A Brief History of English

OE(Old English) : 7th C – 1100

ME(Middle English): 1100 – 1500

Early ModE(Modern English): 1500 – 1800

ModE: 1800 - present 1

OE ME Early ModE ModE

450 597 1066 1400 1500 1600 1800 1884 1941-5

Germanic Movement Caxton The Great Vowel Shift Conversion Shakespeare Norman Conquest the King James Version of the

Bible(1611) Chaucer Samuel Johnson Wordsworth Oxford English Dic.

World War II 2

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1. Celtic B.C. 2,000 년 Europe 에서 영국땅에 정착 (B.C. 7C A.D. 3C)∼

• B.C. 6C 에 전 영국이 Celts 로 → Scots, Picts, Briton

• 언어 : Gaelic, Goidelic → Scotland, Ireland 지역 Cymric, Brython → Wales 지역 Kent, London, Cornwall, York, Winchester,

Lichfield 등 지명을 남길 정도의 역할 .

Britain, Britannia 는 순수 Celtic 이다 .

England: Land of the Angles

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2. Latin (B.C. 55 A.D. 450) ∼Roman Empire, Roman Civilization

• B.C. 55-54 Caesar's invasion of Britain• A.D. 43 년 (The Roman Conquest) Claudius 황제 때 Roman Empire 의 지배하에 있었음• A.D. 410 년 Rome 로 철수할 때까지 Latin 영향

• Kettle, wine, cheese, butter, cheap, plum, gem, bishop, church, etc.

• 597 년 Conversion to Christianity( 기독교로 개종 ) 영어의 어휘가 결정적으로 Latin 의 영향을 정면으로 받게 된 것은 영국이 기독교로 개종한 597 년 이후부터임 .

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3. The Teutonic Conquest (the Germanic settlement)

• 449-6C 말 The invasions by the Jutes, Saxons, and Angles

• the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy: Kent, Essex, Wessex, Sussex East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria

• Center of the civilization: Kent → Northumbria → Mercia → Wessex (the great Alfred until 899)

• 597 년 (Conversion to Christianity): St. Augustine at Canterbury

• 675-725 Beowulf (epic poem of the Old English)

• 731 Bede, Historia Ecclesiatica Gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People) in Latin

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4. The Viking Age

• 787-1042 Raid of the Teutonic inhabitants of the Scandinavian peninsula and Denmark• 877 the Danelaw (Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum: the Treaty of Wedmore; from Chester to London)

‘sky, give, law, egg, outlaw, leg, ugly, scant, sly, crawl, scowl, take, thrust, they, their, them, etc.’

• 1017 Cnute, king of Denmark, obtained the throne of England

• 1042-66 Edward the Confessor 9

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5. The Norman Conquest

• 1066 William I (duke of Normandy)

defeated the English (Harold)

in the great battle of Hastings.

In the 1040s King Edward (later St. Edward the Confessor), last of the Anglo-Saxon kings, established his royal palace (Westminster Palace) by the banks of the river Thames on land known as Thorney Island.

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Westminster Palace, London

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French Borrowings• Government words: parliament, majesty, treaty, alliance, tax, government• Church words: parson, sermon, baptism, incense, crucifix, religion• Words for foods: veal, beef, mutton, bacon, jelly, peach, lemon, cream, biscuit• Colors: blue, scarlet, vermilion,• Household words: curtain, chair, lamp, towel, blanket, parlor• Play words: dance, chess, music, leisure, conversation• Literary words: story, romance, poet, literary• Learned words: study, logic, grammar, noun, surgeon, anatomy, stomach• Ordinary words: nice, second, very, age, bucket, gentle, final, fault, flower, cry, count, sure, move, surprise, plain

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Westminster Abbey 15

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• 1204 King John 이 불란서 왕과의 불화로 Normandy 땅을 잃음

• 1337-1453 Edward III 왕위 계승권 주장 . France 와 One Hundred Years' War

the disuse of French ( 영어의 inflectional forms 탈락 )

• 1348-69 The Black Death

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• 1350-69 English began to be used in the schools

• 1387-1400 Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales ( 최초의 prose)

• 1455-1485 30 년간 The Wars of the Roses (York vs. Lancaster)

York: white roses; Edward III, IV, Richard III)

Lancaster: red roses; Henry IV, V, VI

• 1486 년 Henry VII 와 Edward IV 의 장녀 결혼으로 통합

Henry VIII, Tudor 왕조의 시작 (Elizabeth I 까지 1558-1603 )

• 1475 The first introduction of printing by William Caxton.

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Early Modern English

1) Elimination of a vowel sound in certain unstressed positions:

name, stone, wine, dance laughed, seemed, stored2) The Great Vowel Shift wine vs. mean he vs. hey mouse vs. moose moon vs. moan

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The Great Vowel Shift( 대 모음전이 )

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Examples Shift

ME ModE ME ModE

mice [mi:s] → [mays] [i:] → [ay]

mouse [mu:s] →[maws] [u:] → [aw]

geese [ge:s] → [gi:s] [e:] → [i:]

goose [go:s] → [gu:s] [o:] → [u:]

break [brε:kεn] → [bre:k] [ε:] → [e:]

broke [brэ:kεn] → [bro:k] [э:] → [o:]

name [na:mə] → [ne:m] [a:] → [e:]

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6. The Early Modern English Period (1500 1800)∼

Four World-shaking Events:

i) the Renaissance from Italy to Europe (1500-1650)

Rebirth of Ancient Learning: Classical Latin (B.C. 75 A.D. 175) ∼ Cicero, Horace, Caesa, Quintillian etc.

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ii) the Reformation (16C):

Martin Luther (1483-1536)

종교개혁 , 궁극적으로 the Protestant Episcopal Church (the English Church) 로 1525 Tyndale, New Testament (the 1st English from Greek text) 누구나 자유스럽게 성서를 읽고 올바른 해석을 할 수

있게됨 . colloquial English prose style; 간결하고 쉬운 문체 , 아름다운 문체

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iii) the invention of Printing

William Caxton, the 1st person to introduce

a printing press into England, set up a

press in Westminster in 1476.

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iv) the discovery of America

1400-1600 The Great Vowel Shift

1564-1616 William Shakespeare,

38 plays and poems

1561-1626 Francis Bacon, Essays

1573-1637 Ben(jamin) Jonson,

Every Man in his Humour (1600)

1608-74 John Milton, Paradise Lost (1667)

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• 1653-58 Restoration 왕정복고

• Cromwell(1599-1658) 의 공화체제가 붕괴 , 불란서로 망명했던 Charles II 즉위

• 1660-1798 the Enlightenment ( 계몽운동 ) (the Age of Reason; 합리주의시대 ) 다시 불어의 선풍 , 자연과학의 발달 Newton(1642-1727)

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•Latin, Greek terminologies:

pedestrian, bonus, anatomy, contradict, climax, dictionary, benefit, multiply, exist, paragraph, initiate, scene, inspire, etc.

7. The Modern English Period (1800 )∼

• 1775 Samuel Johnson (Dr. Johnson)

A Dictionary of the English Language

Wordsworth (1770-1850),

Blake(1757-1827),

Keats(1795-1821)

Shelley(1792-1822), etc.• 1837-1901 Queen Victoria• 1857-1884 Oxford English Dictionary

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The 20th C

• World War I, II

• American English

• Webster's Dictionary

• Karl Mark(1818-83)

• Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)

• Albert Einstein(1879-1955)

• new intellectual environment

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The 21st C

• Bill Gates, IT industry, Generative Grammar

• Cloning, DNA, Dooley, stemcell

• avant garde, rock/rap music, CEO, plastic surgery

• PC, e-mail, chatting, cellular phone,

• digital camera, chip, etc.

• mp3, usb, notebook, computer

• website, blog/web-blog, H1N1/swine flu32