Serial No.

Subject Page no

1 Introduction 1

2 Formal Definition 2

3 Characteristics of Cloud Computing 2

4 Enabling Technologies 4

5 Cloud types 7

6 Cloud computing categories 8

7 Component 9

8 Virtualization 10

9 Users 11

10 Advantages of Cloud Computing 11

11 Working Of Cloud Computing 12

12 Merits & demerits 13

13 Conclusion 14

14 References 15

 

1

Introduction

Cloud computing is the delivery of computing as a service rather than

a product, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices as a metered service over a network (typically the Internet).

Computing clouds provide computation, software, data access, and storage resources without requiring cloud users to know the location and other details of the computing infrastructure. Within limits, cloud users can consume any amount of these resources without having first to acquire servers or other computing equipment. A parallel to this concept can be drawn with the electricity grid, wherein end-users consume power without needing to understand the component devices or infrastructure required to provide the service.

End users access cloud based applications through a web browser or a light weight desktop or mobile app while the business software and data are stored on servers at a remote location. Cloud application providers strive to give the same or better service and performance as if the software programs were installed locally on end-user computers. In some cases, legacy applications (line of business applications that until now have been prevalent in thin client Windows computing) are delivered via a screen-sharing technology, while the computing resources are consolidated at a remote Data Centre location; in other cases, entire business applications have been coded using web-based technologies such as AJAX.

At the foundation of cloud computing is the broader concept of infrastructure convergence (or Converged Infrastructure) and shared services. This type of data Centre environment allows enterprises to get their applications up and running faster, with easier manageability and less maintenance, and enables IT to more rapidly adjust IT resources (such as servers, storage, and networking) to meet fluctuating and unpredictable business demand. Commercial offerings may be required to meet service-level agreements (SLAs), but specific terms are less often negotiated by smaller companies.

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Formal Definition

A model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

1. Self Healing Any application or any service running in a cloud computing environment has the property of self healing. In case of failure of the application, there is always a hot backup of the application ready to take over without disruption. There are multiple copies of the same application - each copy updating itself regularly so that at times of failure there is at least one copy of the application which can take over without even the slightest change in its running state.

2. Multi-tenancy With cloud computing, any application supports multi-tenancy - that is multiple tenants at the same instant of time. The system allows several customers to share the infrastructure allotted to them without any of them being aware of the sharing. This is done by virtualizing the servers on the available machine pool and then allotting the servers to multiple users. This is done in such a way that the privacy of the users or the security of their data is not compromised.

3. Linearly Scalable Cloud computing services are linearly scalable. The system is able to break down the workloads into pieces and service it across the infrastructure. An exact idea of linear scalability can be obtained from the fact that if one server is able to process say 1000 transactions per second, then two servers can process 2000 transactions per second.

4. Service-oriented Cloud computing systems are all service oriented - i.e. the systems are such that they are created out of other discrete services. Many such discrete services which are independent of each other are combined together to form this service. This allows re-use of the different services that are available and that are being created. Using the services that were just created, other such services can be created.

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5. SLA Driven Usually businesses have agreements on the amount of services. Scalability and availability issues cause clients to break these agreements. But cloud computing services are SLA driven such that when the system experiences peaks of load, it will automatically adjust itself so as to comply with the service-level agreements. The services will create additional instances of the applications on more servers so that the load can be easily managed.

6. Virtualized The applications in cloud computing are fully decoupled from the underlying hardware. The cloud computing environment is a fully virtualized environment.

7. Flexible Another feature of the cloud computing services is that they are flexible. They can be used to serve a large variety of workload types - varying from small loads of a small consumer application to very heavy loads of a commercial application.

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functions commonly used in functional programming, although the actual semantics of the framework are not the same. It is a programming model and an associated implementation for processing and generating large data sets. Many of the real world tasks are expressible in this model. Map Reduce implementations have been written in C++, Java and other languages. Programs written in this functional style are automatically parallelized and executed on the cloud. The run-time system takes care of the details of partitioning the input data, scheduling the program’s execution across a set of machines, handling machine failures, and managing the required inter-machine communication. This allows programmers without any experience with parallel and distributed systems to easily utilize the resources of a largely distributed system.

Hadoop

Hadoop is a framework for running applications on large cluster built of commodity hardware. The Hadoop framework transparently provides applications both reliability and data motion. Hadoop implements the computation paradigm named Map Reduce which was explained above. The application is divided into many small fragments of work, each of which may be executed or re-executed on any node in the cluster. In addition, it provides a distributed file system that stores data on the compute nodes, providing very high aggregate bandwidth across the cluster. Both Map Reduce and the distributed file system are designed so that the node failures are automatically handled by the framework. Hadoop has been implemented making use of Java. In Hadoop, the combination of the entire JAR files and classed needed to run a Map Reduce program is called a job. All of these components are themselves collected into a JAR which is usually referred to as the job file. To execute a job, it is submitted to a jobTracker and then executed.

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3. Infrastructure as a service: The cloud computing vendors offer infrastructure as a service. One may avail hardware services such as processors, memory, networks etc. on agreed basis for specific duration and price.

4. Software as a service (SaaS): Software package such as CRM or CAD/CAM can be accessed under cloud computing scheme. Here a customer upon registration is allowed to use software accessible through net and use it for his or his business process. The related data and work may be stored on local machines or with the service providers. SaaS services may be available on rental basis or on per use basis.

Component

The key to a SOA framework that supports workflows is componentization of its services, an ability to support a range of couplings among workflow building blocks, fault-tolerance in its data- and process-aware service-based delivery, and an ability to audit processes, data and results, i.e., collect and use provenance information. Component-based approach is characterized by reusability (elements can be re-used in other workflows), substitutability (alternative implementations are easy to insert, very precisely specified interfaces are available, run-time component replacement mechanisms exist, there is ability to verify and validate

substitutions, etc), extensibility and scalability (ability to readily extend system component pool and to scale it, increase capabilities of individual components, have an extensible and scalable architecture that can automatically discover new functionalities and resources, etc),customizability (ability to customize generic features to the needs of a particular scientific domain and problem), and composability (easy construction of more complex functional solutions using basic components, reasoning about such compositions, etc.). There are other

Characteristics those also are very important. Those include reliability and availability of the components and services, the cost of the services, security, total cost of ownership, economy of scale, and so on. In the context of cloud computing we distinguish many categories of components. From differentiated and undifferentiated hardware, to general-purpose and specialized software and applications, to real and virtual ―imagesǁ, to environments, to no-root

Differentiated resources, to workflow-based environments and collections of services, and soon.

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Users

The most important Cloud entity, and the principal quality driver and constraining influence is, of course, the user. The value of a solutions depends very much on the view it has of its end-user requirements and user categories. There four broad sets of nonexclusive user categories:

System or Cyber infrastructure (CI) developers, developers (authors) of different component services and underlying applications, technology and domain personnel that integrates basic services into composite services and their orchestrations (workflows) and delivers those to end-users, and finally users of simple and composite services. User categories also include domain specific groups, and indirect users such as stakeholders, policy makers, and so on. Functional and usability requirements derive, in most part, directly from the user profiles.

Advantages of Cloud Computing

• Lower computer costs: – You do not need a high-powered and high-priced computer to run

cloud computing's web-based applications. – Since applications run in the cloud, not on the desktop PC, your

desktop PC does not need the processing power or hard disk space demanded by traditional desktop software.

– When you are using web-based applications, your PC can be less expensive, with a smaller hard disk, less memory, more efficient

processor... – In fact, your PC in this scenario does not even need a CD or DVD

drive, as no software programs have to be loaded and no document files need to be saved.

• Reduced software costs:

– Instead of purchasing expensive software applications, you can get most of what you need for free-ish!

– That is right - most cloud computing applications today, such as the Google Docs suite, are totally free.

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• Instant software updates:

– Another advantage to cloud computing is that you are no longer faced with choosing between obsolete software and high upgrade costs.

– When the application is web-based, updates happen automatically - available the next time you log into the cloud.

– When you access a web-based application, you get the latest version - without needing to pay for or download an upgrade.

• Unlimited storage capacity:

– Cloud computing offers virtually limitless storage.

– Your computer's current 200 Gbyte hard drive is small compared to the hundreds of Pbytes available in the cloud.

– Whatever you need to store, you can.

• Increased data reliability:

– Unlike desktop computing, in which if a hard disk crashes and destroy all your valuable data, a computer crashing in the cloud should not affect the storage of your data.

– That also means that if your personal computer crashes, all your data is still out there in the cloud, still accessible.

– In a world where few individual desktop PC users back up their data on a regular basis, cloud computing is a data-safe computing platform!

Working Of Cloud Computing:

Cloud computing system can be divided it into two sections: the front end and the back end. They connect to each other through a network, usually the Internet. The front end is the side the computer user, or client, sees. The back end is the "cloud" section of the system. On the back end there are various computers, servers and data storage systems that create the "cloud" of computing services. A central server administers the system, monitoring traffic and client demands to ensure everything runs smoothly. It follows a set of rules

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6. The Cloud makes it possible to launch Web 2.0 applications quickly and to scale up applications as much as needed when needed.

Demerits:

1. Stored data might not be secure: With cloud computing, all our data is stored on the cloud. The unauthorized users gain access to our confidential data.

2. Dependent on internet connection: Internet connectivity isn’t completely stable and reliable.

3. It’s not platform agnostic: Most clouds force participants to rely on a single platform or host only one type of product.

4. Can be slow: Even on a fast connection, web based application scan sometimes be slower than accessing a similar software program on our desktop PC.

Conclusion

―Cloud computing builds on decades of research in virtualization, distributed computing, utility computing, and more recently networking, web and software services. It implies a service oriented architecture, reduced information technology overhead for the end-user, great flexibility, reduced total cost of ownership, on demand services and many other things.

In today's global competitive market, companies must innovate and get the most from its resources to succeed. Cloud computing infrastructures are next generation platforms that can provide tremendous value to companies of any size. They can help companies achieve more efficient use of their IT hardware and software investments and provide a means to accelerate the adoption of innovations. Cloud computing increases profitability by improving resource utilization. Costs are driven down by delivering appropriate resources only for the time those resources are needed. Cloud computing has enabled teams and organizations to streamline lengthy procurement processes.

Cloud computing enables innovation by alleviating the need of innovators to find resources to develop, test, and make their innovations available to the user community. Innovators are free to focus on the innovation rather than the logistics of finding and managing resources that enable the innovation.

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References

1. http://www.infoworld.com/article/08/04/07/15FE-cloud-computing-reality_1.html,

“What Cloud Computing Really Means”

2. http://www.spinnakerlabs.com/CloudComputing.pdf

“Welcome to the new era of cloud computing PPT”

3. http://www.johnmwillis.com/

4. “Demystifying Clouds” - discusses many players in the cloud space

5. www.ibm.com/developerworks/websphere/zones/hipods/library.html\

6. http://communication.howstuffworks.com/cloud-computing2.html

7. www.thbs.com

8. http://www.wikipedia.org/