Mind you, though these word groups are all elementary, speakers who are not fluent normally stumble over them no matter how highly educated they are. Yes, non-fluent speakers trip up when they utter these word groups, lose their balance of speech-delivery and falter. Thats why the drill youre going to do with the speech initiators is extremely important. Once you start the practice, youll realize how stiff your organs of speech had been while uttering these word groups. And once you complete the practice, youll realize how supple theyve started becoming. So lets go for it. Pick up each word combination and say it several times ALOUD.

Group 1: I have. I havent. I had. I hadnt. I have a. I havent a. I had a. I hadnt a. I have got a. I havent got a. I have to. I had to. I have got to. I have been. I havent been. I had been. I hadnt been. I have been the. I havent been the. I had been the. I hadnt been the. I have been able to. I havent been able to. I had been able to. I hadnt been able to.

Group 2: I dont. I didnt. I dont have to. I didnt have to. I dont have an. I didnt have an.

Note: Repeat the exercise with the word groups in Group I and Group II by substituting for the word I (i) first We, (ii) then They, and (iii) then You. That is, utter the word group in these two groups first by using We in place of I, then by using They in place of I, and then by using You in place of I.

Group 3:

He has. He hasnt. He had. He hadnt. He has a. He hasnt a. He had a. He hadnt a. He has got a. He hasnt got a. He has to. He has got to. He had to. He has been. He hasnt been. He had been. He hadnt been. He has been the. He hasnt been the. He had been the. He hadnt been the. He has been able to. He hasnt been able to. He had been able to. He hadnt been able to.

Group 4:

He is. He isnt. He is an. He isnt an. He was. He wasnt. He was a. He wasnt a. He was the. He wasnt the. He is to. He isnt to. He was to. He wasnt to. He is able to. He isnt able to. He was able to. He wasnt able to. He is going to. He isnt going to. He was going to. He wasnt going to. He is going to be a. He isnt going to be the. He is going to be. He isnt going to be.

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Group 5:

He doesnt. He didnt. He doesnt have to. He didnt have to. He doesnt have a. He didnt have the.

Note: Repeat the exercise with the word groups in Groups III, IV & V by substituting for the word He (i) first She, and (ii) then It.

Group 6:

I am. I am not. I am a. I am not a. I was. I wasnt. I was an. I wasnt the. I am to. I am not to. I was to. I was not to. I am able to. I am not able to. I was able to. I wasnt able to. I am going to. I am not going to. I was going to. I wasnt going to. I am going to be an. I am not going to be a. I am going to be. I am not going to be.

Group 7:

We are. We arent. We are the. We are not the. We were. We werent. We were the. We were not the. We are to. We are not to. We were to. We were not to. We are able to. We are not able to. We were able to. We werent able to. We are going to. We are not going to. We were going to. We werent going to. We are going to be the. We arent going to be the. We are going to be. We arent going to be.

Note: Repeat the exercise first by substituting the word They for the word We. That is, say They are, They arent, They are the etc. several times. Thereafter, repeat the exercise by substituting You for We.

Group 8:

I can. I cant. I could. I couldnt. I cant have. I could have. I couldnt have. I can be. I cant be. I can be the. I cant be the. I cant have been. I could have been. I couldnt have been. I cant have been the. I couldnt have been the.

Group 9:

I may. I may not. I might. I might not. I may have. I may not have. I may be. I may not be. I may have been. I may not have been. I may be the. I may not be the. I may have been the. I may not have been the. I may have been able to. I may not have been able to.

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Group 10:

I must. I mustnt. I must have. I mustnt have. I must be. I mustnt be. I must have been. I mustnt have been. I must be the. I mustnt be the. I must have been the. I mustnt have been the. I must have been able to. I mustnt have been able to.

Group 11:

I neednt. I neednt have. I neednt be. I neednt have been. I neednt be the. I neednt have been the. I neednt have been able to.

Group 12:

I ought to. I oughtnt to. I ought to have. I oughtnt to have. I ought to be. I oughtnt to be. I ought to have been. I oughtnt to have been. I ought to be the. I oughtnt to be the. I ought to have been the. I oughtnt to have been the. I ought to be able to. I oughtnt to be able to.

Group 13:

I should. I shouldnt. I should have. I shouldnt have. I should be. I shouldnt be. I should have been. I shouldnt have been. I should be the. I shouldnt be the. I should have been the. I shouldnt have been the. I should be able to. I shouldnt be able to.

Group 14:

I used to. I didnt use to. I never used to.

Group 15:

I had better. I had better not.

Note: Repeat the exercise with the word groups in Groups 8 to 15 by substituting for the word I (i) first He (ii) then She (iii) then It (iv) then We (v) then They, and (vi) then You.

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Group 16:

I shall. I shant. Ill. I wont. I would. I wouldnt. I shall have. I shant have. Ill have. I wont have. Id have. I wouldnt have. I shall be. I shant be. Ill be. I wont be. Id be. I wouldnt be. I shall be the. Ill be the. I wont be the. Id be the. I wouldnt be the. Ill have been. I wont have been. Id have been. I wouldnt have been. Ill be able to. I wont be able to. Id be able to. I wouldnt be able to.

Group 17:

I should like to. I shouldnt like to. Id like to. I wouldnt like to. Id have liked to. I wouldnt have liked to.

Note: Repeat the exercise with the word groups in Groups 16 & 17 by using We in place of I.

Group 18:

He will. He wont. He would. He wouldnt. Hell have. He wont have. Hed have. He wouldnt have. Hell be. He wont be. Hed be. He wouldnt be. Hell have been. He wont have been. Hed have been. He wouldnt have been. Hell be able to. He wouldnt be able to. Hed be able to. He wouldnt be able to.

Group 19:

Hed like to. He wouldnt like to. Hed have liked to.

Note: Repeat the exercise with the word groups in Groups 18 & 19 by substituting for He (i) first the word She, (ii) then It, (iii) then They, and (iv) then You.

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Group 20:

There is. There is a. There is no. There are. There are no. There was. There was a. There was no. There were. There were no. There isnt. There arent. There wasnt. There werent. There has been. There hasnt been. There have been. There havent been. There had been. There hadnt been. There has been no. There have been no. There had been no. Therell be. There wont be. Thered be. There wouldnt be. Therell be no. Thered be no. There can be. There cant be. There could be. There couldnt be. There can be no. There could be no. There may be. There may not be. There might be. There might not be. There may be no. There might be no. There must be. There mustnt be. There must be no. There ought to be. There oughtnt to be. There ought to be no. There cant have been. There could have been. There couldnt have been. There could have been no. There may have been. There may not have been. There might have been. There might not have been. There may have been no. There might have been no. There must have been. There mustnt have been. There must have been no. There ought to have been. There oughtnt to have been. There ought to have been no. There is going to be. There isnt going to be. There are going to be. There arent going to be. There was going to be. There wasnt going to be. There were going to be. There werent going to be. There is going to be no. There are going to be no. There was going to be no. There were going to be no. There seems. There appears. There remains.

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Important Principles of description

Descriptive principle 1There are certain function words in English that always keep company with one another. Here they are, classed into six groups:

(a) I/We/You/They/Plural (people or things) + don't... (NOT "doesn't")

That is, you should only say "I don't...", "We don't...", "You don't...", "They don't...", "Apples don't...", etc., and not "I doesn't...", "We doesn't...", "You doesn't...", "They doesn't...", "Apples doesn't...", etc.

(b) He/She/It/Singulars (A person or thing) + doesn't... (NOT "don't")

That is, you should only say "He doesn't...", "She doesn't...", "It doesn't...", "An apple doesn't...", etc., and not "He don't...", "She don't...", "It don't...", "An apple don't...", etc.

(c) All the words at (a) & (b) above: I/We/You/They/Plural (people or things)/He/She/It/Singulars (A person or thing) + didn't...

That is, you can say "I didn't...", "We didn't...", "You didn't...", "They didn't...", "Apples didn't...", etc., and "He didn't...", "She didn't...", "It didn't...", "An apple didn't...", etc.

(d) I/We/You/They/Plural (people or things) + have... /haven't... (NOT 'has' or 'hasn't')

That is, you should only say "I have/haven't...", "We have/haven't...", "You have/haven't...", "They have/haven't...", "Apples have/haven't...", etc., and not "I has/hasn't...", "We has/hasn't...", "You has/hasn't...", "They has/hasn't...", "Apples has/hasn't...", etc.

(e) He/She/It/Singulars (A person or thing) + has... /hasn't... (NOT 'have' or 'haven't')

That is, you should only say "He has/hasn't...", "She has/hasn't...", "It has/hasn't...", "An apple has/hasn't...", etc., and not "He have/haven't...", "She have/haven't...", "It have/haven't...", "An apple have/haven't...", etc.

(f) All the words at (d) & (e) above: I/We/You/They/Plural (people or things)/He/She/It/Singulars (A person or thing) + had... /hadn't...

That is, you can say "I had/hadn't...", "We had/hadn't...", "You had/hadn't ...", "They had/hadn't...", "Apples had/hadn't...", etc., and "He

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had/hadn't...", "She had/hadn't...", "It had/hadn't...", "An apple had/hadn't...", etc.

Descriptive principle 2After "didn't", you should only use the basic form (= infinitive) of verbs, and not past tense forms. That is, you should say:

I didn't know. He didn't like it. She didn't speak French. It didn't happen often. We didn't buy things from them. They didn't worry about things like that. The car didn't start.

You shouldn't say :

I didn't knew. He didn't liked it. She didn't spoke French. It didn't happened often. We didn't bought things from them. They didn't worried about things like that. The car didn't started.

The same rule applies to "doesn't" and "don't" also. That is, you should say:

I don't know. He doesn't like it. She doesn't speak French. It doesn't happen often. We don't buy things from them. They don't worry about things like that. The car doesn't start.

You shouldn't say:

I don't knew. He doesn't liked it. She doesn't spoke French. It doesn't happened often. We don't bought things from them. They don't worried about things like that. The car doesn't started.

Descriptive principle 3After "has", "hasn't", "haven't", "had", and "hadn't", you should only use past participles, and not past tense forms or the basic forms (infinitive). That is, you should say :

I have/haven't forgotten it. I had/hadn't done it. He has/hasn't seen it. He had/hadn't stolen it. She has/hasn't written it down. She had/hadn't hidden it from them. We have/haven't given it to them. We had/hadn't eaten it. They have/haven't spoken to her. They had/hadn't taken it away. The show has/hasn't begun. The show had/hadn't begun.

You shouldn't say :

I have/haven't forgot it. I had/hadn't did it. He has/hasn't saw it. He had/hadn't stole it. She has/hasn't wrote it down. She had/hadn't hid it from them. We have/haven't gave it to them. We had/hadn't ate it. They

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have/haven't spoke to her. They had/hadn't took it away. The show has/hasn't began. The show had/hadn't began.

The way to teach your tongue

Now understand one thing: There is no use in learning to repeat these principles by heart. The thing you must do now is this: You must get your tongue to 'learn' them. In other words, you must 'teach' your tongue.

This can only be done if you give 'training' to your tongue. That is, you must get your tongue into the habit of saying don't along with 'I', doesn't along with 'he', has along with 'she', etc. This can easily be done through the following kinds of practice:

Drill 1Look at descriptive principle no. 1 (page 5).

Say I don't , We don't, etc. ALOUD. Say He doesn't, She doesn't, etc. ALOUD. Say I didn't, We didn't, etc. ALOUD. Say I have, I haven't, etc. ALOUD. Say He has, He hasn't, etc. ALOUD. Say I had, I hadn't, etc. ALOUD.

NOTE: Repeat each several times. Of course, you know these rules. Still you must carry out this drill. Remember this: The purpose of this drill is to get your tongue and other organs of speech to get into the habit of associating certain words together.

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GODISNOWHERE

Special ways of word group ordering

The earlier Lessons have taken you through a number of spontaneous spoken English texts texts containing speech-composition features. An important point that would have struck your mind is this: The way a sizeable proportion of word groups is ordered (arranged) in spoken English its different from the way word groups are ordered (arranged) in written English.

The reason for this difference is this: If you order word groups in certain special ways, itll be easier for you to plan and execute your speech simultaneously. That is, these special ways of word group-ordering will help you in the moment-to-moment speech-production more than the written English style of word group-ordering. In other words, these special ways of word group ordering will help you make makeshift-improvisations and, thus, help you compose your speech and speak at the same time.

But heres something you should remember: All this doesnt mean that you should only compose whatever you say in these special ways. No, thats not what I mean. What I mean is this: There are special methods that you can use when you find normal methods (of structuring clauses and groups of clauses and phrases) inconvenient in certain contexts. These are certainly supplements to the normal methods and not substitutes for them. When ordinary syntactic processes fail to help you to keep up an acceptable level of fluency, you dont have to falter and the flow of your speech doesnt have to stop. There are these special ways of word group ordering in existence, and you can (and must) take help from them. And I want you to understand that every fluent speaker depends a lot on them.

Lets now examine these special ways of word group-ordering in spoken English.

1. Topiccomment arrangementTake this word group:

When is the next train to Delhi?

This is a simple question, and its grammatically sound (even according to written English rules). And you can use it in spoken English also. But theres a more natural and simpler way of asking this question in spoken English:

The next train to Delhi when is it?

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Here what the speaker has done is this: He presented the topic (theme) first: The next train to Madras. Then he made a comment on it separately, by an independent structure: When is it?

Heres another example:

This habit of yours it will get you into difficulties.

The normal style acceptable in written English also is this: This habit of yours will get you into difficulties.

This type of Topic-Comment arrangement is very common in spoken English. This type of word group ordering will liberate you from the written English clutch to a great extent.

A few examples will help you master the knack. Here we go:

Group 1

That man + who is he? The man who shouted at me + hes in the next room. Our new boss + have you met him? That man + Ive seen him somewhere. Your friend + whats his name? The postman + his house is somewhere there. Johns sister + is she abroad? My wife + shes from Calcutta. His mother + have you seen her? The girl I told you about + I didnt see her there today. The girl in red + is her father abroad? Your secretary + her computer needs repairing. The cash book + where is it? Your letter + I got it yesterday. His book + whats its name? This shirt + I dont like its colour. The thieves + were they wearing masks? Father and mother + theyre coming today. Those people + do you know them? These men + you should be cautious about them. Your friends + whats their interest in this? The manufacturers + its their fault. The cake you gave + did he eat all of it? The oil in this bottle + I took a little of it. The things he said + none of them is true.

Group 2

Crying like this + it wouldnt help you at all. Meeting him there + its no use. Shouting at her like this + what good will it do? Working with them + isnt it a great privilege? Making all these arrangements + it isnt easy. Threatening him + its not wise. Moving to another place + it wont solve the problem. Getting a part-time job + will it be difficult? Attending evening classes + I find it inconvenient. Travelling around + she finds it exciting. Doing the washing up + she finds it tedious.

2. Commenttopic arrangement

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This arrangement is the reverse of the topic-comment arrangement. That is, here we make a comment about the topic (theme) first, and then emphasize the topic by presenting it as a tag.

For example, take this word group:

Where has the gate-keeper gone?

The topic-comment arrangement of this question would be like this:

The gate-keeper + where has he gone?

On the other hand, the comment-topic arrangement would be like this:Where has he gone + the gate-keeper?

In spoken English, the commenttopic arrangement is as important as the topic-comment arrangement. The following word groups will help you learn the arrangement:

Group 1

Whos he + that man? Hes in the next room + the man who shouted at me. Have you met him + our new boss? Ive seen him somewhere + that man. Whats his name + your friends? His house is somewhere there + the postmans. Is she abroad + Johns sister? Have you seen her + his mother? I didnt see her there today + the girl I told you about. Is her father abroad + that girls + the girl in red. Her computer needs repairing + your secretarys. Where is it + the cash book? I got it yesterday + your letter. Whats its name + his books? I dont like its colour + this shirts. Were they wearing masks + the thieves? Theyre coming today + father and mother. Do you know them + those people? You should be cautious about them + these men. Whats their interest in this + your friends? Its their fault + the manufacturers. Did he eat all of it + the cake you gave? I took a little of it + the oil. None of them is true + the things he said.

Group 2

It wouldnt help you at all + crying like this. Its no use + meeting him there. What good will it do + shouting at her like this? Isnt it a great privilege + working with them? It isnt easy + making all these arrangements. Its not wise + threatening him. It wont solve the problem + moving to another place. Will it be difficult + getting a part-time job? I find it inconvenient + attending evening classes. She finds it exciting + travelling around. She finds it tedious + doing the washing up.

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Group 3

Does anyone know it + how youre going to handle the situation? Will father do it + what mother has asked him to do? Can you predict it + which team will win? Have you settled it + where to go for the picnic? Do the police know it + the place the murderer is hiding in? Does she suspect it + that the cloth is quite cheap? Do they believe it + that hes an educated man? Have you found it + how they broke open the door?

========================================Speaking about Person

A persons make-up is his/her nature or a combination of the various qualities that form their character. I have chosen this topic for you because this is an area in which most people arent fluent.

If you monitor day-to-day conversations for a long time, youll be convinced of one thing: There are four subjects that very often come up during all conversations. They are:

1). A persons behaviour.

2). A persons attitude.

3). A persons intelligence.

4). A persons personality and personality traits.

These are the main elements in a persons make-up, and during conversations, most people fail miserably in expressing ideas that have to do with these four subjects.

Why does this happen? Why do you often find it difficult to speak about someones behaviour, attitude, intelligence, personality or personality traits?

These are the chief reasons: Firstly, though you know the core words in English, you may not have much experience in using them to speak about these topics (a persons behaviour, attitude, etc.). Secondly, to speak about a persons behaviour, attitude etc., you should be good at using English in

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the descriptive style and this style is quite different from the style of ordinary functional English dialogues.

The second reason needs some explanation.

In very general terms, we can classify the English language as descriptive English and non-descriptive English. Descriptive English is the type of English that you use when you want to explain or describe what someone or something is like or what they look like. And when you use descriptive English, what you actually do is to try and give a picture of someone or something to your listeners. For example, take the following word-groups:

Hes a man of powerful build with a severe face.

Shes a tall, business-like, woman of 35.

Hes a short man in the early fifties, with a bald head.

She had a blue dress on.

His house has an entrance hall, two bedrooms, a kitchen and a bath.

The floor is of white tiles.

A hovercraft is a sort of vehicle, and it travels above the surface of land or water, and it can float above the land or water on a cushion of air.

These are examples of descriptive English. On the other hand, take the following examples:

Dont repeat the same mistakes.

Youd better explain everything to her.

Perhaps you may have a point there.

Sorry, Im not ready yet.

Thats all right.

Im happy about the whole idea.

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Have a look at this photo.

Im not satisfied with this mixer.-----------------------

Now remember this: Im not trying to tell you that descriptive English is always more difficult than non-descriptive English. Actually, there would be occasions when you may find descriptive English easier than non-descriptive English, and there would be occasions when you may find descriptive English more difficult than non-descriptive English. But, in general, descriptive English becomes difficult to produce when you try to describe or explain abstract concepts like the behavior, attitude, etc. of people. Thats why were concentrating on these areas in this Supplement.

Under each of the four topics in this Supplement, youre going to get plenty of word-groups. Each word-group has been hand-picked to give you maximum training in using the core words that are relevant to that particular topic. Go through all the word-groups carefully. Theyll give you plenty of experience in using the core words to speak about these topics. And theyll give you plenty of experience in handling descriptive English to deal with abstract subjects.

Now remember this: Core words are words of the greatest general service, and when you practice using them under a particular topic, you become good not only at using those words to handle that particular topic, but also at handling all topics in general.

Lets now take up the word-groups. Here we go:

Behavior

Group 1

What I like about her is, she isnt shy or embarrassed in the company of other people. Hes very harsh/cruel, and will do anything to get what he wants. Hes friendly, and enjoys talking to other people. He behaves differently from other people. He avoids too much of eating/drinking. I found him willing and eager to be helpful. Hes lively and enthusiastic. Hes very concerned about unimportant details and is very difficult to please. She frequently changes her mood without warning. He was angry and upset. His behaviour was stupid and insensitive. She never does what shes told to do. She was in a bad situation, and she was willing to do anything to get out of it. Hes stubborn and determined to have his own way. She behaved as though she felt at ease. He has the courage to

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do what he believes is right. He allows things other people disapprove of. Hes very aggressive and eager to argue. I found him humble and unassuming. Even when he knows what he has done is wrong, he doesnt feel guilty or sorry about it. That was a difficult situation, but she was calm and unemotional. Stop behaving like a woman, cant you, Ashok? Hes very unwilling to spend money. Hes very reliable and respectable. I found him very confident and assured. She was very upset and was behaving in an uncontrolled way.

Those children are noisy and not easily controlled. Hes not careful in obeying rules. She often complains about things. Shes very sensitive and sympathetic towards other people. Shes rather reserved and behaves very correctly. He keeps trying to make people like him. She feels embarrassed and nervous when someone is looking at her. Hes not afraid of doing things even if they involve risk/danger. I think hes too confident and aggressive. Hes very mean and hates spending money. He gave the impression of being dishonest. He was lively and entertaining. Sometimes he behaves in a silly way, rather than being serious and sensible. He only helps people if he thinks theyre important. Shes always at ease in social situations. Hes full of wit/humour. Hes respectable, well-bred and refined. Shes polite and has good manners. He behaves as though he has no emotional interest in the things he does. They were too eager to obey their boss and to do things for them. They were cowardly, or they wouldnt have attacked that old lady. He felt so happy and excited, he found it hard to think and act normally. He looked slightly embarrassed as though he felt he had done something silly. She was very helpful and polite. It was a frightening situation, but he was brave. Hes weak and cowardly. It was a frightening experience, but she was very calm and self-controlled.

Shes very kind and sympathetic towards other people, and she tries to do them as little harm as possible. She was very friendly and relaxed. I found him quiet and not aggressive. He likes to have fun embarrassing people. He behaves/speaks as though hes superior to other people. He behaves in a gentle and helpful way towards other people. He was nervous and excited and seemed likely to lose control of himself. He does a lot of dishonest/illegal things every day. That child is very spirited and playful. He often gets involved in arguments. Shes very quiet and rather shy. He doesnt take enough care over how his words will affect other people. The children were noisy, lively and full of energy. He behaves in a way thats too lively. He doesnt talk much about his abilities and qualities. He is very dishonest and secretive. He never understands how complicated things can be at times, and he interprets them in a way thats too simple. He doesnt show any feelings or emotions. He strongly supports people he likes, without thinking carefully about the matter. He

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always says unkind things. He appeared to be relaxed and was not trying to hide anything. Our next-door neighbours are very friendly and helpful.

Group 2

Hes very religious and moral. He was angry, irritated and bored. He was worried and unhappy about something. Shes cheeky, but lively and full of energy. Shes easily upset by unpleasant sights and situations. He wont hesitate to take risks to achieve what he wants. It was a dangerous situation, but she showed courage. Hes too self-confident and rather cheeky. He gets angry quickly and easily. He recognizes and accepts the true nature of situations, and tries to deal with them in a practical way. He never gives any importance to other peoples opinions or beliefs. Hes always careless about doing things. He was so upset and worried that he couldnt think clearly. Hes very cheeky and always speaks rudely/disrespectfully. I found his behaviour/accent very artificial. He always behaves in a formal and unfriendly way. Hes lively and full of enthusiasm and excitement. He only agrees with people if he considers them to be important. He has no hesitation in doing things even if theyre morally wrong. He has an enthusiastic nature and is interested in everything he does. Hes playful and unpredictable rather than serious and practical.

Why do you hesitate to show affection openly and freely? He has a strong belief in democracy. He becomes angry and upset very quickly about small, unimportant things. Hes rather shy and doesnt enjoy talking about himself. Hes very careful and detailed in his work. Hes willing to try out new and unusual ways of doing things. Hes prepared to be cruel to other people and feels no pity for them. He was angry and said a lot of bitter things. Hes very gentle, and he doesnt get angry very easily. Hes very nave and believes that everybody is honest. Hes a noble person. Our new boss is bad-tempered and is easily irritated. Hes quiet and shy. Her son is disobedient and behaves very badly. Your behavior was so bad that you ought to be ashamed. Our new boss is very strict and serious I dont like him. She must have been very courageous to go into the burning building. She always talks/behaves in a rude and offensive way. Shes very lively and easily excited. Hes a mild person, and he never shouts at other people. He behaved as though he didnt like/respect them. Hes full of confidence and energy. She seemed cold and aloof. He does things suddenly without thinking about them first. Shes always ready to quarrel. He always behaves in a proud and unpleasant way towards other people. She deals with situations without anxiety or emotional tension. His behavior was silly and immature.

Reply Expressions

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Have you noticed one thing from your own experience? Have you noticed that the most difficult part in giving a reply is to start the reply? When somebody asks you a question, do you get the feeling that you have a lump in your throat? A tight feeling in your throat, preventing the reply from coming out? Often, the reply just doesnt start coming out. Most non-fluent people have this problem.

To overcome this problem, this is what you must do:

You see, there are certain prefabricated-sort-of response-initiator word groups word groups that would help you start your reply. Sometimes, these expressions alone would be enough for a complete reply. At other times, these expressions would help you to avoid a lump getting formed in your throat, and to start your reply. You have to get into the habit of starting your replies with an expression of this kind.

Once you get started, your general training would come to your help the training you get through the other Lessons in this course. So the thing you should do now is to get to know closely the frequently-occurring types of response-initiator word groups. Youll find these expressions against the letter Y under the following heading (Prompt-response practice). Pay particular attention to them.

Prompt-response practiceYoull find below a series of prompts and responses. Most of the prompts are questions made up of the question-initiator word groups you saw in Book 9.

Repeat each prompt (X) and each response (Y) several times ALOUD.

X: Will they be angry with me? ~ Y: I think so, yes. X: Have they left the office? ~ Y: No, I dont think so. X: Wont he be busy now? ~ Y: Yes, I think so. X: What does it cost? ~ Y: Lets find out. X: Will she come here today? ~ Y: Yes, she will. X: When does she go to bed everyday? ~ Y: Quite early. X: How does it concern you? ~ Y: It doesnt. X: Arent you the daughter of our Principal? ~ Y: Yes, I am. X: Did he bring the books? ~ Y: Yes, he did. X: Has she managed to get a camera? ~ Y: Yes, she has. X: What were they telling you? ~ Y: Nothing. Nothing important anyway. X: Should we be punctual? ~ Y: You had better. X: Can you come a little early? ~ Y: Im sorry, I cant. X: Why did they leave so early? ~ Y: I have no idea. X: How far will this train go? ~ Y: As far as Hyderabad. X: Hasnt he been away on a tour? ~ Y: Yes, he has. X: Why cant he come here more often? ~ Y: Im afraid I dont know. X: What did you do that for? ~ Y: Just to scare the children. X: Who did I talk to yesterday? ~ Y: To me. X: Can they be a little more strict with the children? ~ Y: Ill ask them. X: Why did David borrow money? ~ Y: I dont know. Please tell me. X: What is the

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name of the baby? ~ Y: Well have to ask someone. X: Wasnt she a little rude to him? ~ Y: Yes, she was. X: Would you like to have a cup of tea? ~ Y: No, thank you. X: Can they come here right over? ~ Y: No, they cant. X: What can it be used for? ~ Y: For washing clothes. X: What did you have for breakfast? ~ Y: Nothing much. X: Will they be asking for the payment? ~ Y: No, they wont. X: What was he doing there? ~ Y: Eating food. X: When do they have breakfast everyday? ~ Y: Youll have to ask them. X: Should he be experienced in your line? ~ Y: Yes, he should. X: What vegetable do we get most protein from? ~ Y: I dont quite know. X: Have you a match to light a cigarette? ~ Y: No, I havent. X: Were they waiting for long? ~ Y: Yes, they were. X: What are you doing for your headache? ~ Y: Im taking tablets. X: Has Simon been sleeping long? ~ Y: Yes, he has. X: How much should I pay for these fruits? ~ Y: Ten rupees altogether. X: Which one do you prefer the red one or the yellow one? ~ Y: Neither. X: Whos that man standing there? ~ Y: Im not sure who he is. X: Do you know what the punishment for late-coming is? ~ Y: I really wonder what. X: How often does he go for films? ~ Y: Not very often. X: What is the best way to the zoo? ~ Y: Im out of this place myself. X: Are your friends going home this weekend? ~ Y: No, They arent. X: Is there a restaurant anywhere near here? ~ Y: Theres one a kilometre to the south. X: What road is the hotel on? ~ Y: I dont know what road. X: Did it take him long to get back? ~ Y: No, not very long. X: Werent you supposed to send a report? ~ Y: Sorry, I didnt know that. X: Why did you have to leave so early? ~ Y: Because I had some private work to do. X: What size shoes does he wear? ~ Y: Im afraid I dont know. X: Havent you heard what happened? ~ Y: No, what did happen? X: What should they have done to escape punishment? ~ Y: Ask someone else. X: What has he been complaining to you about? ~ Y: About the way those boxes were unloaded from the trucks. X: Does he have to put in a written complaint? ~ Y: No, he doesnt. X: What sort of a trick did he play? ~ Y: A nasty trick. X: How long is the journey from here to Chicago? ~ Y: Just about ten hours. X: Does John usually carry your bags? ~ Y: No, he doesnt. X: How much are these oranges? ~ Y: Ten rupees a dozen.

X: Did you have trouble finding this address? ~ Y: Just a little. X: Why didnt she marry him? ~ Y: No one can explain. X: Which one are you going to select? ~ Y: I cant decide. X: What do I have to do to help him? ~ Y: I really cant say. X: Who did he meet there? ~ Y: Im sorry I didnt hear you. X: Are there any samples left? ~ Y: No, no more samples. X: Will there be any deduction? ~ Y: Sorry, there wont be. X: Which one did they like best? ~ Y: I cant tell. X: Isnt he showing off too much lately? ~ Y: I think so, too. X: Have you ever seen a better film? ~ Y: Its difficult to say. X: Why werent you getting her the things she wanted? ~ Y: Youd like to know, wouldnt you? X: Does he get up early? ~ Y: Yes, he does. X: Couldnt he be doing this just to fool you? ~ Y: Yes, he could. X: Werent you well yesterday? ~ Y: No, I wasnt. X: Which will you give me the

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one in the right hand or the one in the left hand? ~ Y: The one in the left hand. X: Should I be more strict with the children? ~ Y: Yes, you should. X: Has John come back from the office? ~ Y: I hope so. X: Why should she get upset over such a minor thing? ~ Y: I wonder why. X: How much did you pay for the bag? ~ Y: I dont remember. X: Were father and mother here yesterday? ~ Y: Yes, they were. X: Are all the staff in the office against you? ~ Y: No, only a few of them. X: What time do you get up in the morning? ~ Y: Sometimes quite early, and sometimes quite late. X: Do you want to come with me? ~ Y: No, thank you. X: Could they be planning to strike work tomorrow? ~ Y: Im afraid they could be. X: What did she pick up from there? ~ Y: We know what. X: What do you plan to do during the summer holidays? ~ Y: I havent decided yet. X: Do we have time for coffee before the film begins? ~ Y: Im afraid not. X: What will it look like if nobody goes for the party? ~ Y: Hell think everyone has ganged up against him.

X: Have your father and mother been away long? ~ Y: Not very long. X: Where will they stay if they come? ~ Y: With you; where else? X: How did he do in the last examination? ~ Y: Quite well. X: Where have they been all these days? ~ Y: They alone know where. X: Do Mary and Minu have raincoats? ~ Y: Who knows! X: Did you like the film? ~ Y: No, I didnt. X: How soon will the rains come? ~ Y: In a month or two. X: Who did they laugh at? ~ Y: I dont know who. X: Why wasnt anyone friendly with him? ~ Y: Because he was rude. X: Can I show you a trick? ~ Y: What trick? X: Should the man be asked to go away? ~ Y: You decide. X: What should it cost according to you? ~ Y: Far less. X: Havent you been going there frequently? ~ Y: Yes, I have. X: Which one of these is the best? ~ Y: The one lying on the top. X: Can you tell me how I can get to this address? ~ Y: Ask someone else, please. X: Who is the officer-in-charge here? ~ Y: The one who is sitting there. X: Didnt I warn you not to fight with him? ~ Y: You did. X: How can I start this engine? ~ Y: Press this button. X: Do you often come here? ~ Y: No, only seldom. X: Are short people taken in the army? ~ Y: I dont quite know. X: Will Mary and you be at the party today? ~ Y: Cant say. X: Where do you get vegetables from? ~ Y: From the market. X: How large is your bedroom? ~ Y: Not very large. X: Should she be where others would see her or behind the curtain? ~ Y: Behind the curtain. X: How much will it cost to have this shoe mended? ~ Y: Fifty rupees. X: What did he do when the plane landed? ~ Y: I wasnt there. X: Dont you care for mutton chops? ~ Y: No, I dont. X: How long ago did his grandfather die? ~ Y: I dont know exactly.

X: How old are you? ~ Y: Twenty years. X: Who is this little boy with you? ~ Y: My nephew. X: Where has Priya been studying all these years? ~ Y: Somewhere outside. X: Have you and your friends taken exercise today? ~ Y: Yes, we have. X: Do you have to take a lot of exercise to keep fit? ~ Y: Yes, they say so. X: How far is Calcutta from here? ~ Y: Very far.

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X: How often are there trains to Calcutta? ~ Y: Everyday, theres a train. X: Can I show you some magic? ~ Y: Thatd be fine. X: Isnt it wonderful to have such good friends? ~ Y: Really it is. X: How will you get to the station from here? ~ Y: Ill get a taxi, I guess. X: Where are you staying tonight? ~ Y: In a hotel. X: Have you ever been to this place before now? ~ Y: No, this is the first time. X: Are you a salesman? ~ Y: No. X: Could you spare some money for a week? ~ Y: Im indeed sorry. X: Do you want anything else? ~ Y: No. These are about all, I guess. X: What did he want? ~ Y: You know it, dont you? X: Have you got a few minutes to spare? ~ Y: Certainly, please come in. X: Are you going to the cinema? ~ Y: No. Not really. X: Who will be the Home Secretary next? ~ Y: Who knows!. X: Has Dad ever scolded him? ~ Y: No. Thats the trouble. X: Do you like being scolded? ~ Y: No, of course not. X: Did she have to give him a beating? ~ Y: No. He told the truth when he got a good scolding. X: Did he have to pay for the seat? ~ Y: It doesnt seem so. X: Did Gita have to take a plane to reach there early? ~ Y: It looks like it. X: How many students are there in your school? ~ Y: Im not sure just how many. X: Hasnt he repaid the loan? ~ Y: He probably has. X: What places have you visited so far? ~ Y: Just a few. X: Did your brother bring you any present? ~ Y: Yes, he did. X: How much did you draw from the bank? ~ Y: Youd like to know, wouldnt you? X: Do you prefer tea with sugar or without? ~ Y: With sugar, and plenty of it. X: Are you sure today is Thursday? ~ Y: Well, the calendar says so. X: How old is your father? ~ Y: Not very old. X: Did you have a nice time at the party? ~ Y: Yes, I had a wonderful time. X: Do you often go to restaurants? ~ Y: Not often, but on occasion. X: When should she serve coffee? ~ Y: A little later. X: Did it take him long to come back from the shop? ~ Y: Yes it did. I was wondering what kept him so long. X: Why werent you angry with him? ~ Y: Because itd do no good. X: Can you tell me all these things in French? ~ Y: Ill try to. X: What time does he leave for the office? ~ Y: By about eight. X: Have you ever been to the department store? ~ Y: Yes, why? X: Did the workers strike work today? ~ Y: No. The dispute was settled yesterday. X: What is wrong with this report? ~ Y: Everything. Take a look at it. X: Doesnt Mary come here any more? ~ Y: No, she doesnt. X: Would you like to go for a film? ~ Y: Thatd be fine. X: How was the film? ~ Y: Not very good. X: Do you think well be late for the film? ~ Y: No, theres plenty of time. X: Does he always find fault with everything you do? ~ Y: Yes, he does. X: Hadnt we better stay away from that area? ~ Y: Yes, we had. Its quite unsafe. X: Who did she go to the park with? ~ Y: With a friend of hers. X: What are they supposed to do when a customer comes in? ~ Y: Give him service. X: How long ago did he borrow the money from you? ~ Y: Five or six months ago. X: Are you having a headache? ~ Y: Yes, I am. X: What hotel is the best hotel here? ~ Y: Thats difficult to say. X: What school is nearer to her house? ~ Y: I dont remember its name.===========================================================Moment-to-moment speech production

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If you want to be fluent in producing long sequences of speech, theres a basic skill you must have: The skill of composing speech and uttering it at the same time. That is, the skill of moment-to-moment speech production. Of course, you must have this skill not only for producing long sequences, but also for producing short sequences, too. But this skill has a greater role in producing long sequences than in producing short sequences.

By now, you already have a sound theoretical knowledge of speech-composition features and moment-to-moment speech production. You have already had considerable oral training, too. It is now time for you to get some more intensive training in moment-to-moment speech production. But before going through the practice materials given below, go carefully through Lessons 5, 7 and 8 once again.

Life-giving elements of spoken EnglishNow remember this: What gives life to a spoken language is the presence of speech-composition features. Yes, features like starting-troubles, false-starts, repetition of syllables, repetition of words and word groups, incomplete structures, unfinished word groups, pauses, pause-fillers, reformulations, refinements, rearrangements, back-tracking, looseness in packing information etc. If these features are absent, your speech will have no life in it, and it wont even sound like spoken language. What is more, if you try to avoid these features, you wont be able to speak on either.

Go through the following three pieces of spoken texts:

1) I was going that way + and I saw a - a picture + in a shop + th - the picture of a Chinese net + you know + a very beautiful picture + and I wanted to buy it + but : I didnt didnt have any money on me then + no + actually + I had some money + but not much + anyway it wasnt wasnt enough for the for the picture. (= When I was going that way, I saw a very beautiful picture of a chinese net in a shop. I wanted to buy it. But I did not have enough money for buying it).

2) There was a - There was a huge m structure + you know : they call it the dome + oh its amazing + the way they have built it. (= There was a huge structure called the dome there. The way they have built it is amazing).

3) She wanted this this new book + and as she - she picked it up + then there was another man there who + he wanted it too + and this man said + Ive - Ive already reserved it + and he sort of started shouting + and he made a scene there. (= She wanted this new book, and as she picked it up, another man who was there, and who also wanted the book, said that he had already reserved it, and he started shouting and making a scene).

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The materials within the brackets are the written English equivalents of the materials outside the brackets. And the materials outside the brackets are spoken English texts. Look at the difference between each spoken English text and its written English equivalent. Now dont you see? The chief difference between a spoken English text and its written English equivalent is this: The spoken English text contains features of speech-composition. The written English equivalent does not. So the lesson you must learn is this: If you take away speech-composition features from a spoken text, it ceases to be a spoken text.

A common mistakeThe trouble with most non-fluent people is this: They believe that the word groups that a fluent speaker produces are similar to those within the brackets. When they aim at spoken English fluency, their aim is to gain the skill of producing word groups similar to those within brackets. That is, they try to produce written English word groups orally. No wonder they dont become fluent in speech.

What they must try to produce orally is a sequence of oral (spoken) English word groups, and not a sequence of written English word groups. Only then can they become fluent in oral (spoken) English. And oral (spoken) English word groups are similar to those outside the brackets (in the three examples given above), and not those within the brackets.

Speech-composition features & duration of speechRemember one thing always, whenever you open your mouth to speak. Yes, whenever. Without the help of speech-composition features, nobody can produce speech orally. Nobody can. Not even a fluent native speaker of English.

In fact, whenever a fluent speaker speaks, 30% to 50% of the speaking time is taken up by pauses, hesitations and other speech-composition features. Yes, 30% to 50% of the speaking time! Yes, when a well-educated native speaker of English speaks, the information content of his speech takes up only about 50% to 70% of the speaking time. The rest of the time is taken up by pauses, hesitations and other speech-composition features.

It is this duration of time (taken up by speech-composition features) that gives fluency to the production of the information content. And so if you dont spend 30% to 50% of your speaking time to speech-composition features, you wont be able to produce the information content fluently. No.

So speech-composition features are an essential part of a spoken language particularly spoken English. But listeners dont consciously notice the speech-composition features. They dont keep track of the time that the

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speaker spends on the process of spontaneous speech-composition. Everybody unconsciously accepts the speech-composition features in their native speech as an integral part of the speech content. Thats why people dont consciously notice the presence of these features in speech.

In fact, most people are not aware that 30% to 50% of the speaking time is taken up by speech-composition features alone though everyone makes use of these features to speak in their native language. Thats why when a non-native speaker tries to produce a foreign language orally, he tries to fill the whole of his speaking time with information content alone. And he does not spend any time on speech-composition features. The result is that he fails to speak fluently though he may be highly educated in that foreign language and has a good command of its grammar and vocabulary.You are not going to commit this mistake. From now on, make it a point to spend 30% to 50% of your speaking time for getting help from speech-composition features.

Spoken English textsWhat follows is a collection of spoken English texts. Each text (stretch of speech) is divided into chunks, and each text contains speech-composition features. As you know, theres no rigid rule about where exactly to divide a stretch of language into chunks. There are only guidelines practical guidelines. You are free to divide a stream of speech virtually anywhere depending on the needs of the on-the -spot-speech-composition process.

Go through each text carefully. Identify the speech-composition features found in each text. Notice how different in form each text would have been if the speech-composition features had not been present. Notice how different the written-English equivalent of each text would be.

Read each text ALOUD making full use of the speech-composition features. Repeat several times. Here we go:

The place + it looks really - dirty + in the rainy season + I mean + gutters and - pools of mud + and everything. Hes a very able man + Ive noticed that + I mean + m just from the point of view of his mastery of law + and looking at the way he - explains things + he grasps things quickly + and prepares himself - thoroughly + before coming to the Court. At the next junction + about th - two furlongs from here + youve got m well itll be a bit expensive + but its a good hotel. It go goes to the comes from the other side. It takes a its about a ten-mile-drive from here. You would love the place + the buildings + the parks + the playgrounds + but it is the - backwaters + you can hire a boat and + and itll be really be enj fantastic. In a place where : places like these + if we have if you have a small - shop + or something like that + you can make money + a very

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busy place + this bus stop + railway station + and all that. Abraham Lincoln + its very interesting actually + theres a story about Lincoln where + one day Lincoln was And one of them + he was m a fat fellow you know + m - bulky + and - m he was in that chair + oh - and the other man came in + through that door. Di - did - oh - you went there + didnt you? They kept it in they have a big iron safe + they put it away safely. Oh the she says + they didnt complete it she says. I met her husband there + John + thats right + and John told me the + when he started the business + that was years back + he didnt have much money with him then. She filled up the form + and dropped it in the - box + and the office people + on the last day + she dropped it on the last day + and their they got it on the last day. Some of these people + they - you can easily convince them. He quarrels with everybody + yes + and criticizes everybody + and this sort of thing happens whenever you whenever you meet him. He was so interested in in this thing that you see + this was his hobby + and he he used to spend thousands of rupees every year + buying books, tools and things.==============================================================Everyday Medical English: Speaking about health and illness

This is an area where even people who are generally fluent stumble quite often. You see, when youre ill, youll have to describe and explain to your doctor (and to other people) how youre suffering. The doctor would ask you a number of questions, and youll have to understand those questions and answer them. And at home and when youre among your friends, youll often have to talk about your own or someones illness or health.

And if youre a doctor or a medical professional, youll have to discuss illness and health with patients and others. Youll have to speak to patients about the history and symptoms of their illness. Youll have to speak to them while examining them, while prescribing medicines, about the treatment. And even if youre not a doctor, youll find it necessary to use these word groups quite often, because illness is a topic that people speak to you about quite often.

All this means that you need to be fluent in using a set of special kinds of word groups. Not a set of technical terms, but plain everyday language that has to do with health and illness. For a fluent native speaker of English, this is not normally a problem, of course just as this is not a problem for you in your own mother tongue. But for non-native speakers of English, this is a real problem when they have to use English to speak. This Lesson will help you get over this difficulty.

Doctor to patient

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Here are 3 separate collections of word groups. These are word groups that doctors (as well as others) usually use when theyre speaking to patients.

The first collection contains word groups that doctors (as well as others) use when theyre speaking to patients in order to find out about an illness. The second collection contains word groups that doctors (as well as others) use when theyre speaking to patients while examining them. The third collection contains word groups that doctors (as well as others) use when theyre speaking to patients about the diagnosis that has been made and about the treatment.

Now remember this: Just because this section has been given the heading Doctor to patient, dont think that the word groups given are useful only to doctors. No, thats not so. You see, these are word groups that everybody will find useful when they have to speak to someone who is ill: Sons and daughters when they have to speak to fathers, mothers and others who are ill. Fathers and mothers when they have to speak to sons and daughters who are ill. Friends when they have to speak to friends and others who are ill. Everyone to everyone else who is ill. So you can imagine how universally useful these word groups are.

Case-taking: Questioning the patientPick up each word group and utter it ALOUD several times. Practise uttering the word groups until you can utter each of them with a ready flow. After that, come back to the word groups once a week (at least for 3 or 4 weeks at a stretch) and repeat uttering them several times ALOUD.

Any pain in your muscles? Any pains in your chest when you cough? Any problems with your chest? Any problems with your waterworks? Any shortness of breath?

Apart from your headaches, are there any other problems? Are your parents fit and well? Are your parents in good health? Are you a heavy drinker? Are you aware of anything when you swallow? Are you breastfeeding? Are you doing better today? Are you having any difficulty with your hearing? Are you long-sighted? Are you married? Are you short of breath? Are you short-sighted? Are your bowels regular? Are your stools black?

Can I just come back for a moment to these dizzy spells? Can you describe the pain? Can you describe the problem? Can you describe the symptoms? Can you see any letters at all? Can you show me where it hurts? Can you tell me exactly how you turned your foot? Can you tell me which tooth is causing the problem? Can you describe the dizzy spells?

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Describe whats wrong, will you? Did the tablets help? Did you ever have any fractures? Did you ever have trouble with your liver? Did you have a comfortable night? Do bright lights bother you? Do the eyes water when you read? Do you always sweat? Do you belch? Do you bring up any phlegm? Do you cough a lot? Do you cough much? Do you cough up phlegm? Do you cough when you smell certain foods or other smells? Do you drink a lot? Do you drink? Do you ever bring something up? Do you ever faint? Do you ever feel completely possessed by another person? Do you ever feel giddy? Do you ever feel like vomiting? Do you ever get short of breath? Do you ever get wheezy? Do you ever have dizzy spells? Do you ever have nose bleeds? Do you ever see double images in front of your eyes? Do you ever see distorted images before your eyes? Do you ever see unusual shapes before your eyes? Do you ever suffer from headaches? Do you ever wet the bed? Do you feel any pain inside your ears? Do you feel any pain or discomfort down below? Do you feel any weakness in your limbs? Do you ever take aspirins or anything like that? Do you relate the cramps in anyway to your meals? Do you have any cough or phlegm? Do your ankles ever swell up? Do you feel sick when you get these headaches? Do you find that youre losing your eyelashes? Do you get any pain on breathing? Do you get any pains in the chest? Do you get headaches when youre reading? Do you get headaches? Do you get out of breath easily? Do you get tired easily? Do you give him liquids? Do you go out drinking much? Do you have a cold? Do you have a history of any serious illness? Do you have a sore throat? Do you have any allergies?

Do you have any chest pains after exercise? Do you have any difficulty moving your arms or legs? Do you have any discharge from your eyes? Do you have a cough? Do you have any aches or pains? Do you have any pain in passing water? Do you have any trouble with passing water? Do you have any trouble with your stomach or bowels? Do you have any pain while passing urine? Do you have bad breath? Do you have headaches? Do you have palpitations? Do you have to strain to pass your motions? Do you have to strain to pass your water? Do you know when these headaches are coming on? Do your muscles feel stiff in the morning? Do you often get diarrhoea? Do you often get constipation? Do you often have a fever? Do you often lose your temper? Do you play any sports? Do you see spots in front of your eyes? Do you smoke? Do you socialize much? Do you strain when you pass water? Do you suffer from double vision? Do you sweat at night? Do you vomit? Do you wheeze? Do your eyeballs feel painful? Do your eyes get red easily? Do your eyes get tired easily? Do your eyes itch? Do your eyes water? Do your legs swell? Do your motions smell bad? Do you wear glasses? Do these headaches come on at any particular time? Do you ever get these headaches at night?

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Does it bother you when you are walking? Does any special food upset your stomach? Does anyone else in your family suffer from this problem? Does anything in particular bring on this pain? Does anything make the pain better? Does anything make the pain worse? Does he cough a lot? Does he ever bring up his food? Does he ever get diarrhoea? Does he pass wind as normal? Does the pain affect your work? Does it bother you in any way? Does it burn when you pass water? Does it come on any particular time? Does the discharge have a bad smell? Does it hurt if you bend your knee? Does it hurt much? Does it hurt when I do this? Does it hurt when you swallow? Does the pain stay in one place, or does it go anywhere else? Does light bother you? Does lying down help the pain? Does she eat at the usual times? Does she have a good appetite? Does she have any rashes? Does she sleep at the normal time? Does that medicine have any effect? Does that hurt at all? Does the knee feel tender here? Does the pain have any relation to all this? Does your husband smoke? Does your nose run a lot? Does your water dribble?

Has he ever had a fever? Has there been any changes in your health since your last visit? Has this been a problem before?

Have these headaches affected your vision at all? Have you brought your urine sample? Have you noticed any problems with your eyesight? Have you got a cough a persistent cough? Have you ever been admitted to a hospital? Have you ever been operated on? Have you ever blacked out? Have you ever coughed up blood? Have you ever fainted? Have you ever had backaches before? Have you ever had any problems? Have you ever had chicken pox? Have you ever had measles? Have you ever had your tonsils out? Have you had a head injury? Have you had an anaesthetic before? Have you had any cough at all? Have you had any diseases in the family like diabetes or high blood pressure? Have you had any falls? Have you had any miscarriages? Have you had any pain in your chest? Have you had any serious illness in the past? Have you had any shortness of breath? Have you had (this) problem before? Have you had this (problem) long? Have you lost any weight? Have you noticed any blood in your stools? Have you noticed any blood in your water? Have you noticed any swelling of your ankles? Have you noticed any twitching of your muscles? Have you noticed any weakness or tingling in your limbs? Have you put on weight recently? Have you taken any aspirin? Have you taken anything for it? Have you usually got lots of energy?

How about sore throats? How about your bowels? How about your relations with your colleagues? How about your relations with your husband? How are you at the moment? How are you feeling today? How can I help you? How do you feel in general? How are you feeling at

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the moment? How does it feel? How have you been keeping up to now? How is your appetite? How long do these headaches last? How long does the pain last? How long has it been bothering you? How long has this been going on? How long has this bothered you? How long has your voice been hoarse? How long have the headaches been bothering you? How long have they been bothering you? How long have you had this pain? How long have you had these pains? How long have you had this boil? How long have you had this discharge? How long have you had this problem with your vision? How long have you had this problem? How long have your gums been bleeding? How many do you smoke each day? How many times do you have to go during the night? How often do you feed him? How often do you get this pain? How old are you? How old is your last child? How would you describe the pain(s)? How many episodes (of cramps) a day were you getting? Hows your health otherwise? How about your weight? Is it steady?

Is his toilet normal? Is it a localized or general pain? Is the pain bad enough to wake you up? Is it broken? Is the pain continuous or does it come and go? Is it sore all the time? Is it sore to the touch? Is it thick or light? Is she active, like other children? Is there a history of diabetes in your family? Is there any bad smell from your nose? Is there any blood in it? Is there any discharge from your ears? Is there any discharge or watering of the eyes? Is there any heart disease in the family? Is there any rash on the body? Is there anybody with blood pressure trouble in the family? Is there anybody with kidney trouble in the family? Is there anything else you feel the same time? Is there anything that makes the pain better? Is there anything that makes the pain worse? Is there anything you need? Is this a life-long habit? Is your digestion all right? Is your hearing affected? Is there anybody with heart trouble in the family?

So you fell over and grazed your knees? Try and explain what happens when the pain comes on.

Was it painful? Was it something you tried to lift? Was there any other position that might bring the cramp on? Was there anything that started it off? With the right eye, can you see anything?

What about coughs? What about wheezing? What about shortness of breath? What are you taking for your headache? What brings on your cough? What brings you here? What brought this on? What caused this? What colour is the stuff you bring up? What colour is the vomit? What effect does food have? What has your health been like? What kind of pain is it? What seems to be the problem? What seems to bring it on? What sort of exercise do you take? What sorts of things makes it sore? Whats your appetite like? Whats brought you along today? Whats the

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colour of this discharge? Whats the matter? Whats the pain like? Whats the stream (= urine) like? Whats the trouble? What medication are you taking now?

Were you breathless? Were you breathless with this discomfort? Were you aware of palpitations? Were you sneezing and coughing? When did his first tooth appear? When did the trouble first start? When did the pain(s) start? When did you first notice the lump? When did you first notice the pain? When did you first notice this? When did you move into town from the country? When does the pain come on? When was the last time you had a tetanus shot? When was the last time you visited your dentist?

Where did you catch the infection? Where does it hurt? Where is it sore? Where is the pain exactly? Where is the pain most severe? Where are these headaches?

Which one is worse the top teeth or bottom teeth? Which part of your chest is affected? Which part of your back is affected? Which part of your head is affected? Would it be sore if I were to tap the tooth? Where is the pain exactly?

Youre not vomiting now? No black-looking stool? You dont think the cramps are likely to come on before or after meals? And the longest episode (of cramps) lasted for? And your bowels? Have they changed? You dont feel sick at all? Any questions, or anything we can do for you?

========================================================In this Supplement, were going to take up word-groups that have to do with seven topics that are of everyday interest. These are:

1). Driving.

2). Vehicle repairs and maintenance.

3). Clothes.

4). Weather.

5). Money.

6). Entertainment & Leisure.

7). Sports & Games.

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These are high-frequency subjects, and theyre of general importance any time you speak. But when they come up during conversations, most people often find it difficult to put their thoughts and ideas into words. Of course, Im not talking about the language required for a theoretical or academic discussion of the various technical aspects of these topics. No. Im talking about everyday situations when these topics come up. In day to day life, a large number of situations come up again and again when youll have to say something or other about these seven topics. Yes, this is so even if you dont drive a car, and even if you are not going to get a car repaired, and even if you are not interested in sports or games. That is, these are topics that everyone would come across during everyday conversations topics on which everyone would find it necessary to say something or other quite frequently. Of course, the things you will find it necessary to say are usually of a general nature, and not of a technical nature, but most people find it difficult even to say things of a general nature about these topics.

The main reason is this: They dont have much experience in using the core words in English to express ideas related to these topics. As far as you are concerned, the practice material in this Supplement would put an end to this difficulty. The practice material youre going to get now would give you ample training in handling the core words to express ideas related to these topics. And the result would be this: You not only become good at saying things related to these topics, but also get to see the core words at work in newer and newer contexts. And this will help you become better at handling the core words and become more fluent.

We shall now take up the word-groups under each of the topics. This is what you should do: Go through all the word-groups under a topic quickly once. Complete all the seven topics in this way once. Then come back to the first topic, pick up each word-group, and start uttering it several times ALOUD. Get your organs of speech to become familiar with the sounds of these word-groups. Here we go:

Driving

Group 1

The police car overtook our car. On hills, you must use low gears. I was in a traffic jam for more than an hour. The car must be in neutral when you start the engine. Get out of the way the car is backing up. I hate driving along stony roads. Turn off this road at the next corner on the left. Lets park the car here. I got stuck in traffic for some time. Put the gear lever in the neutral position, and start the car. The authorities will have to do something to reduce the traffic jams in the city centre. The truck veered out of control, overturned, and hit a lamp-post. The sign said

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No Parking. This tyre is very worn you should get it changed. There were skid marks on the road where the accident happened. Pull up at the pedestrian crossing. Put the car in the garage, and lock the garage door. Most cars have four forward gears and a reverse. Im thinking of learning to ride a motorbike. A car came in the opposite direction, and the driver dipped his headlights. The car kept hitting potholes and bumps. He was arrested on suspicion of drunk driving. He drives very well, and hes very cautious, too. He goes to work by car/on his motorbike. Whats the correct tyre pressure for your tyres? The car was travelling very fast. The crash happened on a sharp bend. That car didnt have its headlights on. The car skidded and hit a lamp post, and the side of the car crumpled. If you use the choke when you start the car, you should push it in before you move forward. Yes, push the choke in when the engine is idling. A few speed-bumps will have to be installed in that street. For a moment, I was blinded by the lights of the oncoming car.

The driver pulled up in front of a shop. Slack off when you approach the junction. He got into the car and fastened the seat belt. The tyres squealed when he braked hard. Can you ride a motorbike? His car drove into the back of mine. He crashed the car into a tree and smashed it up. This is the second car hes smashed up. He was involved in a motor accident. She swerved to avoid another car. Is there a garage in this street? The car began to speed up. During the rush hour, the traffic would be bumper to bumper. She went round the building. He rides to work on a motorbike. The car was in third gear. My tyre burst when I was driving along a stony road. He released the hand brake, and the car moved forward. The car hit a lamp-post. There was heavy traffic on the roads. He got into the car, and wound the window down. In a few minutes, he began to speed up. He opened the door, got in and started the car. He pulled into a petrol station. I saw the car turning the corner. The car park is behind the building. He rides his motorbike to work. The driver got out of the bus. I was doing 60 kph, and a blue Maruti passed me at 90 kmph. He drives to work by car. Thats a dangerous stretch of road. Lets go out for a drive. He got into the car and folded the roof down. These parking spaces are reserved for employees. I dont want to go with him hes not a safe driver. He let the engine tick over for about 30 seconds before the car moved forward. The car skidded on the road the driver had pulled up too fast. Weve nearly run out of petrol. He pressed the accelerator hard. Is the hand brake on or off? Put the car in gear and drive on. This is a no-parking zone. Our car had a breakdown, and we had to push it into a garage. He braked sharply to avoid a car. He wound up the window, and locked the car door. He undid the seat belt, and got out of the car. Put your car into neutral when you stop at traffic lights. The car is now in bottom gear. Ive got another puncture in my front tyre. He turned down a street where there was a No Entry sign. Change into second gear when you go up the hill. He took the handbrake off, and the

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car moved forward. Why dont you roll the window down? The authorities have been doing their best to ease traffic congestion in the city. I thought he would pull up at the traffic lights, but he drove straight on. We saw a restaurant by the road, and pulled in. I think youre a bit low on petrol. Our car was travelling at a speed of 60 kilometres per hour. Is this a parking place?

Fluency in speaking about a wide range of topics

I told you in Supplement 6 that, if you are to become fluent in speaking about a wide range of topics, it is not enough that you know a lot of words and have a clear idea of their meanings and other features. And I told you this: Whats needed is that you should have complete mastery over the core words in English. But this is only possible if you have the experience of handling the core words again and again, that too, by relating them to frequently-discussed topics. In Supplement 6, I gave you carefully chosen collections of word groups that have to do with six topics. In this Supplement, Im going to give you word groups that have to do with seven other important topics:

1). Good and bad.

2). Farming, Agriculture & Gardening.

3). Sports & Games.

4). Essential Computer English.

5). Crime.

6). Nature.

7). Building and home.

Lets go straight for the word groups. As usual, utter each word group aloud several times, so that you and your organs of speech become familiar with them. Remember this: Whats needed is not just to learn the content of these word groups; whats needed is to train your organs of speech with them.

Here we go:

Good and bad

Group 1

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We had a really pleasant time together. His French wasnt as good as his English, but good enough. What an unpleasant man! Dont expect them to be truthful theyve got no ethics. The weather conditions were bad, and the plane couldnt land. Hes a very able lawyer. Its an old car, but its basically sound. This is perhaps the finest film Ive ever seen. He showed excellent self-control in his answer. What an awful smell! His work is satisfactory, but not outstanding. Hes a nasty man, and he wont help anyone. Thats a remarkable achievement. She gave us some hints on how to look after indoor plants, and I found them very useful. He says hes a policeman, but he doesnt look authentic/genuine. He has a lot of good qualities and he deserves admiration. The conference was very dull, and I didnt know what to do to amuse myself. Thats a marvellous dress youre wearing. Some of these drugs have a harmful effect on the nervous system. Shes a very skilled and experienced swimmer. Many of them are incapable and dont have the abilities necessary to do their jobs. His work is first class. What miserable weather! If only it stopped raining! Thats a first rate plan/idea. The management of that company seems to be very inefficient. Their work is well below standard. I dont think it was an honest answer. All the players were good, but he was easily the best. This dishwasher is an ingenious invention.

The index at the back of the book is not as good as it should be. He had a better life there. Hes a very gifted violinist. If you want to be successful in this business, youll have to offer the best to your customers. The new park is going to be an excellent place for kids. I think his argument/reasoning is faulty. The dress she had on wasnt suitable for the occasion. The telephone line was defective. Hes all right you can trust him. He did an admirable job in dealing with the situation. One thing I like about him is, he has a positive attitude to everything. He was very unfriendly, and his behaviour was nasty. That was an outstanding/impressive performance. Hes an ethical person Im sure he wont stoop to blackmail. It isnt a genuine/an authentic Michelangelo drawing, but a fake. Their computers are superior to those of others. He never loses his temper, and thats an admirable quality. Hes a nice person, but rather dull and boring. The election didnt produce a satisfying result for them. Dont buy those vegetables theyre rotten. Do you think the supplies of food are sufficient? Hes good looking and fashionable. The boss was in a foul temper today.

Hes a fine painter/musician/actor. He likes to play tricks on others hes a mischievous person, you know. The painters have done an excellent job of that building. Our company is going through a bad time. That was a surprise to me, but an agreeable one. His new house is a bit small, but very pleasant. That egg is rotten dont eat it. He isnt very clever, but he tries hard. He showed great surprise at the news, but I dont

33

think it was genuine. Hes always hopeful and confident, and its great to work with him. I like the design of this building/dress/furniture its stylish. Im not happy with his work its below a satisfactory standard. Thank you for an excellent evening. His argument/reasoning was deeply flawed. I dont think its a sound idea/plan. The problem is, the supplies of medicines are not adequate. She always goes out dressed in fine clothes. His new film is a miserable failure. Hes a first-rate professional. Theyre all fine singers. Change that dress it looks awful on you. Hes very truthful, and you can trust him. I find it difficult to believe that hes a real/genuine doctor. The telephone system in our area is very inefficient. We had a really good time at the party last night. This food has a nasty mouldy smell.

Group 2

The terms of the new contract are really advantageous to us. This film doesnt have any technical merit, but its very entertaining. This medicine isnt suitable for all patients. Hes a superior musician. Hes very competent in foreign languages. I think the fears of the industrialists are legitimate, and not groundless. My room has a fine view of the countryside. The kitchen smelt foul. His car is in first class condition. If you want to know how to start up a company, you should consult Mr. Ashok Arora hes a specialist adviser, you know. Hes the most honest man I ever met. They treated us dreadfully. Last nights party was good wholesome fun. He has a bad character, and he cant be trusted. Many of our doctors are not adequately trained. We had a really enjoyable time there. The arrangements for the conference I dont think they were adequate. I dont know if this make of TV is all right. Who cooked this dish? Its superb!

His interpretation of the balance sheet figures its faulty. I dont think hes suitable for that job. He had a terrible accident last year. Stress in itself is not always harmful. Hes a nice person, and is pleasant to be with. Their village/town is rather crowded, but very pleasant. Hes good-looking and stylish. The new boss is always nasty to me. The work was not up to standard. That was a very competent performance. The boss seems to be in a foul mood today. Hes a genuine person always honest and sincere. This butter tastes stale. I like her her behaviour has a childlike quality. Shes very clean, and always keeps the kitchen free from dirt. Most people in that area are poor and live in housing of sorts/of a sort. That was a satisfying meal. That bridge is in poor condition and may soon collapse. Hes an expert tailor. He claims to have invented this device, but do you think his claim is legitimate? The smell of rotting cabbage was disgusting. The new arrangement suits me fine. Hes a miserable man, and always bad-tempered. Thats a great idea. It was a bad accident, and his injuries were awful. I dont think he

34

was being truthful with us when he said all those things. The whole marketing department in our company is very inefficient. This milk has gone bad. The food in that restaurant is very good/poor. His hearing/sight was defective. Hes a very talented tennis player. This food has gone off, and it smells. He has superb confidence. If you bury a piece of wood, itd decay/rot. This medicine is an effective cure for TB. This method is inefficient and expensive. The flight was very comfortable, and I enjoyed it. Hes a poor singer his wife can sing better than him. Hes a very friendly and agreeable person. She has a nice little house there. Dont keep biting your nails its a disgusting habit. Hes a very moral person dont expect him to stoop to bribery.

This is not the most favourable time to start up a company. Theres no doubt that his work deserves to be praised. This is a boring subject. This is a wicked world. Hes an outstanding musician. That building is very impressive. The things theyve done are morally unacceptable. Prof. Ahmed is an expert on this topic. Their new interest rates seem very advantageous. Thats a fine book. I found his joke offensive. He has an excellent brain and is very competent. This method isnt effective and isnt going to produce the result we want. The boss liked her because she was honest and reliable. Its immoral to deceive other people. Thats a faulty switch well have to get it replaced. I didnt like the food it wasnt all right. They sell good quality furniture. This bread isnt fresh its stale. Dont eat it. The terms of the contract are not very advantageous to us. Hes a great painter he has superb skill. You shouldnt wear this sort of dress to the office it isnt suitable, you know. Ive had a bad day at work. This is certainly an awesome achievement. The food was poor. Hes a fine-looking young man. He lives in a nasty little flat there. He was way below the standard required, and was not chosen for the job. Most of our employees are hardworking and responsible. Hes a warm and friendly man. Hes a mischievous person he takes delight in embarrassing others. I like him hes an admirable character. The children looked smart in their white shirts. His new film has a lot of artistic merit. Our new boss looks very stern, but is actually harmless. He was splendid company during the journey. He was found to be a superior candidate, and he was chosen for the job. Shes an expert at cooking. They claim to be the market leaders in this industry, and I think their claim is reasonable and justified. She gave us an excellent meal. He says this diamond is flawed. The food here is first class.

Group 3

Youll have to give me Amjhy

222222 10. rtainly be damaging to our reputation. I hate that place its awful. The preparations for the meeting were not satisfactory. These

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floppy disks are of superior quality. I dont think the response to their latest ad w`as very good. Dont use this milk it smells off. That machine was of poor quality. His financial situation is awful. He exercises every day and keeps in perfect shape. The bathroom was dirty and disgusting. I dont think the investigation has been thorough. Its not a very expensive hotel the prices are OK. Did you go to the carnival? It was an impressive spectacle. I found his argument defective. I think todays going to be a pleasant day. Shes a very attractive and fashionable woman. He made some nasty jokes about me. Hes the most upright and trustworthy man Ive ever met. This sort of diet isnt suitable for most people. He has a few valuable contacts in the government. The lecture was so dull I fell asleep. The film didnt have a satisfying ending. Her grandfather is past 90, but his mind is sound. Do you think the talks the unions had with the management were genuine? Theres nothing more enjoyable than lying on that beach He has a foul mouth, and nobody likes him. Hes an excellent student.========================================================"England may be the home of English, but India is the home of fluent English. India is where English fluency building was systematised for the first time in the world as a distinct teachable subject. An Indian loved the English language so much that he studied its fluency-secrets in great depth and designed the world's first dedicated course in English fluency building (as distinct from EFL/ESL courses and translation-dependent bilingual courses). And that was KevNair, better known as the father of fluency development"

Tongue Twisters for fluencyPeter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked.If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers,Where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?

A quick witted cricket critic.

IF IF = THEN THEN THEN = ELSE ELSE ELSE = IF;

I saw Susie sitting in a shoe shine shop.Where she sits she shines, and where she shines she sits. How many boardsCould the Mongols hoardIf the Mongol hoards got bored?

How can a clam cram in a clean cream can? Send toast to ten tense stout saints' ten tall tents.

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Denise sees the fleece,Denise sees the fleas.At least Denise could sneezeand feed and freeze the fleas.

Coy knows pseudonoise codes.

Sheena leads, Sheila needs.

The thirty-three thieves thought that they thrilled the throne throughout Thursday.

Something in a thirty-acre thermal thicket of thorns and thistles thumped and thundered threatening the three-D thoughts of Matthew the thug - although, theatrically, it was only the thirteen-thousand thistles and thorns through the underneath of his thigh that the thirty year old thug thought of that morning.

Can you can a can as a canner can can a can? Seth at Sainsbury's sells thick socks.

You cuss, I cuss, w