9 to 12th Grade George Washington Inquiry – (160-225 ......question “How was the American Presidency established” before they evaluate what characteristics a good President has

C3 INQUIRY: GEORGEWASHINGTONSTUDY: WHATDOES IT TAKE TOBE A GOODPRESIDENT?

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9thto12thGradeGeorgeWashingtonInquiry–(160-225Minutes)

WhatdoesittaketobeagoodPresident?

PhotoCredit:http://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/the-first-president/inauguration/timeline/

SupportingQuestions

1. WhatleadershiptraitsdidGeorgeWashingtonpossess?2. HowdidGeorgeWashingtoncarryoutthepowersandlimitationsofArticle

II?3. WhatprecedentswereestablishedbyGeorgeWashington?4. HowhasGeorgeWashington’spresidencybeenevaluatedovertime?


InquiryBlueprint

WhatdoesittaketobeagoodPresident?Standards

2015VirginiaStandardsofLearning:VUS.1,VUS.4b,VUS.5b,VUS.5c

StagingtheCompellingQuestion

StudentsdiscusshowtheAmericanPresidencywasestablished.

SupportingQuestion1 SupportingQuestion2 SupportingQuestion3 SupportingQuestion4WhatleadershiptraitsdidGeorgeWashingtonpossess?

HowdidGeorgeWashingtoncarryoutthepowersandlimitationsofArticleII?

WhatprecedentswereestablishedbyGeorgeWashington?

HowhasGeorgeWashington’spresidencybeenevaluatedovertime?

FormativePerformanceTask




ListtraitsthatGeorgeWashingtonpossessedafterexaminingmultiplesourcesattestingtohischaracter.

CreateajobdescriptionforthePresidentoftheUnitedStatesbasedonhowGeorgeWashingtondefinedthattitle.

Createapresentationslidethatanswersthequestion“WhatprecedentswereestablishedbyGeorgeWashington?”

Generatea“reportcard”ofGeorgeWashington’spresidencyfrommultipleperspectives.

FeaturedSources FeaturedSources FeaturedSources FeaturedSourcesSourceA:“BeingaLeader”webpagefromUSBA

SourcesB/C/D:ExcerptsfromJeremiahSmith’soration,February22,1800

E/F:ExcerptsfromTheWashingtoniana

SourceA:UnitedStatesConstitution-ArticleII

SourceB:ExcerptfromRobertPaine’sEulogyonGeorgeWashington,January2,1800

SourceC:ExcerptfromFuneralSermonontheDeathofGeneralWashingtonbytheRev.Dr.Muir,December29,1799

SourceD:Excerptfromthearticle“AnorationonthedeathofGeneralGeorgeWashington,byDoctorJosephBlyth”

SourceE:ExcerptfromAneulogyonGeorgeWashington,byGeorgeRichardsMinot

SourceF:ExcerptfromGeorgeWashington’slettertoEdwardCarrington

SourceG:ExcerptfromGeorgeWashington’sSeventhAnnualAddresstoCongress

SourceA:Rigaud’sportraitofLouisXIV

SourceB:Stuart’sportraitofGeorgeWashington

SourceC:Onlinearticleon5challengesGeorgeWashingtonfaced

SourceD:ExcerptfromWashington’sFarewellAddress

SourceE:DigitalEncyclopediaEntry“CabinetMembers”

SourceF:ExcerptfromGeorgeWashington’sEighthAnnualAddresstoCongress

SourceA:CollectionofGeorgeWashingtoncoinsandcurrency

SourceB:VideoonGeorgeWashingtonlegacy

SourceC:ThomasJeffersonQuotesonGeorgeWashington

SourceD:HerbertHoover’sAddresstoaJointSessionofCongress,February22,1932

SourceE:MatthewJ.FranckeditorialonWashington’scharacter,1999

SourceF.Excerptfrom“LeadingChange:GeorgeWashingtonandEstablishingthePresidency”byDr.DenverBrunsmanandDr.GeorgeA.Goethals

SummativePerformanceTask

Studentswillwriteapersuasiveessayansweringthequestion“DefiningwhatittakestobeagoodPresident,wasGeorgeWashingtonagoodfirstPresident?”.

TakingInformedAction

MultipleoptionsforTakingInformedActioncomponentincluded.


INSTRUCTIONS/PROCESSFORTHECOMPELLINGQUESTION:Thishookwillallowstudentstoanswerthequestion“HowwastheAmericanPresidencyestablished”beforetheyevaluatewhatcharacteristicsagoodPresidenthasandwhetherornotGeorgeWashingtonwasagoodchoiceasthefirsttoassumethattitle.

1. Readtheoverviewof“RatificationoftheConstitution.”Insmallgroups,havestudentsdiscussthefollowingquestions:

a. WhydidGeorgeWashingtonfeelthenewConstitutionshouldberatified?b. TheConstitutionsetupastrongercentralgovernmentthanAmericahadundertheArticles

ofConfederation.Whydoyouthinkthefoundingfathersoriginallysetupaweaknationalgovernment(choosinginsteadaconfederation)?Whatcausesledtoaresistanceofastrongcentralgovernment?

c. TheConstitutionsetupapresidency.WhydoyouthinksomeofAmerica’sfoundingfatherswerehesitanttoacceptagovernmentwiththisposition?Whatwastheirfear?

d. InwhatwaysdidtheframersoftheConstitutionattempttolimittheabuseofpowerunderthenewConstitution?

2. Studentsshouldsharetheirdiscussionpointswiththeclass.Correctanymisconceptions.ItispresumedthatstudentshavebackgroundknowledgeintheConstitutionalConventionandthebasicworkingsoftheUnitedStatesgovernment(includingseparationofpowersandchecksandbalances).Atthispoint,ifstudentsneedreviewontheeventsleadingtothewritingoftheConstitutionorthebasicstructureofU.S.government,teachersareencouragedtoreviewthosetopics.

StagingtheCompellingQuestion–TheHook(SuggestedTime10-15minutes)

FeaturedSource(s)SourceA:“RatificationoftheConstitution”fromhttp://www.mountvernon.org/digital-encyclopedia/article/ratification-of-the-constitution/


FeaturedSource:

FEATUREDSOURCEA“RatificationoftheConstitution”fromhttp://www.mountvernon.org/digital-encyclopedia/article/ratification-of-the-constitution/

RatificationoftheConstitution

AsthepresidentoftheConstitutionalConvention,GeorgeWashingtonrarelyparticipatedinthedebates.However,whentheConstitutionheadedtothestatesforapproval,Washingtontookanactiveroleintheratificationprocess.BeforeleavingPhiladelphiaforVirginia,WashingtonsentcopiesofthedocumenttoThomasJeffersonandtheMarquisdeLafayette,hopingfortheirsupport.

WashingtonalsosentcopiestoBenjaminHarrison,PatrickHenry,andEdmundRandolph,thethreemostrecentgovernorsofVirginiawhoeachhadseriousreservationsabouttheConstitution.OncebackhomeatMountVernon,Washingtonspenthismorningswritingletterstopoliticalleadersthroughoutthenation,urgingthemtosupporttheConstitution.Atthesametime,WashingtonknewthatiftheConstitutionwasadopted,hewouldmostlikelybecomethefirstPresidentoftheUnitedStatesandbecalledawayfromhisbelovedestate.

Inhiscorrespondence,WashingtonclearlylaidoutthereasonswhyhebelievedtheConstitutionshouldberatified.TheunityofthenationhadbeensorelytestedundertheArticlesofConfederation.Washington,infact,fearedthecurrentgovernmentwassopowerlessthatitwouldsoondissolveeitherfromdeterioratingsupportofthepeopleorfromthefactthatstateswouldnolongerbothertosendrepresentativestotheConfederationCongress.WhiletheConstitutionwasnotperfect,itcreatedastrongercentralgovernmentthatincludedaCongresswiththepowertotax,aPresidentwhowouldactasthenation’schiefexecutive,andanationalcourtsystem.WashingtonurgedpeoplewhohaddoubtsabouttheConstitutiontosupportit,remindingthemthatonceitwasapproveditcouldbeamended.

BydefendingtheConstitution,WashingtonpartedcompanywitholderrevolutionariessuchasGeorgeMason,andalliedhimselfwithyoungerpoliticalleaderslikeJamesMadison.WashingtonopposedmanyofhisfellowplanterswhobelievedtheConstitutionwoulddestroytherepublic.AsWashingtonexplainedinalettertotheMarquisdeLafayette,hefoundit"alittlestrangethatthemenoflargepropertyinthesouthshouldbemoreafraidthattheconstitutionshouldproduceanaristocracyoramonarchythanthegenuinedemocraticalpeopleoftheeast."1Deeplyindebthimself,WashingtonwasalsotroubledthatsomanyVirginiansbelievedtheyhadabetterchanceforprosperityinaweaknationratherthanastrongone.

AtthestartoftheratificationconventioninRichmondinMayof1788,eightstateshadalreadyapprovedtheConstitution.WhileWashingtondidnotattendtheconvention,hestayedincontactwithMadisonwhodefendedthedocumentinaseriesofbrilliantdebates.WhenthevotewasfinallytakenonJune25,theConstitutionwasapprovedbyamarginof89to79.

WashingtonheadedforacelebrationinAlexandria,believingthatVirginiahadbeentheninthstatetoapprovethedocument.EvenwhennewsarrivedthatNewHampshirehadapprovedtheConstitutionimmediatelybeforeVirginia,thecelebrationswenton.ManypeopleagreedwithJamesMonroe,thatWashington’sinfluencehad"carriedthisgovernment."2ButamorehumbleWashingtonbelievedthat"Providence"hadonceagainsmiledontheAmericanpeople.3


SupportingQuestion1(SuggestedTime40-60minutes)SupportingQuestion WhatleadershiptraitsdidGeorgeWashingtonpossess?


ListtraitsthatGeorgeWashingtonpossessedafterexaminingmultipleposthumoussourcesattestingtohischaracter.

FeaturedSource(s)

A:“BeingaLeader”webpagefromUSBAB/C/D:ExcerptsfromJeremiahSmith’soration,February22,1800asfoundinASelectionoforationsandeulogies,pronouncedindifferentpartsoftheUnitedStates,incommemorationofthelife,virtues,andpre-eminentservicesofGen.GeorgeWashingtonE/F:ExcerptsfromTheWashingtoniana:containingasketchofthelifeanddeathofthelateGen.GeorgeWashington

ProcessandFormativePerformanceTask

1. Dividestudentsinto5smallgroups.Withintheirgroups,havestudentscompileoflistoftraitsorcharacteristicsgoodleaderspossess.Share/discussasappropriate.

2. Sharethe“BeingaLeader”pagewithstudents.ReadanddiscusseachtraitofaneffectiveleaderthatwasidentifiedbyRaymondCattell.

3. Giveeachgrouponeofthe5excerptsfromatributetoGeorgeWashington.UsingAppendixA,havestudentexaminethesourceanddeterminewhichleadershiptraitstheexcerptcanbeusedtosupport.Eachgroupshouldsharetheirfindings.Alternately,iftimepermits,havestudentsrotatethesourcesuntileachgrouphashadthechancetoexamineeachsource.

4. Specialnote-Ifstudentsarenotadeptatidentifyingbiaswithinprimarysources,thatskillshouldbeaddressedatthispoint.All5excerptscomefromsourceswrittenafterGeorgeWashington’sdeathtopraisehim(andthereforeonlypointoutthepositiveattributesofhischaracter).Moreinformationonidentifyingbiasandworkingwithprimarysourcescanbefoundathttp://www.loc.gov/teachers/usingprimarysources/

5. AfterexaminingtheevidenceforGeorgeWashington’sleadershiptraits,studentsshouldgeneratealistofthreecharacteristicstheyfeelGeorgeWashingtonpossessedandsharethem.Ideasforsharinginclude:

a. ViaTwitterusingacommonhashtagb. ViaPadlet(moreinformationcanbefoundhttps://padlet.com/)c. Viaasharedmessageboard(suchascanbefoundonBlackboard)d. Postingstudentresponsesonthewallandallowingstudentstimetowalkaroundtoviewthem

Itisrecommendedthatstudentscompletethisactivityindividuallyandthattheyareaffordedthetimetocomparetheiranswerstothatoftheirpeers.


FeaturedSources:

FEATUREDSOURCEA“BeingaLeader”pageoftheU.S.SmallBusinessAdministrationwebsite(https://www.sba.gov/managing-business/leading-your-business/being-leader)

RaymondCattell,apioneerinthefieldofpersonalityassessment,developedtheLeadershipPotentialequationin1954.Thisequation,whichwasbasedonastudyofmilitaryleaders,isusedtodaytodeterminethetraitswhichcharacterizeaneffectiveleader.Thetraitsofaneffectiveleaderincludethefollowing:

• Emotionalstability:Goodleadersmustbeabletotoleratefrustrationandstress.Overall,theymustbewell-adjustedandhavethepsychologicalmaturitytodealwithanythingtheyarerequiredtoface.

• Dominance:Leadersareoftencompetitive,decisiveandusuallyenjoyovercomingobstacles.Overall,theyareassertiveintheirthinkingstyleaswellastheirattitudeindealingwithothers.

• Enthusiasm:Leadersareusuallyseenasactive,expressiveandenergetic.Theyareoftenveryoptimisticandopentochange.Overall,theyaregenerallyquickandalertandtendtobeuninhibited.

• Conscientiousness:Leadersareoftendominatedbyasenseofdutyandtendtobeveryexactingincharacter.Theyusuallyhaveaveryhighstandardofexcellenceandaninwarddesiretodotheirbest.Theyalsohaveaneedfororderandtendtobeveryself-disciplined.

• Socialboldness:Leaderstendtobespontaneousrisk-takers.Theyareusuallysociallyaggressiveandgenerallythick-skinned.Overall,theyareresponsivetoothersandtendtobehighinemotionalstamina.

• Self-assurance:Self-confidenceandresiliencyarecommontraitsamongleaders.Theytendtobefreeofguiltandhavelittleornoneedforapproval.Theyaregenerallyunaffectedbypriormistakesorfailures.

• Compulsiveness:Leadersarecontrolledandverypreciseintheirsocialinteractions.Overall,theyareveryprotectiveoftheirintegrityandreputationandconsequentlytendedtobesociallyawareandcareful,abundantinforesight,andverycarefulwhenmakingdecisionsordeterminingspecificactions.

• Intuitiveness:Rapidchangesintheworldtoday,combinedwithinformationoverloadresultinaninabilitytoknoweverything.Inotherwords,reasoningandlogicwillnotgetyouthroughallsituations.Infact,moreandmoreleadersarelearningthevalueofusingtheirintuitionandtrustingtheirgutwhenmakingdecisions.

• Empathy:Beingabletoputyourselfintheotherperson'sshoesisakeytraitofleaderstoday.Withoutempathy,youcan'tbuildtrust;withouttrust,youwillneverbeabletogetthebesteffortfromyouremployees.

• Charisma:Peopleusuallyperceiveleadersaslargerthanlife.Charismaplaysalargepartinthisperception.Leaderswhohavecharismaareabletoarousestrongemotionsintheiremployeesbydefiningavisionwhichunitesandcaptivatesthem.Usingthisvision,leadersmotivateemployeestoreachtowardafuturegoalbytyingthegoaltosubstantialpersonalrewardsandvalues.


FEATUREDSOURCEB:AnexcerptfromJeremiahSmith’soration,February22,1800asfoundinASelectionoforationsandeulogies,pronouncedindifferentpartsoftheUnitedStates,incommemorationofthelife,virtues,andpre-eminentservicesofGen.GeorgeWashington

“Duringthewholeperiodofhisadministration,ourbelovedChiefMagistratemaintainedthefameuniformcharacterformoderation,wisdom,andfirmness.Hisactivegeniuswasequallyfruitedtothemostenlargedviews,andtheminutestdetailsofcivilpolicy.Byasolicitousexaminationofobjections,andajudiciouscomparisonofoppositearguments,heattainedafirmandunshakenconvictiononthemanyandvariousquestionssubmittedtohisdecision;buthisfirmnesswaswithoutasperity,andthoughinflexible,hewascandid.Hewasapracticalpolitician,andalwaysconsideredexperience,whichiseverydayshewingthefallacyofthemostplausibletheories,asthesureststandard,andthebesttestofpoliticaltruth.”

FEATUREDSOURCEC:AnexcerptfromJeremiahSmith’soration,February22,1800asfoundinASelectionoforationsandeulogies,pronouncedindifferentpartsoftheUnitedStates,incommemorationofthelife,virtues,andpre-eminentservicesofGen.GeorgeWashington

“Themostsingulartraitinthecharacterandfortunesofthisgreatmanremainstobementioned:--Hewasneithercapableofenvyhimself,northeobjectofthatpassioninothers.Cantherebehigherevidenceofhissuperiorexcellence?Hischaracterwasconsideredasafortofpublicproperty;everymemberofthecommunityhadaninterestinpreservingitinviolate.

Popularapplause,ofallthegiftsinthepoweroffortunetobestow,themostfickleandprecarious—tohimwasconstant,steady,anduniformashisvirtues.”

FEATUREDSOURCED:AnexcerptfromJeremiahSmith’soration,February22,1800asfoundinASelectionoforationsandeulogies,pronouncedindifferentpartsoftheUnitedStates,incommemorationofthelife,virtues,andpre-eminentservicesofGen.GeorgeWashington

OfhispatriotismIneednotspeak.—Allvirtueshavetheirextremes.Thereisapatriotismtoonarrow;andthephilosophyofthepresentdayteachesonemuchtoobroad;itembracesallnations.Thereisalsoaloveofliberty,whichisdisorderlyandtumultuous.Itissufficienttosay,thatthepatriotismofourWashingtonwasanardentloveofhisowncountry;andtheliberty,headored,wasthatofwhichgovernmentistheguardian.”

FEATUREDSOURCEE:AnonymouspoeminaLondonNewspaperfromTheWashingtoniana:containingasketchoftheligeanddeathofthelateGen.GeorgeWashington

“Greatwithoutpomp,withoutambitionbrave,Proud,nottoconquerfellow-men,butsave;Friendtotheweak,afoetononebutthoseWhoplantheirgreatnessontheirbrethren’swoes;Aw’dbynotitles—undefil’dbylust—Freewithoutfaction,obstinatelyjust;ToowisetolearnfromMachiavel’sschool,Thattruthandperfidybyturnsshouldrule;Warm’dbyreligion’ssacred,genuineray,Thatpointstofutureblissth’unerringway;Yetne’ercontrol’dbysuperstition’slaws,Thatworstoftyrantsinthenoblestcause.”


FEATUREDSOURCEF:CharacterofGeorgeWashington,publishedinLondonJan24,1800fromTheWashingtoniana:containingasketchoftheligeanddeathofthelateGen.GeorgeWashington

“Thewholerangeofhistorydoesnotpresenttoourviewacharacteruponwhichwecandwellwithsuchentireandunmixedadmiration.ThelonglifeofgeneralWashingtonisnotstainedbyasingleblot.Hewasindeedamanofsuchrareendowments,andsuchfortunatetemperament,thateveryactionheperformedwasequallyexemptedfromthechargeofviceorweakness.—Whateverhesaidordid,orwrote,wasstampedwithastrikingandpeculiarpropriety.Hisqualitiesweresohappilyblended,andsonicelyharmonised,thattheresultwasagreatandperfectwhole.Thepowersofhismind,andthedispositions,ofhisheart,wereadmirablysuitedtoeachother.Itwastheunionofthemostconsummateprudencewiththemostperfectmoderation.Hisviews,thoughlargeandliberal,wereneverextravagant:hisvirtues,thoughcomprehensiveandbeneficent,werediscriminating,judiciousandpractical.


SupportingQuestion2(SuggestedTime50-70minutes)SupportingQuestion HowdidGeorgeWashingtoncarryoutthepowersandlimitationsofArticleII?


CreateajobdescriptionforthePresidentoftheUnitedStatesbasedonhowGeorgeWashingtondefinedthattitle.

FeaturedSource(s)

A. UnitedStatesConstitution-ArticleII(http://catalog.mountvernon.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16829coll5/id/865)

B. ExcerptfromRobertPaine’sEulogyonGeorgeWashington,January2,1800C. ExcerptfromFuneralSermonontheDeathofGeneralWashingtonbytheRev.Dr.Muir,

December29,1799D. Excerptfromthearticle“AnorationonthedeathofGeneralGeorgeWashington,Delivered

attheChaple,inAllSaints’ParishS.Carolinaonthe22ndFebruary1800byDoctorJosephBlyth”

E. ExcerptfromAneulogyonGeorgeWashington,latecommanderinchiefofthearmiesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,whodiedDecember14,1799byGeorgeRichardsMinot

F. ExcerptfromGeorgeWashington’slettertoEdwardCarringtonfoundathttp://www.mountvernon.org/education/primary-sources-2/article/george-washington-to-edward-carrington-may-1-1796/

G. ExcerptfromGeorgeWashington’sSeventhAnnualAddresstoCongress,December8,1795http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29437

FormativePerformanceTaskandInstructionalApproach

1. UsingAppendixB,askstudents(individuallyoringroups)toidentifythepowersandlimitationsofthepresidencyasdescribedinArticleII(clausesrelatingtotheelectionprocessofthepresidencyhavebeenremoved).Studentsshouldidentifytheseaspowers:commanderinchief,requireinformationfromtheheadsofexecutivedepartments,grantreprievesandpardons,maketreaties,makeappointmentstooffice,fillSenatevacancies,giveCongressastateoftheUnion,mayconvenebothhousesofCongress,receiveambassadors,executelaws,commissionallofficersoftheUnitedStates.Limitationsshouldinclude:nopardonsincasesofimpeachment,Senatemustconfirmalltreatiesandappointments,andhighcrimesandmisdemeanorscauseimpeachment.

2. StudentsshouldreadexcerptsfromtheeulogiesgivenbyPaine,Muir,BlythandMinottoseewhattasksWashingtoncarriedoutasPresidentoftheUnitedStates.Thiscanbedoneindividuallyorafterputtingstudentsingroups.AnswerscanberecordedinAppendixBandshouldinclude:

a. Paine-revivedpoliticalharmony,extendedtheconfidenceofcommerce,increasedcreditandwealth,andincreasedhappinessandmoralityofthepeople

b. Muir-preservedthenationinthefaceofEuropeancontentionandcommandedrespectfortheU.S.government

c. Blyth-vanquishedthehostilesavagesandimprovedtheircondition,keptU.S.outofadestructivewarinEurope,preservednationalhappiness

d. Minot-EuropeacceptedU.S.neutrality,portrayedAmericaaswise,justandfirm3. AfterstudentsexaminehowWashingtoncarriedoutthepowersandlimitationsofArticleIIfromthe

perspectiveofothers,theyshouldexamineWashington’sownwordstodeterminehowthesepowersandlimitationsappliedtoforeignpolicy.Individuallyorinsmallgroups,havestudentsreadboththeCarringtonletterexcerptandtheexcerptfromWashington’sSeventhAnnualAddresstoCongresstodrawconclusionsinAppendixB.


4. Fortheirformativeperformancetask,studentsshouldcreateajobadvertisementforthejobofPresidentoftheUnitedStatesbasedontherolesandresponsibilitiesofthePresidencythatGeorgeWashingtoncarriedout.Itisstronglysuggestedthatstudentshavetheopportunitytolookatsomejobadvertisementsintheclassifiedsectionofalocalnewspaperandmimicthatformatfortheiradvertisement.Studentscancreatetheseindividuallyoringroups,andshouldbegiventhechancetosharetheirworkwiththeirclassmates.


FeaturedSources:

FEATUREDSOURCEA“UnitedStatesConstitution-ArticleII

Section1.

TheexecutivepowershallbevestedinaPresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica…

Beforeheenterontheexecutionofhisoffice,heshalltakethefollowingoathoraffirmation:--"Idosolemnlyswear(oraffirm)thatIwillfaithfullyexecutetheofficeofPresidentoftheUnitedStates,andwilltothebestofmyability,preserve,protectanddefendtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates."

Section2.

ThePresidentshallbecommanderinchiefoftheArmyandNavyoftheUnitedStates,andofthemilitiaoftheseveralstates,whencalledintotheactualserviceoftheUnitedStates;hemayrequiretheopinion,inwriting,oftheprincipalofficerineachoftheexecutivedepartments,uponanysubjectrelatingtothedutiesoftheirrespectiveoffices,andheshallhavepowertograntreprievesandpardonsforoffensesagainsttheUnitedStates,exceptincasesofimpeachment.

Heshallhavepower,byandwiththeadviceandconsentoftheSenate,tomaketreaties,providedtwothirdsoftheSenatorspresentconcur;andheshallnominate,andbyandwiththeadviceandconsentoftheSenate,shallappointambassadors,otherpublicministersandconsuls,judgesoftheSupremeCourt,andallotherofficersoftheUnitedStates,whoseappointmentsarenothereinotherwiseprovidedfor,andwhichshallbeestablishedbylaw:buttheCongressmaybylawvesttheappointmentofsuchinferiorofficers,astheythinkproper,inthePresidentalone,inthecourtsoflaw,orintheheadsofdepartments.

ThePresidentshallhavepowertofillupallvacanciesthatmayhappenduringtherecessoftheSenate,bygrantingcommissionswhichshallexpireattheendoftheirnextsession.

Section3.

HeshallfromtimetotimegivetotheCongressinformationofthestateoftheunion,andrecommendtotheirconsiderationsuchmeasuresasheshalljudgenecessaryandexpedient;hemay,onextraordinaryoccasions,convenebothHouses,oreitherofthem,andincaseofdisagreementbetweenthem,withrespecttothetimeofadjournment,hemayadjournthemtosuchtimeasheshallthinkproper;heshallreceiveambassadorsandotherpublicministers;heshalltakecarethatthelawsbefaithfullyexecuted,andshallcommissionalltheofficersoftheUnitedStates.

Section4.

ThePresident,VicePresidentandallcivilofficersoftheUnitedStates,shallberemovedfromofficeonimpeachmentfor,andconvictionof,treason,bribery,orotherhighcrimesandmisdemeanors.

***SeeGeorgeWashington’spersonalcopyoftheConstitutionin“ActspassedataCongressoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica:begunandheldatthecityofNew-York,onWednesdaythefourthofMarchintheyearM,DCC,LXXXIX,andoftheindependenceoftheUnitedStatesthethirteenth.”GeorgeWashingtonmadebriefmarginalnotationsinthiscopyofearlyfederalgovernmentdocuments,andcanbefoundathttp://catalog.mountvernon.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16829coll5/id/865


FEATUREDSOURCEBExcerptfromRobertPaine’sEulogyonGeorgeWashington,January2,1800

“Bytheunanimoussuffrageofanenlightenedandconfidingpeople,appointedtotheadministrationofagovernment,inwholeconstructionhehadexertedsobeneficialaninfluence,hebrought,totheexecutionofthatimportantandarduoustrust,theenergyofamind,whoseelevationcouldborrownodignityfromstation,andtheintegrityofaheart,whosesensibilitycouldreceivenobiasbutfromhiscountry.Withwhatwisdomandvigorhedischargedthehazardousandthrongingdutiesofanincipientmagistracy,therevivalofpoliticalharmony,theextendedconfidenceofcommerce,theunexampledencreaseofnationalcreditandwealth,andthehappinessandmoralityofthepeople,willfurnishamoresatisfactoryevidence,thanthemostbrilliantdescriptionofthepanegyrist.”

FEATUREDSOURCEC:ExcerptfromFuneralSermonontheDeathofGeneralWashingtonbytheRev.Dr.Muir,December29,1799

“Theloveofcountryaloneledhimtothefield,fromwhichwhenthepainfulservicewaseffected,hehastenedamidsttheblessingofmillionstohislongwishedforretirement,wherehewouldwillinglyhavespenthisremainingyears,buthecouldnotresisthiscountry’scalldragginghimagainintopubliclife.Heassistedinframingthepresentconstitution,andexecutedduringeightyears,amidstoccurrencesmomentous,criticalanduncommontheofficeofchiefMagistrate,soastopreservethecountryfromthevortexofEuropeancontention,andtocommandrespectforitsGovernment.Thenheretiredwithdignityfromoffice,expressingforhiscountrymentheaffectionofafather,andleavingwiththemsageexperienced,andwholesomeadvice.”

FEATUREDSOURCED:Excerptfromthearticle“AnorationonthedeathofGeneralGeorgeWashington,DeliveredattheChaple,inAllSaints’ParishS.Carolinaonthe22ndFebruary1800byDoctorJosephBlyth”

“Theillustrioushero,whoseprudence,andwhosevalorhadsavedhiscountry,wascalledbytheUnanimousvoiceoftheAmericanpeople,topresideintheadministrationofthisconstitution;hereagainwebeholdhim,sacrificingdomesticeaseandruraltranquilitytotheimperiouscallofhiscountry.Inthisexaltedstationhisenlightenedandmagnanimouspolicy,gaveheranelevatedrankinthescaleofnations;theplotsofintriguersandappearancesofrevoltweredetectedbyhisvigilance,andsuppressedbyhispower—toconciliatepeacewithalltheworld,tocheckeverydeviationfromthelineofimpartiality,toexplainwhatmighthavebeenmisunderstood,andtocorrectwhatmighthavebeeninjurioustoanynation,wasthepolicysteadilypursuedbythewiseWashington.Byhisarmswerethehostilesavagesvanquished,andthroughhishumanitywastheirconditionmeliorated.Theprudentneutralitywhichheadopted,andtowhichheadheredwithinflexiblefirmness,haspreservedusfrombecomingpartiesinadestructivewar,bywhichsomeofthefairestportionsofEuropehavebeendelugedwithblood,andruinspreadfarandwide,overallquartersoftheglobe.Throughhissoundandhonestpolicy,perseveredinattheexperienceofnoduty,America,everfaithfultoherself,exhibitsaspectacleofnationalhappinessneversurpassed,ifeverbeforeequaledbyanynation.”


FEATUREDSOURCEE:ExcerptfromAneulogyonGeorgeWashington,latecommanderinchiefofthearmiesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,whodiedDecember14,1799byGeorgeRichardsMinot

“Didtheoccasionadmitofit,howpleasingwouldbethereviewofhisadministration,asourSupremeExecutiveMagistrate!Histalentsandhisvirtuesincreasedwithhiscares.Hissoulseemednottobearthelimitsofoffice,amomentaftertheobligationsofdutyandpatriotismwithdrewtheirrestraintsfromhisuniversallove.Whenthemisguidedsavagesofthewilderness,afterfeelinghischastisement,hadfuedforpeace,heseemedtolabourfortheirhappinessasthecommonrepresentativeofmankind.Insurrectionwassostruckathiscountenance,thatitfledfromtheshockofhisarms.Intrigueattemptedtoentanglehiminherpoisonousweb,butheburstitwithgiganticstrength,andcrushedherlabours.Anarchylookedoutfromhercavern,andwasdashedintooblivion,aswetrust,forever.ThenationsofEuropesawthewisdomofourlaws,thevigourofourmeasures,thejusticeofourpolicy,thefirmnessofourgovernment,andacquiescedintheneutralityofourstation.”

FEATUREDSOURCEF:ExcerptfromGeorgeWashington’slettertoEdwardCarringtonfoundathttp://www.mountvernon.org/education/primary-sources-2/article/george-washington-to-edward-carrington-may-1-1796/

“…Whatevermyownopinionmaybeonthis,oranyothersubject,interestingtotheCommunityatlarge,italwayshasbeen,andwillcontinuetobe,myearnestdesiretolearn,andtocomply,asfarasisconsistent,withthepublicsentiment;butitisongreatoccasionsonly,andaftertimehasbeengivenforcoolanddeliberatereflection,thattherealvoiceofthepeoplecanbeknow.

Thepresent,however,isoneofthosegreatoccasions;thanwhich,nonemoreimportanthasoccurred,orprobablymayoccuragain,tocallforththeirdecision.Andtothemtheappealisnowmade.Fornocandidman,intheleastdegreeacquaintedwiththeprogressofthisbusiness,willbelieveforamoment,thattheostensibledispute,wasaboutpapers-orthattheBritishTreatywasagoodone,orabadone;butwhetherthereshouldbeaTreatyatallwithouttheconcurrenceofthehouseofRepresentatives.whichwasstrikingatonce,&boldlytoo,atthefundamentalprinciplesoftheConstitution;andifitwereestablished,wouldrendertheTreatymakingPowernotonlyanullity,butsuchanabsoluteabsurdity,astoreflectdisgraceontheframersofit:forcananyonesuppose,thattheywhoframed,orthosewhoadoptedthatInstrument,everintendedtogivethepowertothePresident&SenatetomakeTreaties(anddeclaringthatwhenmade&ratified,theyshouldbetheSupremelawoftheland)andinthesamebreathplaceitinthepowersofthehouseofRepresentativestofixtheirVetoonthem?Unlessapparentmarksoffraudorcorruption(whichinequitywouldsetasideanycontract)accompaniedthemeasure,orsuchstrikingevidenceofNationalinjuryattendedtheiradoptionastomakeWar,oranyotherevilpreferable.Everyunbiasedmindwillanswerinthenegative.

Whencethesource,andwhattheobjectofallthisstruggleis,Isubmittomyfellowcitizens…”


FEATUREDSOURCEG:ExcerptfromGeorgeWashington’sSeventhAnnualAddresstoCongress,December8,1795http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29437

“…ContemplatingtheinternalsituationaswellastheexternalrelationsoftheUnitedStates,wediscoverequalcauseforcontentmentandsatisfaction.WhilemanyofthenationsofEurope,withtheirAmericandependencies,havebeeninvolvedinacontestunusuallybloody,exhausting,andcalamitous,inwhichtheevilsofforeignwarhavebeenaggravatedbydomesticconvulsionandinsurrection;inwhichmanyoftheartsmostusefultosocietyhavebeenexposedtodiscouragementanddecay;inwhichscarcityofsubsistencehasimbitteredothersufferings;whileeventheanticipationsofareturnoftheblessingsofpeaceandreposearealloyedbythesenseofheavyandaccumulatingburthens,whichpressuponallthedepartmentsofindustryandthreatentoclogthefuturespringsofgovernment,ourfavoredcountry,happyinastrikingcontrast,hasenjoyedtranquillity-atranquillitythemoresatisfactorybecausemaintainedattheexpenseofnoduty.Faithfultoourselves,wehaveviolatednoobligationtoothers.

Ouragriculture,commerce,andmanufacturesprosperbeyondformerexample,themolestationsofourtrade(topreventacontinuanceofwhich,however,verypointedremonstranceshavebeenmade)beingoverbalancedbytheaggregatebenefitswhichitderivesfromaneutralposition.Ourpopulationadvanceswithaceleritywhich,exceedingthemostsanguinecalculations,proportionallyaugmentsourstrengthandresources,andguaranteesourfuturesecurity.

EverypartoftheUniondisplaysindicationsofrapidandvariousimprovement;andwithburthenssolightasscarcelytobeperceived,withresourcesfullyadequatetoourpresentexigencies,withgovernmentsfoundedonthegenuineprinciplesofrationalliberty,andwithmildandwholesomelaws,isittoomuchtosaythatourcountryexhibitsaspectacleofnationalhappinessneversurpassed,ifeverbeforeequaled?

Placedinasituationeverywaysoauspicious,motivesofcommandingforceimpelus,withsincereacknowledgmenttoHeavenandpurelovetoourcountry,touniteoureffortstopreserve,prolong,andimproveourimmenseadvantages.Tocooperatewithyouinthisdesirableworkisaferventandfavoritewishofmyheart.

Itisavaluableingredientinthegeneralestimateofourwelfarethatthepartofourcountrywhichwaslatelythesceneofdisorderandinsurrectionnowenjoystheblessingsofquietandorder.Themisledhaveabandonedtheirerrors,andpaytherespecttoourConstitutionandlawswhichisduefromgoodcitizenstothepublicauthoritiesofthesociety.Thesecircumstanceshaveinducedmetopardongenerallytheoffendersherereferredto,andtoextendforgivenesstothosewhohadbeenadjudgedtocapitalpunishment.ForthoughIshallalwaysthinkitasacreddutytoexercisewithfirmnessandenergytheconstitutionalpowerswithwhichIamvested,yetitappearstomenolessconsistentwiththepublicgoodthanitiswithmypersonalfeelingstomingleintheoperationsofGovernmenteverydegreeofmoderationandtendernesswhichthenationaljustice,dignity,andsafetymaypermit…”


SupportingQuestion3(SuggestedTime25-35minutes)SupportingQuestion WhatprecedentswereestablishedbyGeorgeWashington?


Createapresentationslidethatanswersthequestion“WhatprecedentswereestablishedbyGeorgeWashington?”

FeaturedSource(s)

A. Rigaud’sportraitofLouisXIVB. Stuart’sportraitofGeorgeWashingtonC. Website:http://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/the-first-president/5-

challenges-of-being-americas-first-president/#callout-2D. ExcerptfromWashington’sFarewellAddressE. DigitalEncyclopediaEntry“CabinetMembers”foundat

http://www.mountvernon.org/digital-encyclopedia/article/cabinet-members/F. ExcerptfromWashington’sEighthAnnualAddresstoCongress,December7,1796

http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29438


1. Insmallgroups,havestudentsexaminethe2portraitsfoundinAppendixCandanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Allowtimeforgroupstosharetheirthoughtswiththeclass.

2. Directstudentstohttp://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/the-first-president/5-challenges-of-being-americas-first-president/#callout-2andhavethemexplore“2.DevelopingaPresidentialStyle”tocompletethecorrespondingsectionofAppendixD.StudentsmayexplorethesourceandcompleteAppendixDasaclass,individually,orinsmallgroups.

3. HavestudentsreadtheexcerptfromWashington’sFarewellAddressandcompletethecorrespondingsectionofAppendixD.

4. Directstudentstohttp://www.mountvernon.org/digital-encyclopedia/article/cabinet-members/andhavethemreadtheinformationtocompletethecorrespondingsectionofAppendixD.

5. HavestudentsreadtheexcerptfromWashington’sEighthAnnualAddresstoCongressandcompletethecorrespondingsectionofAppendixD.

6. Allowstudentsthechancetosharetheirfindingswiththeclass.7. Insmallgroups,askstudentstocreateapresentationslide(usingPowerPoint,GoogleSlides,or

anotherapplication)thatanswersthequestion:WhatprecedentswereestablishedbyGeorgeWashington?


FeaturedSources

FEATUREDSOURCEA:PortraitofLouisXIVbyHyacintheRigaud

FEATUREDSOURCEB:PortraitofGeorgeWashingtonbyGilbertStuart

FEATUREDSOURCEC:2.DevelopingaPresidentialStylefromhttp://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/the-first-president/5-challenges-of-being-americas-first-president/#callout-2

FEATUREDSOURCED:ExcerptfromWashington’sFarewellAddress

Washington'sFarewellAddress1796

1796

FriendsandCitizens:

TheperiodforanewelectionofacitizentoadministertheexecutivegovernmentoftheUnitedStatesbeingnotfardistant,andthetimeactuallyarrivedwhenyourthoughtsmustbeemployedindesignatingthepersonwhoistobeclothedwiththatimportanttrust,itappearstomeproper,especiallyasitmayconducetoamoredistinctexpressionofthepublicvoice,thatIshouldnowappriseyouoftheresolutionIhaveformed,todeclinebeingconsideredamongthenumberofthoseoutofwhomachoiceistobemade.

Ibegyou,atthesametime,todomethejusticetobeassuredthatthisresolutionhasnotbeentakenwithoutastrictregardtoalltheconsiderationsappertainingtotherelationwhichbindsadutifulcitizentohiscountry;andthatinwithdrawingthetenderofservice,whichsilenceinmysituationmightimply,Iaminfluencedbynodiminutionofzealforyourfutureinterest,nodeficiencyofgratefulrespectforyourpastkindness,butamsupportedbyafullconvictionthatthestepiscompatiblewithboth.

Theacceptanceof,andcontinuancehithertoin,theofficetowhichyoursuffrageshavetwicecalledmehavebeenauniformsacrificeofinclinationtotheopinionofdutyandtoadeferenceforwhatappearedtobeyourdesire.Iconstantlyhopedthatitwouldhavebeenmuchearlierinmypower,consistentlywithmotiveswhichIwasnotatlibertytodisregard,toreturntothatretirementfromwhichIhadbeenreluctantlydrawn.Thestrengthofmyinclinationtodothis,previoustothelastelection,hadevenledtothepreparationofanaddresstodeclareittoyou;butmaturereflectiononthethenperplexedandcriticalpostureofouraffairswithforeignnations,andtheunanimousadviceofpersonsentitledtomyconfidence,impelledmetoabandontheidea.

Irejoicethatthestateofyourconcerns,externalaswellasinternal,nolongerrendersthepursuitofinclinationincompatiblewiththesentimentofdutyorpropriety,andampersuaded,whateverpartialitymayberetainedformyservices,that,inthepresentcircumstancesofourcountry,youwillnotdisapprovemydeterminationtoretire.


FEATUREDSOURCEE:http://www.mountvernon.org/digital-encyclopedia/article/cabinet-members/

FEATUREDSOURCEF:ExcerptfromWashington’sEighthAnnualAddresstoCongress,December7,1796http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29438

“…MeasurescalculatedtoinsureacontinuanceofthefriendshipoftheIndiansandtopreservepeacealongtheextentofourinteriorfrontierhavebeendigestedandadopted.Intheframingofthesecarehasbeentakentoguardontheonehandouradvancedsettlementsfromthepredatoryincursionsofthoseunrulyindividualswhocannotberestrainedbytheirtribes,andontheotherhandtoprotecttherightssecuredtotheIndiansbytreaty-todrawthemnearertothecivilizedstateandinspirethemwithcorrectconceptionsofthepoweraswellasjusticeoftheGovernment.

ThemeetingofthedeputiesfromtheCreekNationatColerain,intheStateofGeorgia,whichhadforaprincipalobjectthepurchaseofaparceloftheirlandbythatState,brokeupwithoutitsbeingaccomplished,thenationhavingprevioustotheirdepartureinstructedthemagainstmakinganysale.Theoccasion,however,hasbeenimprovedtoconfirmbyanewtreatywiththeCreekstheirpreexistingengagementswiththeUnitedStates,andtoobtaintheirconsenttotheestablishmentoftradinghousesandmilitarypostswithintheirboundary,bymeansofwhichtheirfriendshipandthegeneralpeacemaybemoreeffectuallysecured.

Theperiodduringthelatesessionatwhichtheappropriationwaspassedforcarryingintoeffectthetreatyofamity,commerce,andnavigationbetweentheUnitedStatesandHisBrittanicMajestynecessarilyprocrastinatedthereceptionofthepostsstipulatedtobedeliveredbeyondthedateassignedforthatevent.Assoon,however,astheGovernor-GeneralofCanadacouldbeaddressedwithproprietyonthesubject,arrangementswerecordiallyandpromptlyconcludedfortheirevacuation,andtheUnitedStatestookpossessionoftheprincipalofthem...

ThecommissionersappointedonthepartoftheUnitedStatesandofGreatBritaintodeterminewhichistheriverSt.Croixmentionedinthetreatyofpeaceof1783,agreedinthechoiceofEgbertBenson,esq.,ofNewYork,forthe3rdcommissioner.ThewholemetatSt.Andrew's,inPassamaquoddyBay,inthebeginningofOctober,anddirectedsurveystobemadeoftheriversindispute;butdeemingitimpracticabletohavethesesurveyscompletedbeforethenextyear,theyadjournedtomeetatBostoninAugust,1797,forthefinaldecisionofthequestion…

ThetreatywithSpainrequiredthatthecommissionersforrunningtheboundarylinebetweentheterritoryoftheUnitedStatesandHisCatholicMajesty'sprovincesofEastandWestFloridashouldmeetattheNatchezbeforetheexpirationof6monthsaftertheexchangeoftheratifications,whichwaseffectedatAranjuezonthe25thdayofApril[1796-04-25];andthetroopsofHisCatholicMajestyoccupyinganypostswithinthelimitsoftheUnitedStateswerewithinthesametimeperiodtobewithdrawn.ThecommissioneroftheUnitedStatesthereforecommencedhisjourneyfortheNatchezinSeptember,andtroopswereorderedtooccupythepostsfromwhichtheSpanishgarrisonsshouldbewithdrawn.InformationhasbeenrecentlyreceivedoftheappointmentofacommissioneronthepartofHisCatholicMajestyforrunningtheboundaryline,butnoneofanyappointmentfortheadjustmentoftheclaimsofourcitizenswhosevesselswerecapturedbythearmedvesselsofSpain.

InpursuanceoftheactofCongresspassedinthelastsessionfortheprotectionandreliefofAmericansea-men,agentswereappointed,onetoresideinGreatBritainandtheotherintheWestIndies.TheeffectsoftheagencyintheWestIndiesarenotyetfullyascertained,butthosewhichhavebeencommunicatedaffordgroundstobelievethemeasurewillbebeneficial.TheagentdestinedtoresideinGreatBritaindecliningto


accepttheappointment,thebusinesshasconsequentlydevolvedontheministeroftheUnitedStatesinLondon,andwillcommandhisattentionuntilanewagentshallbeappointed…

Toanactiveexternalcommercetheprotectionofanavalforceisindispensable.ThisismanifestwithregardtowarsinwhichaStateisitselfaparty.Butbesidesthis,itisinourownexperiencethatthemostsincereneutralityisnotasufficientguardagainstthedepredationsofnationsatwar...

TheseconsiderationsinvitetheUnitedStatestolooktothemeans,andtosetaboutthegradualcreationofanavy…”


SupportingQuestion4(SuggestedTime35-45minutes)SupportingQuestion HowhasGeorgeWashington’spresidencybeenevaluatedovertime?

FormativePerformanceTask Generatea“reportcard”ofGeorgeWashington’spresidencyfrommultipleperspectives.

FeaturedSource(s)

A:CollectionofGeorgeWashingtoncoinsandcurrency(seeAppendixE)B:Videofoundathttps://vimeo.com/81409825C:ThomasJeffersonQuotesaboutGeorgeWashingtonD:HerbertHoover’sAddresstoaJointSessionofCongress,February22,1932http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=23455E:MatthewJ.FranckeditorialonWashington’scharacter,1999F:Excerptfrom“LeadingChange:GeorgeWashingtonandEstablishingthePresidency”byDr.DenverBrunsmanandDr.GeorgeA.Goethals


1. Asaclass,viewtheGeorgeWashingtoncoinsinAppendixEandanswerthediscussionquestionsthatfollow.

2. Asaclass,viewSourceB.Afterviewingthevideo,havestudents(eitherindividuallyorinsmallgroups)determinewhatgradeGeorgeWashingtonwouldgivehimselfwhenevaluatinghispresidency.StudentsshouldrecordthisgradeinAppendixFandsupporttheiropinionwithspecificevidencefromthevideo.

3. ReadSourceC.IfstudentsareunfamiliarwiththeworkingrelationshipbetweenGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJefferson,aquickoverviewofthesefoundingfathersiswarrantedatthispoint.StudentsshoulddeterminewhatgradeThomasJeffersonwouldgiveGeorgeWashington’spresidency.StudentsshouldrecordthisgradeinAppendixFandsupporttheiropinionwithspecificevidence.

4. ReadSourceD.Havestudents(eitherindividuallyorinsmallgroups)determinewhatgradeHerbertHooverwouldgiveGeorgeWashington’spresidency.StudentsshouldrecordthisgradeinAppendixFandsupporttheiropinionwithspecificevidencefromhisspeech.

5. ReadSourceE.Havestudents(eitherindividuallyorinsmallgroups)determinewhatgradeMatthewFranckwouldgiveGeorgeWashington’spresidency.StudentsshouldrecordthisgradeinAppendixFandsupporttheiropinionwithspecificevidencefromtheeditorial.

6. ReadSourceF.Havestudents(eitherindividuallyorinsmallgroups)determinewhatgradeBrunsman&GoethalswouldgiveGeorgeWashington’spresidency.StudentsshouldrecordthisgradeinAppendixFandsupporttheiropinionwithspecificevidencefromthesource.

7. HavestudentsindividuallyorinsmallgroupsdecidewhatgradetheywouldgiveGeorgeWashington’spresidency.HavestudentsrecordthisgradeinAppendixFandsupporttheiropinion.Studentsshouldthenbegiventheopportunitytocomparetheirevaluationswiththeirclassmates.(Alternately,studentscouldresearchanotherperspectiveonGeorgeWashingtonanddeterminewhatgradetheauthorofthatsourcewouldgiveGeorgeWashington.)


FeaturedSources:

FEATUREDSOURCEA:CollectionofcoinsandcurrencycommemoratingGeorgeWashington(seeAppendixE)

FEATUREDSOURCEB:VideoofGeorgeWashington’sreflectionfoundathttps://vimeo.com/81409825

FEATUREDSOURCEC:QuotesfromThomasJeffersonaboutGeorgeWashington

InalettertoWilliamBranchGiles,Monticello,December31,1795(afterJeffersonhadservedasWashington’sSecretaryofState):

“[Thepresident]errsasothermendo,buterrswithintegrity.”

InalettertoWalterJones,January2,1814(afterJefferson’sownpresidency):

“Hewas,ineverysenseofthewords,awise,agood,andagreatman…Thewholeofhischaracterwasinitsmassperfect,innothingbadinafewpointsindifferent.Anditmaybetrulysaid,thatneverdidnatureandfortunecombinemoreperfectlytomakeamangreat,andtoplacehiminthesameconstellationwithwhateverworthieshavemeritedfrommananeverlastingremembrance…”

“Perhapsthestrongestfeatureinhischaracterwasprudence…neveractinguntileverycircumstance,everyconsiderationwasmaturelyweighed;refrainingifhesawadoubt,but,whenoncedecidedgoingthroughwithhispurposewhateverobstaclesopposed.”

FEATUREDSOURCED:ExcerptsfromHerbertHoover’sAddresstoaJointSessionofCongress,February22,1932http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=23455

“…TodaytheAmericanpeoplebeginaperiodoftributeandgratitudetothismanwhomwerevereaboveallotherAmericans.ContinuinguntilThanksgivingDaytheywillcommemoratehisbirthineveryhome,everyschool,everychurch,andeverycommunityunderourflag.

InallthismultitudeofshrinesandforumstheywillrecountthelifehistoryandaccomplishmentsofWashington.Itisatimeinwhichwewillpausetorecallforourownguidance,andtosummarizeandemphasizeforthebenefitofourchildren,theexperiences,theachievements,thedangersescaped,theerrorsredressed--allthelessonsthatconstitutetherecordofourpast.

Theceremonialofcommemoratingthefounderofourcountryisoneofthemostsolemnthateitheranindividualoranationeverperforms;carriedoutinhighspirititcanbemadeoneofthemostfruitfulandenriching.Itisathingtobedoneinthemoodofprayer,ofcommuningwiththespiritualspringsofpatriotismandofdevotiontocountry.Itisanoccasionforlookingbacktoourpast,fortakingstockofourpresentand,inthelightofboth,settingthecompassforourfuture.WelookbackthatwemayrecallthosequalitiesofWashington'scharacterwhichmadehimgreat,thoseprinciplesofnationalconductwhichhelaiddownandbywhichwehavecomethusfar.Wemeettoreestablishourcontactwiththem,renewourfidelitytothem.


FromthisnationalrevivalofinterestinthehistoryoftheAmericanRevolutionandoftheindependenceoftheUnitedStateswillcomearenewalofthoseinspirationswhichstrengthenedthepatriotswhobroughttotheworldanewconceptofhumanlibertyandanewformofgovernment.

Sorichandvividistherecordofhistory,thatWashingtoninourdaylivesagainintheepicofthefoundationoftheRepublic.Heappearsintheimaginationofeverysucceedinggenerationastheembodimentofthewisdom,thecourage,thepatience,theendurance,thestatesmanship,andtheabsenceofallmeanambition,whichtransformedscatteredcommunitiesoftheforestandthefrontiersintoaunityoffreeandindependentpeople.

ItisnotnecessaryformetoattemptaeulogyofGeorgeWashington.Thathasbeendonebymastersofartandpoetryduringmorethan100years.TowhattheyhavesaidIattempttomakenoaddition.

ThetrueeulogyofWashingtonisthismightyNation.Hecontributedmoretoitsoriginsthananyotherman.Theinfluenceofhischaracterandofhisaccomplishmentshascontributedtothebuildingofhumanfreedomandorderedliberty,notaloneuponthiscontinentbutuponallcontinents.Thepartwhichheplayedinthecreationofourinstitutionshasbroughtdailyharvestofhappinesstohundredsofmillionsofhumanity.Theinspirationsfromhisgeniushaveliftedthevisionofsucceedinggenerations.Thedefinitionsofthosepoliciesingovernmentwhichhefatheredhavestoodthetestof150yearsofstrainandstress…

IfwearetogetrefreshmenttoouridealsfromlookingbackwardtoWashington,weshouldstrivetoidentifythequalitiesinhimthatmadeourrevolutionasuccessandourNationgreat.ThosewerethequalitiesthatmarkedWashingtonoutforimmortality.

Wefindtheywerenotspectacularqualities.Heneverchargedwithavictoriousarmyupthecapitalstreetsofaconqueredenemy.ExceptingonlyYorktownandTrenton,hewonnostrikingvictories.Hisgreatmilitarystrengthwasinthestrategyofattrition,thepatientenduranceofadversity,steadfastpurposeunbentbydefeat.TheAmericanshrinemostassociatedwithWashingtonisValleyForge,andValleyForgewasnotaplaceofvictory--exceptthevictoryofWashington'sfortitudetriumphantabovetheweaknessanddiscouragementoflessermen.Washingtonhadcouragewithoutexcitement,determinationwithoutpassion…

WeneednoattemptatcanonizationofGeorgeWashington.Weknowhewashuman,subjecttothediscouragementsandperplexitiesthatcometousall.Weknowthathehadmomentsofdeepestanxiety.Weknowofhissufferingsandthesacrificesandanguishthatcametohim.Weknowofhisresentmentofinjusticeandmisrepresentation.Andyetweknowthatheneverlostfaithinourpeople.

NorhaveImuchpatiencewiththosewhoundertaketheirrationalhumanizingofWashington.Hehad,indeed,thefinequalitiesoffriendliness,ofsociableness,ofhumanness,ofsimplehospitality,butwehavenoneedtolowerourvisionfromhisuniquequalitiesofgreatness,ortoseektodepreciatetheunparalleledaccomplishmentsofthemanwhodominatedandgavebirthtothebeingofagreatnation…

WehaveneedtorefreshtotheremembranceoftheAmericanpeoplethegreattestsandtrialsofcharacterofthemenwhoroundedourRepublic.Wehaveneedtorememberthefiberofthosemenwhobroughttosuccessfulconclusionthe8yearsofrevolution.WehaveneedagaintobringforththepictureofthegloriesandthevalorofLexingtonandConcord,ofBunkerHill,thesufferingandfortitudeofValleyForge,thevictoryofYorktown.WehaveneedtorevivethemeaningandthesheermoralcourageoftheDeclarationofIndependence,thestrugglesoftheContinentalCongress,theformingoftheConstitution.WehaveneedatalltimestoreviewtheearlycrisesoftheRepublic,theconsolidationoftheUnion,theestablishmentofnationalsolidarity,thebuildingofanadministrationofgovernment,andthedevelopmentofguaranteesoffreedom.Noincidentandnopartinthesegreatevents,whichhaveechoedandreechoedthroughoutthe


worldforacenturyandahalf,canbeseparatedfromthenameandthedominantleadershipofGeorgeWashington.

Uponthesefoundationsofdivineinspirationlaidbyourforefathers,andledbyWashington,ourNationhasbuildedupduringthiscenturyandahalfanewsystemoflife,asystemuniquetotheAmericanpeople.Itishallowedbythesacrificeandgloriousvalorofmen.Itisassuredbyagloriouscharterofhumanrights…

FromWashington'sspirittherehasgrownaninfusionofsocialidealswiththequalityofmagnanimity:upholdingprosperitywithgenerosity,dignitywithforbearance,securitywithoutprivilege,whichhasraisedourinstitutionstoalevelofhumanityandnobilitynowhereelseattained…

FromtheroomwhereIconductmyhighofficeIhourlyseethemonumentwhichWashington'sproudandgratefulcountrymenhaveraisedtohismemory.Itstandsfoursquaretotheworld,itsbaserootedsteadfastinthesolidsubstanceofAmericansoil.Itspeakrisestowardstheheavenswithmatchlessserenityandcalm.Massiveinitsproportions,aswasthecharacterofWashingtonhimself,overwhelminginitssymmetry,simplicity,andsincerity,itmostfittingly,beautifully,andnoblyproclaimsthefounderofourcommonwealthandouracceptanceofhisfaith.AroundthatmonumenthavegrownsteadilyandsurelythebenevolentandbeneficentagenciesoforderlygovernmentdedicatedtothespiritofWashington.

Beyondanyothermonumentbuiltbythehandofmanoutofclayandstone,thisshaftisathingofthespirit.Whetherseenindarknessorinlight,inbrightnessoringloom,thereisaboutitamantleofpureradiancewhichgivesittheaspectofeternaltruth.Itisapledgeinthesightofallmankind,givenbyWashington'scountrymen,tocarryforwardthecontinuingfulfillmentofhisvisionofAmerica.

FEATUREDSOURCEE:ExcerptsfromRoanokeTimeseditorialbyMatthewJ.Franck,December14,1999

Washington’scharacterwasagreatpublicasset

Todayisthebicentennialanniversaryofanimportanteventinournation’shistory.Onthisdatein1799,GeorgeWashingtondiedatMountVernon.Hehasretiredfromthepresidencylessthanthreeyearsearlier,andwasonly67.Butwhathehadaccomplishedinmorethan40yearsofservicetohiscountrywasenoughtocauseanoutpouringofpublicmourningthathasprobablyneverbeenmatchedinourhistory.Washington’scontributiontothefoundingofsuccessfulconstitutionalgovernmentintheUnitedStateswasunique.Weallknowthebareoutlinesofhiscareer:colonelandcommanderoftheVirginiamilitiaintheFrenchandIndianWar;lieutenantgeneraloftheContinentalArmyandcommanderinchiefofallAmericanandalliedforcesintheRevolution;presidentoftheConstitutionalConvention;firstpresidentoftheUnitedStatesundertheConstitution.

Eveninthelastyearofhislife,heacceptedtheprospectofdonninghisuniformagaintoheadtheAmericanarmywhenwarwithFranceseemedarealpossibility,andbusiedhimselfwithlettersfromMountVernonconcerningtheappointmentofofficersandtheequippingoftheArmy.

OthersofhisgenerationoutstrippedWashingtonincertainrespects.WhatWashingtonbroughttopubliclifeinAmericawashischaracter.


HeprovedhimselfasuperbgeneralintheRevolution,andhewasaprudentandthoughtfulpresidentwhenitcametothepolicyquestionsconfrontinghisadministration.Butwhatallhiscontemporariesrecognizedashisoutstandingqualitywashischaracter–hisincorruptibleintegrity,honesty,unrivaleddevotiontohiscountryevenatgreatsacrificetohimself,absolutefaithfulnesstohiscommitments.

Washingtonwasnotflawless.Hewasreputedtohaveapowerfultemperthathehadtoworkhardtokeepincheck,andtosomeheseemedtohaveacoldaloofnessthatwasoff-puttinginsocialsituations.Butnoonedoubtedthatpersonalvirtueandpublicdutywereatthecoreofhisbeing.

Washington’scharacterwasnotsimplyapartofhisuntutorednature.Fromhisyouthonward,Washingtonregardedtheformationandmaintenanceofhischaracteraswork…

In1787,itwasWashington’spresidingovertheConstitutionalConvention,andthepeople’strustthathewouldnotbeinvolvedinanythingunderhanded,thatenabledAmericanstowaitpatientlyfromtheendofMaytomid-Septembertohearnewsofthedelegates’work,sincetheyworkedunderastrictruleofsecrecy.

Inthemonthsthatfollowed,itwastheuniversalexpectationthatWashingtonwouldbedraftedtobethefirstpresidentthatformedformanypeoplethestrongestargumentthattheproposednewgovernmentcouldbetrusted,andthatanexecutivebranchofunprecedentedstrengthforarepublicwouldnotafterallbedangerous.

Washingtonofcourseansweredthecall,withsincereprotestationsofreluctancebutfullknowledgethathecouldnotavoidthedutyimposedonhim.Hewastheonlypresidentinourhistoryelected–twice!–bytheunanimousvoteoftheElectoralCollege.

Despitetheemergenceduringhispresidencyoforganizedpoliticaloppositiontosomeofhispolicies,athirdtermwouldhavebeenhisfortheasking.Nopresidenteverfinishedasecondtermtosuchuniversalacclaim.

Todayiteasilyescapesus,wholiveunderastable,200-year-oldConstitution,justwhatatenuousthinganewpoliticalorderis,andwhatadelicatetaskitistogetitunderwaywithasuccessfulstart.TheConstitutionhaditsenemiesamongpatrioticAmericans,notallofwhomwouldhavebeenupsettoseeitfail.AsmuchasormorethanMadison’sprojectoftheBillofRights,Washington’spresidencyreconciledtheConstitution’sadversariestoitandmadethemitspartisans.

HowdidWashingtonaccomplishallthis?Again,hischaracterwasthekey,asthedeterminantofhisactions.Fromsmallthingstolarge,PresidentWashingtonalwaysmanagedtostriketherightbalancewhenamisstepcouldhavedonerealdamagetothenewgovernment.

Herefusedanytitlegranderthan“Mr.President”asaformofaddressinghim.Hemaintainedasocialcalendarthatcombineddignity,opennesstoallclassesofpeople,politicalimpartialityandalackofpomp.

Heappointedofficialstoalllevelsofexecutiveofficewithonlytwocriteriaguidinghischoices:integrityofcharacterandloyaltytotheConstitution.Hesurroundedhimselfinhisimmediatecirclewiththebestmindsinthecountry:Adams,Jefferson,Hamilton,MadisonandRandolph.


HemaintainedcordialrelationswithCongressbutcarefullyguardedtheconstitutionalprerogativesofhisoffice,establishingatraditionofastrong,independentexecutiveinasystemofseparatedpowers.Hestayedabovethefrayofemergingpartyorganizations.HepursuedaforeignpolicythatkeptAmericafrombecomingembroiledintheEuropeanstrifesparkedbytheFrenchRevolution.Andhewentoutwithclass,publishingaFarewellAddressthatwasonceasmuchastandardpartofayoungAmerican’scurriculumastheDeclarationofIndependence,theConstitutionandtheFederalistPapers.

Inallthings,hischaracterproveditselfsowell-honedthathisgoodjudgmentwasnearlyinstinctive.Andevenwherehisjudgmentwasquestioned,hismotivesneverwere.

Ourpresent-daypoliticians,allacrosstheideologicalspectrum,cannotbutsufferfromanycomparisonofthemselvestoGeorgeWashington…

FEATUREDSOURCEF:Excerptfrom“LeadingChange:GeorgeWashingtonandEstablishingthePresidency”byDr.DenverBrunsmanandDr.GeorgeA.Goethals

“…Bythecloseofhisfirstonehundreddays,Washingtoncouldtakeprideinestablishingnotonlythepresidencybutthelegitimacyofthenewfederalgovernment.HewrotetoGouverneurMorristhat“thenationalgovernmentisorganized,and,asfarasmyinformationgoes,tothesatisfactionofallparties—Thatoppositiontoitiseithernomore,orhidesitshead.”75Thelaunchofthenewgovernmentwassosuccessfulthatitwashardtoremembertheperilousstateofthecountryjustmonthsbefore.Atthattime,theUnitedStateswasplaguedbydebtanddiscord.TheRevolutionaryWargeneralAnthonyWaynedeemedthesituation,“acrisisthatrequiresaWashington!”76Fortunatelyforthecountry,itreceivedone.Manythingscouldhavegonewrong;thefactthattheydidnotisatestamenttoWashington’speerlessleadership.Heprovedwhatwasonceunthinkable–thatastrongexecutivecouldexistinarepublicwithoutdestroyingtheprinciplesofsocialequalityorrepresentativegovernment.Duringhisfirstonehundreddays,Washingtonaccomplishedthisfeatbyestablishingconstitutionalgovernance(PolicyVision),masteringtheceremonialandsymbolicaspectsofthepresidency(PublicCommunication),andbybuildingthegovernmentthroughmerit,notpatronage(PoliticalSkill).Effectivelyleadingchangeinvolveselementsofvision,theabilitytocommunicatethatvisionpersuasivelybyarticulatingandembodyingitsthemes,andpoliticalandinterpersonalskillininteractingwithfollowersandpotentialfollowers.Alloftheseattributesrestonafoundationofpersonalqualitiessuchasskillinorganizing,andarangeofcognitiveandinterpersonalintelligences.Withthesecapacities,anindividualiswell-positionedtoleadchange.TodayitiscustomarytoregardWashingtonasthe“indispensable”founder,butoftenwithoutconsideringthefullimplicationsofhisrole.WithoutWashington,theearlyUnitedStatescouldhavegonethewayofearlierrepublicsanddeclinedintoanarchyordespotism.HispoliticalsupportersandopponentsalikerecognizedhissingularcontributiontosecuringtheAmericanrepublic.TheAntifederalistwriterMercyOtisWarrenconcluded,“hadanycharacteroflesspopularityandcelebritybeendesignatedtothishightrust[aspresident],itmightatthisperiodhaveendangered,ifnothaveprovedfataltothepeaceoftheunion.Thoughsomethoughttheexecutivevestedwithtoogreatpowerstobeentrustedtothehandofanyindividual,Washingtonwasanindividualinwhomtheyhadtheutmostconfidence.”77Withthewell-earnedtrustoftheAmericanpeopleandtheConstitutionasaguide,Washingtondidnotmerelycarryoutthedutiesofpresident—hecreatedthem.Laterpresidentshaveallgainedstaturefromtheexecutiveoffice.ForWashington,thereversewastrue:Hegavestaturetotheoffice.Washingtonwasnotsimplythefirstpresident,butthebest.”


75 Washington to Gouverneur Morris, October 13, 1789, PWP, 4:176. 76 Anthony Wayne to George Washington, April 6, 1789, A Great and Good Man: George Washington in the Eyes of His Contemporaries, ed. John P. Kaminski and Jill Adair McCaughan (Lanham, MD.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1989), 101. 77 Mercy Otis Warren, History of the Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revolution, 3 vols. (Boston: Manning and Loring, 1805), 3:366.




Studentswillwriteapersuasiveessayansweringthequestion“WasGeorgeWashingtonagreatPresident?”

DescriptionInthistask,studentswillanswerthequestion“DefiningwhatittakestobeagoodPresident,wasGeorgeWashingtonagreatfirstPresident”byconstructinganessayincorporatingevidenceandsupportfromavarietyofsources.StudentshaveexaminedbothprimaryandsecondarysourceswithinthislessontoexamineGeorgeWashington’sleadershiptraits,hisshapingofArticleII,theprecedentshesetforfuturepresidents,andhowhispresidencyhasbeenevaluatedovertime.

Essaysmaybeevaluatedusingthefollowingrubric.

CATEGORY 4 - Above Standards 3 - Meets Standards 2 - Approaching Standards 1 - Below Standards Score

Framing the Essay

The essay includes a thorough definition of what it takes to be a good President.

The essay includes an adequate definition of what it takes to be a good President.

The essay does not directly define what it takes to be a good President, but alludes to characteristics of a good President.

There is no definition of what it takes to be a good President.

Thesis Statement

The thesis statement takes a position on whether George Washington was a good first President and outlines the main points to be discussed.

The thesis statement takes a position on whether George Washington was a good first President and outlines some of the main points to be discussed.

The thesis statement takes a position on whether George Washington was a good first President or outlines some of the main points to be discussed.

The thesis statement does not take a position on whether George Washington was a good first President or outline some of the main points to be discussed.

Support for Thesis

Essay includes multiple pieces of evidence from a variety of sources that support the thesis statement. Student further has provided at least 1 counter-argument.

Essay includes multiple pieces of evidence from a variety of sources that support the thesis statement.

Essay includes few pieces of evidence that support the thesis statement.

Essay includes little to no evidence that support the thesis statement.

Evidence and Examples

All of the evidence and examples used are specific, relevant and explanations are given that show how each piece of evidence supports the thesis statement.

Most of the evidence and examples used are specific, relevant and explanations are given that show how each piece of evidence supports the thesis statement.

At least one of the evidence and examples used are specific, relevant and explanations are given that show how each piece of evidence supports the thesis statement.

Evidence and examples are NOT relevant AND/OR are not explained.

Sentence Structure, Grammar, and Spelling

All sentences are well-constructed with varied structure. There are no significant errors in grammar or spelling.

Most sentences are well-constructed with varied structure. There are no significant errors in grammar or spelling.

Few sentences are well-constructed with varied structure. There are few significant errors in grammar or spelling.

Most sentences are not well-constructed. There are multiple errors in grammar or spelling that detract from the essay.


TakingInformedActionTakingInformedAction MultipleoptionsforTakingInformedActioncomponentincluded.

Description/NotetoTeacher

Takinginformedactionisawayforstudentstoextendwhattheyhavelearned.Thisshouldbedoneoutsidetheclassroomandcanbedrivenbystudentstrengths.

NowthatstudentshaveevaluatedGeorgeWashington’spresidencytodeterminewhetherhewasagoodfirstPresident,theycanextendtheirunderstandingwithintheircommunityinmultipleways.Someideasfortakinginformedactioninclude:

• StudentscandesignapamphlethighlightingGeorgeWashington’scontributionsasourfirstpresidenttosharewithelementarystudentswhoarelearningaboutAmericanhistoryorgovernment.

• StudentscancreateaninfographicaboutGeorgeWashington’spresidencytoinformfellowstudents.Thesecanbehungaroundtheschool,inotherclassroomsorsharedviasocialmedia.

• Studentscan“advise”currentelectedofficials(throughletterstotheeditororlettersaddressedtoelectedofficials-eitherinthecommunityorinstudentgovernmentpositions)onhowtobemoreeffective,utilizingtheexamplessetbyGeorgeWashington.

• StudentscandesignawebpageofGeorgeWashington’spresidencythatcanbesharedwithstudentsaroundtheworld.


AppendixA

WhatleadershiptraitsdidGeorgeWashingtonbringtotheOfficeofthePresidency?

EffectiveLeaderTrait EvidenceofthisTrait

EmotionalStability

Dominance

Enthusiasm

Conscientiousness

Socialboldness

Self-assurance

Compulsiveness

Intuitiveness

Empathy

Charisma


AppendixB

ArticleIIoftheUnitedStatesConstitution:TheExecutiveBranch

ArticleIIlaysouttherolesandresponsibilitiesoftheExecutiveBranch.MuchshorterthanArticleI(whichexplainstherolesandresponsibilitiesoftheLegislativeBranch),itisalsofarlessdetailed.First,let’sexaminewhatpowersArticleIIgivestothePresident.

PowersofthePresident LimitationsofthePresidency

Nowlet’slookatWashington’sinterpretationofthesepowers.AccordingtotheeulogiesgivenbyPaine,Muir,BlythandMinot,whatactionsdidWashingtontakeaspresident?Recordyouranswersbelow.

RolesandResponsibilitiesundertakenbyWashingtonasPresident

Paine

Muir

Blyth

Minot

Nowlet’slookatGeorgeWashington’sperspectiveonthepresidency.BasedonwhatWashingtonstatesregardingforeignaffairsinhislettertoEdwardCarringtonandinhisSeventhAnnualAddresstoCongress,whatcanyouconcludeabouthowWashingtonviewedthepresident’sroleinforeignpolicy?


AppendixC

MakingComparisonsExaminethetwoportraitsbelowandanswerthequestionsthatfollow.

Whatsimilaritiesdoyousee?

Whatdifferencesdoyousee?

TheportraitontheleftisthatofKingLouisXIVofFrance.TheportraitontherightisthatofPresidentGeorgeWashington.Towhatdoyouthinkthedifferencesinthewayeachmanisportrayedisreflectiveoftheirpositions/titles?


AppendixD

DescribethePrecedents(Examples)setbyGeorgeWashington

Basedonthesourcesyouexamined,describetheprecedentsGeorgeWashingtonsetregardingthedress&styleofthepresidency,termlengthsofthepresidency,thepresident’scabinet,andthepresident’sroleinmaintainingforeignanddomesticsecurity.Recordyouranswersinthespaceprovidedbelow.

Dress&StyleTerms

ForeignandDomesticSecurityCabinet


AppendixE

GeorgeWashingtonCommemorativeCoin

UnitedStates$1BillFeaturingGeorgeWashington

UnitedStatesQuarterFeaturingGeorgeWashington

Examinethecoinsandcurrencyabovetoanswerthefollowingquestions.

1. HowisGeorgeWashingtonportrayed?2. Whydogovernmentschoosetoputpeopleand/ornationalsymbolsontheircurrency?3. Whatsymbols/characteristics(besidesGeorgeWashington)dothesecoinsandcurrencyhavein

common?4. WhatdoesthewaysinwhichGeorgeWashingtonisportrayedsuggestaboutnationalopinionabout

him?

TheGeorgeWashington250thAnniversaryHalfDollarwasreleasedin1982tocommemoratethe250thanniversaryofGeorgeWashington’sbirth.

https://www.usmint.gov/coins/coin-medal-programs/commemorative-coins/george-washington-250th-anniversary-half

ThisquartershowsthefamiliarimageofPresidentGeorgeWashington,whichhasbeenrestoredtoitsoriginal1932specifications.

https://www.usmint.gov/coins/coin-medal-programs/circulating-coins/quarter

ThefirstuseofGeorgeWashington'sportraitonthe$1notewasonSeries1869UnitedStatesNotes.Thefirst$1FederalReservenoteswereissuedin1963.Thedesign,featuringGeorgeWashingtononthefaceandtheGreatSealontheback,hasnotchanged.https://www.moneyfactory.gov/uscurrency/1note.html


AppendixF

REPORTCARDOFGEORGEWASHINGTON’SPRESIDENCY

Source Grade(Circle) Evidence/Support

George

Washington

ABCDF

ThomasJefferson,

3rdPresident

ABCDF

HerbertHoover,

31stPresident

ABCDF

1999EditorialbyMatthewJ.Franck

ABCDF

Brunsman&Goethals

ABCDF

Yourself

ABCDF


AppendixG

Bibliography

PrimarySources

"ActspassedataCongressoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica:begunandheldatthecityofNew-York,onWednesdaythefourthofMarchintheyearM,DCC,LXXXIX,andoftheindependenceoftheUnitedStatesthethirteenth."1789.ManuscriptandSpecialCollectionsTreasures.MountVernon.

Atherton,CharlesHumphrey,andSamuelPreston,comps.ASelectionoforationsandeulogies,pronounced

indifferentpartsoftheUnitedStates,incommemorationofthelife,virtues,andpre-eminentservicesofGen.GeorgeWashington.Amherst,NH:SamuelPreston,1800.

Blyth,Joseph."AnorationonthedeathofGeneralGeorgeWashington,DeliveredattheChaple,inAllSaints'

ParishS.Carolinaonthe22ndFebruary1800byDoctorJosephBlyth."TheSpectator(NewYork,NY),July26,1800.

Hoover,Herbert."AddresstoaJointSessionofCongressOpeningtheCelebrationoftheBicentennialofthe

BirthofGeorgeWashington."Speech,February22,1932.TheAmericanPresidencyProject.AccessedJuly12,2017.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=23455.

Jefferson,Thomas.LettertoWalterJones,January2,1814.AccessedJuly19,2017.

http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-07-02-0052.———.LettertoWilliamBranchGiles,December31,1795.Johnston,F.,andWilliamHamilton,comps.TheWashingtoniana:containingasketchofthelifeanddeathof

thelateGen.GeorgeWashington;withacollectionofeleganteulogies,orations,poems,&c.,sacredtohismemory.Also,anappendix,comprisingallhismostvaluablepublicpapers,andhislastwillandtestament.Lancaster,PA:WilliamHamilton,1802.

Minot,GeorgeRichards.AneulogyonGeorgeWashington,latecommanderinchiefofthearmiesoftheUnited

StatesofAmerica,whodiedDecember14,1799.2nded.Boston,MA:Manning&Loring,1800.Muir,Rev."FuneralSermonontheDeathofGeorgeWashington."Speech,December29,1799.Paine,RobertTreat."EulogyonGeorgeWashington."Speech,NewburyPort,MA,January2,1800.Rigaud,Hyacinthe.PortraitdeLouisXIVenCostumedeSacre.1701.Oiloncanvas.Louvre,Paris,France.Stuart,Gilbert.GeorgeWashington(LansdownePortraitofGeorgeWashington).1796.Oiloncanvas.

NationalPortraitGallery,Washington,DC.U.S.Const.art.II.Washington,George."EighthAnnualAddresstoCongress."Speech,December7,1796.TheAmerican

PresidencyProject.AccessedJuly12,2017.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29438.


———.LettertoEdwardCarrington,May1,1796.AccessedJuly11,2017.http://www.mountvernon.org/education/primary-sources-2/article/george-washington-to-edward-carrington-may-1-1796/.

———."SeventhAnnualAddresstoCongress."Speech,December8,1795.TheAmericanPresidencyProject.

AccessedJuly9,2017.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29437.———."Washington'sFarewellAddress."September19,1796.AccessedJune5,2017.

https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-00963.TheWashingtoniana:containingabiographicalsketchofthelateGen.GeorgeWashington,withvarious

outlinesofhischaracter,fromthepensofdifferenteminentwriters,bothinEuropeandAmerica;andanaccountofthevariousfuneralhonorsdevotedtohismemory.Towhichareannexedhiswillandscheduleofhisproperty...Baltimore,MD:SamuelStower,1800.

SecondarySources

Brunsman,Denver,andGeorgeA.Goethals."LeadingChange:GeorgeWashingtonandEstablishingthePresidency."GeorgeWashingtonLeadershipInsitute.

Franck,MatthewJ."Washington'sCharacterwasaGreatPublicAsset."TheRoanokeTimes(Roanoke,VA),

December14,1999,Commentary,A13."GeorgeWashington'sLegacy:GeorgeWashington."Videofile,07:37.GeorgeWashington'sMountVernon.

AccessedJune21,2017.https://vimeo.com/81409825.MountVernonLadies'Association."CabinetMembers."GeorgeWashington'sMountVernonDigital

Encyclopedia.AccessedJune16,2017.http://www.mountvernon.org/digital-encyclopedia/article/cabinet-members/.

———."5ChallengesGeorgeWashingtonFacedasAmerica'sFirstPresident."GeorgeWashington'sMount

Vernon.AccessedJune10,2017.http://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/the-first-president/5-challenges-of-being-americas-first-president/#callout-2.

———."RatificationoftheConstitution."GeorgeWashington'sMountVernonDigitalEncyclopedia.

AccessedJuly9,2017.http://www.mountvernon.org/digital-encyclopedia/article/ratification-of-the-constitution/.

UnitedStatesMint."GeorgeWashington250thAnniversaryHalfDollar."UnitedStatesMint.AccessedJuly

12,2017.https://www.usmint.gov/coins/coin-medal-programs/commemorative-coins/george-washington-250th-anniversary-half.

———."QuarterDollar(Twenty-Five-CentCoin)."UnitedStatesMint.AccessedJuly12,2017.

https://www.usmint.gov/coins/coin-medal-programs/circulating-coins/quarter.U.S.DepartmentoftheTreasury."U.S.Currency:$1Note."BureauofEngravingandPrinting.AccessedJuly

12,2017.https://www.moneyfactory.gov/uscurrency/1note.html."UsingPrimarySources."LibraryofCongress.AccessedJuly9,2017.

http://www.loc.gov/teachers/usingprimarysources/.


U.S.SmallBusinessAdministration."BeingaLeader."U.S.SmallBusinessAdministration.AccessedJune13,2017.https://www.sba.gov/managing-business/leading-your-business/being-leader.

Documents

9 to 12th Grade George Washington Inquiry – (160-225 ......question “How was the American Presidency established” before they evaluate what characteristics a good President has