Cal-(IT)2

A Brief History of Tomorrow’s Networks

Invited Talk to the

Extreme Networking Workshop

San Diego Supercomputer Center, UCSD

La Jolla, CA

January 8, 2001

Larry SmarrDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering

Jacobs School of Engineering, UCSDDirector, California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology

Cal-(IT)2

• Wireless Access--Anywhere, Anytime• Broadband to the Home and Small Businesses• Vast Increase in Internet End Points

– Embedded Processors– Sensors and Actuators– Information Appliances

• Highly Parallel Light Waves Through Fiber• Emergence of a Planetary Computer

“The all optical fibersphere in the center finds its complement in the wireless ethersphere on the edge of the network.”

--George Gilder

The Emerging Information Power GridA Mobile Internet Powered by a Planetary Computer

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UC San Diego and UC Irvine California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology

• 220 Faculty and Senior Researchers• Layered Structure

– Materials and Devices– Networked Infrastructure– Interfaces and Software– Strategic Applications– Policy

• New Funding Model (4 Years)– State $100M– Industry $140M– Private $30 M– Campus $30M– Federal $100-200M– Total $400-500M

• One of Three Awarded

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VCSEL + Near-field polarizer :Efficient polarization control,mode stabilization, and heat management

Composite nonlinear, E-O, and artificial dielectric materials control and enhance near-field coupling

Near-field coupling between pixels in Form-birefringent CGH (FBCGH)

FBCGH possesses dual-functionalitysuch as focusing and beam steering

Wavelength (m)1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5

Ref

lect

ivit

y

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0TETM

Information I/O through surface wave, guided wave,and optical fiber from near-field edge andsurface coupling

Near-field E-Omodulator controlsoptical propertiesand near-field micro-cavity enhances the effect

+V -V

Angle (degree)20 30 40

TM

Eff

icie

ncy

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Near-field E-O Modulator+ micro-cavity

FBCGH

VCSEL

Near-field E-O coupler

Micro polarizer

Fiber tip

Grating coupler

Thickness (m)0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80

TM

0th

ord

er e

ffic

ienc

y

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

RCWATransparency Theory

Near-field coupling

Nanotechnology Will be Essential for Photonics

Source: Shaya Fainman, UCSD

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High-Port Count, Non-Blocking All-Optical Switch With Nanosecond Switching Speed

Source: Steve Wallach, SC00 Keynote

Chiaro Networking

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Near Term Goal:Build an International Lambda Grid

• Establish PACI High Performance Network– SDSC to NCSA to PSC LambdaNet

• Link to:– State Dark Fiber

– Metropolitan Optical Switched Networks

– Campus Optical Grids

– International Optical Research Networks

• NSF Fund Missing Dark Fiber Links For:– Scientific Applications

– Network Research

Cal-(IT)2

A Model of a Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Network

From: Yakov Rekhter, Cisco Fellow

• Can Nest Lambdas or Labels• Can Mix Label Switching Routers and Optical Cross-Connects

See also www.ietf.org/html.charters/mpls-charter.html

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NATUREnet: North American Terabit Users Research and Education Network Proposal

Seattle

Portland

Los Angeles

San Diego(SDSC)

NYC

CERN

SURFnetCA*net4

NTON

NTON

Far East Networks

Far EastNetworks

Source: Tom DeFanti

I-Wire

Working Draft…

Cal-(IT)2

Building a Quantum Network Will Require Three Important Advances

• The development of a robust means of creating, storing and entangling quantum bits and using them for transmission, synchronization and teleportation

• The development of the mathematical underpinnings and algorithms necessary to implement quantum protocols

• The development of a repeater for long distance transmission with the minimum number of quantum gates consistent with error free transmission

DARPA

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Mobile Internet will Take Off This Year

0

200

400

600

800

‘96 ‘97 ‘98 ‘99 ‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03

Mobile

Internet

Mobile Internet

Su

bsc

rib

ers

(m

illio

ns)

Source: Ericsson

Cal-(IT)2

The Wireless Internet will Transform Computational Science and Engineering

• Teraflop Supercomputers Simulate in Dynamic 3D• Evolving a System Requires Knowing the Initial State• Add Wireless Sensors and Embedded Processors

– Give Detailed State Information– Allows for Comparison of Simulation with Reality

• Critical Software Research Required – Security– Robust Scalable Middleware– Effervescent Architectures– Mobile Code– Resource Discovery– Ad Hoc Networking– SensorNet Simulations

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The High PerformanceWireless Research and Education Network

NSF FundedPI, Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC

Co-PI, Frank Vernon, SIO45mbps Duplex Backbone

http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/Presentations/HPWREN

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Wireless Antennas Anchor Network High Speed Backbone

http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/Presentations/HPWREN

Source: Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC

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Cal-(IT)2 Plans to Add Wireless Sensors to the Southern High Tech Coast

• Adding Wireless Sensors– Hydrological Cycle

– Monitor Pollution– Identify Major

Sources– Evaluate Cleanup

– Earthquakes

– Civil Infrastructure

– Realtime Traffic– Link to GPS and

Vehicle Destination

• Build on NSF funded Net – SDSC, SIO, SDSU

Newport Beach

Mission Bay

San Diego Bay

UCSD

UCI

http://icemaps.des.ucdavis.edu

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The Wireless Internet Adds Bio-Chemical-Physical Sensors to the Grid

• From Experiments to Wireless Infrastructure

• Scripps Institution of Oceanography

• San Diego Supercomputer Center

• Cal-(IT)2

• Building on Pioneering Work of Hans-Werner Braun & Frank Vernon

Source: John Orcutt, SIO

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Bringing the Civil Infrastructure Online

New Bay Bridge Tower with Lateral Shear Links

Wireless Sensor ArraysLinked to Crisis Management

Control Rooms

Source: UCSD Structural Engineering Dept.

Cal-(IT)2

-Telescience-The Brain Data Grid

DukeUCLA

Cal Tech

StanfordU. Of MN

Harvard

NCRR Imaging and Computing Resources UCSD

Cal-(IT)2SDSC

Deep Web

Surface Web

Cyber Infrastructure Linking Tele-instrumentation, Data Intensive Computing, and Multi-scale Brain Databases.

Wireless “Pad” Web Interface

Goal-Form a National Scale Testbed for Federating Large DatabasesUsing NIH High Field NMR Centers

Source: Mark Ellisman, UCSD

Cal-(IT)2

Augmented Reality Requires Overlaying the Physical and Cyber Realities

Source: Virginia Tech/Univ. Illinois, MIT, Univ Washington, UCSD

Cal-(IT)2

Web Interface to Grid ComputingThe NPACI GridPort Architecture

802.11b Wireless

Interactive Access to:• State of Computer• Job Status• Application Codes

Cal-(IT)2

0

4

8

12

16

1997 1999 2001 2003

US

In

sta

lle

d (

Millio

ns

)

DSL

Cable Modems

Broadband Will Connect 30 Million Homes and Small Businesses in Three Years

• PCs Always On• High Bandwidth Access• Corporate Drivers

– Ford Motor Co. is Buying Home PCs for All its Employees

– IBM Is Using SBC to Supply 12,000 Employees with Home DSL Internet Connections

• Stage is Set for Explosion of Internet Computing

– Tie PCs Together as Virtual Megacomputer

Source: Kinetic Strategies Inc., Gilder Technology Report

Pioneer Consulting

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Entropia’s Planetary Computer Grew to a Teraflop in Only Two Years

Deployed in Over 80 Countries

The Great Mersenne Prime (2P-1) Search (GIMPS)Found the First Million Digit Prime

www.entropia.com

Cal-(IT)2

SETI@home Demonstrated that PC Internet Computing Could Grow to Megacomputers

• Running on 500,000 PCs, ~1000 CPU Years per Day– Over Half a Million CPU Years so far!– 22 Teraflops sustained 24x7

• Sophisticated Data & Signal Processing Analysis• Distributes Datasets from Arecibo Radio Telescope

Next Step-Allen Telescope Array

AreciboRadio Telescope

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Companies Competing for Leadershipin Internet Computing

Intel Establishes Peer-to-Peer Working Group

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Coming -- The Grid Physics Network

• Petabyte-scale computational environment for data intensive science– CMS and Atlas Projects of the Large Hadron Collider– Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory– Sloan Digital Sky Survey (200 million objects each with ~100 attributes)

• Paul Avery (Univ. of Florida) and Ian Foster (U. Chicago and ANL), Lead PIs– Largest NSF Information Technology Research Grant– 20 Institutions Involved– $12 million over four years

• Can This Help Drive Extreme Networks?

www.griphyn.org

Cal-(IT)2

Assembling the Planetary Grid

• Internet Provides Connectivity• Web Provides Hyperlinked Document System• Distributed Storage Moves from SAN to NAS• Peer-to-Peer Enables File Storing • Peer-to-Peer Computing Provides CPU Power

• Result--The Distributed Global Computer– Storage everywhere– Scalable computing power– Wireless Interfaces Greatly Outnumber PCs

Cal-(IT)2

Why Will a Million Processor Computer Be Different?

• Individual Processors Running at Gigaflops– One Million Means a Collective Petaflops in early 2000s– One Petaflops is Roughly a Human Brain-Second

– Morovec-Intelligent Robots and Mind Transferral– Koza-Genetic Programming – Kurzweil-The Age of Spiritual Machines– Joy-Humans an Endangered Species?

• Will the Planetary Grid Become Self-– Organizing– Powered– Aware?