64183829 Nervi Glave i Vrata

Medical Gross AnatomyAnatomy Tables - Nerves

Nerves of the Head and Neck - Listed AlphabeticallyNerve Source Branches Motor Sensory Notes

abducens pons: abducens nucleus

no named branches

GSE: lateral rectus m.

none also known as: CN VI, 6th cranial nerve; passes through the superior orbital fissure

accessory cranial root: medulla - nucleus ambiguus; spinal root: spinal nucleus of the upper cervical spinal cord

no named branches

GSE: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius mm.

none also known as: CN XI, 11th cranial nerve; spinal root enters cranial cavity by passing through the foramen magnum; exits skull by passing through the jugular foramen; accessory n. is motor only; the subtrapezial plexus of nerves receives proprioceptive

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fibers: for the sternocleidomastoid m. from the ventral primary rami of spinal nn. C2 and C3 - for trapezius via ventral primary rami of C3 and C4

alveolar, anterior superior

infraorbital n. dental plexus none maxillary canine and incisor teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus

anterior superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire length

alveolar, inferior mandibular division of the trigeminal n.(V3)

n. to mylohyoid; inferior dental plexus; mental nerve

mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of the digastric m. via n. to mylohyoid

teeth of the mandible; skin of the chin

inferior alveolar n. passes through the mandibular canal; the mental n. is its terminal branch which emerges through the mental foramen

alveolar, middle superior

infraorbital n. dental plexus none maxillary premolar teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus

middle superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire length

alveolar, posterior superior

maxillary n. dental plexus none maxillary molar teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus

posterior superior alveolar n. enters bone by passing

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through the small foramina on the posterior surface of the maxilla

ansa cervicalis superior root (C1 and C2) and inferior root (C2 and C3) of the ansa cervicalis

to infrahyoid muscles

omohyoid m., sternohyoid m., sternothyroid m., thyrohyoid m., geniohyoid m.

none superior and inferior roots of the ansa cervicalis are also known as the anterior and posterior roots

anterior deep temporal n.

mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3)

no named branches

temporalis m. no cutaneous branches

a branch of the motor root of CN V; temporalis m. developed from the mesenchyme of the first pharyngeal arch

anterior ethmoidal n.

nasociliary n. internal & external nasal brs.

none mucous membrane lining the anterior ethmoid air cells and upper anterior part of the nasal cavity; skin of the lower half of the nose

anterior ethmoidal n. passes from the orbit into the anterior ethmoidal foramen, passes through the cribriform plate, passes anteriorly on cribriform plate, then exits the cranial cavity

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through the ethmoid fissure into the nasal cavity

anterior superior alveolar n.

infraorbital n. dental plexus none maxillary canine and incisor teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus

anterior superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire length

auriculotemporal n.


parotid brs., articular brs., anterior auricular brs.

secretomotor to the parotid gland by carrying postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion; [preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate in the lesser petrosal br. of the glossopharyngeal n. (IX)]

skin of anterior ear and the skin anterosuperior to the ear; part of the external auditory meatus; temporomandibular joint

two roots of the auriculotemporal n. encircle the middle meningeal a.

brachial plexus ventral primary rami of C5-8 and T1

dorsal scapular, long thoracic, n. to subclavius, suprascapular, lateral and medial pectoral, medial

muscles of the upper limb, excluding trapezius

skin of the upper limb

plexus is a latin word meaning "braid"; axons from spinal cord levels C5-T1 are mixed (braided) in the

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brachial and antebrachial cutaneous, upper, middle and lower subscapular, musculocutaneous, ulnar, median, axillary, radial

brachial plexus and repackaged into terminal branches so that each branch contains axons from several spinal cord segmental levels

buccal branch of the trigeminal n.


no named branches

no motor branches skin of the cheek, mucosa lining the cheek

not a motor nerve; easily confused with the buccal branch of the facial n.

buccal branches of the facial n.

facial n. (VII) no sensory branches

zygomaticus major & minor, buccinator, orbicularis oris, levator anguli oris, levator labii superioris & alaque nasi, risorius, procerus, nasalis

no sensory branches not a sensory nerve; easily confused with the buccal branch of the trigeminal n.

C1 ventral primary ramus

C1 spinal n. contributes to the superior root of the ansa cervicalis; brs. to: rectus capitis anterior

rectus capitis anterior and lateralis, longus capitis, omohyoid, sternohyoid,

none C1 contributes to the cervical plexus

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and lateralis mm., longus capitis m.

sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, geniohyoid


C2 spinal n. contributes to: superior and inferior roots of the ansa cervicalis, lesser occipital n., great auricular n., transverse cervical n.; brs. to: longus capitis & colli, sternocleidomastoid

omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, longus capitis and longus colli

skin behind the ear and on the neck below the mandible; proprioception from the sternocleidomastoid m.

C2 contributes to the cervical plexus


C3 spinal n. contributes to: inferior root of the ansa cervicalis, great auricular n., transverse cervical n., supraclavicular nn., phrenic n.; brs. to: longus capitis & colli, scalenus medius, levator scapulae, trapezius

omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, longus capitis & colli, scalenus medius, levator scapulae, respiratory diaphragm

skin of the anterolateral neck; proprioception from the sternocleidomastoid m. and the trapezius m



C4 spinal n. contributes to: supraclavicular

longus colli, scalenus medius,

skin of the root of the neck and the


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nn., phrenic n.; brs. to: longus colli, scalenus medius, levator scapulae, trapezius

levator scapulae, respiratory diaphragm

upper shoulder; proprioception from the trapezius m.


C5 spinal n. contributes to: phrenic n., long thoracic n.

respiratory diaphragm, scalene mm., muscles of the shoulder and upper arm

skin of the ventral arm and ventral forearm

joins the ventral primary ramus of C6 to form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus


C6 spinal n. contributes to: long thoracic n.

scalene mm., muscles of the lower shoulder and arm

skin of the lateral side of the upper limb

joins the ventral primary ramus of C5 to form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus


C7 spinal n. contributes to: long thoracic n.

muscles of the lower shoulder, arm forearm

skin of the posterior side of the upper limb

continues as the middle trunk of the brachial plexus


C8 spinal n. no named branches

muscles of the forearm and hand

skin of the medial side of the upper limb

joins the ventral primary ramus of T1 to form the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus

cardiac, sympathetic

cervical sympathetic trunk

no named branches

heart (sympathetic: increases rate and

heart, bronchial tree and lungs

cervical sympathetic trunk usually gives 3

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force of contraction, parasympathetic: decreases rate and force of contraction); bronchial tree & lungs via pulmonary plexus

cervical cardiac brs. l (superior, middle and inferior) to the cardiac plexus

cardiac, vagal vagus n. (X) no named branches

heart (parasympathetic: decreases rate and force of contraction; sympathetic: increases rate and force of contraction); bronchial tree and lungs via pulmonary plexus

heart, bronchial tree and lungs

vagus n. has 2 cervical cardiac brs. (superior and inferior) and 1 or more thoracic cardiac brs.

carotid body, n. to glossopharyngeal n. (IX)

no named branches

none sensory receptors in the carotid body and carotid sinus

chemoreception (blood pH) in carotid body; blood pressure receptors in carotid sinus; both located near the bifurcation of the common

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carotid a.; the vagus n. (X) may share a role in this innervation

carotid plexus, external

superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk, via the external carotid n.

distributes along the brs. of the external carotid artery

vascular smooth muscle, arrector pili muscles, sweat glands of face & upper neck

none postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to enter the head and neck

carotid plexus, internal

superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk, via the internal carotid n.

most distribute along the brs. of the internal carotid artery, although the deep petrosal n. is an exception because it runs a short course independent of an artery

vascular smooth muscle of the brain, orbit, forehead, upper nasal cavity; arrector pili muscles of forehead and anterior scalp; sweat glands of the forehead; dilator pupillae m.


carotid, external superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

contributes to the external carotid plexus

vascular smooth muscle of the internal carotid system of vessels; sweat glands, arrector pili mm.

none there may be two or more external carotid nn. that join the external carotid plexus from the superior cervical

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of the skin of the forehead

ganglion

carotid, internal superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

contributes to the internal carotid plexus

vascular smooth muscle of the external carotid system of vessels; sweat glands, arrector pili mm. of the skin of the face and scalp

none internal carotid n. appears to be the upward continuation of the sypathetic trunk

cervical plexus ventral primary rami of spinal nerves C1-C4

brs. to: longus colli & capitis, sternocleidomastoid m., trapezius m., levator scapulae m., scalenus medius m., rectus capitis anterior and lateralis mm.; superior & inferior root of the ansa cervicalis, n. to the thyrohyoid m., n. to the geniohyoid m., lesser occipital n., great auricular n., transverse cervical n., supraclavicular nn.

longus colli & capitis mm., rectus capitis anterior & lateralis mm., infrahyoid mm., thyrohyoid m., geniohyoid m., respiratory diaphragm

skin of the anterolateral neck; skin of the ear and skin behind the ear

close association of the supraclavicular nn. to the phrenic n. results in pain from the respiratory diaphragm referred to the shoulder

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(medial, intermediate and lateral), contributions to the phrenic n. from C3 and C4

cervicofacial division

facial (VII) buccal br., marginal mandibular br., cervical br.

muscles of facial expression of the lower part of the face; platysma m.

none cervicofacial division usually forms a loop by communication with the temporofacial division of the facial n.

chorda tympani facial (VII) no named branches

secretomotor to the submandibular and sublingual glands (it carries preganglionic parasympathetic axons to the submandibular ganglion)

taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

chorda tympani joins the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa and continues with it to the tongue

ciliary ganglion preganglionic parasympathetic axons arrive via the inferior division of the

postganglionic parasympathetic axons which distribute via short ciliary nn.

sphincter pupillae m., ciliary m. of the eye

none a parasympathetic ganglion; ciliary ganglion is located on the lateral side of the optic n. near

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oculomotor n. (III)

the apex of the orbit; sensory and sympathetic axons pass through the ciliary ganglion without synapse - the sensory root is carried via the nasociliary n.and the sympathetic root arrives in the orbit via the internal carotid a.

ciliary, long nasociliary no named branches

none eyeball (GSA) these nerves bypass the ciliary ganglion

ciliary, short ciliary ganglion: sensory root - from the nasociliary n.(a branch of V1); sympathetic root - from the internal carotid plexus; parasympathetic root - from the inferior division of the oculomotor n.

multiple short ciliary nn. which leave the ciliary ganglion anteriorly

sphincter pupillae & ciliary mm. (parasympathetic), dilator pupillae (sympathetic)

eyeball (GSA) short ciliary nn. are mixed nerves which contain sensory and 2 types of autonomic nerve fibers; postganglionic parasympathetic neurons whose axons are located in these nerves have their cell bodies located in the ciliary ganglion

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(III)

cochlear n. vestibulocochlear n.

no named branches

none hearing (SSA) exits the posterior cranial fossa by passing into the internal acoustic meatus

cranial nn. nuclei located in the brain, branistem and upper cervical spinal cord

12 pairs: olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

eye muscles, muscles of mastication, middle ear, face, tongue, pharynx, larynx, most suprahyoid muscles, sternocleidomastoid m., trapezius m., smooth muscle of the gut, cardiac muscle, bronchial smooth muscle, salivary, lacrimal and mucous glands in the head and neck; glands of digestive system

smell, vision, taste, hearing, balance, general sensation form the skin of the face, sense from viscera of the head, neck, thorax and abdomen (proximal to the splenic flexure)

details about each cranial nerve may be found elsewhere in this chart

deep petrosal n. internal carotid plexus

no named branches

vascular smooth muscle of the

none deep petrosal n. joins the greater

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mucous membranes of the lower nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and palate

petrosal n. to form the n. of the pterygoid canal; the deep petrosal n. contains postganglionic sympathetic axons (synapse occurred in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion)

digastric m., posterior belly, n. to

facial n. (VII) no named branches

posterior belly of the digastric m.

none the anterior belly of the digastric m. is formed by mesenchyme from the 1st pharyngeal arch and is supplied by the n. to the mylohyoid m. (V3)

dorsal scapular n. brachial plexus (br. of C5 ventral primary ramus)

no named branches

rhomboideus major and minor mm.; levator scapulae m.

none dorsal scapular n. passes through the scalenus medius m.

esophageal plexus right and left vagus (X) nn.; thoracic visceral brs. of the

anterior and posterior vagal trunks

preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the vagus n. supply

vagus: GVA from the esophagus and abdominal gut proximal to the left

during development of the gut, the stomach and esophagus

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sympathetic trunk

smooth muscle and glands of the thoracic esophagus and abdominal gut and its derivatives proximal to the left colic flexure; postganglionic sympathetic axons from the thoracic visceral brs. supply vascular smooth muscle in the esophageal vessels

colic flexure; thoracic visceral brs.carry pain from the esophagus

rotate 90° to the right with the result that the left and right vagus nerves mix in the esophageal plexus and emerge as anterior and posterior vagal trunks

ethmoidal, anterior nasociliary n. internal & external nasal brs.

none mucous membrane lining the anterior ethmoid air cells and upper anterior part of the nasal cavity; skin of the lower half of the nose

anterior ethmoidal n. passes from the orbit into the anterior ethmoidal foramen, passes through the cribriform plate, passes anteriorly on cribriform plate, then exits the cranial cavity through the ethmoid fissure

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into the nasal cavity

ethmoidal, posterior

nasociliary n. no named branches

none mucous membrane lining the posterior ethmoid air cells and sphenoid sinus

posterior ethmoidal n. exits the orbit by passing through the posterior ethmoid foramen

external carotid n. superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

contributes to the external carotid plexus

vascular smooth muscle of the internal carotid system of vessels; sweat glands, arrector pili mm. of the skin of the forehead

none there may be two or more external carotid nn. that join the external carotid plexus from the superior cervical ganglion

external carotid plexus





facial n. pons and medulla: nucleus solitarius of medulla via nervus intermedius

greater petrosal n. (preganglionic parasympathetic to pterygopalatine ganglion, postganglionic parasympathetic

stapedius m., stylohyoid m., posterior belly of digastric m., muscles of facial expression; secretomotor to

taste (SVA) from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue; part of the skin of the external auditory meatus

also known as: CN VII, 7th cranial nerve; exits the posterior cranial fossa by passing into the internal acoustic meatus,

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(SVA sensory root) from geniculate ganglion; superior salivatory nucleus (GVE preganglionic parasympathetic) of pons via nervus intermedius; facial motor nucleus of pons via motor root

travels with brs. of maxillary division of V), chorda tympani (SVA taste from anterior 2/3 of the tongue; preganglionic parasympathetic to the submandibular ganglion, postganglionic parasympathetic to the submandibular and sublingual glands), n. to stapedius, posterior auricular n., intraparotid plexus with temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular & cervical brs.

lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual, and mucous glands of the nasal and oral cavities

goes through the facial canal; motor to muscles of facial expression exits the skull at the stylomastoid foramen

frontal ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1)

supraorbital n., supratrochlear n.

none skin of the forehead and the medial part of the upper eyelid; mucous membrane of the frontal sinus

the most superior linear structure within the orbit

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ganglia, sympathetic chain

preganglionic sympathetic fibers arrive via white rami communicantes of ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T1-L2

postganglionic sympathetic fibers depart via gray rami communicantes to all spinal nn.; internal & external carotid nn.; cervical cardiac brs.; thoracic direct visceral brs.; greater, lesser & least thoracic splanchnic nn.; lumbar splanchnic nn.; sacral splanchnic nn.

dilator pupillae, vascular smooth muscle, arrector pili muscles, sweat glands, suprarenal medulla, heart, lungs and gut

pain from viscera located lateral to the vertebral bodies in the neck, thorax & abdominopelvic cavity; the ganglia plus their interconnecting fibers are also known as the sympathetic trunk; preganglionic cell bodies are located in the intermediolateral gray matter of spinal cord levels T1-L2

ganglion, ciliary preganglionic parasympathetic axons arrive via the inferior division of the oculomotor n. (III)

postganglionic parasympathetic axons which distribute via short ciliary nn.

sphincter pupillae m., ciliary m. of the eye

none a parasympathetic ganglion; ciliary ganglion is located on the lateral side of the optic n. near the apex of the orbit; sensory and sympathetic axons pass through the ciliary ganglion without synapse - the sensory root is

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carried via the nasociliary n.and the sympathetic root arrives in the orbit via the internal carotid a.

ganglion, geniculate

facial n. (VII) (chorda tympani branch)

nervus intermedius (SVA sensory root of facial n.)

none taste (SVA) from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

a sensory ganglion equivalent in histological structure and function to a dorsal root ganglion; some taste from the palate travels through the greater petrosal n. to the geniculate ganglion; located in the facial canal within the petrous portion of the temporal bone

ganglion, otic preganglionic parasympathetic via the lesser petrosal, from the tympanic n. of the glossopharynge

postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute with the parotid brs. of the auriculotemporal n. (from V3)

secretomotor to the parotid gland

none a parasympathetic ganglion; the otic ganglion hangs off of the mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3) inferomedial to the

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al n. (IX) foramen ovale

ganglion, pterygopalatine

preganglionic parasympathetic axons arrive via the n. of the pterygoid canal from greater petrosal n. of the facial n (VII); postganglionic sympathetic axons arrive via the n. of the pterygoid canal from the deep petrosal n.

postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute via the greater & lesser palatine nn., nasopalatine n., sphenopalatine n. and zygomatic n.

secretomotor to: mucous glands of the palate, nasal cavity, lacrimal gland

none a parasympathetic ganglion; the pterygopalatine ganglion hangs off of the maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2) within the pterygopalatine fossa; preganglionic axons of the greater petrosal n. synapse here; postganglionic sympathetic axons of the deep petrosal n. pass through the otic ganglion without synapsing (they synapse in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion)

ganglion, semilunar

ophthalmic (V1) , maxillary (V2) and mandibular (V3) divisions

sensory fibers depart via the trigeminal n. (V)

none skin of the face, mucous membranes of the nasal and oral cavities, mucous

a sensory ganglion equivalent in histological structure and

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of the trigeminal n.

membrane of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue (GSA only)

function to a dorsal root ganglion; also known as. trigeminal or Gasserian ganglion

ganglion, spiral fibers of the cochlear hair cells

cochlear n. portion of the vestibulocochlear n. (VIII)

none hearing (SSA) a sensory ganglion of the cochlear part of CN VIII

ganglion, stellate neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord level T1

gray rami communicans to spinal nerves C8 and T1 (postganglionic sympathetic); thoracic visceral br.

vascular smooth muscle, arrector pili muscle, sweat glands of the C8 & T1 cutaneous distribution on chest & upper limb (C8 and T1 dermatomes); vascular smooth muscle of the lungs

pain from lungs a sympathetic ganglion; stellate ganglion is formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion and the T1 ganglion of the sympathetic trunk

ganglion, submandibular

preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the chorda tympani (accompanying the lingual n. from the

postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute either directly, or with branches of the lingual n. to the submandibular

secretomotor to the submandibular and sublingual glands and the small glands of the lingual mucosa

none a parasympathetic ganglion; submandibular ganglion is suspended from the lingual n. near the deep part of the

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mandibular division of the trigeminal n.)

and sublingual glands

submandibular gland

geniculate ganglion

facial n. (VII) (chorda tympani branch)

nervus intermedius (SVA sensory root of facial n.)

none taste (SVA) from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

a sensory ganglion equivalent in histological structure and function to a dorsal root ganglion; some taste from the palate travels through the greater petrosal n. to the geniculate ganglion; located in the facial canal within the petrous portion of the temporal bone

geniohyoid m., n. to

C1 fibers from the superior root of the ansa cervicalis

no named branches

geniohyoid m. none nerve to the geniohyoid m. travels with the hypoglossal nerve for a short distance in the superior neck

glossopharyngeal n.

medulla: spinal trigeminal nucleus from

tympanic nerve to the tympanic plexus and lesser

GSE: stylopharyngeus; GVE:

GVA: carotid body, carotid sinus, pharynx, middle ear;

also known as: CN IX, 9th cranial nerve; the

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the superior ganglion (GVA); nucleus solitarius from the inferior ganglion (SVA); nucleus ambiguus (GVA); inferior salivatory nucleus (GVE - preganglionic parasympathetic)

petrosal n., carotid sinus n., stylopharyngeus brs., pharyngeal brs.

secretomotor to the parotid gland (preganglionic parasympathetic via the tympanic n. to the lesser petrosal n. to the otic ganglion; postganglionic parasympathetic via the auriculotemporal n.)

GSA: skin of the external ear; SVA: taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

glossopharyngeal n. exits the posterior cranial fossa by passing through the jugular foramen;it may penetrate the stylopharyngeus m.

gray ramus communicans

cell bodies located in the sympathetic chain ganglia

none carries postganglionic sympathetic axons to the spinal nerve; spinal nerve will carry those axons peripherally to the skin, blood vessels, etc.

none gray rami communicantes connect the sympathetic chain to spinal nerves at all vertebral levels

great auricular n. cervical plexus (contributions from the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves

mastoid n., auricular n.

none skin of the ear and skin below the ear

the great auricular n. crosses the superficial surface of the sternocleidomastoi

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C2&C3) d m.

greater occipital n. dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve C2 (medial br.)

no named branches

posterior neck muscles

skin of the posterior surface of the scalp

muscles innervated by this nerve develop from epimeres in the embryo

greater palatine n. maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2)

posterior inferior lateral nasal brs.

none mucous membrane of the inferior part of the lateral nasal wall; mucosa of the hard palate

greater palatine n. passes through the greater palatine canal and foramen

greater petrosal n. facial (VII) no named branches

secretomotor (preganglionic parasympathetic) to: lacrimal gland, mucous glands of the lower nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and palate

none greater petrosal n. joins the deep petrosal n. to form the n. of the pterygoid canal; the greater petrosal n. contains: preganglionic parasympathetic axons bound for the pterygopalatine ganglion where they will synapse; it passes through the hiatus of canal of greater petrosal n. in the petrous

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part of the temporal bone

hypoglossal n. medulla: hypoglossal nucleus

no named branches; branches of the ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve C1 are carried by this nerve and are not considered to be branches of the hypoglossal nerve

intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue (except the palatoglossus m.)

none also known as: CN XII, 12th cranial nerve; the hypoglossal n. exits the posterior cranial fossa by passing through the hypoglossal canal; the superior root of the ansa cervicalis travels with the hypoglossal n. for a short distance

inferior alveolar n. mandibular division of the trigeminal n.(V3)

n. to mylohyoid; inferior dental plexus; mental nerve

mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of the digastric m. via n. to mylohyoid

teeth of the mandible; skin of the chin

inferior alveolar n. passes through the mandibular canal; the mental n. is its terminal branch which emerges through the mental foramen

inferior laryngeal n.

recurrent laryngeal br. of the vagus n. (X)

no named branches

all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid; those muscles are:

mucous membrane of the larynx below the vocal fold

inferior laryngeal n. is the continuation of the recurrent laryngeal n., the name change

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thyroarytenoid, oblique and transverse arytenoid, posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid, aryepiglottic, thyroepiglottic, vocalis; secretomotor to the mucous membrane of the larynx below the vocal fold

occurs at the cricothyroid articulation

inferior oblique, nerve to

inferior branch of the oculomotor n.

parasympathetic root to the ciliary ganglion

preganglionic parasympathetic supply to the ciliary ganglion for innervation of the sphincter pupillae m. and ciliary m.; inferior oblique m.

none parasympathetic root carries GVE (preganglionic parasympathetic axons) to the ciliary ganglion - short ciliary nn. carry the postganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ciliary ganglion to the eyeball

infraorbital n. maxillary division of the

middle alveolar n., anterior superior

none mucous membrane of the maxillary

infraorbital n.passes through

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trigeminal n.(V2)

alveolar n. sinus; upper premolar, canine and incisor teeth; maxillary gingiva; skin of the lateral nose, lower eyelid, upper lip and zygomatic region

the infraorbital groove, canal and foramen

infratrochlear n. nasociliary br. of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1)

no named branches

none skin and conjunctiva of the medial upper and lower eyelids; skin of the lateral surface of the nose

infratrochlear n. passes inferior to the trochlea (pulley) of the superior oblique m.

intermediate supraclavicular n.

cervical plexus (C3&C4)

no named branches

none skin of the root of the neck and upper chest, near the mid-clavicle

pain from respiratory diaphragm is referred to the shoulder

internal carotid n. superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

contributes to the internal carotid plexus

vascular smooth muscle of the external carotid system of vessels; sweat glands, arrector pili mm. of the skin of the face and scalp

none internal carotid n. appears to be the upward continuation of the sypathetic trunk

internal carotid superior cervical most distribute vascular smooth none postganglionic

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plexus ganglion of the sympathetic trunk, via the internal carotid n.

along the brs. of the internal carotid artery, although the deep petrosal n. is an exception because it runs a short course independent of an artery

muscle of the brain, orbit, forehead, upper nasal cavity; arrector pili muscles of forehead and anterior scalp; sweat glands of the forehead; dilator pupillae m.

sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to enter the head and neck

lacrimal n. ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1)

no named branches

carries secretomotor axons to the lacrimal gland

skin of the lateral portion of the upper eye lid and its associated conjunctiva

lacrimal n. carries the postganglionic parasympathetic axons from the zygomaticotemporal br. of the maxillary n. that originate in the pterygopalatine ganglion

laryngeal, inferior recurrent laryngeal br. of the vagus n. (X)

no named branches

all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid; those muscles are: thyroarytenoid, oblique and transverse

mucous membrane of the larynx below the vocal fold

inferior laryngeal n. is the continuation of the recurrent laryngeal n., the name change occurs at the cricothyroid articulation

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arytenoid, posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid, aryepiglottic, thyroepiglottic, vocalis; secretomotor to the mucous membrane of the larynx below the vocal fold

laryngeal, recurrent

vagus n. (X) esophageal brs., tracheal brs., cardiac brs., pharyngeal brs., inferior laryngeal n.

upper esophagus, lower pharynx, laryngeal mm. (except cricopharyngeus); smooth muscle of the trachea; secretomotor to mucosal glands in the upper esophagus, lower pharynx, larynx below the vocal fold, trachea; cardiac muscle of the heart (slows heart rate,

upper esophagus, lower pharynx, larynx below the vocal folds, GVA from heart

right recurrent laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the right subclavian a.; left recurrent laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the aortic arch and ligamentum arteriosum; the inferior laryngeal br. supplies all intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT the cricothyroid m.

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decreases force of contraction)

laryngeal, superior vagus n. (X) internal br., external br.

cricothyroid m., inferior pharyngeal constrictor m.; secretomotor to mucosal glands of the larynx above the vocal folds

mucous membrane of the larynx above the vocal folds

external br. supplies the cricothyroid m.; all other intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal n.

lateral supraclavicular n.


no named branches

none skin of the root of the neck and upper shoulder


lesser occipital n. ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve C2

no named branches

none skin behind the ear lesser occipital n. arises from the cervical plexus

lesser palatine n. maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2)

no named branches

none mucous membrane of the soft palate and posterior hard palate

lesser palatine n. passes through the greater palatine canal and lesser palatine foramen

lesser petrosal n. tympanic nerve, from the glossopharyngeal n. (IX)

otic ganglion secretomotor (preganglionic parasympathetic) for the parotid

none lesser petrosal n. synapses in the otic ganglion and postganglionic

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gland axons distribute to the parotid gland by joining the auriculotemporal n.

lingual n. mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3)

no named branches

none general sense from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and floor of the mouth

lingual n. is joined by the chorda tympani (taste and preganglionic parasympathetic) from the facial n. in the infratemporal fossa; the submandibular ganglion hangs from the lingual nerve in the paralingual space

long ciliary n. nasociliary no named branches

none eyeball (GSA) these nerves bypass the ciliary ganglion

mandibular division of the trigeminal n.

trigeminal ganglion; motor root arises from the pons

meningeal br., medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid nn., masseteric n., anterior and posterior deep temporal nn., buccal n.,

SVE: mylohyoid m., anterior belly of the digastric m.; tensor tympani m., tensor veli palatini m.; muscles of mastication (temporalis,

GSA: skin of the lower lip and jaw extending superiorly above level of the ear; mucous membrane of the tongue and floor of the mouth; lower teeth and gingiva of

also known as: V3; passes through the foramen ovale to exit the middle cranial fossa; the otic ganglion is associated with the medial side of V3 below the foramen

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auriculotemporal n., lingual n., inferior alveolar n.

masseter, medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid)

the mandibular alveolar arch

ovale; the auriculotemporal n. carries postganglionic parasympathetic axons to the parotid gland; the submandibular ganglion is associated withe the lingual n. near the submandibular gland; postganglionic parasympathetics from the submandibular ganglion supply the submandibular gland and the sublingual gland

mandibular, marginal

facial n. (cervicofacial division)

no named branches

orbicularis oris m., depressor anguli oris m., depressor labii inferioris m., mentalis m.

none branches of the facial nerve innervate muscles derived from the mesenchyme of the second pharygeal arch

masseteric n. mandibular no named masseter m. none masseteric n.

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division of the trigeminal n.

branches passes over the mandibular notch to reach the deep surface of the masseter m.

maxillary division of the trigeminal n.

trigeminal ganglion

meningeal br., posterior superior alveolar n., pharyngeal, posterior superior medial and lateral nasal brs., nasopalatine n., greater and lesser palatine nn., zygomatic n., infraorbital n.

none GSA: skin of the upper lip, cheek, lower eyelid; mucous membrane of the palate; teeth and gingiva of the maxillary alveolar arch; the mucous membrane lining most of the nasal cavity; the mucous membrane lining the maxillary sinus

also known as: V2; maxillary division of the trigeminal n. passes through the foramen rotundum to enter the pterygopalatine fossa; the pterygopalatine ganglion is associated with it in the pterygopalatine fossa; postganglionic parasympathetic fibers distribute with branches of the maxillary division to mucous glands of the nasal cavity and palate; the zygomatic n. & its brs. carry postganglionic

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parasympathetic axons to the orbit to reach the lacrimal n. and lacrimal gland

medial supraclavicular n.


no named branches

none skin of the root of the neck and upper chest, anteriorly


mental n. inferior alveolar n.

no named branches

none skin of the chin the lower lip

mental n. passes through the mental foramen

middle superior alveolar

infraorbital n. dental plexus none maxillary premolar teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus

middle superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire length

mylohyoid, n. to inferior alveolar n., a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3)

no named branches

mylohyoid m., anterior belly of the digastric m.

none n. to mylohyoid arises near the lingula of the mandible; course within the mylohyoid groove of the mandible

nasociliary n. ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n.

communicating br. to the ciliary ganglion, long

none eyeball, skin of the nose and medial sides of the eyelids;

the distribution of this nerve is indicated by its

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(V1) ciliary n., anterior and posterior ethmoidal nn., infratrochlear n.

conjunctiva of the medial sides of the eyelids; mucous membranes of the upper nasal cavity, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses

name - nasociliary

nasopalatine n. maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2)

no named branches

none mucous membrane of the nasal septum; mucous membrane of the anterior portion of the palate

nasopalatine n. innervates the mucosa overlying the primary palate (development); it passes through two openings in bone: sphenopalatine foramen and incisive canal

nervus intermedius pons & medulla: nucleus solitarius of medulla (SVA sensory root) from geniculate ganglion; superior salivatory nucleus (GVE preganglionic parasympathetic

joins with the motor root to form the facial n. (VII); its fibers are contained in the greater petrosal n. and the chorda tympani

secretomotor to the lacrimal gland and mucous glands of the lower nasal cavity; secretomotor to the mucosa of the maxillary sinus and palate (synapse occurs at the

taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

nervus intermedius occupies an intermediate position between the motor root of VII and cranial n. VIII when they enter the internal acoustic meatus

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) of pons pterygopalatine ganglion); secretomotor to submandibular and sublingual glands (synapse occurs at the submandibular ganglion)

occipital, greater dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve C2 (medial br.)

no named branches


skin of the posterior surface of the scalp


occipital, lesser ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve C2

no named branches

none skin behind the ear lesser occipital n. arises from the cervical plexus

occipitalis tertius dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve C3 (medial br.)

no named branches


skin of the posterior surface of the neck


oculomotor n. oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain (extraocular muscles); accessory

superior br., inferior br.

GSE: superior br.: levator palpebrae superioris m., superior rectus m.; inferior br: medial rectus m., inferior

none also known as: CN III; oculomotor n. passes through the superior orbital fissure to exit the middle cranial

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oculomotor nucleus (nucleus of Edinger-Westphal - preganglionic parasympathetic)

rectus m., inferior oblique m.; GVE: ciliary m. & sphincter pupillae m. (preganglionic parasympathetic axons go to the ciliary ganglion via the parasympathetic root, postganglionic parasympathetic go from the ciliary ganglion to the eyeball via short ciliary nn.)

fossa

of the pterygoid canal

formed by the union of the greater petrosal n. (preganglionic parasympathetic) and the deep petrosal n.(postganglionic sympathetic)

ends in the pterygopalatine ganglion (parasympathetic)

secretomotor (parasympathetic) to: lacrimal gland and mucous glands of nasal cavity and maxillary sinus; sympathetic innervation to vascular smooth muscle in the same region

none contains: preganglionic axons of the greater petrosal n. bound for pterygopalatine ganglion where they will synapse; postganglionic sympathetic axons of the deep petrosal n. which will pass through the

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pterygopalatine ganglion without synapsing

olfactory n. the filaments of the bipolar olfactory epithelial cells constitute the olfactory n.

second order olfactory nerve cell bodies located in the olfactory bulb

none smell (SVA) also known as: CN I, 1st cranial n.; multiple olfactory filaments pass through the cribriform plate to enter the anterior cranial fossa and synapse in the olfactory bulb; the olfactory tract carries the signal from the bulb to olfactory cortex of the forebrain

ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n.

trigeminal ganglion

meningeal br., lacrimal n., frontal n., nasociliary n.

none (GSA) skin of the forehead, upper eyelid and nose; mucous membrane of the upper nasal cavity, frontal sinus, ethmoid air cells and sphenoid sinuses

also known as: V1; the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. passes through the superior orbital fissure to exit the middle cranial fossa; the lacrimal n. receives postganglionic

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parasympathetic axons to the lacrimal gland from the zygomaticotemporal br. of the zygomatic n.

optic n. ganglion layer of the retina to the forebrain

none none vision (SSA) also known as: CN II, 2nd cranial nerve; the course of the optic nerve is: through the optic canal to the optic chiasma, then the optic tract to the lateral geniculate body and optic radiation

otic ganglion preganglionic parasympathetic via the lesser petrosal, from the tympanic n. of the glossopharyngeal n. (IX)

postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute with the parotid brs. of the auriculotemporal n. (from V3)

secretomotor to the parotid gland

none a parasympathetic ganglion; the otic ganglion hangs off of the mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3) inferomedial to the foramen ovale

palatine, greater maxillary division of the

posterior inferior lateral nasal brs.

none mucous membrane of the inferior part of

greater palatine n. passes through the

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trigeminal n. (V2)

the lateral nasal wall; mucosa of the hard palate

greater palatine canal and foramen

palatine, lesser maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2)

no named branches

none mucous membrane of the soft palate and posterior hard palate

lesser palatine n. passes through the greater palatine canal and lesser palatine foramen

petrosal, deep internal carotid plexus

no named branches

vascular smooth muscle of the mucous membranes of the lower nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and palate

none deep petrosal n. joins the greater petrosal n. to form the n. of the pterygoid canal; the deep petrosal n. contains postganglionic sympathetic axons (synapse occurred in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion)

petrosal, greater facial (VII) no named branches

secretomotor (preganglionic parasympathetic) to: lacrimal gland, mucous glands of the lower nasal

none greater petrosal n. joins the deep petrosal n. to form the n. of the pterygoid canal; the greater petrosal n.

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cavity, maxillary sinus and palate

contains: preganglionic parasympathetic axons bound for the pterygopalatine ganglion where they will synapse; it passes through the hiatus of canal of greater petrosal n. in the petrous part of the temporal bone

petrosal, lesser tympanic nerve, from the glossopharyngeal n. (IX)

otic ganglion secretomotor (preganglionic parasympathetic) for the parotid gland

none lesser petrosal n. synapses in the otic ganglion and postganglionic axons distribute to the parotid gland by joining the auriculotemporal n.

pharyngeal plexus motor contributed by the vagus n. (X); sensory contributed by the glossopharyngeal n. (IX),

no named branches

vagus: all muscles of the pharynx except stylopharyngeus; sympathetic: smooth muscle in the pharyngeal vasculature

glossopharyngeal: mucous membrane lining the pharynx

the muscles of the pharyngeal wall are skeletal m. derived from the mesenchyme of the 4th pharyngeal arch

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vasomotor contributed by the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

phrenic n. ventral primary rami of spinal nerves C3-C5 (cervical plexus)

no named branches

skeletal muscle of the respiratory diaphragm

diaphragmatic pleura; some fibers contributed to the pericardium and to the adjacent mediastinal and costal pleurae

phrenic n. crosses the anterior surface of the anterior scalene m.

plexus, brachial ventral primary rami of C5-8 and T1

dorsal scapular, long thoracic, n. to subclavius, suprascapular, lateral and medial pectoral, medial brachial and antebrachial cutaneous, upper, middle and lower subscapular, musculocutaneous, ulnar, median, axillary, radial

muscles of the upper limb, excluding trapezius

skin of the upper limb

plexus is a latin word meaning "braid"; axons from spinal cord levels C5-T1 are mixed (braided) in the brachial plexus and repackaged into terminal branches so that each branch contains axons from several spinal cord segmental levels

plexus, cervical ventral primary brs. to: longus longus colli & skin of the close association of

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rami of spinal nerves C1-C4

colli & capitis, sternocleidomastoid m., trapezius m., levator scapulae m., scalenus medius m., rectus capitis anterior and lateralis mm.; superior & inferior root of the ansa cervicalis, n. to the thyrohyoid m., n. to the geniohyoid m., lesser occipital n., great auricular n., transverse cervical n., supraclavicular nn. (medial, intermediate and lateral), contributions to the phrenic n. from C3 and C4

capitis mm., rectus capitis anterior & lateralis mm., infrahyoid mm., thyrohyoid m., geniohyoid m., respiratory diaphragm

anterolateral neck; skin of the ear and skin behind the ear

the supraclavicular nn. to the phrenic n. results in pain from the respiratory diaphragm referred to the shoulder

plexus, esophageal right and left vagus (X) nn.; thoracic visceral brs. of the sympathetic

anterior and posterior vagal trunks

preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the vagus n. supply smooth muscle

vagus: GVA from the esophagus and abdominal gut proximal to the left colic flexure;

during development of the gut, the stomach and esophagus rotate 90° to the

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trunk and glands of the thoracic esophagus and abdominal gut and its derivatives proximal to the left colic flexure; postganglionic sympathetic axons from the thoracic visceral brs. supply vascular smooth muscle in the esophageal vessels

thoracic visceral brs.carry pain from the esophagus

right with the result that the left and right vagus nerves mix in the esophageal plexus and emerge as anterior and posterior vagal trunks

plexus, external carotid





plexus, internal carotid

superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk, via the internal carotid n.

most distribute along the brs. of the internal carotid artery, although the deep petrosal n. is an exception because it runs a short course

vascular smooth muscle of the brain, orbit, forehead, upper nasal cavity; arrector pili muscles of forehead and


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independent of an artery

anterior scalp; sweat glands of the forehead; dilator pupillae m.

plexus, pharyngeal motor contributed by the vagus n. (X); sensory contributed by the glossopharyngeal n. (IX), vasomotor contributed by the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

no named branches

vagus: all muscles of the pharynx except stylopharyngeus; sympathetic: smooth muscle in the pharyngeal vasculature

glossopharyngeal: mucous membrane lining the pharynx

the muscles of the pharyngeal wall are skeletal m. derived from the mesenchyme of the 4th pharyngeal arch

posterior deep temporal n.


no named branches



posterior ethmoidal n.

nasociliary n. no named branches

none mucous membrane lining the posterior ethmoid air cells and

posterior ethmoidal n. exits the orbit by passing through the

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sphenoid sinus posterior ethmoid foramen

posterior superior alveolar n.

maxillary n. dental plexus none maxillary molar teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus

posterior superior alveolar n. enters bone by passing through the small foramina on the posterior surface of the maxilla

pterygopalatine ganglion

preganglionic parasympathetic axons arrive via the n. of the pterygoid canal from greater petrosal n. of the facial n (VII); postganglionic sympathetic axons arrive via the n. of the pterygoid canal from the deep petrosal n.

postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute via the greater & lesser palatine nn., nasopalatine n., sphenopalatine n. and zygomatic n.

secretomotor to: mucous glands of the palate, nasal cavity, lacrimal gland

none a parasympathetic ganglion; the pterygopalatine ganglion hangs off of the maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2) within the pterygopalatine fossa; preganglionic axons of the greater petrosal n. synapse here; postganglionic sympathetic axons of the deep petrosal n. pass through the otic ganglion without synapsing

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(they synapse in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion)

ramus communicans, gray

cell bodies located in the sympathetic chain ganglia

none carries postganglionic sympathetic axons to the spinal nerve; spinal nerve will carry those axons peripherally to the skin, blood vessels, etc.

none gray rami communicantes connect the sympathetic chain to spinal nerves at all vertebral levels

ramus communicans, white

cell bodies located in the lateral horn gray matter of spinal cord levels T1-L2;

none axons contained within white rami communicantes will synapse on postganglionic cell bodies that will ultimately innervate the skin, viscera, glands, blood vessels, etc.

pain from viscera is carried back to the spinal cord through the white ramus communicans

white rami communicantes connect the sympathetic chain to spinal nerves at vertebral levels T1-L2; carries preganglionic sympathetic axons

recurrent laryngeal n.

vagus n. (X) esophageal brs., tracheal brs., cardiac brs., pharyngeal brs.,

upper esophagus, lower pharynx, laryngeal mm. (except

upper esophagus, lower pharynx, larynx below the vocal folds, GVA

right recurrent laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the right subclavian

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inferior laryngeal n.

cricopharyngeus); smooth muscle of the trachea; secretomotor to mucosal glands in the upper esophagus, lower pharynx, larynx below the vocal fold, trachea; cardiac muscle of the heart (slows heart rate, decreases force of contraction)

from heart a.; left recurrent laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the aortic arch and ligamentum arteriosum; the inferior laryngeal br. supplies all intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT the cricothyroid m.

semilunar ganglion ophthalmic (V1) , maxillary (V2) and mandibular (V3) divisions of the trigeminal n.

sensory fibers depart via the trigeminal n. (V)

none skin of the face, mucous membranes of the nasal and oral cavities, mucous membrane of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue (GSA only)

a sensory ganglion equivalent in histological structure and function to a dorsal root ganglion; also known as. trigeminal or Gasserian ganglion

short ciliary n. ciliary ganglion: sensory root - from the nasociliary n.(a branch of V1);

multiple short ciliary nn. which leave the ciliary ganglion anteriorly

sphincter pupillae & ciliary mm. (parasympathetic), dilator pupillae (sympathetic)

eyeball (GSA) short ciliary nn. are mixed nerves which contain sensory and 2 types of autonomic nerve

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sympathetic root - from the internal carotid plexus; parasympathetic root - from the inferior division of the oculomotor n. (III)

fibers; postganglionic parasympathetic neurons whose axons are located in these nerves have their cell bodies located in the ciliary ganglion

spiral ganglion fibers of the cochlear hair cells

cochlear n. portion of the vestibulocochlear n. (VIII)

none hearing (SSA) a sensory ganglion of the cochlear part of CN VIII

stellate ganglion neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord level T1

gray rami communicans to spinal nerves C8 and T1 (postganglionic sympathetic); thoracic visceral br.

vascular smooth muscle, arrector pili muscle, sweat glands of the C8 & T1 cutaneous distribution on chest & upper limb (C8 and T1 dermatomes); vascular smooth muscle of the lungs

pain from lungs stellate ganglion is formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion and the T1 ganglion of the sympathetic trunk

submandibular ganglion

preganglionic parasympathetic

postganglionic parasympathetic

secretomotor to the submandibular

none a terminal parasympathetic

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axons from the chorda tympani (accompanying the lingual n. from the mandibular division of the trigeminal n.)

axons distribute either directly, or with branches of the lingual n. to the submandibular and sublingual glands

and sublingual glands and the small glands of the lingual mucosa

ganglion; submandibular ganglion is suspended from the lingual n. near the deep part of the submandibular gland

suboccipital n. dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve C1

no named branches

muscles of the suboccipital triangle: rectus capitis posterior major m., rectus capitis posterior minor m., obliquus capitis superior m., obliquus capitis inferior m.

no cutaneous branches

spinal nerve C1 has NO cutaneous distribution

superior laryngeal n.

vagus n. (X) internal br., external br.

cricothyroid m., inferior pharyngeal constrictor m.; secretomotor to mucosal glands of the larynx above the vocal folds

mucous membrane of the larynx above the vocal folds

external br. supplies the cricothyroid m.; all other intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal n.

supraclavicular, cervical plexus no named none skin of the root of pain from

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intermediate (C3&C4) branches the neck and upper chest, near the mid-clavicle

respiratory diaphragm is referred to the shoulder

supraclavicular, lateral


no named branches

none skin of the root of the neck and upper shoulder


supraclavicular, medial


no named branches

none skin of the root of the neck and upper chest, anteriorly


supraorbital n. frontal n, from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1)

medial and lateral brs.

none skin of the forehead; mucous membrane of the frontal sinus

supraorbital nerve passes through the supraorbital foramen (notch)

supratrochlear n. frontal n, from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1)

no named branches

none skin of the medial forehead and the medial part of the upper eyelid; associated conjunctiva

supratrochlear n. passes superior to the trochlea (pulley) of the superior oblique m.

sympathetic chain ganglia, cervical

preganglionic sympathetic

postganglionic sympathetic depart

dilator pupillae m.; vascular

pain from viscera located parallel to the vertebral bodies

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fibers arrive via white rami communicantes of ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T1-T5

via gray rami communicans to cervical spinal nn.; internal and external carotid nn.; cervical cardiac brs.

smooth muscle; arrector pili muscles and sweat glands of head and neck; heart and lungs

in the neck; there are no white rami communicantes at cervical levels

temporal, anterior deep


no named branches



temporal, posterior deep


no named branches



temporofacial division of the facial n.

facial n. temporal, zygomatic and buccal brs.

muscles of facial expression of the upper part of the face; frontalis m., anterior and superior auricularis mm.

none temporofacial division of the facial n. usually forms a loop by communication anteriorly with the cervicofacial

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division

to carotid body glossopharyngeal n. (IX)

no named branches

none sensory receptors in the carotid body and carotid sinus

chemoreception (blood pH) in carotid body; blood pressure receptors in carotid sinus; both located near the bifurcation of the common carotid a.; the vagus n. (X) may share a role in this innervation

to digastric m., posterior belly

facial n. (VII) no named branches

posterior belly of the digastric m.

none the anterior belly of the digastric m. is formed by mesenchyme from the 1st pharyngeal arch and is supplied by the n. to the mylohyoid m. (V3)

to geniohyoid m. C1 fibers from the superior root of the ansa cervicalis

no named branches

geniohyoid m. none nerve to the geniohyoid m. travels with the hypoglossal nerve for a short distance in the superior neck

transverse cervical cervical plexus no named none skin of the anterior transverse cervical

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n. (C2 and C3) branches surface of the neck n. penetrates the platysma m. but does not innervate it

trigeminal n. motor root arises from the trigeminal motor nucleus in the pons (SVE); sensory part arises from the trigeminal ganglion (GSA) and projects into the pons to the primary sensory nucleus of V or more inferiorly to the nucleus of the spinal root of V (medulla and upper spinal cord)

ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular divisions

SVE: anterior belly of the digastric m., mylohyoid m., tensor veli palatini m., tensor tympani m.; muscles of mastication: temporalis m., masseter m., lateral pterygoid m., medial pterygoid m.

skin of the face; mucous membranes of the nasal and oral cavities; general sensation (GSA) to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

also known as: CN V, 5th cranial nerve; some brs. carry pre- or postganglionic parasympathetic fibers; the trigeminal n. divides into three divisions at the trigeminal ganglion; SVE supplies muscles of 1st pharyngeal arch origin

trochlear n. trochlear nucleus of the midbrain

no named branches

superior oblique m. of the eye (GSE)

none also known as: CN IV, 4th cranial nerve; the trochlear n. passes through the superior orbital fissure to exit the

54

middle cranial fossa; it is the smallest cranial nerve and the only cranial nerve to arise from dorsum of brainstem

tympanic n. glossopharyngeal n.

tympanic plexus, which gives rise to the lesser petrosal n.

secretomotor (preganglionic parasympathetic axons which will synapse in the otic ganglion) to the parotid gland

mucous membrane lining the middle ear cavity

tympanic n. passes from the inferior ganglion of CN IX through the tympanic canaliculus to reach the middle ear

vagus n. medulla: dorsal motor nucleus (GVE preganglionic parasympathetic); inferior ganglion (GVA); nucleus ambiguus (SVE); superior ganglion (GSA); inferior ganglion(SVA)

auricular br., pharyngeal br., superior laryngeal, superior and inferior cervical cardiac brs., recurrent laryngeal n., thoracic cardiac brs., brs. to the pulmonary plexus, brs. to the esophageal plexus, anterior and posterior vagal trunks

SVE: intrinsic muscles of the larynx, pharynx (except stylopharyngeus), and palate (except tensor veli palatini); GVE: smooth muscle of the respiratory tree & gut (proximal to the left colic flexure), heart; secretomotor:

GSA: skin of the external auditory meatus; GVA: viscera of head, neck, thorax & abdomen proximal to the left colic flexure; SVA: taste from the epiglottis

also known as: CN X, 10th cranial nerve; the vagus n. passes through the jugular foramen to exit the posterior cranial fossa; vagus means "wanderer" in reference to its extensive distribution to the body cavities

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mucous glands of the larynx, respiratory tree, pharynx and gut; secretomotor to digestive glands

vestibular n. pons and medulla

no named branches

none balance/proprioception (SSA)

vestibular n. is part of the vestibulocochlear n.

vestibulocochlear n.

pons & medulla: vestibular nuclei from the vestibular ganglion of the semicircular ducts; cochlear nuclei in the inferior cerebellar peduncle

divides within the temporal bone into vestibular and cochlear parts

none vestibular: balance/proprioception (SSA); cochlear: hearing (SSA)

also known as: CN VIII, 8th cranial nerve; auditory nerve; passes into the internal auditory meatus

white ramus communicans

cell bodies located in the lateral horn gray matter of spinal cord levels T1-L2;

none axons contained within white rami communicantes will synapse on postganglionic cell bodies that will ultimately

pain from viscera is carried back to the spinal cord through the white ramus communicans

white rami communicantes connect the sympathetic chain to spinal nerves at vertebral levels T1-L2; carries

56

innervate the skin, viscera, glands, blood vessels, etc.

preganglionic sympathetic axons

zygomatic n. maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2)

zygomaticofacial & zygomaticotemporal

carries secretomotor fibers

skin of the face lateral and superior to the orbit

zygomatic n. carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion to the lacrimal gland (via the communicating br. of the zygomaticotemporal n. which joins the lacrimal n.)

zygomaticofacial n.

zygomatic from the maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2)

no named branches

none skin of face lateral to the orbit

zygomaticofacial n. passes through the zygomaticofacial foramen

zygomaticotemporal n.

zygomatic from the maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2)

communicating br. carries secretomotor fibers

skin of face superolateral to the orbit

zygomaticotemporal n. carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion to the

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lacrimal gland (via the communicating br. which joins the lacrimal n.)

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64183829 Nervi Glave i Vrata