234

7. 7. 7. 7. rkaKk; gz;ghLk;rkaKk; gz;ghLk;rkaKk; gz;ghLk;rkaKk; gz;ghLk;

kdpj tho;tpy; rkak;> nka;apay;> gz;ghL Njhw;wk; gw;wp gy Ma;TfSk;>

KbTfSk; te;jtz;zKs;sd. rkak; vd;gjw;F fhye;NjhWk; nghUs; khwp

te;Js;sJ. njhlf;fj;jpy; nfhs;if> rkak; vd;W nghUs;. ,Nj nghUspy; kjk;

vd;w nrhy;Yk; gad;gLj;jg;ngw;Ws;sJ. Mdhy; mr;nrhy; ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; jhd;

gad;ghl;bw;F te;jJ. njhlf;fj;jpy; rkak; vd;w nrhy;Ny gad;ghl;bypUe;jJ.

rkak; gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; kdpj tho;tpy; vOr;rp ngw;wJ. fp.K.6-5 Mk;

E}w;whz;by; cyfk; KOtJk; rpe;jidahsu;fs; jq;fs; rpe;jidfis

cUthf;fpdu;. Me;j Mf;fk; r%fj; NjitahfTk; ,Ue;jJ. nka;apay; Qhdpfs;

cUthf;fpa nfhs;iffs; me;je;j r%fj;jpy; ghuJ}ukhd khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L

te;jd. jkpo;ehl;by; mitjPf rkaq;fs; te;J Nru;e;j NghJ jkpo;ehl;bYk; Xahj

g+rYk;> ,uj;jf; fsupAk; kpFe;jpUe;jd. fp.gp.12-Mk; E}w;whz;by; rkak; vd;gJ

Fwpg;gpl;l njhopw;FOitNah> Fwpg;gpl;l rhjpiaNah Fwpj;J te;jJ. ,e;jg;

nghUis jf;f rhd;WfSld; tpsf;fpdhu; Nf.tp. Rg;ukzpa ma;au;. mtu;

fUj;Jg;gb rkak; vd;gJ Cufk;> njhopw;$l;lk;> rhjp Mfpa nghUisj; je;J

epd;wJ. rpj;jpuNkop ngupaehL gw;wpa fy;ntl;Lfspy; rkak;> rka jUkk;> rka

Kjyp Mfpa nrhw;fs; NkNy $wpa nghUs; mbg;gilapy; vOe;jit. ‘,lq;if

njhz;Z}w;nwl;L rkaj;jhu; ul;ir’ vd;W tUtJ ,lq;if njhz;Z}w;nwl;L

rhjpahu; ul;ir’ vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf gad;gLj;jg; ngw;w thf;fpak;. mjdhy; rkak;

vd;w nrhy; ,ilf;fhyf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; rhjp vd;w nghUspy; toq;fg;ngw;wJ.

,t;tha;tpy; rkak; vd;gJ Religion vd;w nghUspYk;> nka;apay; vd;w

nghUspYk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg; ngw;Ws;sJ. kzpNkfiyapy; rkaf;fzf;fu; vd;W

$WtJ jj;JtQhdp vd;w nghUspy; toq;fg; ngw;wijNa vLj;Jf;

nfhs;sg;ngWfpd;wJ. jkpo;ehl;by; fpilf;fpd;w njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; rkzk;>

235

ngsj;jk;> MrPtfk; Mfpa rkaq;fs; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;j jd;ikia

cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mtw;iw mitjPf rkaq;fs; vd;W miog;gu;. fy;ntl;Lr;

rhd;Wfs; rkz rkaj;ijAk;> ngsj;j rkaj;ijAk; gw;wpaitahff; fUjg;

ngWfpd;wd. Ntz;Lkhdhy; MrPtfj;ijAk; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. ,Ug;gpDk;

MrPtfk; njhlu;e;J nry;thf;Fg; ngwtpy;iy.

ngsj;jk;ngsj;jk;ngsj;jk;ngsj;jk;

mNrhfdJ fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpah KOtJk; fly; fle;Jk; rpwg;Gw;wpUe;j

ngsj;j rkak; jkpofj;jpYk; gutpapUe;jJ. vdpDk; jkpofj;jpd; flw;fiuNahug;

gFjpfspNyNa ngsj;jk; nropg;Gw;wpUe;jJ vdyhk;. jkpofj;jpy; ngsj;j

klhyaq;fs; g+k;Gfhu;> fhQ;rpGuk;> ehfg;gl;bdk; Kjypa flw;fiuNahug;

gFjpfspNyNa mike;Js;sijr; Rl;bf; fhl;lyhk;. jkpo;g;gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lfs;

cs;s Fifj;jsq;fspd; mikg;G ,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j Jwtpfs; tho;e;j gpuhkp

fy;ntl;L Fifj;jsq;fNshL xj;Jf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

g+k;Gfhu; mfo;tpy; fpilj;j Gj;juJ ghjk; ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,jd;

fhyk; fp.gp.2-Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk;. NkYk; ,q;F flypy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;l epd;w

epiy Gj;juJ rpw;gk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. nrd;id ,uhag;Ngl;ilapy; fpilj;j

mku;e;j epiyapy; cs;s Gj;ju; rpw;gk; fp.gp.2-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jjhFk;. ,J

mkuhtjpapy; cs;s ngsj;j rpw;gq;fisg; Nghd;w mikg;gpy; ,it fhzg;gLtJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. fhQ;rpGuk; mfo;tpy; fpilj;j Gj;jtpfhuk; gz;ilafhyj;ijr;

Nru;e;jjhFk;. Me;jpuhtpy; cs;s fd;Ndupapy; cs;s ngsj;jf;Filtiuf;

Nfhapypy; fpilf;Fk; fy;ntl;nlhd;W> jkpo;g;ngz;fs; mq;F nfhil ey;fpaijf;

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

rkzk;rkzk;rkzk;rkzk;

,d;W i[dk; vd;W miof;fg; ngWk; rkak; gz;ila ehspy; rkzk;

vd;W miof;fg;ngw;wJ. fy;ntl;Lfspy; rkzd; vd;Wk;> mkzd; vd;Wk;

236

miof;fg;ngw;wJ. Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; vy;yhj; jkpo;g;gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;LfSk;

rkz rkaj;ijr; rhu;e;jit vd;W fUJfpwhu;. Mdhy; rpy fy;ntl;Lfs; ngsj;j

rkaj;ijr; Nru;e;jit Mfyhk;. fpof;Ff; flw;fiuia xl;bag; gFjpapy; cs;s

njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; ngsj;j rkaj;ijr; Nru;e;jit. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; MrPtfk;

kl;Lkpd;wp cyfha;jk;> rhq;fpak;> kPkhk;rk; Nghd;w mWtif rkaq;fs;

Fwpf;fg;ngWfpd;wd.

rkz rkaj;jpw;Fr; rq;ffhyj;jpy; midj;Jj; jug;gpdUk;

Mjutspj;jpUg;gijf; fy;ntl;Lfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ghz;bau;> Nruu;> mjpakhd;>

Nghd;w Nguuru;fs; rkzKdptu;fSf;Ff; Fifj;jsq;fis cUthf;fpf;

nfhLj;Js;sdu;. NkYk; jkpo;ehl;by; tho;e;j rpw;wuru;fs;> fpuhkj; jiytu;fs;>

mur cwtpdu;fs;> mjpfhupfs;> tzpfu;fs;> gy;NtW r%fj;jpidr; rhu;e;j

nry;te;ju;fs; vd;W gy;NtW jug;gpdu;fs; Fifj;jsj;jpid cUthf;fpa

mwf;nfhilahsu;fshff; fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wdu;.

njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; rkz rkaj;jpd; ,Ug;gpid typAWj;jp epw;fpd;wd.

jkpofk; KOtJk; fpilf;fpd;w jkpo;g; nghwpg;Gfs; rkz Kdptu;fSf;F

mspf;fg;ngw;w gs;spf; nfhilahfNt cs;sd. gLf;ifia gs;sp> mjpl;lhdk;>

eprPjpif> ciwa;> ghsp> fy;fhQ;rdk; vdg;gy ngau;fshy; miof;fg; ngWfpd;wd.

gs;sp vd;gjw;F gLf;if vd;W nghUs; nfhz;L rkzKdptu;fs; ,utpy;

gLj;Jwq;Ftjw;F my;yJ jq;Ftjw;F gLf;iffs; vd;W nfhs;sg; ngWfpd;wd.

jpUehju; Fd;W fy;ntl;L eprPjpif vd;gjw;F Kd; Ik;gj;Njod;d rdk; Nehw;w

re;jpu ee;jp vd;W Fwpf;fg;ngWfpd;wJ. cz;zh Nehd;gpUe;J capu; Jwe;j

gpd;jhd; epidTr; rpd;dkhf miof;fg; ngw;wNj gLf;if. Kdptu; capNuhbUf;Fk;

NghJ gLf;if mikf;Fk; tof;fk; ,y;iy vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. NkYk;

kPdhl;rpGuj;jpy; fzpa; ee;jrpupa; vd;gtDf;F gyu; gLf;iffis mikj;Js;sdu;.

cz;ikapNyNa gLg;gjw;nfd;W mikj;jhy; xd;W kl;Lk; NghJNk. gyu; gy

gLf;iffs; mikj;jjd; Nehf;fk; mtutu; KdptUf;F epidTr; rpd;dkhf ntl;bf;

237

nfhLj;jNj MFk;. gyu; gLf;iffis ntl;bf; nfhLj;jhu;fs; vd;gjw;F gpd;tUk;

fy;ntl;LfNs rhd;W.

1.1.1.1. fzpa; ee;j ]pupa;,Ftd;Nf jk;kk;fzpa; ee;j ]pupa;,Ftd;Nf jk;kk;fzpa; ee;j ]pupa;,Ftd;Nf jk;kk;fzpa; ee;j ]pupa;,Ftd;Nf jk;kk;

<j;j neLQ;ropad; gzmd; flyd;<j;j neLQ;ropad; gzmd; flyd;<j;j neLQ;ropad; gzmd; flyd;<j;j neLQ;ropad; gzmd; flyd;

tOj;jpa; nfhl;Lgpj;jg; gspa;tOj;jpa; nfhl;Lgpj;jg; gspa;tOj;jpa; nfhl;Lgpj;jg; gspa;tOj;jpa; nfhl;Lgpj;jg; gspa;338338338338

2.2.2.2. fzpa; ee;j]pupa; Fmd; jk;kk;fzpa; ee;j]pupa; Fmd; jk;kk;fzpa; ee;j]pupa; Fmd; jk;kk;fzpa; ee;j]pupa; Fmd; jk;kk;

<j;j neLQ;ropad; ryfd; ,sQ;rbfd;<j;j neLQ;ropad; ryfd; ,sQ;rbfd;<j;j neLQ;ropad; ryfd; ,sQ;rbfd;<j;j neLQ;ropad; ryfd; ,sQ;rbfd;

je;ija; rbfd; ghspa;je;ija; rbfd; ghspa;je;ija; rbfd; ghspa;je;ija; rbfd; ghspa;339339339339

3.3.3.3. fzp, ej]pupa; Ftd;fzp, ej]pupa; Ftd;fzp, ej]pupa; Ftd;fzp, ej]pupa; Ftd;

nts;miwa; epfkJnts;miwa; epfkJnts;miwa; epfkJnts;miwa; epfkJ

fhtpjp,a; fhopjpf me;ijfhtpjp,a; fhopjpf me;ijfhtpjp,a; fhopjpf me;ijfhtpjp,a; fhopjpf me;ij

m]_jd; gpzc nfhLgpNjhd;m]_jd; gpzc nfhLgpNjhd;m]_jd; gpzc nfhLgpNjhd;m]_jd; gpzc nfhLgpNjhd;340340340340

4. nts; miw epfkNjhu; nfhbXu;4. nts; miw epfkNjhu; nfhbXu;4. nts; miw epfkNjhu; nfhbXu;4. nts; miw epfkNjhu; nfhbXu;341341341341

NkNy fhl;lg;ngw;w rhd;Wfs; xU Kdptu;f;Fg; gyu; gLf;if mikj;j

nra;jpiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. xUtUf;Nf gyu; mikg;gjd; Nehf;fk; epidTr;

rpd;dkhf ,Uf;f KbAk;. Fwpg;gpl;l Kdptu; thOq; fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F

mikf;fg;gl;ljy;y. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; rkzu; gLf;ifiag; gw;wpf; $wtpy;iy.

Fd;Wiw jtrpau; (ew;.143) vd;W xU Fwpg;G tUfpd;wJ. NkYk; mz;ikapy;

fpilj;j rq;ffhy eLfy; xd;wpy; ‘ghfy; ghspa; fy;’ vd;W

nghwpf;fg;gl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,q;F eLfy; tPud; Gijf;fg;ngw;w ,lj;ijg;

338

jp.=.=ju;> ‘jkpo;-gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lfs;’ > jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiw> nrd;id> 2006> g.17

339

NkyJ. g.18

340

NkyJ. g.19 341

NkyJ. g.20

238

gs;sp vd;W Fwpf;fg; ngw;Ws;sik vLj;Jf;fhl;lj;jf;fJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy;

GwehD}w;wpy; rpy ghly;fspd; mbf;Fwpg;gpy; Fuhg;gs;sp JQ;rpa> ,yte;jpifg;

gs;spj; JQ;rpa> Nfhl;lk;gyj;Jj;JQ;rpa> $lfhuj;Jj; JQ;rpa vd;W

$wg;ngWfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; gs;sp vd;gJ kug;ngau;fSld; Nru;e;J tUfpd;wJ.

,we;jtu;fSf;F epidTr; rp;dk; itf;Fk; kuG rkzu;fs; tUiff;F

Kd;Ng jkpofj;jpy; epiyngw;wpUe;j xd;W. jkpo;g; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;s

Fiffspy; njhy; goq;fhy Xtpaq;fs; tiuag;ngw;Ws;sd. mit rkzu;fs;

tUiff;F Kd;Ng tiuag; ngw;wit. me;j Xtpaq;fspy; tPuu;fs; NtYld; epw;Fk;

fhl;rpAk;> rz;ilapLk; fhl;rpAk; tiuag;ngw;Ws;sd. xUf;fhy; ,e;j Xtpak;

,we;jtu;fs; epidthf kiy KioQ;Rfspy tiuag; ngw;Ws;sd. xUf;fhy; ,e;j

Xtpak; ,we;jtu;fs; epidthf kiy KioQ;Rfspy; tiue;J topglg;gl;bUf;f

Ntz;Lk;. njhy;ypd kf;fs; jq;fs; cwtpdu; ,we;Jgl;lhy; mtu; jk; mtpia

kiy KioQ;RfspYk;> kug;nghe;JfspYk; jq;f itg;gu;. mt;thW kiy

KioQ;Rfspy; jq;fpa MtpfSf;Fupa tPuu;fis Xtpakhf tiue;J topgl;bUf;f

tha;g;Gz;L. gLf;if mikf;Fk; KiwAk; mtu;fSf;fhf Muk;gj;jpy;

cUthfpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;jg; gof;fj;ij rkzu;fs; iff; nfhz;lNghJ mJ

rkzu; gof;fk; vd;W epiy ngw;Wtpl;lJ.

jkpofk; KOtJk; vz;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jkpo;g;gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfs;

fz;Lgpbf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. mitnay;yhk; rkz Kdptu;fSf;F gs;sp mikj;Jf;

nfhLj;jjw;Nf MFk; vd;W Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; mtu;fs; fUJfpwhu;. Rpy

fy;ntl;Lfspy; mkzd; (Mu;ehl;lhu; kiy> mofu; kiy) vd;w nrhy;

Kdptu;fSf;F milahfg; gapd;W tUfpd;wJ. mz;ikapy; Nfusj;jpy;

gl;lzj;jpy; eilngw;w xU mfo;tpy; ‘mkzd;mkzd;mkzd;mkzd;’ vd;W vOjg;ngw;w xL

fpilj;Js;sJ. NkYk; mz;ikapy; nfhLkzypy; eilngw;w mfo;tpy; ‘Rkzd;Rkzd;Rkzd;Rkzd;’

vd;W vOjg;ngw;w xU ngupa ghid fpilj;Js;sJ. NkYk; ‘Rkzd;Rkzd;Rkzd;Rkzd;’ vd;W

vOjg;ngw;w kw;nwhU ghidNahl;Lg; nghwpg;Gk; fpilj;Js;sJ. ,d;Wk; kj;jpa

239

fhyj;jpYk; ,r;nrhw;fs; i[du;fisf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,e;jg; gpw;fhyg; nghUis

gz;ila fy;ntl;Lr; nrhy;ypd; kPJ Vw;wpf; $Wfpd;wdu;. ,e;j Kbt

Ma;tpw;FupaJ.

‘Rkzd;Rkzd;Rkzd;Rkzd;’ vd;w nrhy; ghfj nkhopapy; ‘rkzrkzrkzrkz’ vd;W toq;fpaJ. ‘rkz’

vd;w nrhy; rk];fpUjj;jpy; ‘];ukz’ vd;W toq;fpaJ. fp.K.E}w;whz;Lfspy;

jkpou; ghfj nkhopAld; njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jdu;. rkz vd;w nrhy; kl;Lkpd;wp

murd;> ]pup> gs;sp Nghd;w nrhw;fSk; ghfjk; je;j nrhw;fs;. rk];fpUjk;

gpw;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpajhy; jkpOf;F rk];fpUjj; njhlu;G gpw;fhyj;jpy; jhd;

Vw;gl;lJ. rkzk; vd;w nrhy;ypy; cs;s Kjy; vOj;jpy; cs;s rfu nka; nfl;L

mkzk; vd;W khwptpl;lJ. rkz vd;w nrhy; jt Kdptiuf; Fwpf;Fk; tlehl;by;

ngsj;j rkz> MrPtf rkz> epu;f;fe;j rkz vd;W mitjpf rkaq;fspd;

Kdptu;fs; ‘rkz’ vd;w ngauhy; miof;fg;ngw;wdu;. ngUq;fijapy;

rhq;fpaKdptd; ‘fhsh rkzd;’ vd;W miof;fg;ngWfpwhd;. mjdhy; jt

Kdptu;fs; rkz vd;w gpd;ndhl;Lld; miof;fg;ngw;wdu; vdyhk;. ,e;jg;

gpd;dzpapy; rkz vd;w nrhy;iyg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. jkpo;g;gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfs;;

$Wk; Kdptu;fs; mUfju;> ngsj;ju;> MrPtfu; Nghd;w mitjpf rkaq;fisr;;

Nru;e;jtu;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; vdyhk;. jkpo; ,yf;fpag; gug;gpy; mUfu;> ngsj;ju;>

MrPtfu; gw;wpaf; Fwpg;Gfs; rpy fpilf;fpd;wd. MrPtfu; tPLNgW tpidfis

mDgtpj;j gpd;NG MFk; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bdu;. Mdhy; rkz ngsj;jj;jpdu;

jtj;jhy; tpid ePq;fp tPL Ngwilayhk; vd;W $Wk;. mjdhy; mitapuz;Lk;

nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wd. tpjp top tho;f;if vd;w MrPtfk; tPo;e;jJ.

rkz Kdptu;fspd; tho;tplq;fisg; gw;wp rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; mupjhfNt

NgRfpd;wd. Fd;Wfspy; tho;e;j ,k;Kdptu;fs; ePz;l rilNahL ePuhlhj

NkdpNahL tho;e;jJ gw;wp ew;wpiz njuptpf;fpwJ.

240

‘ePbarilNahL MlhNkdpf;ePbarilNahL MlhNkdpf;ePbarilNahL MlhNkdpf;ePbarilNahL MlhNkdpf;

Fd;Wiw jtrpau;Fd;Wiw jtrpau;Fd;Wiw jtrpau;Fd;Wiw jtrpau;’ 342

mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; xd;wpy; Fd;wq;fspYs;s rpwpa ghijfspy;

mzptFj;Jr; nry;Yk; ahidf;$l;lkhdJ> gl;bdpf; fplg;gjhy; thba

Njhw;wj;Jld; ePuhlhky; tpsq;Fk; Kdptu;fs; $l;lj;jpw;F xg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

‘cz;zhikapd; caq;fpa kUq;fpd;cz;zhikapd; caq;fpa kUq;fpd;cz;zhikapd; caq;fpa kUq;fpd;cz;zhikapd; caq;fpa kUq;fpd;

Mlh gbtj;J Md;Nwhu; NghyMlh gbtj;J Md;Nwhu; NghyMlh gbtj;J Md;Nwhu; NghyMlh gbtj;J Md;Nwhu; Nghy

tiunrwp rpWnewp epiuAld; nry;Yk;tiunrwp rpWnewp epiuAld; nry;Yk;tiunrwp rpWnewp epiuAld; nry;Yk;tiunrwp rpWnewp epiuAld; nry;Yk;

fhdahid ftpdop Fd;wk;fhdahid ftpdop Fd;wk;fhdahid ftpdop Fd;wk;fhdahid ftpdop Fd;wk;’ 343

cz;zhNehd;G ,Ug;gJk; ePuhlhky; ,Ug;gJk; rkz Kdptu;fspd; gz;ghFk;.

1.1.1.1. tlf;fpUj;jy; tlf;fpUj;jy; tlf;fpUj;jy; tlf;fpUj;jy; ---- jkpoh; kuGjkpoh; kuGjkpoh; kuGjkpoh; kuG

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Nfhg;ngUQ;NrhoDk; rpy Gytu;fSk; tlf;fpUe;jik

gw;wpf; Fwpf;fg; ngWfpd;wJ. ,e;j tlf;fpUj;jy; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpau; VJk;

$wtpy;iy. KJfpy; Gz;gl;ljhYk;> cyf tho;it ntWj;jjhYk; NtW

fhuzq;fSf;fhfTk; cz;zhNehd;gpUe;J capu;Jwj;jy; Mfpatw;iw

tlf;fpUj;jy; vd;W $wpdu;. Nrukhd; ngUQ;Nruyhjd; tlf;fpUe;jik gw;wpf;

fohmj;jiyahu; ghbAs;shu;. ngUQ;Nruyhjd; fupfhw; ngUtsj;jhNdhL

nghUjNghJ fupfhydpd; Nty; ngUQ;Nruyhjdpd; khu;igj; ijj;J

KJFg;Gwj;ijf; Fj;jp epd;wJ. me;j mstpw;F Nty; tPr;rpy; typik

ngw;wpUe;jhd; fupfhw;ngUtsj;jhd;. ifaWepiyia kdj;jpy; gpzpf;Fk;

jifajha; ,g;ghly; mike;Js;sJ. KoT Xir epd;wJ. aho; Xir epd;wJ.

tz;L %Rk; Njwiy cld; $l;lk; kwe;jJ. cotu; coTj; njhopiy kwe;jdu;.

342

ew;.141 343

mfk;.132

241

Cu;fs; tpohtpid kwe;jd. vjpNu epd;W xU Nte;jd; vwpe;j Nty; khu;igj;

ijj;J KJfpidAk; ijj;J tpl;lJ. mjw;fhf ehzp ths; tlf;fpUe;jhd;

ngUQ;Nruyhjd; mtdJ ifaW epiyia kdj;jpy; gjpf;Fk; tifapy;

fohmj;jiyahu; ghbAs;shu;. (Gwk;.65)

ntz;zpf;Faj;jpahu; ghly; fupfhy; ngUtsj;jhidg; ghu;j;Jf; $wpaJ.

me;jg; ghly; gpd;tUkhW:

‘edpapU Ke;ePu; ehth Nahl;bedpapU Ke;ePu; ehth Nahl;bedpapU Ke;ePu; ehth Nahl;bedpapU Ke;ePu; ehth Nahl;b

tspnjhopy; Mz;l cuNthd; kUftspnjhopy; Mz;l cuNthd; kUftspnjhopy; Mz;l cuNthd; kUftspnjhopy; Mz;l cuNthd; kUf

fsp,ay; ahidf; fhpfhy; tstfsp,ay; ahidf; fhpfhy; tstfsp,ay; ahidf; fhpfhy; tstfsp,ay; ahidf; fhpfhy; tst

nrd;Wmku;f; fle;jepd; Mw;wy; Njhd;wnrd;Wmku;f; fle;jepd; Mw;wy; Njhd;wnrd;Wmku;f; fle;jepd; Mw;wy; Njhd;wnrd;Wmku;f; fle;jepd; Mw;wy; Njhd;w

ntd;Nwha; epd;dpDk; ey;yd; md;Nwntd;Nwha; epd;dpDk; ey;yd; md;Nwntd;Nwha; epd;dpDk; ey;yd; md;Nwntd;Nwha; epd;dpDk; ey;yd; md;Nw

fypnfhs; ahzu; ntz;zpg; gwe;jiyfypnfhs; ahzu; ntz;zpg; gwe;jiyfypnfhs; ahzu; ntz;zpg; gwe;jiyfypnfhs; ahzu; ntz;zpg; gwe;jiy

kpfg;Gfo; cyfk; kpfg;Gfo; cyfk; kpfg;Gfo; cyfk; kpfg;Gfo; cyfk; va;jpg;va;jpg;va;jpg;va;jpg;

Gwg;Gz; ehzp tlf;fpUe; NjhNdGwg;Gz; ehzp tlf;fpUe; NjhNdGwg;Gz; ehzp tlf;fpUe; NjhNdGwg;Gz; ehzp tlf;fpUe; NjhNd’ 344

,e;jg; ghlYk; KJfpy; gl;l Gz;Zf;F ehzp tlf;fpUe;jhd; vd;W

$Wfpd;wJ. jkpo;ehl;by; gopaQ;rp tlf;fpUf;Fk; kuG tPuu; tho;tpy; epiyj;jpUe;jJ

vd;gij ,t;tpU ghly;fshy; mwpayhk;. Nrukhd; KJfpy; Gz;gl;lik

jw;nrayhf ele;jJ. GwKJfpl;L XLk;NghJ KJfpy; Gz;gltpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;

KJfpy; gl;likf;fhf tUe;jp tlf;fpUe;jhd; vd;gijg; Gytu; Gfo;e;Js;shu;.

tlf;fpUe;j kw;nwhU murd; Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod;. Gwk; 214 Kjy; 223 tiu

mtd; tlf;fpUe;j nra;jpiag; gw;wpg; NgRfpd;wd. mtd; tlf;fpUe;j NghJ

gprpuhe;ijahu; tUthu; mtUf;F Xuplk; xopj;J itf;f vd;W $wpdhd;.

gprpuhe;ijahUk; tlf;fpUg;ghu; vd;W $Wk;NghJ cldpUe;Njhu; thuhu; vd;W

$wpdu;. mij kWj;j Nrhod;>

344

Gwk;.66

242

‘njd;d nghUg;gd; ed;dhl;L cs;Sk;njd;d nghUg;gd; ed;dhl;L cs;Sk;njd;d nghUg;gd; ed;dhl;L cs;Sk;njd;d nghUg;gd; ed;dhl;L cs;Sk;

gprpNuhd; vd;g vd;capu; Xk;GeNdgprpNuhd; vd;g vd;capu; Xk;GeNdgprpNuhd; vd;g vd;capu; Xk;GeNdgprpNuhd; vd;g vd;capu; Xk;GeNd

nry;tf; fhiy epw;gpDk;nry;tf; fhiy epw;gpDk;nry;tf; fhiy epw;gpDk;nry;tf; fhiy epw;gpDk;

my;yw; fhiy epymy;yw; fhiy epymy;yw; fhiy epymy;yw; fhiy epy;yyd; kd;Nd;yyd; kd;Nd;yyd; kd;Nd;yyd; kd;Nd’ 345345345345

vd;W $wpdhd;. Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod; gprpuhe;ijahUld; nfhz;bUe;j el;gpid

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; ghly; ,J. ,UtUk; xUtiunahUtu; ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;shkNyNa

el;G nfhz;ldu; vd;gij mLj;j ghly; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. gprpuhe;ijahu;

tlf;fpUf;f tUthu; vd;W Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod; cWjpglf; $wpdhd;. mij

cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; gprpuhe;ijahUk; te;jhu;. mtDld; tlf;fpUe;J capu;

Jwe;jhu;. Mdhy; Nfhg;ngUQ;NrhoDf;F kl;Lk; eLfy; vLf;fg; ngw;wijg;

Gwg;ghly;fs; $Wfpd;wd.

Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod; ,wg;G mf;fhyg; Gytu;fs; gyiuf; fyq;f itj;jJ.

nghj;jpahu;> Gy;yhw;wpahu;> ed;Ky;iyahu; MfpNahu; ghba ghly;fs; ,e;j

epiyia cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. NrhoDf;F kl;Lk; eLfy; vLj;jdu;.

gprpuhe;ijahUf;F Vd; eLfy; vLf;ftpy;iy. gprpuhe;ijahu; NghNuhL

njhlu;Gilatu; my;yu; vd;gjhy; mtUf;F eLfy; vLf;ftpy;iy NghYk;. rq;f

,yf;fpaj;jpy; mjpakhDf;F eLfy; vLf;fg;ngw;wikgw;wpa Fwpg;G fpilf;fpd;wJ.

Nfhg;ngUQ;NrhoDk; mjpakhDk; eLfy; tPuu;fshff; fUjg;ngw;wdu;.

tlf;fpUe;j NrukhDf;F eLfy; vLj;jikgw;wpa Fwpg;G VJk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

mjw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d vd;gJ Fwpf;fg;ngwtpy;iy. nre;ehg;Gytu; fgpyu; ghup

kfspiug; ghu;g;ghu; gLj;Jj; jPapy; %o;fp ,we;jhu; vd;W Gwg;ghly; mbf;Fwpg;G

$Wfpd;wJ.346 jpUf;NfhtpY}upy; fpilf;Fk; fgpyf;fy; gw;wpa Kjyhk; ,uhruhrd;

fy;ntl;L fgpyu; vupapy; %o;fpa nra;jpiaAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.347 Mdhy;

345

Gwk;.215 346

Gwk;.236. mbf;Fwpg;G 347

S.I.I. Vol. 7, No.863

243

gjpw;Wg;gj;J Vohk; gj;jpd; Kjy; ghl;L khtz; ghup kha;e;j gpd;iw ‘cd;idg;

ghu;f;f te;Njd;’ vd;W nry;tf; fLq;Nfh thop Mjidg; ghu;j;Jf; fgpyu;

$Wtjhf mikfpwJ.348 vJ vg;gb ,Ue;j NghjpYk; tlf;fpUj;jy; vd;gJ jkpou;

gz;ghl;by; cUthd xd;W.

kapiy.rPdp Ntq;flrhkp mtu;fs; tlf;fpUj;jy; vd;gJ rkz kugpy;

$wg;ngWk; ry;Nyfiz Nehd;gpw;FupaJ vd;W $Wfpwhu;. rkzupd; tlf;fpUe;J

capu;tpLk; ry;Nyfiz Nehd;G rkzuy;yhjtuhYk; rq;f fhyj;jpy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vd;W mtu; $Wthu;.349 cz;ikapy; tlf;fpUj;jy; jkpo;

kugpypUe;J rkzu;fshy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. jkpofk; KOtJk;

gutyhff; fpilf;Fk; rkzg;ghopfspy; nghwpf;fg;ngw;Ws;s nghwpg;Gfs; tlf;fpUe;J

capu; ePj;jtu;fisg;gw;wpait MFk;. Kw;fhyg; nghwpg;Gfspy; tlf;fpUe;J capu;

ePj;j nra;jp Fwpf;fg;ngwtpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; gz;ila jkpo; vOj;Jg; nghwpg;Gfs;

gytw;wpy; gs;sp (ghsp) vd;w nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;ngWfpd;wJ. rq;f ,yf;fpak;

rpytw;wpy; gs;sp vd;w nrhy; epidTr; rpd;dk; vd;w nghUspy; ifahsg;

ngwtpy;iy. Mdhy; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;fs; rpytw;wpy; nfhStpy; Fuhg;gs;sp

JQ;rpa fps;sptstd; vd;Wk;>350 ,ye;jpifg; gs;sp JQ;rpa ed;khwd; vd;Wk;351

$wg;ngWfpd;wd. ,e;jr; rhd;Wfis itj;Jg; ghu;;f;Fk;NghJ ,we;jtu;fs; epidTr;

rpd;dq;fisg; ‘gs;sp’ vd;W miof;Fk; kuG ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mz;ikapy; fpilj;j gz;ila jkpo; vOj;Jg; nghwpj;j eLfy; xd;wpy;

‘ ...d; mb xd; ghfy; ghspfy;’ vd;W nghwpf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ.352 fy;ntl;L

KOikahf fpilf;ftpy;iyahdhYk; ,we;jtu;fisg; Gij;j ,lj;ijg; gs;sp

vd;W miof;Fk; kuG ,Ue;Js;sik Gyg;gLk;. ,e;jg; nghwpg;gpd; fhyk;gw;wpf;

348

gjpw;.61:26-10 349

kapiy.rPdp.Ntq;fplrhkp> rkzKk; jkpOk;> g.182>183 350

Gwk;.285. mbf;Fwpg;G 351

Gwk;.286. mbf;Fwpg;G 352

Mtzk; ,jo;> vz;. 18 g.16

244

fUj;J NtWghLfs; ,Ug;gpDk; ,e;j eLfy; rq;f fhyj;jpw;FupaJ vd;gjpy;

fUj;J NtWghL ,Uf;f KbahJ. ghfy; vd;gjw;F gyhkuk; vd;W nghUs;.353 me;j

tifapy; gjpw;Wg;gj;jpy; td;dp kd;wk; vd;W $Wtij xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;fyhk;.354

td;dpkuk; epw;Fk; kd;wj;jpy; jhopapy; itj;Jg; Gijf;fg;gl;l kd;du;fs; gyu;

vd;W mg;ghlypy; Fwpf;fg;ngWfpd;wJ.

mjdhy; ,we;Njhiug; Gijf;Fkplj;jpy; kuk; milahskhf

elg;ngw;wpUe;jNjh vd;W fUjNtz;bAs;sJ. eLfy;ypy; ghfy; ghspfy; vd;W

Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ mijg; gyh kuj;jbapy; cs;s gs;sp vd;W nghUs; nfhs;Sk;

NghJ gs;sp vd;gJ ePj;jhu; epidTr; rpd;dj;ijf; Fwpj;J te;jJ vd;W

nfhs;tjpy; jtwpy;iy. mJ cWjpg;gLk; NghJ Fiff; fy;ntl;Lfspy; gapd;W

tUk; ghsp vd;w nrhy;Yk; ePj;jhu; epidTr; rpd;dj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhfyhk;.

mjpl;lhdk; vd;gJk; ,e;jg; nghUspy; toq;fg; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. tlf;fpUe;J

capu; Jwe;jtUf;Nf ghfy; gs;sp eLfy; mikf;fg; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j

mbg;gilapy; rkzg; gLf;iffs; cs;s rpy Fiffspy; cs;s Xtpaq;fis

mZf Ntz;Lk;.

2.2.2.2. tlf;fpUe;jhu; epidTr;rpd;dktlf;fpUe;jhu; epidTr;rpd;dktlf;fpUe;jhu; epidTr;rpd;dktlf;fpUe;jhu; epidTr;rpd;dk;

nrQ;rpiar; Rw;wpAs;s jpUehju;Fd;W> nefD}u;g;gl;b> giwad;gl;L Mfpa

Cu;fspy; tlf;fpUe;jhu; epidTr;rpd;dq;fs; cUthf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. mjw;Ff;

fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;WfSk; fpilj;Js;sd. fp.gp.4-Mk; E}w;whz;L> 5-Mk; E}w;whz;L

vd;W fhyk; fzpf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ. nefD}u;g;gl;bapy; njhy; goq;fhy Xtpaq;fs;

tiuag;ngw;Ws;sd. mtw;wpd; fhyk; fp.K. 3-Mk; E}w;whz;Lfshfyhk;. me;j

Xtpaj;jpy; tPuu;fspd; Xtpaq;fs; cs;sd. rkzu; gs;spfspy; tPuu;fs; gw;wpa

Xtpaq;fs; jpUkiy (rptfq;if)> mofu;kiy (kJiu) Mfpa ,lq;fspYk;

fz;Lgpbf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. ,e;j Xtpaq;fs; njhy;goq;fhyj;jit vd;W nfhz;lhy;

353

Tamil Lexicon, Vol.5, 2580 354

gjpw;.44:22-23

245

rkzu;fs; tUtjw;F Kd;Ng ,e;jf; Fiffs; topghl;Lj; jyq;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;f

tha;g;Gz;L. jkpo;ehl;by; rkzg;gLf;iffs; cs;s Fiffspy; ,d;Wk; capu;g;gyp

,Ltijg; ghu;f;fKbAk;.355 ,e;jg; gof;fk; ngUk;ghYk; njhy;goq;fhyj;jpNyh

my;yJ tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpNyh tPuu; Mtp jq;fpapUf;Fk; Fiffshff; fUjg;ngw;W

capu;g;gyp ,Lk; gof;fk; cUthfpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jg;gof;fk; ehl;lhu;

tof;fhw;wpy; ,d;W tiu njhlu;fpd;wJ. ,q;Ff; fhu;Ny Gj;jtpfhuj;Jf; fe;jpw;

ghitf;F Kk;ig kPdtu;fs; Mz;bw;nfhUKiw capu;g;gypapl;L topgLtij

xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;fyhk;.356 Kk;ig kPdtu;fs; fhu;Ny tpfhuj;jpypUe;J 100 fy;

njhiytpy; tho;fpd;wdu;. gz;il ehspy; mtu;fspd; Kd;Ndhu;fs; gypapl;L

topgl;l kugpidf; Fbngau;e;J ntFJ}uk; nrd;w gpd;Gk; filgpbf;fpd;wdu; vd;gJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

gz;ilj; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fSld; $ba gLf;;iffs; Kdptu;fs;

cz;zhNehd;gpUe;J khz;lgpd;Ng tbf;fg;ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. njhlf;ff; fhyf;

fy;ntl;Lf;fs; vd;W fUjg;ngWk; kPdhl;rpGuk; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; gs;sp (gsp,a;)

vd;w nrhy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. gs;sp vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhf mjpl;lhdk; vd;w

nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;ngw;whYk; gs;sp vd;w nrhy; njhlu;e;J tof;fj;jpy;

,Ue;Js;sJ. fp.gp.4Mk; E}w;whz;L eprpjpiff; fy;ntl;bYk; gs;sp vd;w nrhy;

gad;gLj;jg;ngw;Ws;sJ. GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;fs; rpytw;wpy; Fuhg;gs;sp JQ;rpa>

,yte;jpifg; gs;spj; JQ;rpa vd;W $Wk;NghJ gs;sp vd;w nrhy;

,we;jtu;fNshL njhlu;Gila nrhy;yhfg; gad;gLj;jg;ngWfpd;wJ. fp.gp.10Mk;

E}w;whz;by; fl;lg;ngw;w gs;spg;gilf; Nfhtpy;fs; ,we;jtu;fisg; Gijj;j

,lj;jpy; fl;lg;ngw;w Nfhapy;fshf mikf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. ,e;jg; gpd;dzpapy;

gs;sp vd;w nrhy; epidTr; rpd;dj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhff; nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ.

,e;jr; nrhy; kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; tiu gutpapUe;j NghjpYk; mq;Fg; goq;Fbj;

nja;tq;fspd; Nfhtpy;fisf; Fwpf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;ngw;Ws;sJ. 355

rhd;W: fUt+u; mUNfAs;s Rf;fhypa+u; gs;sp> nghs;shr;rp mUfpYs;s Mjhopak;kd; Nfhtpy; gs;sp. ,t;tpUtplq;fspYk; ,d;Wk; gypapLfpd;wdu;. 356

D.D.Kosambi, Myth and Reality, p.62

246

jpUehju;Fd;W fy;ntl;by; eprpjpif vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhf gs;sp vd;w

nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;ngw;Ws;sJ. mjdhy; tlf;fpUe;J capu;tpl;l Kdptu;fSf;F

epidthf cUthf;fg;ngw;wit ,e;jg; gs;spfs;.

giwad;gl;L vd;w Cupy; cs;s eprpjPiff; fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

,f;fy;ntl;L fp.gp.5Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jjhFk;.

‘eNkhj;J ghzhl;LeNkhj;J ghzhl;LeNkhj;J ghzhl;LeNkhj;J ghzhl;L

mr;ree;jp MrpupfUmr;ree;jp MrpupfUmr;ree;jp MrpupfUmr;ree;jp MrpupfU

khzf;fu; Nehw;Wkhzf;fu; Nehw;Wkhzf;fu; Nehw;Wkhzf;fu; Nehw;W

Kbj;j eprPjpifKbj;j eprPjpifKbj;j eprPjpifKbj;j eprPjpif’357

tl;nlOj;jpy; mike;Js;s ,f;fy;ntl;L rkz rkaj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;ngWk;

ry;Nyfiz Nehd;gpUe;J capu;tpLk; kugpid cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,f;fy;ntl;by;

gapd;W tUk; ghzhL gw;wp kfhNjtd; $wpAs;s fUj;Jfs; Ma;T nra;ag;ngWk;.

mr;ree;jp vd;w MrpupfU ghzhL vd;w gFjpiar; Nru;e;jtu;. ,J gpd;dhspy;

tlnkhopapy; ghzuh\;;buk; vd;W miof;fg;ngw;wJ. ghzuhl;buj;jpy; ghlypefupy;

rkzg;gs;sp xd;wpUe;jJ. me;jg; gs;spapy; jtkpaw;wpa rpk;k#up vd;w Kdptu;

fp.gp.550,y; Nyhftpghfk; vd;w E}iy vOjpdhu;. ,J rpk;ktu;kd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ

epfo;e;jJ. mj;jifa rpwg;G tha;e;j ghzhl;ilr; Nru;e;jtu; mr;rze;jp Kdptu;.

mtu; khzhf;fu; jtkpUe;J capu;ePj;jjw;fhf eprpjpif mikf;fg; ngw;wJ.

kw;nwhU eprpjpif re;jpu ee;jp MrpupfUf;F mikf;fg; ngw;wJ.

‘Ik;gj;njo;odIk;gj;njo;odIk;gj;njo;odIk;gj;njo;od

rdk; Nehw;wrdk; Nehw;wrdk; Nehw;wrdk; Nehw;w

MrpupfU re;jpuMrpupfU re;jpuMrpupfU re;jpuMrpupfU re;jpu

ee;jp eprpjpifee;jp eprpjpifee;jp eprpjpifee;jp eprpjpif’358

357

Ibid. No.115

247

,e;jr; epidTr; rpd;dq;fs; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lit. fUehlfj;jpy;

eprpjpiff; fy; fp.gp.6Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fpilf;fpd;wd. mq;F eLfy; eprpjpif

epidTr; rpd;dq;fshf cs;sd. Mdhy; jkpo;ehl;by; gLf;iffshf itj;Js;sdu;.

eprpjpif fUehlfj;jpy; eLfw;fshfTk; jkpofj;jpy; Fifg;gs;spfshfTk; cs;s

epiy Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jkpo;ehl;by; 2400 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; tlf;fpUe;J

capu;tpl;l Nfhg;ngUQ;NrhoDf;F eLfy; elg;ngw;wJ. ,e;j kuG kiwe;J tpl;lJ.

Mdhy; fUehlfj;jpy; epiyngw;Ws;sJ tpag;gpw;FupaJ. xUNtis tlf;fpUe;j

rkz Kdptu;fs; kiyf;Fiffspy; jq;fp tlf;fpUf;Fk; Nehd;gpidr; nra;jhu;fs;

vd;gJ fhuzkhf ,Ue;jpUf;Fkh? vJ vg;gb ,Ue;jNghjpYk; tlf;fpUf;Fk; Nehd;G

tPukugpypUe;J rkzj;jpw;Fr; nrd;Wtpl;lijNa jpUehju;Fd;W fy;ntl;Lf;

fhl;Lfpd;wJ. njhlf;fk; KjNy Fiff; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Fwpf;fg;ngWk; gs;spfs;

ePj;jhupd; epidTr; rpd;dNk md;wp capNuhbUg;gtu;f;F mspf;fg; ngw;wjy;y

vd;gJ ,jd;%yk; cWjpahfpd;wJ.

3.3.3.3. ngUtopfspy; rkzk;ngUtopfspy; rkzk;ngUtopfspy; rkzk;ngUtopfspy; rkzk;

njhy;ypay; Ma;tpy; kpf Kf;fpakhd rhd;Wfshf tpsq;Fk; jkpo;g;gpuhkp

vOj;Jg;nghwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;l rkzu; gLf;iffs; ngUtopfspNyNa

mike;Js;sd vd;gJTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. gz;ila tzpfu;fs; gz;L ngUk;ghYk;

rkzrkaj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpAs;sdu;. rkzKdptu;fSk; tzpfu;fis

newpg;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. mjd; ed;wp epkpj;jkhf tzpfu;fs; jhq;fs; tzpfj;jpw;fhf

nry;Yk; efuq;fspy; mike;j kiyg;gFjp Fifj;jsq;fspy; rkz Kdptu;fSf;F

gLf;iffis ntl;bf; nfhLj;J> mr;nra;jpfis fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfshf;fpAs;sdu;.

‘nts;miw epfkNjhu;’ khq;Fsk; rkzf;Fiff; fy;ntl;by; epfkk; vd;gJ

tzpff; FOtpidf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;yhFk;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; fhtpupf;fiuNahuNk

xU ngUtop nrd;W> ciwa+iu mile;J> Nrhoehl;L vy;iyapy; %d;W gpupthfg;

gpupe;J> nfhLk;ghSu; topahf kJiuia mile;j nra;jpf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j

358

Iravatham Mahadevan. op.cit. no.116

248

%d;Wgpuptpy; xUtop khq;Fsk;> mupl;lhgl;b> fPotsT Kjypa

rkzf;Fifj;jsq;fis nfhz;ljhf mike;Js;sJ. khq;Fsk; rkzf;Fif

fy;ntl;by; ghz;bakd;dd; neLQ;nropad; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;shd;.

nfhq;Fg;ngUtopapy; mike;j MopahW mizf;fUfpy; xU rkzf;Fifj;jsk;

cs;sJ. NkYk; ngUtop tzpf efukhd f&upd; Mu;ehl;lhu;kiy rkzf;fy;ntl;L

%d;W Nru muru;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. jf^iuj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;l

mjpakhdpd; Ml;rpg;gFjpapy; cs;s [k;igf; fy;ntl;L rkzKdptu;fSf;F mtd;

<j;j ghspiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

rkz rkaj;jpy; ,y;ywj;jpy; <Lgl;ltu;fs; rhtfu;> cz;zhNehd;gpfs;

vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wdu;. nfhq;fu;Gspaq;Fsk;> jpUthjt+u; fy;ntl;Lfspy;

‘cghrfd;’ vd;w nrhy; rkz rkaj;J ,y;ywj;jhiuf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;yhff;

nfhs;syhk;. ‘cghrfh’ vd;w nrhy; cghj;jpahah vd;w nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J

te;jpUf;fyhk; vd;gjidf; nfhz;L Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; ,r;nrhy; rkzrkaj;jpy;

gQ;rguNk\;bfspy; xUtuhff; fUjg;gLk; cghj;jpahaiuf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; vd;W

fUJfpwhu;.359

jkpofj;jpd; kiyf;Fifj; jsq;fspy; Kdptu;fs; ,Ue;Js;sdu;.

,k;Kdptu;fis ve;jr; rkaj;ijr; rhu;e;jtu;fs; vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;w Kiwapy;

,tu;fs; ngau;fisr; rpy jkpo;g;gpuhkp fy;ntl;LfNs fhl;Lfpd;wd. fp.K.2-Mk;

E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j Nkl;Lg;gl;bf;; fy;ntl;bYk;> fp.gp.2-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j

GfSu; fy;ntl;bYk; ,k;Kdptu;fisf; Fwpf;f ‘mkzd;> mkz;zd;’ vd;w

nrhw;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mNrhfkd;dd; jkJ fy;ntl;Lfspy; rkz

rkaj;jtiuf; Fwpf;f rpukzu; vd;w nrhy;iy gad;gLj;jpAs;shd;. vdNt

Nkw;fz;l mkzd; vd;w nrhy; rkz rkaj;jpidr; rhu;e;jitNa vdyhk;.

Nkl;Lg;gl;b fy;ntl;by; kJiuiar; rhu;e;j mkzd; mj;jpud; vd;gtd;

359

I.Mahadevan, Early Tamil Epigraphy from the earliest times to the sixth century A.D.,’ Chennai and

Harvard University, USA, p.127

249

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhd;. khq;Fsk; fy;ntl;by; tUk; ‘fzp’ vd;w nrhy; rkz Kdptu;

$l;lj;jpw;Fjj; jiytuhf cs;stiuf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;yhFk;.

rq;f E}yhd kJiuf;fhQ;rp kJiuapy; ,Ue;j gy;NtW rka ,Uf;iffs;

gw;wpf; $Wk;NghJ kJiuapy; ,Ue;j rkzg;gs;sp gw;wpAk; mjpy; ciwe;j rkz

Kdptu;fis topglr; nrd;w rkzrka ,y;ywj;jhu; gw;wpAk; $WfpwJ.360 ,jdhy;

jkpo;ehl;by; kJiuiar; Rw;wpf; fhzg;gLk; jkpo;-gpuhkpf; Fifj;jsq;fisAk;

mNjNghd;W gpw ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; jkpo;-gpuhkp Fifj;jsq;fisAk;

rkzUf;Fupajhf fUjNtz;bAs;sJ.

4.4.4.4. Gul;rpfu rkzk;Gul;rpfu rkzk;Gul;rpfu rkzk;Gul;rpfu rkzk;

rkzrkak; ngz;fSf;Fk; tPLNgW cz;L vd;W typAWj;jpaJ.

ngz;fSf;Fk; Jwtwk; rhj;jpak; vd;W $wpaJ. ,jid Gul;rpfu fUj;J vd;Nw

$wyhk;. rkz rkaj;jpy; gy ngz;Jwtpfs; ,Ue;Js;sdu;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;

rkz rka gpf;Fzpahf NfhtyDf;F topfhl;ba xU ngz;JwtpNa Mthu;.

mofu; kiyf; fy;ntl;by; ‘gk;kpjp’ vd;w nrhy; rkzg; ngz; Jwtpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;

nrhy;yhFk; vd;W Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; $Wfpd;whu;. ‘gkpj;jp ]gkpjh’ (]u;g;gkpj;uh)

vd;W ngz; Jwtpapd; ngau; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ‘fe;jp’ vd;w ngz; Jwtpiaf;

Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; nefD}u;gl;b ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;L fy;;ntl;by; tUfpwJ.

Nrf;fe;jz;zp vd;gtu; rkzg;gs;sp xd;wpidr; nra;tpj;jjhf ,J Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Nrf;fe;jp vd;wiof;fg;gl;l rkzg;ngz; Jwtpapd; jhahu; Nrf;fe;jz;zp vd;gjhf

mf;fy;ntl;Lf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

MrPtfkMrPtfkMrPtfkMrPtfk;

kfhtPuu; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kw;fyp Nfhryu; vd;gtuhy; MrPtfk;

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. mNrhfDk; mtdJ Ngud; jrujDk; MrPtf rkaj;jpw;F

360

kJiuf;fhQ;rp> mb.475-488

250

Mjutspj;Js;sdu;. rkzKk; ngsj;jKk; rq;ffhyj;jpNyNa jkpo;ehl;bw;F te;jJ

NghyNt MrPtfKk; jkpo;ehl;by; rq;ffhyj;jpy; gutpapUe;jikiar; rq;f

,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; MrPtfu; nfhs;ifahd Co; gw;wpa fUj;Jfs;

fhl;Lfpd;wd. epajp vd;wiof;fg;gLk; Co; Nfhl;ghl;bidf; nfhs;ifahff;

nfhz;l ,r;rkak; rkz> ngsj;j rkaq;fisg; Nghd;W jkpo;ehl;by; nry;thf;Fg;

ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy.

‘ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfspu;’ vDk; GwehD}w;Wg; ghly; MrPtff;

nfhs;ifia tpsf;Ftjhf cs;sJ. ,yf;fpaq;fs; thapyhfNt MrPtfk; gw;wp

mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; fz;zfpapd; je;ij MrPtf rkaj;jpy;

Nru;e;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. kzpNkfiyapy; MrPtfr; rkaf; Nfhl;ghLfs;

$wg;gLfpd;wd. ePyNfrpapy; MrPtff; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F kWg;Giu

nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. rkz> ngsj;j rkaq;fisg; Nghd;W ,yf;fpar;

rhd;Wfisj; jtpu;j;J njhy;ypay; kw;Wk; gpw rhd;Wfspy; MrPtf rkak; Fwpj;j

rhd;Wfisf; fhz;gJ mupjhf cs;sJ.

epwf;Nfhl;ghL MrPtf rkaj;jpw;FupajhFk;. epwf;Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb gpwg;ig

MrPtfu;fs; gpupj;Js;sdu;. ,jpy; ,Wjpahf tUtJ ntz;gpwg;G> fopntz;gpwg;G

MFk;. fopntz;gpwg;ig mile;jtu;fNs tPLNgW ngwKbAk; vd;W MrPtfu;

fUJtu;. Fypntz;gpwg;G gukRf;f (cau;e;j nts;is) vd;W ghyp> gpuhf;fpUj

nkhopfspy; $wg;gLk;. rq;f ,yf;fpag; Gytu;fshd Xiyf;filaj;jdhu;

ey;nts;isahu;> Kf;fy; Mrhd; ey;nts;isahu; MfpNahu; MrPtf rkaj;ijr;

Nru;e;jtu;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wdu;.

jkpofj;jpy; kWfhy;jiy jkpo;-gpuhkp fy;ntl;L Fwpf;Fk; ‘ntz;fhrpgd;ntz;fhrpgd;ntz;fhrpgd;ntz;fhrpgd;’

vd;w ngau; MrPtf rkaj;ijr; Nru;e;jjhf f.neLQ;nropad; fUJfpd;whu;.

,NjNghd;W tpf;fpukq;fyk; fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ‘nte;Mjd;nte;Mjd;nte;Mjd;nte;Mjd;’ (ntz; Mjd;) (ntz; Mjd;) (ntz; Mjd;) (ntz; Mjd;)

MrPtfr; rkaj;jpidr; rhu;e;jtd; vd;Wk; fUJfpd;whu;. jkpo;gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfs;

251

cs;s Fifj;jsq;fs; MrPtfUf;FupaJ vd;W fUJk; f.neLQ;nropad; jdJ

fUj;jpw;F gpd;tUk; Mjhuq;fis Kd;itj;Js;shu;. khq;Fsk; fy;ntl;by; tUk;

‘fzpfzpfzpfzp’ vd;w nrhy; rkz rq;fj;jpidr; rhu;e;j %j;j Jwtpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;

nrhy;yhff; nfhs;sKbahJ vd;Wk; fhyj;jpid mse;J mwpAk; fzpau;

vd;gtu;fisNa Fwpf;Fk; vd;Wk; fhyj;ijf; fzpj;Jf; $Wtijr; rkzu;fs;

Vw;gjpy;iy vd;Wk; mtu; $Wfpwhu;. vdpDk; rq;ffhyj;jpy; kJiu efupy; tho;e;j

rkzj; Jwtpfs; Kf;fhyj;jpidAk; mse;J mwpAk; gz;gpidg; ngw;wpUe;jdu;

vd;W kJiuf;fhQ;rp $WtJ ,q;F fUjj;jf;fJ.361

kdpjdpd; Jd;gq;fSf;F rkzk; Nehd;G> jtk; kw;Wk; Jwtwk;

Mfpatw;why; tpilfhzf; $wpaJ. ngsj;jKk; vl;L ey;nyhOf;fq;fisf; $wp

tho;tpaiy vLj;Jf; fhl;baJ. Mdhy; Co;tpidf; Nfhl;ghLfisf; nfhz;l

MrPtfk; ‘tpjp’ vd;Dk; ngauhy; epfo;gtw;iw mDgtpf;ff; $wpaJ. ,J kdpjupd;

Jd;gj;jpw;F epthuzkhfhJ Mifahy; MrPtfk; jkpofj;jpy; Njhy;tpiaj;

jOtpaJ vdyhk;.

rhq;fpakrhq;fpakrhq;fpakrhq;fpak;

rq;ffhyj; jkpofj;jpy; mWtif rkak; nry;thf;F ngw;wpUe;jjw;fhd

rhd;Wfs; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fpilf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; fp.gp.Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;by;

vOjg;ngw;w ngUq;fijapy; mWtif rkaq;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;G fpilf;fpd;wJ.

rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; cyfha;jk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd. rhq;fpak; gw;wpAk; rpy

Fwpg;Gfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. fgpyu; vd;w Gytu; ngaUk;> njhy; fgpyu; vd;w Gytupd;

ngaUk; rhq;fpaj;ij cUthf;fpa fgpyKdptupd; ngaupd; mbg;gilapy;

vOe;jit Mfyhk;. mJ kl;Lkpd;wp njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; jha;j;nja;t topghL

rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jij typAWj;Jfpd;wd. rhq;fpak; jha;j;nja;tj;ijg; ngUikg;

gLj;jpaJ. gz;ila jha;j;nja;t kugpdupd; nka;apay; rhq;fpak; vd;gij

361

jp.=.=ju;> ‘jkpo;-gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;Lfs;’ > jkpo;ehL muR njhy;ypay; Jiw> nrd;id> 2006> g.95

252

n[f;Nfhgp Nghd;w mwpQu;fs; mWjpapl;Lf; $Wfpd;wdu;. NtW rpy mwpQu;fs;

rhq;fpak; rpe;J ehfupfj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ vd;gu;.

1.1.1.1. gioaD}u; fw;fpilgioaD}u; fw;fpilgioaD}u; fw;fpilgioaD}u; fw;fpil

jpUthyq;fhl;bw;F njw;fhf jpUthyq;fhl;bypUe;J Rkhu; 1 fp.kP.

njhiytpy; gioaD}u; mike;Js;sJ. ,t;tpU Cu;fisAk; xU rhiy gpupf;fpwJ.

tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpd; vr;rq;fisAk;; jd;Ds; ,t;t+u; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

goq;fw;fhyf; fw;fUtpfs; nra;ag;gad;gLk; %yf;fw;fshd $ohq;fy;

mikg;Gila gbff;fy;tif vdg;gLk; Fthu;l;irl; fw;fs; ,q;F ngUkstpy;

fpilf;fpd;wd. NkYk; ,q;Fs;s Vupg;gFjpapy; fw;Nfhlup> (Hand Axe) Kl;iltbtf;

fw;fUtpfs;> (Ovate) ntl;Lf;fj;jpfs; (Cleavers) Mfpad fpilf;fpd;wd. fw;fpil>

fw;Fit> jhopfs;> <kj;njhl;bfs; Mfpa ngUq;fw;fhy <kr;rpd;dq;fs; ,q;F

gutyhff; fhzf;fplf;fpd;wd. ,q;Fs;s <kj;njhl;bfs; Kl;iltbtk; cilait

vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. n[aq;nfhz;l Nrho kz;lyj;J Nky;kiy gioaD}u;

ehl;L gioaD}u; vd;W jpUthyq;fhl;L nrg;NgLfspy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;w gioaD}u;

tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j CuhFk;. NkYk; gioaD}u; ifyhrehju; Nfhapy;

Nrhou;fhyj;jpaJ.

gioad; + Cu; vd;gNj gioaD}u; vdyhk;. ,q;F gioad; vd;w ngau;

xU tPuidf; Fwpg;gjha; ,Uf;fyhk;. mfehD}w;Wg;ghly; 44-y; Nrhou;f;Fk;

Nruu;f;Fk; ele;j Nghupy; Nrhod; ngUk;g+l;nrd;dpapd; gilj;jiytd; gioad;

vd;ghidr; Nrug;gilj; jiytu;fs; ed;dd;> Vw;iw> mj;jp> fq;fd;> fl;b> ty;tpy;

Gd;Jiw vd;w mWtUk; $bf; nfhd;Wtpl> ,jdhy; kdk; nghwhjtdhfpa Nrhod;

Nruu; gilj;jiytdhfpa fizaidf; ifg;gw;wpaNjhL me;ehl;bd; rpwe;j

Cuhfpa fOkyj;ijAk; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhd; vd;w tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpf;

$wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid Nehf;Fifapy; giftu; mWtUk; gioaid tQ;ridahy;

nfhd;w nra;jpAk;> mt;tPudpd; tPuj;jpidAk;> GfioAk; czuKbfpd;wJ. ,q;F

253

$wtUtJ ahnjdpy; jpUthyq;fhl;L-gioaD}upy; ePypapd; fztDk; mtshy;

tQ;ridahy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;whd;. mjdhy; mg;ngau; ,t;t+Uf;F

te;jpUf;ff;$LNkh vd;w fUJNfhis Kd;itf;fyhk; vd;gNj. gioaD}upd;

gok;Nga; vd;W ePypf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJk;> rq;ffhyj;Jg; ghly; $Wk; Nkw;$wpa

Cu;g;ngau; fhuzKk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W fhyj;jhy; njhlu;GilajhapUf;fpwJ.

2.2.2.2. ePypg;Nga;ePypg;Nga;ePypg;Nga;ePypg;Nga;

gioaD}u; ePyp gw;wpa gy fijfs; jkpo;ehl;by; fd;dpahFkuptiu gutpf;

fplf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; xUKfj; jd;ik vd;dntdpy; ePyp xU Nga;. mts;

fztidf; nfhiy nra;jts;. NkYk; ePypapd; fz;zPUk;; KJnkhopf;F rpwe;j

cUtfk;. gioaD}hpd; gok;Ngahd ePypg;Nga; gpd;dhspy; rkzrkaj;ij Nrh;e;j

Jwtpahf ePyNfrp vd;W Ngrg;gLfpwhs;. IQ;rpWfhg;gpaq;fspy; xd;whd rkzrka

E}yhd ePyNfrpapd; fhg;gpaj;jiytpahd ePyNfrpahd ePypg;Nga; kde;jpUe;jp> jd;

Nga;f;Fzq;fis tpl;L rkzj;jpy; Nru;e;J> JwTepiy g+z;L gy rkathjpfSld;

jUf;fthjj;jpYk; <Lgl;L jd; rkamwpit ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhs;. rkzj;Jwtpfs;

cz;zhNehd;gpid Nkw;nfhz;L caph;Jwf;Fk; tof;fj;jpdh; vd;gij eprPjpiff;

fy;ntl;Lfs; nka;g;gpf;fpd;wd. goe;jkpoh; kugpy; tho;f;ifapy; rpy rpf;fyhd

jUzq;fspy; KbntLf;ftpayhj NghJ tlf;fpUe;J caph; Jwg;gJ cz;L.

Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhodpd; tuyhW ekf;F ,ij ed;F czu;j;Jk;. goe;jkpoupd;

,k;kuig tlf;fpUe;J ,q;Fte;J fhy;nfhz;l rkzk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;L

jd;tof;fhfpf;; nfhz;lJ vdf; fUj tha;g;Gz;L. ,e;Nehf;fpy; rkzg;ngz;

Jwtpahd ePyNfrpia MuhaNtz;Lk;. ePypg;Nga; fztidf; nfhd;wgpd;G

mt;t+upNyNa mjhtJ gioaD}upNyNa jq;fptpLfpwJ vd;gJ njspT. ,q;F Nga;

vd;gJ NgNa my;y. kfspUf;fhd khWgl;l kdepiyfSs; xd;W. ,e;epiyapy;

cs;s kfspu; RLfhl;by; jq;fpapUg;gijAk;> mtu;fs; gpzk; jpd;W tho;tijAk;>

mt;topNa nry;Nthiu mr;RWj;JtijAk; ifyhrgjp mtu;fs; jk; fl;Liuapy;

Ma;fpwhu;. vdNt Nga; kfspu; cz;ik kfspNu vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. vdNt

254

jdf;F tQ;rid nra;j fztidf; nfhd;w ePypAk; gpd; kdk; khwp

mikjpaile;J ,t;tplj;jpy; jq;fp> mjhtJ rkzj;Jwtpahd ePyNfrpahfp

cz;zhNehd;gpUe;J capu; Jwe;jpUf;fyhk;.

,f;fUJNfhSf;Nfw;wthW gioaD}upy; mike;Js;s fw;fpil mikg;ig

mjhtJ tPL Nghd;w Kf;Nfhz tbtikg;ig Nehf;Fq;fhy;> ,f;fw;fpil cz;zh

Nehd;gpUe;J capu;Jwe;jjw;Fupa ,lkhff; fUj tha;g;Gz;L. ,f;fw;fpilapd;

tlf;Fg;gf;fk; mike;Js;s ,LJis ,f;fUJNfhSf;F mjhtJ rkzu;fspd;

tlf;fpUj;jiy cWjpg;gLj;JkhW mike;Js;sJ.

3.3.3.3. fw;fpil mikg;Gfw;fpil mikg;Gfw;fpil mikg;Gfw;fpil mikg;G

gioaD}h; ngUq;fw;fhy fw;fpil tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ.

,uz;L el;l fw;fspd; kPJ xU miutl;l %Lfy; mike;J kw;w fw;fpilfis

tpl jdpj;Jtkhf tPL Nghd;W ,f;fw;fpil fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. ,f;fw;fpil xNu

cauk;> mfyKs;s ,uz;L gyiff;fw;fis epw;f itj;J> mjd;Nky; miutl;l

tbt %bg;gyiff;fy; xd;W> epw;f itj;Js;s mt;tpuz;L gyiff;fw;fSf;Fg;

nghUe;JkhW tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fpof;F my;yJ njw;Fg;gf;fk; tof;fkhf

mikAk; ,LJis (Porthole) ,f;fw;fpilapy; tlf;fpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,J

ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. ,LJisapd; tpl;lk; 0.48kP. MFk;. fw;fpilapd; tlf;Fg;

gyiff; fy; 3.42kP. cauKk;> 2.72kP. mfyKk; nfhz;lJ. fpof;Fg; gf;f gyiff;

fy; 3.41kP. cauKk;> 2.72kP. mfyKk; nfhz;lJ. ,g;gyiff; fw;fspd; fdk;

Vwf;Fiwa 0.10kP. MFk;. kf;fs; ,jid ePypf;Nfhtpy; vd;W miof;fpd;wdh;.

fhiuf;fhw;g;NgAk;> ePypg;NgAk; Fbnfhz;l jpUthyq;fhL-gioaD}upd;

jha;j;nja;tKk; Nga;fspd; jiytpahd fhsp Mths;. Mdhy; ,t;tpU

Nga;g;ngz;bupd; rkaq;fSk; ntt;NtwhdjhFk;. kdKjpu;Tila ngz;fs;

RLfhl;by; jq;fp tho;e;j rq;f,yf;fpar; nra;jpia ,tu;fs;

cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wddu;. NkYk; ,q;Fs;s fw;fpilf;Fk; ,g;Nga;ngz;bUf;Fk;

255

njhlu;gpUf;fyhk; mjhtJ ,J mt;tpUtupy; xUtuJ ,Ug;gplkha; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;

vd;W fUjKbfpwJ.

Fkup vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLk; fd;dpahFkup nja;tKk; fp.gp.Kjyhk;

E}w;whz;by; ngupGS]; vd;Dk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik mjd;

goikj;jd;ikiaf; fhl;Lk;. ,f;Fkup kzkhfhj fd;dpahths;. ,ts; epyj;jpd;

Kidapy; epd;W jtk;Guptjhff; goe;njhl;L fUjg;gLfpwJ.

ngz;izg; g+rpf;Fk; thkg+ir jhe;jpuPfr; rlq;fhFk;. jhe;jpuPfj;jpd; Ie;J

kfuq;fspy; ‘khJ’ ngz; topghlhFk;. jhkiu kyu; jhe;jpuPfj;jpy; xU FwpaPl;Lr;

nrhy;yhFk;.362 ngz;zpw;Fupa FwpaPlhd jhkiu tsj;ijg; ngUf;Ftjw;fhd

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nra;ag;gLk; jhe;jpuPfr; rlq;Ffspy; ngz;Nz Kf;fpakhdtshff; fUjg;gLfpwhs;.

njhy;fhg;gpak; nfhbepiy> fe;jop> ts;sp vd ,j;jifa rlq;Ffisf;

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(=rf;fuk;) ,tw;NwhL $ba je;jpu topghl;L KiwahFk;. ,f;nfhbepiy vd;gij

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nfhbahdJ ngz;zpd; topghNl. mJ tsj;jpw;fhdJ. ve;jpuq;fspy; ngz;Fwpiar;

Rw;wp ehw;GwKk; xU nfhb glu;e;Js;sij fhzyhk;. ,e;jf; nfhbNa

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nghUshFk;.363 `ug;gh mfoha;tpy; fpilj;j mupa nghUs; xd;W ‘Rfk;gup’ vd;W

milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,JNt mf;nfhbepiy vDk; je;jpuj;jpd; %y

Cw;whFk;.

362

Njtp gpurhj; rl;Nlhghj;ahah> ‘cyfha;jk;’ NCBH, nrd;id. 2010. g.281

363 NkyJ. g.302

256

gz;ila ehspy; jha;j;nja;t topghL kpFe;jpUe;jij njhy;ypay;

rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L epWtyhk;. ngUq;fw; gz;ghl;ilr; rhu;e;j jpUney;Ntyp

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NkYk; mq;F <kf;Fopapy; cs;s itf;fg;gl;bUe;j xU jhopapy; Gilg;Gr;rpw;gkhf

epd;w epiyapy; jha;j;nja;t tbtk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;nja;tj;jpd; mUfpy;

khd; xd;Wk;> NjhifAld; $ba fUk;Gk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J nfhw;witahf

,Uf;fyhk; vd;gJ Ma;thsu;fs; fUj;J.364 g+k;Gfhu; fly; mfoha;tpd; NghJ

Nkw;gug;gha;tpy; fpilj;Js;s RLkz; rpw;gk; xd;W Foe;ijf;F ghY}l;Lk;

epiyapYs;s jhapd; tbtkhFk;. ,jd; fhyKk; njhd;ikahdNj.365

ngUq;fw;gz;ghl;Lf; fhy <kr;rpd;dq;fspy; xd;whd Nkhl;̂ u; jha;j;nja;tk; ngupa

ghiwapy; gwit Nghd;w cUtikjpAld; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. njd;Mu;f;fhL

khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s cilahej;jj;jpYk; ,j;jifa ngupa <kr;rpd;dk;

mike;Js;sJ. ,tw;wpid Nehf;Fq;fhy; =tj;]j;jpd; Kd;Ndhb tbtkhf

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fpilj;Js;sd. mjpjp vd;w ngz; nja;tkhf mq;F ,t;TUtk; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

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nja;tj;jpd; rpw;gKk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.366 jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lk;>

njhz;ilkhD}u; CUf;F mUfpy; cs;s xU kiyapd; mbthuj;jpy;

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fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.367 ,J ngz; FwpaPl;il topgLk; jhe;jpuPf rlq;Ffs; ,q;F

goq;Fbapduhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lij fhl;b epw;fpwJ.

fd;dp ehL vd ngz;nja;t topghl;lhy; ngau;ngw;w ghz;baehl;Lg;

gFjpfshd kJiu> jpUney;Ntyp Cu;fspd; kPdhl;rp> fhe;jpkjp md;id

nja;tq;fspd; ngau; ghz;bau;;fspd; Fyr;rpd;dq;fshd kPd; kw;Wk; re;jpuidf;

364

NkyJ. g.85 365

=ju;> jp.=. ,.M.g.> (gjpg;) ‘fy;ntl;L’ j.eh.m.njh.Jiw> nrd;id. 2010 366

C.Sivaramamurthy, ‘South Indian Bronzes’, New Delhi, 1981 367

fsMa;thsu;fs;: jpU.godpNty;> Kidtu;.,uh.g+q;Fd;wd

257

nfhz;Ls;sJ ,q;F Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. Fyr;rpd;dq;fis topgLjNy

njhy;Fbj;jd;ikapy; kughapUe;jJ. mJ Ntl;Lt epiyiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. gpd;

mLj;J te;j Ntshz;ik epiyap;y; ngz; nja;tkhf topglg;gl;ljhy;

,f;Fyr;rpd;dq;fs; ngz;Zf;F cupajhf;fg; gl;ld. ,f;fUj;jpy; ehk;

Nkw;nrhd;dtw;iw ghu;f;fNtz;Lk;. ghz;bau;fs; re;jputk;rj;jtu;fs; vd;W

jq;fisf; $wpf;nfhs;tu;. ngz; nja;tq;fspd; rpd;dq;fshf epyTk; fjpUk;

,lk;ngWfpd;wd vd;Wk;> epytpd; %d;W epiyfs; ngz; nja;tq;fspd; %d;W

tbtq;fisAk;> tho;f;ifr; Row;rpapd; %d;W tifahd Mw;wy;fisAk;

tiuaWf;fpd;wd vd;Wk; gY}]; topghL vd;Dk; E}ypy; gl;lhr;rhu;ah

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tsj;jpdhNyNa vd;gjhy; kPd; mtu;fspd; FykuGr;rpd;dkhf toptop te;J gpd;

muRr; rp;d;dkhf Nghw;wg;gl;lJ vdf;fUj ,lKz;L.

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jpUthyq;fhL> flk;gtd kJiu> fr;rpg;NgL vd;Dk; fhL#o; jyq;fs; gpd;dhspy;

rptdpd; jpUj;jykhdJ Ma;tpw;Fupajhf cs;sJ.

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muR cUthf;fk; ngw;wjpYk; njhlu;e;J> typikahd Nghw;Wjy;fisAk;>

ngUe;nja;t vOr;rpahy; jhf;Fjy;fisAk; ngw;Ws;snjd;gij tuyhw;Wf;

fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; Nehf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ntl;Ltepiy> Ntshz; epiy jhz;b>

thzpfj;jpYk; flw;nja;tkhfTk;> ghiyj;nja;tkhfTk; tpsq;FtijAk; rpyk;Gk;>

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fd;dpg+ir elj;JtJk;> Ntshz;ikapd; nropg;Gf; FwpaPlhf

258

Kisg;ghupnaLj;jYk;> jhapd; tapwhfg; Nghw;wg;gLk; ‘fufj;ijg; Nghw;wp

tzq;FjYk; Cu;g;Gwq;fspy; tof;fhf cs;sij ehk; fhzyhk;.

kPkhk;rKk; NahfKk;kPkhk;rKk; NahfKk;kPkhk;rKk; NahfKk;kPkhk;rKk; NahfKk;

ew;wpizapy; Fd;Wiw jtrpau; vd;W $WtjpypUe;J Nahf kugpdiug;

gpd;gw;wpa Kdptu;fSk; ,Ue;jdu; NghYk;. G+Q;rhw;W}u; ghu;g;ghd; tpz;ze;jhad;

nra;j Nts;tp gw;wp tpupthff; $wg; ngWtjhy; kPkhk;rfKk; rq;f fhyj;jpy;

nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jJ vdyhk;. epahak;> itNrbfk; gw;wp Neubf; Fwpg;Gfs;

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rkak; efuq;fspy nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUf;f tha;g;Gz;L.

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tsj;jpidAk;> kfg;Ngw;wpidAk; nfhLf;Fk; rf;jp cilatd; vd;w ek;gpf;if

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epidthf elg;gl;l eLfy; nja;tkhf Ky;iyj;jpiz Nfhtyu;> Mau;> ,ilau;>

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%jpy; vd;W $WtJ kwtu;fspd; ngUikiaAk;> goikiaAk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

259

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; epiuNfhly; gw;wp GwehD}w;wpYk;> mfehD}w;wpYk;

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kwtu;fs; epiukPl;lypYk; <Lgl;Ls;sdu;. Mdhy; kotu;fs; xUNghJk; epiukPl;lypy;

<Lgl;ljpy;iy. epiuftu;jy;> kPl;ly; ghiyj;jpizg; ghlypy; kl;Lk;

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mfg;ghly; kl;LNk MNfhs; g+ry; gw;wp NgRfpd;wJ. rq;ffhy Ky;iy

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ngau; te;jJk; $l mJ mq;Nf NgW (nry;tk;) vd;W fUjg;ngw;wjhy; MFk;.

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ghiyj;jpizg; ghly;fSk;> Gwj;jpy; ntl;rp> fue;ijg; ghly;fSk; eLfy; gw;wp

tptupf;fpd;wd. ,g;ghly; midj;jpw;Fk; nfhLKb Nghy; mike;jpUg;gJ Gwk; 335-

Mk; nra;As;. mr;nra;Aspd; ,Wjp mbfs; eLfy; topghl;bd; gd;Kfj;

jd;ikiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

Ky;iy epykf;fSf;F eLfy; topghL md;wpg; gpwtopghL ,y;iynad;gij

xU ghly; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ>

‘xd;dh njt;tu; Kd;dpd;W tpyq;fpxd;dh njt;tu; Kd;dpd;W tpyq;fpxd;dh njt;tu; Kd;dpd;W tpyq;fpxd;dh njt;tu; Kd;dpd;W tpyq;fp

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fy;Ny gufy;Ny gufy;Ny gufy;Ny gutpd; my;yJtpd; my;yJtpd; my;yJtpd; my;yJ

260

ney;YFj;Jg; guTk; flTSk; ,yNtney;YFj;Jg; guTk; flTSk; ,yNtney;YFj;Jg; guTk; flTSk; ,yNtney;YFj;Jg; guTk; flTSk; ,yNt’368

vd;W $WfpwJ. Ky;iy epyj;J kf;fs; khNahid topgLtu;. Mdhy; ,q;F

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368

Gwk;.335

261

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epytpte;Js;sij NkNy fhl;ba gy;NtW rhd;Wfspd; %yk; czuyhk;.