaces of the radio access technologies. After

receiving the result of a process of authentication and authorization RAT-CCSM and MCCSM

begin the process of establishment of an IP tunnel or reject the request. On the client side user

terminal contains all the information in a local storage (in the mobile terminal) within the



security software module, while the Policy Router stores the information for the mobile clients in

an additional software module, referred to as CPH, which can be part of the same Policy Router

(but, it is not mandatory). All information for each user of this architecture, the authentication

parameters and policies, are stored in this database - CPH. Obtained policies and user parameters

that describe a customer, which are obtained from other systems and stored in CPH module, and

such data is then made available to RAT-CCSM module as well as MQPBR and CQPBR

modules and the IHTC module. The RAT-CCSM module is allowed to establish a tunnel; the

defined McIP address is announced to MQPBR and CQPBR modules, while to IHTC are

announced other policies contained in the CHP that should help it in the process of handover

decisions. The fourth functionality is associated with the management mechanisms for measuring

the parameters that define the Quality of Service and Experience in terms of user applications.

This functionality is accomplished by cooperative working between the QoS / QoE module on

the client side and QoS / QoE module on the server side. The purpose of this module in the

mobile terminal (the client side) is to continuously measure the basic qualitative parameters of

radio access technologies. Thus, the measured parameters give a realistic picture of the Quality

of Service that can be expected from the radio access technologies, which in fact are on the path

between the client and Policy Router. Measurements are carried out individually by each access

technology. The results of these measurements are a direct input to the ITHC module for

handover decisions between tunnels.

Fifth functionality of the network architecture is dedicated to the user only, and its

location within the heterogeneous wireless network. This functionality is intended to ensure

continuity of customer service while taking into account the qualitative requirements of the

applications, the user, and the network, in a form of predefined policies or gained knowledge

from the user services. This module on the user side is represented as ITHC software module and

has a direct interaction with other software modules of the virtual network layer. Software

Module continually processes data from RAT-CCSM software module (realized tunnels and

signal reception level of each access technology). Also, it is directly associated with the QoS /

QoE module, from which it receives information about the qualitative characteristics of each

radio access technology used by the user.

Then, with aim to decide which application will use which available radio access

technology, it receives from the SPME the user policies as well as preferences of the user and the



operator (that is the one that provides the functionalities of Policy Router). If there is a need of

changes of the access technology for an ongoing session, this module is required to initiate the

process of handover between tunnels connected with the relevant access technologies. The

criteria under which it will begin the procedure of handover are part of the software module and

its internal logic. The change of priorities for the routes for each application is performed by the

module responsible for policy-based routing, i.e., the Policy Router on the network side.



Chapter 7

QOS FUNCTION BASED ON PERFORMANCE

MEASUREMENTS

Next Generation Networks (NGN) consists of support functionalities for data transport,

and control transport, as well as functionalities for support of services and applications. The

measurement of traffic is a basic control activity in order to provide Quality of Service. So,

performance measurement is an intrinsic component in NGN, and it is usually performed at edge

(border) network nodes, in access, core and transit networks. Also, it can be performed by the

mobile terminals in the wireless environment, and here this is very important to create mobile

user assisted probing of the RAT performances.

Figure 7.1:Network Performance Measurements Using RTP / RTCP and RTCP Extension

Figure presents also detailed view of the general architecture for Management for Performance

Measurements (MPM) in NGN, with added functionalities on the side of the mobile terminal

(CPE – Customer Premises Equipment). The network architecture consists of the following

entities:

Ø Performance Measurement Execution Functional Entity (PME-FE) is an entity to

perform performance measurements. PME-FE is responsible for three groups of

functionalities: performance measurements, process measurements and single

configuration entity conducting the measurements;



Ø Performance Measurement Processing Functional Entity (PMP-FE) is an entity for

processing the measurements. PMP-FE is responsible for two groups of functions:

processing of measurements and configuration of measurement tests across the network

architecture. Functions for processing of measurements include collecting measurement

reports, their analysis, aggregation as well as analysis of measurements in cyclical

periods; and

Ø Performance Measurement Reporting Functional Entity (PMR-FE) is an entity reporting

the performed performance measurements.



Chapter 8

BENIFITS

Ø High speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit.

Ø Support interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and other

broadband services ,more effective and more attreactive ,Bi directional ,accurate

traffic statistics.

Ø Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services.

Ø The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to avoid error.

Ø 5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit which

supporting almost 65,000 connections.

Ø 5G technology offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency.

Ø Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can get better and

fast solution.



Chapter 9

CONCLUSION

The development of the mobile and wireless networks is going towards higher data rates

and all-IP principle. Currently, there are many available radio access technologies, which

provide possibility for IP-based communication on the network layer, as well as there is

migration of all services in IP environment, including the traditional telephony and even

television, besides the traditional Internet services, such as web and electronic mail as most used

among the others. On the other side, mobile terminals are obtaining each year more processing

power, more memory on board, and longer battery life for the same applications (services). It is

expected that the initial Internet philosophy of keeping the network simple as possible, and

giving more functionalities to the end nodes, will become reality in the future generation of

mobile networks, here referred to as 5G.

Author have defined completely novel network architecture for such 5G mobile

networks. The architecture includes introduction of software agents in the mobile terminal,

which will be used for communication with newly defined nodes called Policy Routers, which

shall be placed in the core network. The Policy Router creates IP tunnels with the mobile

terminal via each of the interfaces to different RATs available to the terminal. Based on the

given policies, the change of the RAT, i.e., vertical handover, is executed via tunnel change by

the Policy Router, and such change is based on the given policies regarding the Quality of

Service and user preferences, as well as performance measurement obtained by the user

equipment via new defined procedure for that purpose in this paper, called Quality of Service

Policy based ROuting (QoSPRO).

The proposed architecture for future 5G mobile networks can be implemented using

components of the shelf (existing and standardized Internet technologies) and its implementation

is transparent to the radio access technologies, which makes it very likeable solution for the next

generation mobile and wireless networks.



Chapter 10

ACRONYMS

1G: Old-fashioned analog mobile phone systems capable of handling very limited or no data at

all.

2G: Second generation voice-centric mobile phones and services with limited data rates ranging

from 9.6 kbps to 19.2 kbps.

2.5G: Initerim hardware and software mobile solutions between 2G and 3G with voice and data

capabilities and data rates ranging from 56 kbps to 170 kbps.

3G: A long awaited digital mobile systems with a maximum data rate of 2 Mbps under stationary

conditions and 384 kbps under mobile conditions. This technology is capable of handling

streaming video two way voice over IP and Internet connectivity with support for high quality

graphics.

3GPP: Third Generation Partnership Project. 3GPP is an industry body set up to develop a 3G

standard based upon wideband CDMA (WCDMA).

3GPP2: Third Generation Partnership Project 2. 3GPP2 is an industry standard set up to develop

a 3G standard based upon CDMA-2000.

3.5G: Interim systems between 3G and 4G allowing a downlink data rate upto 14 Mbps.

Sometimes it is also called as High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA).

4G: Planned evolution of 3G technology that is expected to provide support for data rates upto

100 Mbps allowing high quality and smooth video transmission.

5G: In evolutionary view it will be capable of supporting wwww allowing highly flexible

dynamic adhoc wireless networks. In revolutionary view, this intelligent technology is capable of

interconnecting the entire world without limits.

Ad-hoc networks: It is a self configuring mobile network of routers (and hosts) connected by

wireless, in which the nodes may move freely and randomly resulting in a rapid and

unpredictable change in network’s wireless topology. It is also called as Mobile Ad-hoc

NETwork (MANET).



Bluetooth: It is a wireless networking protocol designed to replace cable network technology for

devices within 30 feet. Like IEEE 802.11b, Bluetooth also operates in unlicensed 2.4GHz

spectrum, but it only supports data rates up to 1 Mbps.

CDPD: Cellular Digital Packet Data is a wireless standard providing two way data transmission

at 19.2 kbps over existing cellular phone systems.

CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access, also known as CDMA-ONE or IS-95 is a spread

spectrum communication technology that allows many users to communicate simultaneously

using the same frequency spectrum. Communication between users are differentiated by using a

unique code for each user. This method allows more users to share the spectrum at the same time

than alternative technologies.

CDMA-2000: Sometimes also known as IS-136 and IMT-CDMA multicarrier (1X/3X) is an

evolution of narrowband radio transmission technology known as CDMA-ONE (also called

CDMA or IS-95), to third generation. 1X refers to the use of 1.25 Mhz channel while 3X refers

to 5 Mhz channel.

DAWN: Advanced technologies including smart antenna and flexible modulation are keys to

optimize this wireless version of reconfigurable adhoc networks.

DSSS: In Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum, the data stream to be transmitted is divided into

small pieces, each of which allocated a frequency channel. Then the data signal is combined with

a higher data rate bit sequence known as “chipping code” that divides the data according to a

spreading ratio thus allowing a resistance from interference during transmission.

EDGE: Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution technology gives GSM and TDMA the

capability to handle 3rd generation mobile phone services with speeds upto 384 kbps. Since it

uses the TDMA infrastructure, a smooth transition from TDMA based systems such as GSM to

EDGE is expected.

FHSS: In Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum a broad slice of bandwidth spectrum is divided

into many possible broadcast frequencies to be used by the transmitted signal.

GPRS: General Packet Radio Service provides data rates upto 115 kbps for wireless Internet and

other types of data communications using packet data services.

GSM: Global Systems for Mobile Communication is a world-wide standard for digital wireless

mobile phone systems. The standard was oroginated by the European Conference of Postal and



Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) who was responsible for the creation of ETSI.

Currently ETSI is responsible for the development of GSM standard.

Mobile phones: Mobile communication systems that uses radio communication and

conventional telephone switching to allow communication to and from mobile users.

Photonic networks: A network of computers made up using photonic devices based on optics.

The devices include photonic switches, gateways and routers.

PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network is a regular voice telephone network.

Spread Spectrum: It is a form of wireless communication in which the frequency of the

transmitted signal is deliberately varied over a wide range. This results in a higher bandwidth of

the signal than the one without varied frequency.

TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access is a technology for sharing a medium by several users

by dividing into different time slots transmitting at the same frequency.

UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System is the third generation mobile telephone

standard in Europe that was proposed by ETSI.

WAP: Wireless Application Protocol defines the use of TCP/IP and web browsing for mobile

systems.

WCDMA: Wideband CDMA is a technology for wideband digital radio communications of

multimedia and other capacity demanding applications. It is adopted by ITU under the name

IMT-2000 direct spread.

WDM: Wavelength Division Multiplexing allows many independent signals to be transmitted

simultaneously on one fiber, with each signal located at a different wavelength. Routing and

detection of these signals require devices that are wavelength selective, allowing for the

transmission, recovery, or routing of specific wavelengths in photonic networks.

WWWW: A world wide wireless web is capable of supporting a comprehensive wireless based

web application that includes full graphics and multimedia capability at beyond 4G speeds.



Chapter 11

REFERENCES

[1] Aleksandar Tudzarov and Toni Janevski Functional Architecture for 5G Mobile Network

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 32, July, 2011

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[3]5G: Nano core by Imtiaz ali

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2009.

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Documents

5G Mobile Phone Technology Seminar Report New