A Course in Machine Guns Part1

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COURSE IN

MACHINE GUNSPrepared by

Captain Walter C. Short,Infantry

THE GENERAL SERVICE SCHOOLSThe Army School of the Line

AND

The Army Staff School1919-1920

89083

The Army Service Schools PrenFort Leavenworth, Kansas

1919



C o n t e n t s—

Lecture. Organization of the Machine Guns of an InfantryDivision. Duties of the Personnel.Line Class, Oct. 7.Staff Class, Oct. 7.

—Conference. Direct Fire of Machine Guns.

Line Class, Oct. 8.

Staff Class, Oct. 13.—

Conference. Indirect Fire of Machine Guns, Part I .

Line Class, Oct. 9.Staff Class, Oct. 16.—

Conference. Indirect Fire of Machine Guns, Part 11.Line Class, Oct. 10.Staff Class, Oct. 17.—

Conference. Machine Guns in Advance Guards, RearGuards, Outposts and Combat in Woods. Use ofMachine Gun

for Anti-AircraftDefense.

Line Class, Oct. 13.—

Lecture. Machine Guns in the Offensive.

Line Class, Oct. 15.Staff Class, Oct. 15.

—Lecture. Machine Guns in the Defensive.

Line Class, Oct. 21.Staff Class, Oct. 21.—

Conference. Machine Guns with Cavalry.Staff Class, Oct. 20.—

Terrain Exercise No. 8. The Machine Gun Company withthe Infantry Assault Battalion.

Tactical Ride T. T. 55.— Employment of the Machine GunBattalion on the Offensive.

—Map Problem No. 5. Employment of the Machine Guns of

an Infantry Brigade in the Initial Stage of theAttack. —

Tactical Ride No. 3. The Machine Gun Company with anInfantry Advance Guard.—

Terrain Exercise No. 22. The Machine Gun Troop with aCavalry Squadron.



Reference SheetFOR —

T.T. 23, October 7, a. m., 1919. Line Class.—T.T. 22, October 7, a.m., 1919. Staff Class.—LECTURE. The Organization of the Machine Guns of

Division. Duties of the Personnel.

References: —Tables of Organization, Series A, January 14, 1918.

Tables 8, 9 and 10.Equipment Manuals for Service in Europe, Series A,—

No. 2. Infantry Brigade Machine Gun Battalionand Division Machine Gun Battalion Armed withBrowning Machine Guns. —

Machine Gun Drill Regulations, 1917. Pages 107 to135.

Supplement to Machine Gun Drill Regulations, 1917,—A. E. F. Page 35.

Equipment Required at Lecture: —Tables of Organization, Series A, January 14, 1918.

Lesson sheets.



L e s s o n SheetsFOR

T. T. 23, October 7, a.m., 1919.— Line Class.T. T. 22, October 7, a.m., 1919.— Staff Class.—

LECTURE. The Organization of the Machine Guns of aDivision. The Duties of the Personnel.



Organization and Equipment of Machine Gun Units.Duties of the Personnel

1. For details of the machine gun organizationsof a division, see Tables 8, 9 and 10, Tables ofOrganization.

2. The battalion is an administrative and tac-tical unit. In no case is i t ever a fire unit. Thedirect tactical control of the whole battalion bythe major will be exceptional and will occur onlywhere the battalion is employed for mass fire,.

The company is an administrative and tacticalunit and in rare cases may be a fire unit. I t isa fire unit only in the exceptional case where theguns of the company are posted so close togetherthat they can be readily controlled by the captain.

Such placing of the guns will usually lead to ex-cessive losses.

The platoon is a tactical and a fire unit. I t isalmost always the fire unit for indirect fire and isthe fire unit for direct fire whenever the guns areplaced close enough together to be controlled bythe platoon leader.

The section becomes a tactical unit on the of-fensive when the platoon advances by alternatesections. On the defensive the section is usuallya tactical unit as machine guns are usually postedby pairs rather than by platoons. For direct firethe section is usually the fire unit.

The squad is a fire unit and becomes a tacticalunit only in the exceptional case where machineguns are used singly.

3. The machine guns of various foreign ar-mies are organized as follows:

French: Each infantry battalion containsa machine gun company of 12 guns. This makes

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a total of 108 guns for the division. In additionto the guns belonging to the divisions there were200 companies known as sector troops formed frommen of the older classes. These organizations wereused very largely for defense.

Bri t i sh: Each infantry division has one ma-chine gun battalion which consists of 3 companiesof 24 guns each. During the war the battalionconsisted of 4 companies of 16 guns each. All

machine gun organizations belong to the MachineGun Corps. Total guns for the division 72.

German: Each infantry battalion containsone machine gun company of 12 guns. This makes108 guns for the division. In addition to theseguns, however, the Germans have Machine GunMarksmanship Detachments consisting of 3 com

panies of 12 guns each. One of these detachmentsis usually attached to each division in the line.In the spring of 1918 the number of these detachments was 80. Including a detachment the totalnumber of guns in a division is 144.

The proportion of machine guns to infantryis approximately as follows:

Infantry Machine guns No. per 1000 Inf.United States 14,582 168 11.5France 6,000 108 18.Great Britain 10,000 72 7.2Germany 9,600 108+36 11.3+3.7

5. The question of the proper organization ofmachine guns has given rise to so much discussion that the reasons advanced for different or-ganizations will be given briefly:

6. REASONS FOR THE ADOPTION OF THE PRESENTORGANIZATION

(1) The war has emphasized the necessity forthe closest possible co-operation of all importantweapons. Such co-operation in action is promoted



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by union in organization and hampered by segre

gation into independent arms. The organization ofa machine gun corps would be a long step in exactlythe wrong direction : that is, in separation and awayfrom union. The supporters of a machine guncorps who expect to find in separation a meanstowards closer co-operation simply believe in anabsurdity. Technique would be favored by segregation of the machine gunners ; tactics would suffer.Excellent technique is worthless without good tactics. Tactics takes much longer to acquire, andis much more important than technique. Themost difficult part of machine gun tactics dealswith the close support of rifle companies and islargely a matter of intimate acquaintance andteam play. The required team of machine gunners

and riflemen can be produced only by continualwork and association together.

(2) The American Army contains today toomany semi-independent corps and services. Efficiency requires a certain consolidation of whatwe now have instead of further separation.

(3) Those who argue for a machine gun corps

point to the experience and conclusions of theBritish. The American machine gunner in the warhas given far better support to his riflemen thanhas the British machine gunner. Better organiza-tion has been one important reason.

(4) The overwhelming opinion of the officersof the A. E. F . is opposed to the organization ofthe machine

gunsinto

a separate arm,branch,

service or corps.

(5) Organization should be based upon themost usual employment to be expected in action.Organization should be based upon the attack. In

the attack machine guns have two important func



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tions; the close support of the front line rifle com-

panies and in concentrations to smother the mostimportant hostile resistances.(6) The regiment will usually deploy on a

front of about 1,000 yards. In ordinary countryroom can be found on this frontage for the em-ployment of no more than four to eight guns indirect support of the rifle companies. A company

of 12guns

tothe regiment furnishes therefore

the correct number.(7) By placing one machine gun company in

each regiment the regimental commander will or-dinarily be able to begin the action with sufficientmachine guns for the assault. During the develop-ment of the action there will be opportunity todetermine the need for more which can then bedrawn from the brigade battalion. All six com-panies of the brigade should be equally proficientfor close support or for massed fire because thedeployment to meet different types of defense andthe manner of using reserve battalions are so vari-ous as to preclude a fixed method.

(8) Team play in the battalion would be fur-

thered by making four or eight guns an integralpart of the battalion, but this in action would wastethe guns in the rear battalions and would hamperthe regimental commander in fitting machine gunsupport to the task of the particular battalion.One large company for the regiment likewise facili-tates administration and technical training.

(9) The second important functions of machineguns, i. c., use in considerable concentrations, canbest be furthered by placing the guns for thispurpose under the highest purely infantry com-mander, the brigadier. He usually needs no eche-lon outside his two regiments for shock action,



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but he does need under his control some unit

capable of bringing heavy fire on decisive points.A machine gun battalion gives him a suitable unitfor this purpose, both in the beginning of theattack and at the later and decisive moments.To divide these guns between regiments wouldplace them in commands whose sector of actionis ordinarily too narrow for exploitation of theirfull range and powers of overwhelming concentra-tion of fire. To go beyond the. brigade and con-centrate the guns in a divisional organization is toplace them in the usual case outside the zone oftheir powers and proper radius of action. Greatconcentrations under divisional or higher command-ers for long range barrage are seldom expedientexcept in the operations against highly organized

positions.(10) Employment in depth naturally results

from the present organization. This organization,consequently, well fits the minor uses of machineguns, i. c., the protection of flanks, the holding ofground gained, etc.

(11) The present organization has been well

tested in war and has well met the test. Radicalchanges therein should be made only for affirmativeand conclusive reasons.

7. REASONS ADVANCED FOR MAKING THE MACHINEGUN COMPANY AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE

INFANTRY BATTALION(1) A machine gun is one of a number of

infantry weapons; i t is amechanical

devicefor

de-livering infantry fire and by means of which thereis obtained greater concentration of fire, and in-crease in rate, control and direction of fire.

(2) The machine gun must be prepared toattack with infantry and to hold the ground the



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infantry has gained. I t must protect the flanks

of the advancing infantry and be prepared to fillin gaps. I t must be able to support attacking in-fantry by direct or indirect overhead or flank fireand to deliver massed fire.

(3) The organization of the infantry must besuch as gives the greatest efficiency in offensivecombat, the defensive being a secondary considera-tion.

The battalion, is the combat unit and properorganization and training of this unit with all itsinfantry weapons is of the utmost importance. In

the operation of the battalion today the machineguns form a very essential part of the organizationnor can a situation be conceived that will not in-clude machine guns.

(4) Organization and training of the battalionmust be based on combat and i f machine guns area part of the battalion in combat they must bean integral part of its organization. The battal-ion is not a complete unit without the machinegun weapon.

(5) There is a tendency on the part of somemachine gun officers to favor a machine gun corps.This loses sight of the principle that machine gunsexist solely to increase the combat efficiency of theinfantry and i t is the general combat efficiency thatmust be constantly kept in mind rather than thehighly technical training of any special corps orunit.

The best results cannot be obtained by separat-

ing machine guns from battalion organization andtraining and attaching them in combat or on spe-cial occasions. A battalion commander must betrained, and constantly pursue his work under con-ditions approaching combat as nearly as possible.Likewise all officers of rifle companies and machine



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gun companies must train with the most completeconception of the battalion in combat.

(6) The following are lessons taken from thewar:

The battalion is the combat unit.Machine guns form an essential part of the

unit.In offensive action there can be but one

command exercised over the battalion

and this command must be exercisedover all its weapons.

Failures on the part of battalion com-manders to give definite and completeinstructions to machine gun units at-tached to their battalions, or failuresof machine gun officers to functionproperly

with the battalion have beencauses of not getting the best supportor fire effect from machine guns.

(7) If we consider the second role of machineguns as delivering mass fire, this can be performedby drawing companies from reserve battalions orby using the divisional machine gun battalion.

(8) The assignment of machine gun companiesto infantry battalions would render necessary amachine gun officer on the regimental, brigade, anddivision staffs, to prepare training memoranda forthe machine gun units, supervise their technicaltraining, make frequent inspections, and duringoperations to advise and inform his commanderon machine gun matters.

8. REASONS ADVANCED FOR A MACHINE GUN CORPS(1) The machine gun is not an infantry wea-

pon, but is an intermediate weapon between theinfantry and the field artillery and forms a con-necting link between the two.



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(2) While machine guns must habitually fightin close co-operation with the infantry, and underthe command of infantry officers, the tactical handling of machine guns is a separate and distinctthing from the tactical handling of the infantry.

The forward guns with the assaulting battalions must be under the control and direction of theinfantry battalion commander and under the im-mediate control of the machine gun company commander. The supporting guns under the control ofthe brigade commander must be commanded by amachine gun officer well qualified in machine guntactics.

(3) The role of the machine guns that accompany the infantry assault battalions is second inimportance to those executing barrage fire and to

the intermediate or supporting guns which fire overthe advancing infantry and protect the flanks.

(4) To successfully carry out all the missionsthat are likely to confront a machine gunner re-quires a high degree of training both in the technique and tactical employment of the weapon.Machine gunnery today is a science more difficult

than artillery. The trajectory of the machine gunis more difficult to handle; the instruments aremore crude, the machine gunner is generally inthe zone of small arms fire working under greatphysical stress with a high pressure gas enginerequiring constant and skilled attention.

(5) To effectively support the infantry by aproper distribution of guns

andcorrect methods

of fire requires years of study and application.The recent advance in technical methods and thenature of the tasks assigned to machine guns aresuch that it is impracticable for the average in-fantry officer to pass to and from a machine gun



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company and at the same time discharge withefficiency the duties of an infantry officer and amachine gun officer in succession.

Modern infantry is a very complicated piece ofhuman mechanism with many weapons and methodsof action and has quite enough with which toconcern itself without adding a whole scientific ser-vice.

In the cavalry with three weapons and a horse,

i t is doubtful i f one can find officers who are ex-pert in all three weapons and in horse training.(6) The test of war has demonstrated that the

regimental machine gun company was generallyless efficient than the companies of brigade battal-ions that were trained under machine gun majors.The result of questionnaires submitted to higherofficers of infantry, staff officers and machine gunofficers shows that there is a very strong sentimentagainst the retention of the regimental machinegun company. The vote was: For the retentionof the regimental machine gun company 19 ; againstsuch retention 133.

(7) The organization of machine guns as aseparate corps and a permanent personnel wouldresult in :

Better and more uniform training, both tech-nical and tactical.

A distinct improvement in the morale and es-prit of machine gun units.

A collation and digestion of information and itsdistribution to the service, and a study of

all things affecting machine gun organiza-tion, equipment, training, technique andtactics by infantry and machine gun offi-cers that will result in higher standardsof training, improved methods and better

and more efficient machine gun units.



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9. For details of the transportation of the variousmachine gun units, see pages 12, 13, 14 of Equip-ment Manuals for Service in Europe, Series A,No. 2.

The following are the chief articles of MachineGun Equipment, Fire Control Equipment, EngineerProperty, and Signal Property that make up the

equipment of a machine gun company and battalionheadquarters :

Machine Gun Equipment:M. G. Co. Bn. Hq.

Belts, amm., 250 rounds each, carried12 on each amm. cart, 5 on guncart, 96 on combat wagons 300

Belt filling machine 12Boxes, amm., carried same manner

as belts 300

Cases, spare parts 16Boxes, water (includes 1 for each

spare gun) 52Cartridges, Cal. .30:

In combat wagon in— (24,000belts 48,000 in cases) 72,000

In ammunition carts 36,000In gun carts 15,000

Carts, ammunition 12Carts, gun 12

Covers, machine gun 16Devices, steam condensing 16Guns, machine, Browning 16Harness, cart 24Machine gun cart repair outfits 12Mittens, asbestos, pairs 16Rods, cleaning 16Spare barrels 16

Tripods, gun 16Buckets, canvass 24Cases, dispatch 6Picks, mattock 12Shovels, short handled 12

Fire Control Equipment:Aiming marks, luminous 24



__

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M. G. Co. Bn. H q.

.Aiming stakes 12

Alidade protractors 6 1Angle of site instruments 4 1

Board plotting, 40 cm . x 40 cm. withdeclinator 4 1

Boxes, night firing, with batteriesand switches 12

Cases, canvass carrying, for plottingboards 4 1

Clinometers 12

Compasses, Brunton or lensatic 6 1Graphs, Corsellis 4 1

Panoramic sights 4Protractors, M. G. 12 1

Range finders, 80 cm. 1Sights, luminous, front and rear 12

Tripods :

For plotting boards 4 1

For compasses 6 1

For range finder 1Tables of fire 32 4Trajectory graphs 32 4

•Zinc rules ; 4 1

Zinc squares 4 1Engineer Property:

Compasses, watch 32 11Signal Property:

Glasses, field, type EE 15 5Kits, flag, combination, standard 8 4Projectors, 14 cm., complete 2 2Reels, breast : 2 2Switchboards, telephone, 4-line 2Telephones, camp, 1917 1 4Wire, outpost, T. P. km. 1 4Watches, wrist, luminous dial 12The equipment given for battalion headquarters is that

for aBrigade

Battalion. Theequipment

for theheadquar-

ters of the Division Battalion is the same, except thatthere is a set of fire control equipment added for issue tothe division machine gun officer.

10. All officers and men of the machine gunorganizations are armed with automatic pistols andbolos with the exception of 40 men of the headquar-



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ters detachment of each brigade machine gun bat-talion. These men are armed with the rifle.

11. The following officers and men are mounted :

mounted :

Machine gun company: Captain, reconnais-sance officer, supply officer, Ist sergeant, rangefinder sergeant, 2 buglers, mounted on horses.

Mess sergeant, supply sergeant, stable ser-geant, mounted on mules.

Brigade machine gun battalion: Major, adju-tant, supply officer, 2 sergeants major, 2 privates,mounted orderlies, mounted on horses.

DUTIES OF THE PERSONNEL PRECEDING ANDDURING COMBAT

12. General reconnaissance is the function ofthe infantry, cavalry, and aviation. Machine guncommanders should be kept suficiently well informedof the situation to enable them to use their gunseffectively. \u25a0

13. The machine gun commander makes suchspecial reconnaissance as is necessary to ensure theproper posting and the employment of the guns inthe execution of the tasks assigned. For this

purpose the machine gun commander is assisted byreconnaissance officers, agents and scouts.14. The effectiveness of machine gun fire is

influenced by:

The positions.The preliminary dispositions, such as se-

curing firing data and organizing

suitable lines ofsignal communica-

tion.Concealment and protective cover.Posting of guns without discovery by the

enemy.Surprise fire.



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15. When necessary that guns be brought

into actionquickly everything

else must be sub-ordinated to speed. No time should be wasted inselecting positions, for in such cases concealmentwill be out of the question. The best position im-mediately obtainable should be taken.

All machine gun commanders invariably pre-cede their commands to the positions to be occu-pied. All preliminary arrangements for actionshould be made prior to the arrival of the gunswhen possible.

The machine gun commander should accom-pany the commander of troops, should be keptconstantly informed of the tactical situation andthe plan of action, and should receive orders asearly as possible.

A t the earliest possible moment the machinegun commander selects the positions for his com-panies, platoons or sections, and informs his sub-ordinates as to where they are to report for in-structions.

16. When the machine gun commander goes

forward for reconnaissance, he instructs the nextin command on the following points:

The tactical situation.Whether or not the command is to follow

at once.Any division of the organization and the

routes to be followed, with the rateof march.

Disposition of the carts.Agents or scouts may meet organizations and

guide them to their positions.

17. Reconnaissance officers or agents shouldaccompany advanced troops in order to give themachine gun commanders information as to when



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machine gun support is required and where theguns

can be used mosteffectively.

Rocketsignals

should be arranged to call for machine gun supportbut the reconnaissance officer should have not lessthan two agents for sending information to therear. Scouts may be employed to assist in recon-naissance, but will not work in advance of thefront line.

RECONNAISSANCE OFFICERS18. A reconnaissance officer attached to ad-

vanced troops should, as soon as possible after thedetermination of the enemy's location, submit areport giving all possible information and the mostsuitable positions for machine guns: Where thisofficer has been issued a number of maps for mak-ing reports, the following information can be given

quite quickly :

Positions of guns.The routes of approach showing covered and

exposed portions.Position for carts.Number of guns required.Location of targets and their relative im :

portance.Position of belt filling stations and carts.

AGENTS19. Agents are used for two general classes

of duties: —As messengers. Such agents should keep

themselves constantly informed as to the locations

of the various elements of the commands and theroutes thereto. The best service is obtained byusing one agent always for communicating with aparticular element of the command. All of theduties prescribed for messengers in the Field Ser-vice Regulations apply to these agents.





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The number of guns that each company

is to hold in reserve andthe

positions.Designation and apportionment of tar-get.

Time or signal for opening fire.Orders for flank protection and recon

naissance.(4) Lines of signal communication to be es

tablished.Arrangement for ammunition supply.

(5) Location of Bn. Hqrs. and of the nexthigher commander.

During the attack he orders such changes inpositions, targets, etc., as are necessary.

If the attack succeeds he designates certainorganizations to fire on the retreating enmey, othersupon probable places for formation of counterattacks, and others to move forward to assist in theconsolidation of the position. As soon as possiblehe should arrange for a complete protective bar-rage.

In case the attack is unsuccessful, he makesdisposition of guns to meet counter-attack or to

cover retirement.In Defense

I f the position is not occupied deliberately it

will be necessary for the major to make his firstdispositions from the map. His orders will coverthe following:

(1) Information of the enemy.

Disposition of the friendly infantry.(2) The general mission of the battalion.(3) Assignment of sectors of fire to be

covered by the companies, calling at-tention to objectives of particular im-portance.



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Assignment of zones or positions in

to be emplaced.which guns areConstruction of cover for crews andguns. Preparation of obstacles.

Designation and location of reserveguns.

(4) Lines of Signal communication to beestablished.

Locations of carts and animals.Arrangements for ammunition supply.Arrangements for supply of rations.

(5) Location of Bn. Hqrs. and Hqrs. of thenext higher commander.

As soon as possible the major shouldmake a complete inspection of theguns

of his battalion and make suchchanges of positions of guns or theirlines of fire as will provide the maxi-mum amount of flanking fire. Heprovides for alternative emplacements.

He arranges for an S. O. S. barrage.His inspection should be so thoroughas to determine whether the gun

squads are properly performing theirduties and whether they are beingproperly inspected and supervised bycompany officers.

THE ADJUTANT

22. The adjutant is the major's assistant.He acts for the major in

thelatter's absence. Both

the adjutant and major should not be absent fromBn. Hqrs. at the same time.

The adjutant should relieve the major of allpurely administrative matters. He will usually re-duce to writing all orders of the major.



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SERGEANT MAJOR

23. The sergeant major is in direct chargeof all orderlies, agents and signalmen.

He marks the route to be followed by the bat-talion, when necessary.

He supervises the signal detail in the establish-ment of the lines of information ordered.

He is in charge of all messages sent or re-

ceived and is responsible for the filing of all re-cords.

SUPPLY OFFICER24. The battalion supply officer, assisted by

one of the sergeants major, is responsible for allof the details of supply of the battalion. He shouldhave timely knowledge of all actions in order to

make provisions in advance.THE CAPTAIN

In Attack25. When his company is supporting an in-

fantry battalion the captain designates the pla-toons that are to support the assault companiesand assigns them to places in the formation. He

gives directions as to whether the guns will becarried by hand or on the carts. He designates aplace in the battalion formation for the reserveplatoon and i f guns with assault companies are tobe carried by hand assigns part of the personnelof the reserve platoon as ammunition carriers forthe other two platoons. He uses the reserve pla-toon to reinforce the others or protect the

flankswhen necessary. When opportunity offers, he usesthe fire of his company to assist the advance ofneighboring battalions by flank fire.

He takes full advantage of every opportunityto concentrate the fire of his platoons, usually with-



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out changing their position, on hostile nests orstrong points*

which aremaking

mosttrouble. He

sees that the maximum use is made of the carts.The position of the captain is normally with theinfantry battalion commander.

When the company is part of a machine gunbattalion the position of the captain is where hecan best control his company and maintain com-munication with the major. During the approach

the captain decides when it is necessary to aban-don the carts. After receiving orders from themajor to go into action the captain reconnoitersthe position. If the company is not going into ac-tion as a unit he gives definite tasks to his pla-toons. If the company is going into action as aunit, he designates the target, alloting to each

platoon its sector; causes the range to be measured,or taken from the map; decides upon the kind offire to be used; designates a reference object andannounces fire data i f indirect fire is to be used.In either case his instructions would cover thefollowing points :

Where the guns are to be held under cover.What positions are to be occupied and

when.When fire is to be opened.What cover i f any is to be constructed.Lines of communication to be established.Supply of ammunition from combat train

to belt filling stations.His own position and that of the major.

During the advance prescribes routes andformations for changes of positions and gives in-structions as to the use of carts.

Senior Lieutenant26. The senior lieutenant is second in com-

mand and reconnaissance officer. He has supervi-•

i



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sion of ail administrative details. As reconnais-

sance officer he hassupervision

of the" work ofthe

scouts and observers. He is responsible for pro-caring information of the enemy and the preparation of fire data.

Supply Officer27. The supply officer is responsible for the

supply of rations and ammunition. He has charge

of thetransportation

of thecompany

andprovides

for getting the ammunition from the combat trainto the belt filling stations when the company isacting as a unit. This duty devolves upon the platoon leader when the company is divided.

First Sergeant

28. He is general assistant to the captain.

He is in directcharge of

theheadquarters

detach-ment of agents, scouts and signalmen. He is responsible that communications ordered within the

company are established. He is responsible for therecording of all messages and orders.

THE PLATOON LEADER

In Attack

29. In the approach the platoon leader marchesat the head of his platoon. In action he takes aposition from which he can best control his platoonand receive signals from his captain or infantrycommander whom he is supporting.

Precedes his platoon for selection of gun posi-tions and preparation of firing data. May conduct

platoon to its position.Assigns positions and tasks to his sections.Orders and supervises construction of cover.Specifies kind and rate of fire and gives com-

mands or signal for opening fire.Establishes belt filling stations.



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Observes the fire effect and controls the fireof his platoon.

Orders changes of position of his platoon.

In Defense

Reconnoiters the sector to be occupied by hisplatoon and selects gun positions.

Prepares range cards and complete data forfiring, including indirect and night firing.

Supervises the construction of emplacements,cover for men, obstacles, trenches, ammunitioncaches, etc.

Arranges for communication within the pla-toon.

Specifies kind, rate and time of opening fire.Provides for the posting and relief of sentinels

over guns and for necessary patrolling in imme-

diate vicinity of guns.Provides for belt filling stations.Controls fire of platoon.Replaces casualties.

Platoon Guide and Range Finder

30. Should be expert in use of range finderand in estimation of range.

Prepares range cards.Takes command of platoon when platoon leadergoes forward for selection of positions. Conductsplatoon to the position.

Makes all details for guard, fatigue, etc

THE SECTION LEADERIn Attack

31. The section leader precedes his sectionand reconnoiters his gun positions.

In action he takes position where he can con-trol his gun squads, observe the target and fireeffect and watch the leader for signals.



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Establishes belt filling stations.Constructs

cover.Obtains fire data.Selects aiming marks when targets are in-

distinct.Announces sight setting and assigns targets to

gun squads.Specifies kind, rate of fire, and commands or

signals commence firing. Checks safety angle i f

overhead fire is ordered.Keeps front under constant observation.Observes fire effect and controls fire.Notifies platoon leader of casualties.When platoon is advancing by alternate sec-

tions, determines upon the time of advance.In Defense

Assists platoon leader in preparation of rangecards.

Instructs corporals in the orders for the gunpositions.

Directs the construction of emplacements,cover for men, obstacles, etc.

Arranges for commuication with platoon leader.Establishes belt filling stations.Observes the fire effect and controls the fire

of his sections.Replaces casualties.

THE CORPORALIn Attack

32. The corporal is directly responsible forthe fire discipline of the gun squad and assists infire control.

In action he takes position where he can ob-serve the fire of his gun and communicate with thesection leader.



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He gives to his squad all the information heposesses as to situation and plan of action.

He constructs such cover as time will permit.He issues the fire order:

(1) Announces range and deflection andverifies sight setting.

(2) Designates the target or aiming pointto his gunner, taking the target as-signedôr the portion of the section'starget that corresponds to the posi-tion of the squad in the section.

(3) Announces kind of fire, and number ofrounds.

(4) Signals section leader when ready andopens fire on signal or command com-mence firing.

He observes fire effect, makes changes in sightsetting, etc., and enforces strict fire discipline.Takes all possible advantage of cover while

advancing or in action.In Defense

Thoroughly familiarizes himself with his sec-tor and the range card.

Inspects, when position is occupied and there-after at least twice daily, his machine gun andtripod, tool box, water box, belt filling machine,belts, and ammunition.

Constructs emplacements, cover, obstacles, etc.Posts number of emplacement outside emplace-

ment where it can be readily seen.Posts the orders for the sentinel at the gun

inside the emplacement and sees that all men readand understand them.Posts a sentinel over the gun.Establishes a belt filling station.Assigns alarm posts to all members of his

squad.



30

THE GUNNERS

No. 1

33. Carries the tripod.Personally cleans and looks after the gun, sees

that the mechanism is working smoothly and thewater jacket is full.

Observes his own fire when possible.Sets sights and fires as ordered.

Watches for and corrects stoppages.No. 2

Carries the gun.Loads the gun.Sees that belts are clean and properly loaded.Assists No. 1 in reducing stoppages.

Nos. 3 and 4Carry water and ammunition boxes, supply

No. 2 with ammunition and return .empty belts tobelt filling station.

Nos. 5 and 6

Establish belt filling stations and refill belts.No. 7

Is responsible for the gun mule, cart and equip-ment.

No. 8Is responsible for the ammunition mule, cart

and ammunition.Supplies ammunition to the belt filling station.Refills his cart at the combat train.



Refe rence SheetFOR

T. T. 28, October 13, a.m., 1919.— Staff Class.—T. T. 25, October 8, a.m., 1919. Line Class.

CONFERENCE.— Direct Fire of Machine Guns.Machine Gun Drill Regulations, 1917.— Paragraphs 154

and 155. —Supplement to Machine Gun Drill Regulations, 1917.

Pages 117 to 142, and 314 to 343.—Machine Gun Firing Manual, 1917. Paragraphs 82 to

93, 216 to 238, 98 to 106.

Equipment Required at Conference:Lesson sheets.Map of Fort Leavenworth and Vicinity 1:21120.Protractor graduated in mils.

\





Fire Direction1. Correct application of machine gun fire is

only possible with an understanding of the trajectory and of the size and shape of the shot group.These subjects therefore will be considered brieflybefore taking up the methods of fire.

TECHNICAL TERMS—Axis of the bore. An imaginary line following the

center of the bore —from breech to muzzle.Line of aim. The straight line passing through the

sights and the point aimed at.—Trajectory. The curved path described by the bullet

in its flight. —Cone of fire, or cone of dispersion. The figure formed

in space by the trajectories of a series of shots.—Maximum ordinate.

Thehighest point of the trajec

tory above the line of aim. Its position is approximately.6 of the range. —

Danger space. The sum of the distances in the pathof the bullet in which an object of a given height will bestruck. At long ranges the danger space a t the farther endof the range alone is considered.—

Beaten zone. The area of ground beaten by a cone offire. —

Effective beaten zone. Thearea

ofground beaten by

the best 75 per cent of the shots. This is the zone thatis always considered in machine gun fire. While in mus-ketry fire i t is essential to so place the cone of fire thatthe target will be included in the 50 per cent zone, thecone of fire of the machine gun is sufficiently dense thatresults commensurate with the amount of ammunition expended can be produced provided the target lies within the75 percent zone.—

Drift. The lateral deviation of the bullet caused by theresistance of the air and the rotation of the bullet on itslonger axis. The drift is partially corrected by the sight

and can be neglected except for indirect fire a t the longer

ranges. —ngle of site. The angle contained between the line of

aim and the horizontal plane.

33



*^34

t

Bfiorizontaf

Pfane

Angle AGB is the angle of site for target A. )\u25a0

Angle BGC is the angle of site for target C. —Angle of elevation or the angle of tangent elevation.

The angle between the axis of the bore and the line of aim.—Angle of quadrant elevation. The angle between the

axis of the bore and the horizontal plane.When the target is above the gun the quadrant eleva-

tion is equal to the angle of elevation plus the angle ofsite.

¥

Q. E. equals E plus S. \u2666When the target is below the gun the angle of quad

ran t elevation is equal to the angle of elevation minus theangle of site.

''v^--- [O^ £\u25a0 ——p Horizontof

Q. E. equals E minus S.—Angle of fall. The angle which the tangent to thetrajectory, at the point of impact, makes with the line of

aim. —Angle of incidence. The angle between the plane of f

the surface struck and the tangent to the trajectory at thepoint of impact.

¥



ITES OFTES THEF THE TRAJBTRAJBECTCT PORYORY OF THEF BR(THE BR( iWNIJNtWNIJNt MACHACH INE GUN IN METERSNE GUN IN METERS Table No.able No. II IBa:a: edd onn Experimentalxperimental Firingiring att Spri:pri: igfield Armor;gfield Armor; r DurinDurin Septemeptem iber, 1918—U. S. Cal. .30—Modelber, 1918—U. S. Cal. .30—Model 1906—150 grain906—150 bullet.rain bullet.

Xangeange Hojoj •izontal Diiizontal Dii itancetance Metersetersi I

Meterseters 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 1,000,000 1,100,100 —1,200,200— 1,300,300 1,400,400 1,500,500 1,600,600 1,700,700 1,800,800 1,900,900 2,000,000 2,100,100 2,200,200 2,300,300 2,400,400 —2,600,6002.E00.E00—0000 .0 —.18.18 —.57.57 —1.241.24 —2.252.25 —3.663.66 —5.65.6 —8.168.16 —11.5211.52 — 15.815.8 —21.2621.26 29.29.2 —36.7936.79 — 47.3247.32 —60.60. —75.275.2 —93.1693.16 —11/1.6611/1.66 —138.51138.51 166.466.4 ! —199.71—199.71 —239.68239.68 —290.95290.95 —361.68 —453.75361.68 —453.75 —5F8.62F8.6220000 .0909 .00 —.30.30 —.88.88 —1.81.8 —3.123.12 —4.974.97 —7.447.44 —10.7110.71 —14.914.9 —20.2420 .24 —27.1227.12 — 35.6235.62 — 46.0646.06 — 58.6558.65 —73.7673.76 — 91.6391.63 — 113.041 13 .0 4 — 13 6. 8136.8 — 164.6164.6 —197.61197.61 —237.6237.6 —288.88288.88 —359.52 —451.5359.52 —451.5 C66.2866.280000 .1919 .2020 .00 —.48.48 —1.31.3 —2.522.52 —4.274.27 —6.646.64 —13.913.9 —19.149.819.81 —19.14 —34.3234.32 — 44.6644.66 — 57.1557 .15 —72.1672.16 — 89.9389.93 — 111.241 11 .2 4 — 13 4. 9134.9 — 162.6162.6 — 23->.43->.4 —286.582 86 .5 8 — 3 57 .1 2 ;—357.12 —449.—449. —563.68563.68—25.9225.92 —195.51195.5140000 .3131 .4444 .3636 .00 —.7.7 —1.81.8 —3.433.43 s.fcB.fcB —8.738.73 —12.712.7 —17.8217.82 —24.4824.48 — 32.7632.76 — 42.9842.98 — 55.3555 .35 —70.2470.24 — 87.8987.89 — 109.08109.08 —132.62132.62 —160.2160.2 152.9952.99 —232.76232.76 —283.822 83 .8 2 — 3 53 .7 6 :353.76 —446.—446. —56-0.5656-0.560000 .455 .7272 .7878 .5656 .00 —.96.96 —2.452 .4 5 — 4. 564.56 —7.477.47 —11.311.3 —16.2816.28 -22.622.6 3U.94U.94 —41.0241.02 — 53.2553.25 —68.68. —85.5185.51 — 106.56106.56 —129.96129.96 —157.4157.4 — 190.05190.05 —229.68229.68 —280.60280.60 —350.88 —442.5350.88 — 442.5 —556.92556.92

60000 .61— —12.4312.43 —18.618.6 —26.3926.39 — 36.1236.12 —48.48. —62.462.4 —79.5679.56 —100.26100.26 —123.31123.31 —150.4150.4 — 102.7102.7 —221.98221.98 —272.55272.55 —342.43 —433.75342.43 — 433.75 — 547.82547.82

80000 1.02.02 1.86.86 2.49.49 2.84.84

61 .8484 1.26.26 1.20.20 .88 .00 —1.331 .33 — 3.2 83.28 —6.036.03 —9.79.7 —14.5214 .52 —20.8820.88 —28.8628.86 —38.7838.78 — 50.8550 .85 —67.0467.04 — 82.7982.79 —103.681 03 .6 8 — 12 6.9 2126.92 —154.2154.2 : —186.69—186.69 —226.16226.16 —276.92276.92 —347.04 —438.53 47 .0 4 — 438 .5 —552.76552.7670000 .88 1.42.42 1.83.83 1.96.96 1.65.65 1.14.14 .00 —1.761.76 —4.324.32 —7.87.8 — — — —2.85.85 2.46.46 1.54.54 .00 —2.342.34 5.6.6 —10.0110.01 —15.9615.96 —23.5323.53 — 33.0433.04 — 44.744.7 58.

C

5 8. 88 —'5.82'5.82 P6.36.3 —119.13119.13 178.C878.C8 —217.14217.14 266.8066.80 —337.2 —428.25337.2 — 42 8.25 — 54 2.1542.1146.146.90000 1.28.28 2.38.38 3.27.27 3.88.88 4.15.15 4.02.02 3.36.36 2.08.08 .00 —3.3. —7.157.15 -12.8412.84 —29.429.4 —40.84 0. 8 — 54 .7 254.72 71.41.4 —91.6291.62 —114.19114.19 —261.512 61 .5 1 — 3 30 .9 6330.96 —535.34535.342 .152 .15 — —140.8140.8 —172.62172.62 —211.42211.42 —421.75421.75i.OOO.OOO 1.58.58 2.98.98 4.17.17 5.C8.C8 6.65.65 5.82.82 6.46.46 4.48.48 2.7.7 .00 —3.853 .8 5 — 9. 249.24 —16.2516.25 —25.225.2 36. 36. 3 —49.9249.92 —66.366.3 —86.228 6. 22 — 108 .4 9108.49 —134.8134.8 —166.32166.32 —204.82204.82 —254.61254.61 —323.76 j—323.76 —414.25—414.25 —527.54527.541,100,100 1.93.93 \u25a0u25a0.88.88 6.22.22 6.48.48 7.4.4 7.92.92 7.91.91 7.28.28 5.85.85 3.5.5 .00 —5.045.04 —11.711.7 —20.320.3 —31.0531 .05 —42.7242.72 — 60.3560.35 —79.9279.92 —101.841 01 .8 4 — 12 7. 8127.8 — 158.971 58 .97 — 197 .1 2197.12 —246.562 46 .5 6 — 3 15 .3 6 !315.36 —405.5—405.5 —518.44518.441,200,200 2.35.35 4.52.52 6.48.48 8.16.16 9.5.5 10.440.44 10.850.85 10.640.64 9.63.63 7.7.7 4.62.62 .00 —6.246.24 — 14.4214.42 —24.7524 .75 —37.637.6 —53.2153.21 —73.3673.36 —93.869 3. 86 — 11 9. 4119.4 I —150.52—150.52 —187.88187.88 —236.9236.9 —305.28 —395.305.28 —395. —507.52507.5211,3001,300 n n.83.83 n n6.48.48 7.92.92 10.080.08 11.91.91,400,400

13.323.32 14.214.21 15.285.28 13.953.95 12.52.5 9.9.9 5.76.76 .00 —17.5617 .56 —29.9229.92 —^5.05^5.05 —63.7263.72 —83.748 3. 74 — 109. 8109.8 j —137.97—137.97 —177.32177.32 —225.862 25 .8 6 — 29 3. 7 6 ! —383.293.76 ! —383. —495.04495.043.38.38 6.58.58 9.57.57 12.282.28

1,500,500 14.654.65 16.626.62 18.068.06 18.888.88 18.98.9 18.8. 15.955 .95 1 2.362.36 7.15.15 !oo —9.39.3 —21.1221.12 — 35.735.7 —53.8253.82 —74.2974.29 —08.808.8 , —128.52— 128 .5 2 — 16 5. 22165.22 —213.21213.21 —280.56 I2 80 .5 6 — 36 9. 25— 36 9. 25 — 48 0. 74480.744.. 8.02.02 11.431.43 14.764.76 17.757.75 20.340.34 22.42.4 23.843.84 24.484.48 24.24.2 22.772.77 19.89.8 15.215.21 8.68.68 .00 —11.211.2 —25.1625.16 —42.6642.66 —62.5162.51 — 86.486.4 —115.5115.5 —151.58151.58 —198.95198.95 —265.68265.68 ' —353.75353.75' —464.62464.62

1,700,700 6.48.48 10.780.78 15.895.891.600.600 4.7.7 9.22.22 13.533.53 17.567.56 21.151.15 24.544.54 27.37.3 30.780.78

— —29.449.44 31.21.2 30.470.47 28.28.2 24.314.31 18.488.48 10.50.5 .00 —13.2613.26 30.C60.C6 —49.2149.21 — 72.472.4 | —100.8— 100.8 — 136.18136.18 —182.85182.85 2-»8.8S —336.25-»8.8S — 33 6. 25 — 44 6. 42446.42

20.680.68 25.155.15 29.229.22 32.762.76 3J.68J.68 37.87.8 39.9. 39.059.05 37.567.56 34.454.45 29.49.4 22.22.2 12.482.48 .00 —16.0216.02 —34.2934.29 —56.856.8 —84.4284.42 —119.02119.02 —164.91164.91 —230.16 i230.16 —316.75—316.75 —426.14426.141,800,800 6.37.37 12.562.56 18.548.54 24.244.24 29.69.6 34.564.56 38.998.99 42.82.8 45.815.81 47.97.9 48.848.84 48.248.24 45.025.02 41.861.86 35.fi55 .f i5 2 6. 726.72 15.135.13 .00 —17.4817.48 —39.39. —65.7365.73 — 99.4499.44 —144.44144.44 —2(8.8 !2(8.8 —294.5—294.5 —4(3.4(3 .1,900,900 7.29.29 14.44.4 21.31.3 27.927.92 34.24.2 40.080.08 45.435.43 50.160.16 54.094.09 57.17.1 58.968. 96 59 .289.28 57.987.98 54.744.74 49.359.35 41.441.44 30.770.77 16.566.56 .00 —20.620.6 —46.4146.41 —79.279.2 —123.281 23 .2 8 — 1 86 .7 2 I186.72 —271.5—271.5 —379.08379.082.000.000 8.32.32 16.466.46 24.394.39 32.042.04 39.359.35 46.266.26 62.642.64 58.48.4 63.363.36 67.47.4 70.290.29 71.641.64 71.371.37 69.169.16 64.84.8 57.927.92 48.288.28 35.105.10 19.579.57 .00 ! —24.78— 24.78 — 56.5456.54 —99.5999.59 —162. j162. —245.75—245.75 —352.3352.32,100,100 9.5.5 18.828.82 27.937.93 36.766.76 46.256.25 53.343.34 60.90.9 67.847.84 73.983.98 79.29.2 83.273.27 85.85.8 86.716.71 85.685.68 82.52.5 76.86.8 68.348.34 56.346.34 41.991.99 23.63.6 .00 —30.6830.68 —72.4572.45 —133.68 —216.25133.68 —216.25 —321.62321.622,200,200 10.890.89 21.61.6 32.12.1 42.322.32 52.22.22,300,300 61.681.68 70.630.63 78.968.96 86.496.49 93.13.1 98.668.66 102.4802.48 104.7804.78 105.1405.14 103.350 3. 35 9 9. 049.04 91.971.97 81.361.36 68.48.4 51.41.4 29.199.19 .00 —40.4840.48 —100.32 —181.5100.32 —181.5 —286.48286.4812.652.65 37.387.38 49.369.36 61.1.2.400.400 16.076.07 29.969.96 44.644.64 59.049.04 73.13.1 86.766.76 99.899 .8 9 1 12 .2 412.24 124.1124.11 134.934.9 144.544 4. 54 1 02 .6 402.64 159.1259.12 163.6663.66 166.056 6. 05 1 55 .9 255.92 163.0363.03 156.6056.60 147.8247.82 135.35. ! 116.97116.97 91.961.96 65.565.56 .0 —77.0 —77. —176.8176.8

25.125.12 72.242.24 82.952.95 93.043.04 102.3302.33 110.710.7 117.921 7. 92 1 23 .623.6 127.6627.66 129.7829.78 129.752 9. 75 1 27 .227.2 121.8921.89 113.0413.04 101.8401.84 86.66.6 66.156.15 38.728.72 .00 —58.08. —137.558.08. — 13 7. 5 —239.72239.722,500,500 18.158.15 36.126.12 53.883.88 71.361.36 88.58.5 105.2405.24 121.4521.45 137.0437.04 161.8361.83 165.765.7 178.427 8. 42 1 89 .689.6 199.1699.16 206.7806.78 212.261 2. 26 2 15 .215.2 215.3915.39 212.0412.04 206.1506.15 196.696.6 181.6581.65 159.7259.72 126.6026.60 73.92 .03.92 .0 96.726.72

21.871.87 43.663.66 65.045.04 86.246.24 107.107.1 127.5627.56 147.4947.49 166.866.8 185.3185.31 202.902.9 219.341 9. 34 2 31 .2 431.24 247.5247.52 258.8658.86 268.056 8. 05 2 74 .7 274.72 278.6378.63 279.79. 277.02 271.71.77.02 259.7759.77 241.6641.66 212.0612.06 163.20 9363.20 93.

—

.00,600,600

To faceo face 355



35

RANGE TABLE

Based on experimental firingxperimental atiring at Springfielcpringfielc

Armory during : Sept., 1918— U. S. Cal.Sept., 1918— U. S. Cal. .30—Mode].30—Mode]1906—150 gra in nn bullet.ullet.

\

(Computed)Computed)Range Anglengle off Departureeparture Anglengle off Fallall

Meters Milsils Milsils

100 .88 .99200 1.7.7 1.9.9300

2.7.7 3.5.5400 3.9.9 5.6.6500 5.3.3 8.1.1

600 6.9.9 11.1.700 8.8.8 14.94.9800 11.01.0 19.49.4900 13.63.6 25.35.3

1,000 16.66.6 32.2.

1,1001,2001,3001,400

20.10.1

24.34.329.19.134.64.6

40.50.5

52.22.264.14.178.58.5

1,500 40.80.8 94.34.3

1,600 47.87.8 113.13.1,700 55.65.6 133.333.31,800 64.54.5 160.360.31,9002,000

73.73.784.04.0

175.175.1205.705.7

2,1002,2002,3002,4002,500

95.85.8109.709.7127.327.3151.551.5182.382.3

246.546.5302.902.9398.798.7567.667.6751.751.7

2,600 219.519.5 943.43.

Jump for Browning gun, is .5 mil. down. To

find angle of elevation add .5 to angles of departure.Tables do not agree exactly with trajectory graph orSearching Reverse Slope Graph as these graphs arebased on experimental firing in France, while tablesare based on firings at Springfield armory.



36

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v Meoîo«ot~wo»Orêêoû^cot-ooo>OiHe>sfo- Meoîo«ot~wo»Orêêoû^cot-ooo>OiHe>sfo« rHrHi-TrHrHrH.-ft-rrHrHeJe^NNNCvj'NNrHrHi-TrHrHrH.-ft-rrHrHeJe^NNNCvj'NN



37

5. The tables of dispersions show the beatenzone where the surface of the ground at the pointof impact is parallel to the line of aim. The lengthof the beaten zone, however, varies with the in-clination of the ground to the line of aim.

The reverse slope.

Suppose AB is the length of the beaten zonealong the line of aim GAB. Then it is clear thatif the reverse slope AC be engaged, the beaten zoneproduced along the reverse slope by the same coneof fire will be AC, and will exceed AB.

Suppose, also, that DA represents the length ofthe danger space when firing along GAB, then EAwill represent the length of the danger space whenfiring on the reverse slope.

Along the line of aim, therefore, fire effect willbe produced for a distance DB, but on the reverseslope fire effect will be produced for a distance EC,and this distance will greatly exceed DB.

On a reverse slope the ratio of the length ofAC to AB at any range can be found as follows:

AC Angle of fallequals —

AB Angle of fall Angle of slope of ground.

Theforward slope.

G



38

Let AB represent the length of the beatenzone along the line of aim GAB. AC represents

the length of the beaten zone produced by the samecone of fire along the forward slope AC.

If DA represents the danger space along theline of aim, EA will represent it along the forwardslope.

In all cases on a forward slope, the length ofthe ground effectively engaged will be less than on

the line of aim. On a forwardslope

the ratio ofthe length of AC to that of AB can be found asfollows :

AC Angle of fallequals

AB Angle of fall plus angle of slope of ground.t

ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTIONSRange tables are based on the following atmos-

pheric conditions:1. Barometric pressure, 30 inches. (Tables

used in France, 750 mm.)2. Temperature, 70 degrees Fahrenheit.

(Tables used in France 15 degreesCentigrade.)

3. Still air.

4. A horizontal line of aim.

ATMOSPHERIC VARIATIONS THAT AFFECTELEVATIONS—

7. Barometric Pressure. The following rulefor correction in case of variation in barometricpressure is approximately correct:

For every inch the barometer rises or fallsabove or below 30 inches add or deduct 1| metersfor each 100 meters of range.

Example: Range, 2000 meters. Barometer, 29 inches.

Allowance equals lx l iX2O equals 30 meters. Correctedrange 1970.



— 39

8. Temperature. For every degree which thet temperature rises or falls above 70 degrees, de-

duct or add Mo meter for each 100 meters of range.Example: Range, 2100 meters. Temperature, 60 degrees.

equals2100

Allowance

Mo X (70-60) X equals 21.100

Corrected range, 2121.—9. Head or Rear Wind. For 12 o'clock or 6

o'clock wind add or subtract :

Allowance in meters equals

(Range in meters less 400) X (velocity ofwind in miles per hour.)

200

For a wind at 1, 5, 7, or 11 o'clock use % ofthe allowance. '

For a wind at 1:30, 4:30, 7:30, or 10:30 use| of the allowance.

For a wind at 2, 4, 8, or 10 o'clock use £ ofthe allowance.

Example: Range, 1400 meters. Wind, 16 miles an houra t 12 o'clock.

(1400-400) Xl 6equals 80 meters.

200Corrected range 1480 meters.

10. The following example illustrates the com-bination of the various corrections:

Example: Range 1000.

Temperature, 30 degrees P. 40 metersBarometer, 31 inches 1520 mile wind at 6 o'clock —60 meters.

55 -6 0Total correction —5.Correct range 995.95.



—40—

ATMOSPHERIC VARIATIONS THAT AFFECT

—DIRECTION

11. Drift. The rear sight partially correctsfor drift so that no changes are necessary whenfiring direct fire. For indirect fire the followingallowance should be made:

1000 meters or less, disregard.1500 meters allow 2 meters or IS mils, left.2000 meters allow 5 meters or 2£ mils, left.2500 meters allow

10meters or 4 mils,

left.—12. Wind. The correction for 3 or 9 o'clockwind is found with approximate correctness by thefollowing formula:

Correction in mills equals

Range in meters X velocity of wind in miles per hour

3600

For winds from 2, 4, 8, or 10 o'clock use %of the allowance.

For winds from 1:30, 4:30, 7:30, or 10:30o'clock use | of the allowance.

For winds from 1, 5, 7, or 11 o'clock use £of the allowance.

Example: Range 1000. 12 mile wind at 3:00 o'clock.

1000X12Correction equals equals 35 mils.

3600

For direct fire corrections for lateral windsare set off on the wind gauge; for indirect fire onthe traversing dial.

METHODS OF MACHINE GUN FIRE13. Fire is said to be adjusted when the tar-

get lies within the 75 per cent zone.Adjustment is accomplished by one of the fol-

lowing means:



41

1. By use of the "battle sight."

2.By

use of asingle

correct elevation.3. By use of a beaten zone artificially increasedin depth. —

14. Battle Sight. The battle sight is an emergency sight to be used on occasions when somematerial fire effect is demanded instantly, and whenthe delay incident to a more precise adjustmentwould render the fire valueless, notwithstandingthe increase in material effect. The battle sightis also used when the objective is so large andat such close range that a more precise adjustmentwould have no material effect upon the, accuracyof the fire.

A study of the table of ordinates of the tra-jectory in connection with the heights of usualtargets, shows the battle sight to be useful at thefollowing ranges:

Against prone figures, with point of aim at thebottom of the target, at ranges less than 510 yards.

Against kneeling figures, with aim at thebreast, at ranges less than 600 yards.

Against standing figures, with aim at thebreast, at ranges less than 670 yards.

Against mounted figures, with aim at breast,at ranges less than 720 yards. —

15. The Single Elevation. Whether a singleelevation can be profitably employed depends uponthe range and the degree of precision with whichranges are determined.

One-half the length of the 75 per cent zoneis the limit of error in range finding that is per-missible i f a single elevation is to be used.

The probable errors in range finding areSingle estimates by eye 15 per cent.



42

The average of the estimates of a fewtrained men, 10 per cent.

Range finders of the self contained basetype, 2 per cent.

Using map ranges with positions estimatedated by eye, 5 pery eye, 5 per cent.ent.

Tableable if 75 per centf 75 per cent lone and Errors iione and Errors iin Range Findingange Finding

Rangeange 75%5% 'ermis-ermis- 15%5% I io%io% 5%% 2%%deterseters Zoneone sibleible Errorrror

IErrorError Errorrror Errorrror

iErrorrror ftt

20000 17979 900 300 200 100 430000 16161 800 455 300 155 640000 13838 699 600 400 200 850000 11818 599 755 500 255 10060000 10000 500 900 i 6060 300 12270000 877 433 10505 700 355 144i80000 733 366 12020 800 400 16690000 633 311 13535 900 455 188

1,000,000 555 277 15050 10000 500 2001,100,100 499 244 16565 11010 555 2221,200,200 433 211 18080 12020 600 2441,300,300 411 200 19595 13030 655 2661,400,400 400 200 21010 14040 700 2881,500,500 399 199 22525 ! 150150 755 3001,600,600 388 199 24040 16060 800 3221,700,700 377 188 25555 17070 855 3441,800,800 377 188 27070 18080 900 3661,900,900 388 199 28585 19090 955 3882,000,000 388 199 30000 20000 10000 400—

Anni examination of the table shows thatexamination of the table shows thatWiiith single estimates by the eye the probableth single estimates by the eye the probable

error c?xceeds the permissible error beyond 450ceedsrror mehe permissible error beyond 450 me-?

ters. 1Fhis range therefore marks thehisers. maximumange therefore marks the maximumlimit atimit at t which a single elevation can be employedwhich a single elevation can be employedwith p i rofit when the distance is determined byofitith ahen the distance is determined by ai

singleingle estimate.estimate.

Wii th the average of several estimates the maxth the average of several estimates the max-imum 1]imum 1]imit is 550 meters.mit is 550 meters.

Usisiing a map with positions estimated by theng a map with positions estimated by theeye theye thei maximum distance is 750 meters.maximum distance is 750 meters.

Usisiing a range finder the maximum distance isng a range finder the maximum distance is1150 m150 mleters.eters.



— 43

16. Ranging Fire. Where conditions are fav-orable for observation and the tactical situation issuch as to permit of its use, ranging fire may be

used to overcome errors in range finding. The tra-cer bullet has added greatly to the value of rang-ing fire, but this bullet, owing to its imperfections,cannot yet be used at the longer ranges.

Ranging fire must not be used against targets

which, by their nature or that of the terrain, canevade fire for effect during the pause for observa-tion of ranging fire. Such targets are small par-ties, small columns which can effect a rapid deploy-ment, and body of troops which is rapidly approach-in g defilade.

Fire for effect should always be preceded byranging fire against targets which cannot evademachine gun fire. Ranging against moving targetsis practicable only when the target cannot deviatefrom its course.

In ranging fire what is assumed to be the cor-rect elevation is employed without there are spe-cial conditions which make observation of the fireeasier if the shot group is placed either short orover.

In ranging fire a single gun is usually em-ployed. Ranging will usually be carried out byplatoon although at times it may be practicable forone gun to give the range to the entire company.Bursts of 20 rounds are suitable for ranging as aconsiderable number of shots makes observation

easier.The adjustment of fire to place the shot groupon the target is carried out in exactly the samemanner as with rifle fire. An exact adjustmentcan be obtained much more readily, however, asthe shot group is more dense and easier to ob-serve.



—4

17. Combined Sights. Combined sights is the

term applied to the method of engaging any re-quired depth of ground by applying simultaneouslyoverlapping zones of fire from two or more guns.

The depth of the beaten zone is increased by order-ing different elevations to be used by each gun,while each uses the same aiming mark.

In direct fire these elevations are put on by

ordering each gun to fire with a different elevationon the rear sight. In indirect fire the same effect

is produced by ordering a different quadrant eleva-tion for each gun.

By this method, while the effective beaten zoneis increased, the density of the fire is greatly re-duced. The extreme difference between the eleva-

tions of guns which will ensure that no gaps areleft between the beaten zones of different guns isthe depth of the 75 per cent zone for the range inquestion. Using a difference of 100 meters at 600,

700 and 800 meters and a difference of 50 metersat all ranges above 900 meters will very nearlycomply with the theoretical requirements and givesa practical sight setting.

Combined sights are useful when surprise ef-fect is desired, because each portion of the groundin which the target probably lies is beaten simul-taneously. As soon as fire can be observed com-bined sights should be discontinued and firing con-tinued with the correct elevation. An exception tothis rule would be where the target is of greaterdepth than the 75 per cent zone.—

18. Fixed Fire. Fixed fire is that class of firein which the gun is directed at a single aimingpoint. The effective beaten zone is not increasedartificially either in width or depth.



45

This class of fire is employed where i t is de-

sired to bring an intense fire upon a point or a smallgroup. —

19. Searching Fire. The method of engagingany required depth of ground by applying succes-sively overlapping zones of fire from one gun. Al-terations in elevation are made by turning the handwheel and not by changes in the rear sight. The

firer sets his sight at the correct range for thenear end of the target and lays on i t . After fir-ing a burst he elevates two mils and fires again

and continues this process until he has coveredthe entire target. The height of the 75 per centzone at 100 meters is 1.72 mils, at 1,000 meters1.79 mils, at 1,500 meters 2.54 mils and at 2,000meters 4.18 mils. By using turns of the handwheel of 2 mils we thus ensure that there will bevery small gaps and that the amount of overlap-ping will not be excessive at any range. The over-lapping will occur beyond 1,500 meters where theshot group is not so dense and will thus tend toproduce the same density of fire at all ranges.

Searching is used to place the shot group on atarget whose range is not precisely known or tocover a target that is longer than the beaten zone.I t is of little value where surprise effect is desired,because each part of the target is engaged succes-sively. —

20. Distributed Fire. The method of engag-ing any required width of ground by distribut-ing laterally against it the fire of one ormore guns. The firer aims at one extremity of thetarget and fires a burst of five or ten shots. Hethen turns his traversing worm 2 mils so as tothrow his shot group toward the other end of thetarget and fires again. He continues in this man-



46

ner until he has covered the entire target or the

portion assigned to him. The width of the 75 percent zone is .77 mils at 100 meters, .84 mils at1,000 meters, 1.02 mils at 1,500 meters, and 1.62mils at 2,000. There will be small gaps in the firewhen the 75 per cent zone is considered but thewidth of the 100 per cent zone is nowhere less than2.20 mils so no portion of the line will be entirely

without fire. —21. Oblique Traversing. Where the target isoblique to the line of fire, the best method is touse a combination of combined sights, searching,and traversing. For example i f a column of troopsextended over a hill obliquely with the head of thecolumn at a rangfe of 1,000 meters and the rearof the column at a range of 1,400 meters, and thetarget was to be engaged by a platoon, then theguns would be given elevations of 1,000, 1,100, 1,200and 1,300 respectively. Each would be assigneda fourth of the target. Each would distribute hisfire over his portion of the target and would searcha sufficient number of mils to cover the depth ofhis target. —

22. Swinging Traverse. This is a method ofengaging a wide target by firing continuously andthe same time distributing the fire along the entiretarget. This fire is suitable only for dense targetsat very close range. —

23. Direct Overhead Fire. This is the type ofmachine gun fire that will have the greatest appli-

cation in battle. The safety of the friendly troopsis ensured by the employment of a "safety angle,"the size of which depends upon the range to thetarget.

The following rules must be complied with toensure safety to friendly troops:



47

(NOTE: Owing to the fact that the scales in EE fieldglasses are in yards safety angles will be given in yardsexcept

for automaticsight correction.)

(1) If the range to the target is 1,000 yardsor less the safety angle is 8 mils.

If the range 1,000 ando the target is between1,500 yards the safety angle is 15 mils.

If the range to the target is over 1,500 yardsthe safety angle is 20 mils. —

(2) Use only machine guns not automaticrifles.(3) Do not use barrels that have fired more

than 14,000 rounds.(4) Have the tripods mounted on T bases well

dug in, where possible.(5) Use only well trained machine gunners at

the guns.(6) Fire in short bursts and verify the lay-

in g frequently.(7) Overhead fire must not be employed if

friendly troops are over 1,800 meters fromthe gun.

(8) If the location of friendly troops is un-certain overhead fire must not be em-ployed.

(9) Friendly troops should be notified thatmachine guns will support them with over-head fire.

(10) The range to target and friendly troopsmust be known to within 5 per cent.

24. METHODS OF APPLYING SAFETY ANGLES

Method I.— With the mil scale of the EE fieldglass measure downward from the line of aim, 8,15, or 20 mils, depending upon whether the rangeto the target is less than 1,000 yards, between 1,000and 1,500 yards, or more than 1,500 yards. Ob-



48

serve where this line cuts the ground. Fire untilthe heads of the attacking troops touch this line.—

Method I I . An objection to the previous meth-od is that only three safety angles are given. Thisis unsound because the safety angle should vary

in range. Yet it is imprac-ith every variationticable to memorize an angle for each range.

This difficulty is overcome by the followingmethod :

The glass is so held that the line on the rangecorrector scale corresponding to the range to the

target cuts the target. The observer then determinesthe line on the ground that is cut by the scale ata range 400 yards greater than that to the target.This is the safety limit and firing must cease whenthe heads of friendly troops appear on this line.

Example: Range to target 800 yards.Place the 800 line of the range scale

on the target T.Observe where the 1,200 line of the range scale cutsthe ground.

Fire until the attacking troops cut this line.—Method 111. Automatic Sight Correction.In the methods given above the controller

alone knows how far it is safe to support the ad-vance. If he should become a casualty, the firerwill be in danger either of supporting the advancebeyond the safety limit, or of ceasing fire too soon.This difficulty is overcome by the following method :





50

point, No. 2 gun to another point, etc. On theother hand a platoon leader directing a sergeantto occupy a position at some distance might givedirections as to the best method of approachingthe position, where he possessed detailed informa-tion not in possession of the sergeant.

The range is simply designated as "Range800." It is unnecessary to say 800 meters. Wherewindage is required the command would be "Range

800, Right 2 (or Left 3).The target is designated exactly as in giving

commands to a rifle company.The class of fire is designated as follows:

Fixed fire.Distributed fire.Searching fire.Ranging fire.Combined sights, No. 1 (or No. 4) gun Range 800

add 50. No. 2 gun uses 850, No. 3 900, etc.Swinging traverse.

In distributed or searching fire the number ofmils that it is desired to cover may be designatedby the commands "Distribute 20 right. Searchup 2 and down 2."

Number of rounds may be designated as 100rounds, 20 rounds, 2 belts.

Where i t is desired to open fire at once thecommand or signal "Commence firing" will begiven. Where fire is not to be opened at once theorders may be "Open fire on my signal" or "Openfire at 8:45."

The fire orders of the captain or major willusually be in the form of directions rather thancommands. Platoon and section leaders may useeither directions or commands, depending upon thesituation. The gun commander will always givehis fire orders in the form of commands.



I

51

Examples of fire orders:Range 800,

left3.

Reference point at 2:00 o'clock a stone houseTarget at 3:00 o'clock a squad column.

Fixed fire.Forty rounds.Commence firing.

Range 1,000, right 2.Target a^ ll:00 o'clock a column of infantry.

Distribute 20mils,

searchup

10 mils.Two belts.Commence firing.

Combined sights, No. 1 gun Range 600, add 100Target, column of cavalry.Fixed fire.One belt.Signal when ready. Open fire on my signal.



Refe rence SheetsFOR —

T. T. 27, October 9, a.m., 1919. Line Class.T. T. 35, October 16, a.m., 1919.— Staff Class.—

Conference. Indirect Fire of Machine Guns, Part 1.—References. Supplement to Machine Gun Drill Regulations,

1917—Pages 142 to 179, and 185 to 187.

Equipment Required at Conference:Lessons sheets.Map of Fort Leavenworth and Vicinity,Protractor graduated in mils.



*

Lesson SheetsFO R

T. T. 27, October 9, a.m., 1919.—Line Class.T. T. 35, October 16, a.m., 1919.— Staff Class.—

Conference. Indirect Fire of Machine Guns, Part 1.



Fire Direction No. 2Indirect Fire— Part 1

1. Indirect fire is fire directed by any othermeans than by laying the gun over the sights on tothe target.

Indirect fire may be carried out by guns con-

# trolled:(1) Singly.

(2) By platoons.In laying single guns there are four principal

operations :

1. Laying. the gun in direction.2. Laying the gun for elevation.3. Determination of the ability to clear ob-

structions.

4.

'Determination of the ability to fire safely

over friendly troops.In laying guns by platoons, in addition to the

above, there are the following factors:1. The distribution of the fire of the platoon

along any line.2. The concentration of the fire of the platoon

on any point or locality.

Indirect Fire of Guns Controlled Singly

2. With a Map

To obtain direction:—Method I. By map and compass

1. The position of the gun on the ground mustbe accurately located on the map. This is done

either :(a) From comparison of the detail of the

ground with the detail of the map.(b) By resection.

2. Find the magnetic bearing from the gun tothe target. Proceed as follows:

55



56

(a) Draw a line on the map from gun po-sition to the target.

(b) With the protractor measure the anglethis line makes with the north andsouth grid line.

(c) Add or subtract the magnetic declin-ation to or from the above angle. This*gives the magnetic bearing.

3. Lay the gun on the magnetic bearing asfol-lows :

Place a stake about six inches high in the gunposition. Place the compass on top of the stakeand rotate it until it gives the required bearing.Place an aiming post in line with this bearing.Place the gun with the center of the socket exactlyover the stake, and lay on the aiming post.—

Method I I . B y map and reference object.

Target Reference Object

1. Locate accurately oh the map the positionof the gun on the ground.

2. Select a reference object which is shown on

the map and is plainly visible from the gun posi-tion.



4. QUADRANT ANGLE IN MILSKNOWING RANGE AND V. I. (Both in Meters). TABLE No. IV.TARGET BELOW GUN

Based on Experimental firing at Springfield Armory during September, 1918—U. S. CaL .30—Model 1906—150 grain bullet.

o100155200255

300355400455500

555600655700766

800855900955

10000

11010120201808014040ISOSO

1606017070180801909020000

V.I ..I.

——49.29.299.29.2

—149.2149.2—199.2199.2

10.0.

10000

——23.33.3———48.38.3

78.38.398.38.3

—123.8123.8

—148.8148.8—178.3178.3—198.3198.3

5..

20000

——14.04.0—30.60.6—47.37.3—64.04.0—80.10.1

97.37.3—114.0114.0—130.1130.1—147.8147.8—164.0164.0

—180.1180.1—197.8197.8—214.0214.0

3.8.8

80000

—8.6.6—21.11.1

33.63.6—46.16.1—58.68.6—71.11.1—83.63.696.16.1

—108.6108.6—121.1121.1

—133.6133.6-r-146.1r-146.1—158.6158.6—171.1171.1—183.6183.6

—196.1196.1—208.6208.6—221.1221.1—233.6233.6—246.1246.1

—271.1271.1—296.1296.1—321.1321.1—346.1346.1—371.1371.1

—396.1396.1—421.1421.1—446.1446.1

171.171.1—496.0496.0

2.6.6

40000

—4.7.7—14.74.7—24.74.7—34.74.7—44.74.7

—64.74.7—64.74.7———74.74.784.74.794.74.7

—104.7104.7—114.7114.7—124.7124.7—134.7134.7—144.7144.7

—154.7154.7—164.7164.7—174.7174.7—184.7184.7—194.7194.7

—214.7214.7—234.7234.7—254.7254.7—274.7274.7—294.7294.7

—314.7314.7—334.7334.7—364.7364.7—374.7374.7—394.7394.7

2..

60000

—1.4.49.8.8———18.18.1

26.46.484.74.7———43.13.1—61.41.4—59.89.8—68.18.1—76.46.4—84.84.893.13.1

—101.4101.4—109.8109.8—118.1118.1

—126.4126.4—184.8184.8—143.1143.1—161.4161.4—159.8159.8

—176.6176.6—193.1193.1—209.8209.8—226.4226.4—243.1243.1

—269.8269.8—276.4276.4—293.1293.1—309.7309.7—826.3826.3

1.6.6

60000

+ 1.7.7——5.48.48—12.62.6—19.89.8—26.96.9—

34.04.0—41.21.2—48.38.3—65.55.5—62.62.6—69.89.8—76.96.9—84.04.0—91.21.298.88.8

—105.6105.6—112.6112.6—119.8119.8—126.9126.9—134.0134.0

—148.3148.3—162.5162.5—176.8176.8—191.1191.1—205.4205.4

—219.7219.7—234.0234.0—248.8248.8—262.5262.5—276.7276.7

1.4.4

70000

+ 4.8.81.6.6——7.7.7—14.04.0—20.20.2

———26.56.532.72.7—39.09.0—46.26.2—61.51.5—57.77.7—64.04.0—70.20.276.66.6—82.72.7—89.09.095.25.2

—101.5101.5—107.7107.7—114.0114.0

—126.5126.5—139.0139.0—151.6151.6—164.0164.0—176.5176.5

—189.0189.0—201.6201.6—214.0214.0—226.5226.5—259.0259.0

1.2.2

80000

f 8.1.1+ 2.6.68.0.08.6.6—14.14.1—19.79.7—26.26.2—80.80.8—36.46.4—41.91.9—47.57.5—68.08.0—68.68.6—64.14.1—69.79.7

—75.25.2———80.80.886.46.4—91.91.997.57.5

—108.6108.6—119.7119.7—130.8130.8—141.9141.9—153.0153.0

—164.0164.0—176.0176.0—186.0186.0—197.6197.6—208.0208.0

1.1.1

90000

+ 11.61.66.6.6+ 1.6.68.4.48.4.4——13.43.4—18.48.4—28.48.4—28.48.4—83.43.4—38.48.4—

43.43.4—48.48.4—63.43.4—68.48.4

———63.43.468.48.4—78.48.4—78.48.4—83.43.4

—98.48.41C3.4C3.4—113.4113.4—123.4123.4—188.4188.4

—148.4148.4—168.4168.4—163.4163.4—178.4178.4—183.4183.4

1..

1000000

++15.65.611.11.1

6.6.6+ 2.1.12.8.8—6.8.8—

11.31.3———16.86.820.30.3—24.74.7—29.29.2—33.73.7———38.28.242.72.7—47.17.1—61.61.6—66.16.1—60.60.6—65.15.169.59.5—

——78.08.0—87.07.096.06.0

—106.0106.0—114.0114.0

—123.0123.0—132.0132.0—141.0141.0—160.0160.0—169.0169.0

1100100

++ 16.96.920.10.1

+-- 11.71.77.5.5+ 3.3.3

+ 0.9.96.1.1—9.3.3——13.53.5—17.77.7

———21.91.926.16.1———30.30.384.54.5—38.78.7

—42.92.9———47.17.151.31.3—66.56.5—69.79.7

—68.18.1—76.56.5—84.94.993.33.3

—101.7101.7

-106.1106.1—110.5110.5—114.9114.9—119.3119.3—123.7123.7

.88

1200200

+-- 26.36.3---21.51.5--- 17.77.7--- 13.93.9

10.10.1

+ 6.3.3+ 2.5.51.3.3——5.1.18.9.9—

———12.72.716.56.5—20.30.3—24.14.1—27.97.981.71.7———36.66.6—39.39.3—48.18.1—46.96.9

—54.54.5—62.12.1—69.79.7—77.37.3—84.94.9

—92.62.698.18.1

—106.7106.7—118.3118.3—120.9120.9

.1515

1300300

+ 81.01.027.47.4

4-- 28.88.84-- 2U.2U.24-- 16.66.6

+ 13.03.09.4.4

4- 6.8.84- 2.2.2

1.4.4—6.0.06.6.6—12.22.2—15.85.8—19.49.4—23.03.0—26.66.6—80.20.2—

83.83.8—87.47.4

—44.64.6—61.81.869.09.0—66.26.273.43.4———80.60.6—87.87.896.06.0

—102.2102.2—109.4109.4

.77

1400400

++ 87.57.534.24.2

4-- 30.90.9

+-- 27.67.624.84.8

+-- 21.01.0--- 17.77.7

+14.44.411.11.17.8.8

+ 4.6.6+ 1.2.22.1.1——6.4.48.7.7———12.02.0———15.35.3

18.68.6—21.91.9—26.26.2

—81.81.8———38.48.446.06.0—51.61.6—68.28.2—64.84.8—71.41.4—78.08.0—84.64.691.21.2

.6565

1500500

++++

+ 44.74.741.61.688.68.636.46.482.32.3

+++++ 16.86.819.99.9

29.29.226.16.123.03.0

+++13.73.710.60.67.6.6+ 4.4.4+ 1.3.3—1.8.84.9.98.0.0——11.11.1

14.24.2—

——20.40.4—26.66.6—32.82.8—39.09.046.26.2———61.41.4—57.67.6—68.88.8—70.00.076.26.2

.66

1600600

+++++46.96.944.04.041.11.1

52.72.749.89.8

-ff-- 88.28.2--- 36.36.3--- 32.42.4---29.59.526.66.6

++++

4--17.97.915.05.0

28.78.720.80.8

12.12.1

+ 9.2.24- 6.3.3+ 3.4.44- 0.6.6

2.4.4—8.2.2—14.04.0—19.89.8—25.65.6—31.41.4—87.27.2———48.08.0

48.88.8—54.64.660.40.4

.66

1700700

+ 61.71.7

+-- 68.98.966.16.1

4-- 68.88.8----- 60.60.6--- 47.77.744.94.9-42.12.1-89.39.34-- 86.56.5

+ 83.73.74-- 80.90.9++4-- 28.18.1

26.36.322.62.6--19.79.7---- 16.96.9

--- 14.14.1--- 11.31.38.6.6

+ 2.9.92.7.78.3.3—18.98.9—19.69.6—25.15.1—80.70.7—36.36.3—41.91.9

47.57.5

.5555

1800800

+++++

71.11.168.58.565.95.963.33.360.70.7

----- 58.18.1--- 56.56.5--- 62.92.9--- 60.30.3--- 47.77.7

--- 45.15.1--- 42.52.5--- 89.99.9--- 87.87.884.74.7

+ 29.59.532.12.1

4-- 26.96.94-- 24.84.84-- 21.71.7

+++16.56.511.31.36.1.1+ •»»4.3.3—9.5.5—14.74.7———19.99.9

25.15.130.30.3

.55

1900900

+++++

81.51.579.09.076.56.574.04.071.61.6

+++++

69.09.066.56.564.04.061.61.669.09.0

+ 66.66.6------64.04.0--- 61.61.6

+ 49.09.046.56.5

++

++

+89.09.086.56.5

44.04.041.61.6

34.04.0

+++++19.09.0

29.09.024.04.0

14.04.09.0.0

+ 4.0.0——1.0.06.0.0—11.01.0

16.06.0

.55

2000000

+++++88.68.686.26.2

9J.4J.491.01.0

83.83.8+--- 81.41.4+ 79.09.0

76.66.63----- 74.24.2

71.81.8----- 69.49.4--- 67.07.0--- 64.64.6--- 62.22.2---69.89.8

67.47.4---- 65.05.0--- 62.62.6--- 60.20.247.87.8

+++++

43.03.038.28.233.43.428.68.623.83.8

++ 19.09.014.24.2

4- 9.4.4+ 4.6.60.2.2

.4545

2100100

+107.4107.4+106.1106.1+102.802.8+100.6100.6+ 98.28.2+++

95.95.998.68.691.31.3

4-- 89.09.04-- 86.76.7+-- 84.44.4--- 82.12.1--- 79.89.8--- 77.67.6--- 75.25.2

---72.92.9--- 70.60.6--- 68.88.8--- 66.06.0

68.78.7

-----69.19.1--- 64.74.7---60.10.1---46.56.540.80.8

-----86.26.2---81.61.6--- 27.07.0--- 22.42.417.77.7

.4545

2200200

+125.1125.1-122.9122.9

-120.7120.7-118.518.5

-116.8116.8

+114.1114.1+111.9111.9+109.7109.7+107.6107.6+105.8105.8---108.1108.1----100.9100.9--- 98.78.7---96.56.5

94.84.8----- 92.12.1--- 89.99.9--- 87.77.7--- 86.66.6--- 83.83.8

--- 78.88.8--- 74.64.6--- 70.10.1

66.76.7--- 61.81.8

--- 56.96.9--- 52.52.5--- 48.18.1--- 43.73.789.39.3

.44

2300300

+149.4149.4+147.8147.8+146.246.2+148.1148.1+141.0141.0

+138.9138.9+136.8136.8+134.7134.7+132.6132.6+130.630.6

+128.4128.4+126.3126.3+124.2124.2+122.1122.1+120.0120.0+117.917.9+116.8116.84-113.7-113.74-111.6-111.6+109.6109.6

+106.3106.3+101.1101.1+++

96.96.992.72.788.58.5

+++++ 80.10.1

76.96.971.71.767.67.6

84.34.3

.44

2400400

+180.3180.3+178.3178.3+176.3176.3+174.3174.3+172.3172.3

+170.3170.3+168.3168.3+166.366.3+164.3164.3+162.3162.3

+160.3160.3-158.3158.3

-156.3156.3-154.3154.3-152.8152.8

+150.3150.3+148.3148.3+146.8146.8+144.3144.3+142.3142.3

+138.3138.3+134.3134.34-180.8-180.84-126.3-126.3+122.8122.8

+118.8118.8+114.8114.8+110.3110.3+106.8106.8-1C2.31C2.3

.44

2500500

+217.6217.6+216.5216.5+218.6218.6+211.6211.6+209.5209.5

+207.6207.6+205.6205.6+203.6203.6

+201.5201.5+199.6199.6

+197.6197.6--195.5195.5

-193.6193.6-191.6191.6

-189.5189.5+187.6187.6+185.5185.5+183.583.5+181.5181.5+179.6179.6

+176.5176.5+171.5171.5+167.5167.5+163.5163.5+159.6159.6

+156.5156.5+151.6151.6+147.5147.5+143.6143.6+139.5139.5

.44

2600600

5 QUADRANTUADRANT ANGLENGLE INN MILSILS KNOWINGNOWING RANGEANGE ANDND V.. I. . (BothBoth inn meters)eters) Tableable No.o. 11l1lTARGETARGET ABOVEBOVE GUNUN

Basedasedasedased let.et.mm bullull150150 gnnModelModel 1906—906—al.al.al.al. .3030-v.v. s.. ctember,tember,, 1918—918—918—918—inging Sepepryry dururdd Arm<rm<ringfielringfielgg atttt Sppll Firinjirinjimenttimenttnn Expeixpeinn Experimentalxperimental Firingiring Springfieldpringfield Armoryrmory duringuring September,eptember, U.. S.. .30—30—Modelodel 1906—150906—150 grainrain bullet.ullet.ii

V. I ..I..I..I.

1

100000000

10.0.0.0. 5....

200000000

3.3.3.3.3

300000000

2.5.5.5.5

400000000

2....

500000000

1.6.6.6.6

600000000

1.4.4.4.4

700000000

1.2.2.2.2

800000000

1.1.1.1.1

900000000

1....

1000000000000

.9999

1100100100100

.8888

1200200200200

.75.75.75.75.

1300300300300

.7777

1400400400400

.65656565

1500500500500

5625625625625

1600600600600

.59595959

1700700700700

.55555555

1800800800800

.5555

1900900900900

.5555

2000000000000

.45454545

2100100100100

.45454545

2200200200200

.4444

2300300300300

.4444

2400400400400

.4444

2500500500500

.4444

2600600600600

800855900955

10000

655600655700766

300355400455500

6100155200255

50.80.8100.800.8150.850.8200.800.8250.850.8

151.751.7176.776.7201.701.7226.726.7261.761.7

26.76.761.71.776.76.7

101.701.7126.726.7

186.786.7202.702.7219.419.4285.785.7

102.702.7119.419.4186.786.7162.762.7169.469.4

19.49.485.75.752.72.769.49.486.76.7

203.903.9216.416.4228.928.9241.441.4253.953.9

141.441.4153.953.9166.466.4178.978.9191.491.4

78.98.991.41.4

108.908.9116.416.4128.928.9

16.46.428.98.941.41.463.93.9666 4

165.365.3175.375.3185.385.3195.395.3206.306.3

115.315.3126.826.8136.336.3145.345.3155.355.3

65.85.875.85.885.35.395.35.3

105.305.3

15.35.325.35.335.35.345.35.355.35.3

140.240.2148.648.6156.956.9165.265.2178.678.6

98.68.6106.906.9115.215.2123.623.6131.931.9

56.96.965.25.273.63.681.91.990.20.2

15.25.223.53.531.91.940.20.248.68.6

128.128.1ISO.?SO.?187.487.4144.644.6161.761.7

87.47.494.64.6

101.701.7108.808.8116.016.0

61.71.758.88.866.96.973.13.180.20.2

16.96.923.13.130.20.237.47.444.54.5

111.011.0-117.3117.3

123.523.5129.829.8136.036.0

79.89.886.06.092.32.398.58.5

104.804.8

45.55.554.84.861.01.067.37.373.53.5

17.37.323.53.529.89.836.06.042.32.3

102.402.4107.907.9113.613.6119.019.0124.624.6

74.74.780.20.286.86.891.41.496.96.9

46.96.962.52.558.08.063.63.669.19.1

19.29.224.74.730.30.335.85.841.41.4

96.66.6101.601.6106.606.6111.611.6116.616.6

71.61.676.66.681.61.686.66.691.61.6

46.66.651.61.656.66.661.61.666.66.6

21.61.626.66.631.61.636.66.641.61.6

92.72.797.37.3

101.801.8106.406.4110.910.9

70.00.074.64.679.19.183.73.788.28.2

47.37.351.91.956.46.461.01.065.65.6

24.64.629.29.233.73.788.38.342.82.8

90.80.894.94.999.19.1

103.203.2107.407.4

70.00.074.14.178.38.382.42.486.66.6

49.39.353.33.367.57.561.61.665.85.8

28.58.532.42.436.86.840.90.945.15.1

90.50.594.44.498.28.2

102.102.1105.805.8

71.31.375.25.279.09.082.92.986.76.7

52.12.156.06.059.89.863.73.767.67.6

32.92.936.86.840.60.644.54.548.38.3

91.71.795.35.398.98.9

102.402.4106.906.9

73.93.977.47.481.01.084.64.688.28.2

56.06.059.69.663.23.266.76.770.80.8

38.28.241.71.745.35.348.98.952.52.5

94.14.197.47.4

100.700.7104.104.1107.407.4

• 77.47.480.80.884.14.187.47.490.80.8

60.80.864.14.167.47.470.80.874.14.1

44.14.147.57.550.80.864.14.157.57.5

97.67.6100.700.7103.803.8106.906.9110.010.0

82.12.185.25.28=1.3=1.3

91.41.494.54.5

66.46.469.59.572.62.675.95.979.09.0

60.90.954.04.057.17.160.20.263.33.3

102.702.7105.505.51P8.5P8.5111.511.5114.414.4-

87.97.990.80.893.83.896.86.899.79.7

73.23.275.25.279.19.182.12.186.06.0

58.68.661.51.564.44.467.47.470.30.3

109.109.1111.811.8114.614.6117.417.4120.220.2

95.25.297.97.9

100.700.7103.503.5106.306.3

81.21.284.04.086.86.889.69.692.42.4

67.37.370.10.172.92.975.75.7

-78.58.5

115.315.3117.917.9120.620.6123.123.1125.725.7

102.302.3104.904.9107.507.5110.110.1112.712.7

89.39.391.91.994.54.597.17.199.79.7

76.36.378.98.981.51.584.14.186.76.7

124.024.0126.626.6129.029.0131.531.5134.034.0

111.511.5114.014.0116.516.5119.019.0121.521.5

99.09.0101.601.6104.004.0106.506.5109.009.0

86.56.589.09.091.51.594.04.096.56.5

134.034.0186.486.4138.838.8141.141.1143.543.5

122.022.0124.424.4126.826.8129.229.2131.631.6

110.110.1112.512.5114.914.9117.817.8119.719.7

98.28.2100.600.6103.003.0105.405.4107.807.8

147.847.8149.549.5151.851.8154.154.1166.466.4

134.934.9187.287.2139.439.4141.741.7145.045.0

123.423.4125.725.7128.028.0180.280.2132.632.6

112.012.0114.314.3116.616.6118.918.9121.921.9

161.961.9164.164.1166.366.3168.468.4170.670.6

151.151.1153.253.2155.455.4167.667.6159.859.8

140.440.4142.642.6144.844.8147.047.0148.948.9

129.529.5131.731.7133.933.9136.136.1138.338.3

185.085.0187.187.1189.289.2191.391.3193.493.4

174.674.6176.676.6178.878.8180.880.8

182.982.9

164.064.0166.166.1168.268.2170.370.3172.472.4

153.653.61R6.7R6.7157.857.8159.959.9161.961.9

214.314.321fi.31fi.3218.318.3220.320.3224.324.3

204.304.3206.306.3208.308.3210.310.3212.312.3

194.394.3196.396.3198.398.3200.800.8202.302.3

184.384.3186.386.3188.388.3190.390.3192.392.3

251.451.4£53.453.4255.455.4257.457.4259.459.4

241.441.4243.443.4245.445.4247.447.4

249.449.4

231.631.6233.533.5235.535.5237.637.6239.539.5

221.521.5223.523.5225.625.6227.527.5229.529.5

1606017070130301909020000

1101012020130301404015050

825.325.3345.345.3866.366.3385.385.3406.306.3

225.325.3246.346.3265.365.3285.385.3805.305.3

273.673.6290.290.2806.906.9323.623.6840.240.2

190.290.2206.906.9223.623.62*0.2*0.2256.956.9

237.437.4251.751.7266.066.02R0.2R0.2294.594.5

166.066.0180.880.8194.694.6208.808.8223.123.1

211.011.0223.523.5236.036.0248.548.5261.061.0

148.548.5161.061.0173.673.6186.086.0198.698.6

191.291.2202.302.3213.413.4224.524.5235.635.6

185.785.7146.846.8157.957.9169.069.0180.180.1

176.676.6186.686.6196.696.6206.606.6216.616.6

126.626.6136.636.6146.646.61*6.6*6.6166.666.6

165.465.4174.574.5183.583.5192.692.6201.701.7

120.020.0129.129.1138.138.1147.247.2156.356.3

157.357.3165.665.6174.074.0182.382.3190.690.6

115.715.7124.024.0132.332.3140.740.7149.049.0

151.951.9159.659.6167.267.2174.974.9182.682.6

113.613.6121.221.2128.828.8136.536.5144.244.2

148.748.71F5.9F5.9163.063.0170.270.2177.377.3

113.013.0120.220.2127.027.0184.684.6141.641.6

147.447.4154.054.0160.760.7167.367.3174.074.0

114.114.1120.720.7127.427.4134.034.0140.740.7

147.247.2153.453.4159.659.6165.865.8172.072.0

116.216.2122.422.41?8.6?8.6134.834.8141.041.0

149.749.71R5.6R5.61*1.4*1.4167.367.3173.373.3

120.320.3J26.226.2132.032.0187.987.9143.843.8

153.753.7159.859.8164.864.8170.470.4176.076.0

125.825.8131.431.4137.037.0142.542.5148.148.1

157.457.4162.762.7lfiK.OfiK.O173.373.3178.678.6

131.031.0136.336.3141.641.6146.946.9152.252.2

184.084.0169.069.01^4.0^4.0179.079.0184.084.0

139.039.0144.044.0149.049.0154.054.0159.059.0

172.272.2177.077.0181.881.8186.686.6191.491.4

148.348.3153.153.1157.957.9162.762.7167.567.5

183.983.918«.58«.5191.091.0195.695.6200.200.2

161.061.0166.666.6170.270.2174.774.7179.879.8

197.097.0201.301.3205.705.7210.110.1214.514.5

175.075.0179.479.4183.883.818<».28<».2

192.692.6218.518.5?22.722.7226.926.9231.131.1235.335.3

197.697.6201.801.8206.006.0210.110.1214.814.8

248.848.82R2.3R2.3256.356.32*0.3*0.3264.364.3

228.328.3232.332.3236.336.3240.340.3244.344.3

283.283.2P87.287.2291.291.2205.205.2299.299.2

263.363.3267.367.3271.871.8275.875.8279.379.3

Too faceace 677



57

3. Draw lines from the gun position to the

target and from the gun position to the referenceobject. With a protractor, measure the angle

formed by these lines.

4. Lay the gun on the reference object and turnoff on the traversing dial an angle equal to theangle measured with the protractor. The gun willthen be layed in the direction of the target.

3. To Obtain Elevation

1. On the map, measure the range from thegun to the target and note:

(a) The gun contour.(b) The target contour.

The difference between the gun contour and thetarget contour is the vertical interval (V. I.)

2. Find the angle of site by the following for-mula:

Angle of site in mils equals

Vertical interval X 1000

Range

3. From the Range Table find the Angle ofElevation corresponding to the range. Then deter-mine the Quadrant Elevation from the following

formula :

Quadrant Elevation equals Angle of Elevation ± Angle

of Site.In order to save calculating the angle of site

and combining i t with the angle of elevation tofind the angle of quadrant elevation, the two preced-ing tables have been compiled.



58

Indirect Fire of Guns Controlled in Platoons

6. All the guns of one platoon are placed asnearly on a line as practicable. The guns arenumbered from right to left. The position of onegun, known as the directing gun, is accurately lo-cated on the map. The left gun is usually used asthe directing gun. All of the guns of the platoonare laid on parallel lines of fire initially, and zeroaiming posts are placed in position. These lines arecalled the zero lines of fire of the platoon, and formthe basis from which the line of fire of each gun istaken. The choice of the zero line is arbitrary,but i f the left gun is the directing gun, it is gener-ally the line from the left gun to the left end ofthe principal target.

The guns of a platoon are laid parallel as fol-lows: —

7. By Compass. The compass bearing whichit is desired to give the directing gun is determined.All guns are then given this same bearing.

This system is useful when it is impossible toobtain a suitable reference object or it is impos-

sible to place the guns approximately in line.8. By Reference Object. —When all of the guns

are laid on the reference object the guns are notparallel unless the reference object is at an infinitedistance or is in direct prolongation of the line ofguns.



59

H T S GThe figure shows the guns of a platoon:

(a) Laid on the R. 0 . at P.(b) After distribution to obtain parallel-

ism.Parallax is the angle at any point subtended by

any given line.The angle of parallax for the platoon equals

angle HPG.To obtain the parallax for any gun, measure

the angle HPG and divide it by the number of gun

intervals: then multiply the result by the numberof the gun from the directing gun. Thus the paral-lax of the gun at T is of the angle HPG and theparallax of the gun at S is % of the angle HPG.The angle HPG may be measured on the map witha protractor or calculated by the mil formula, butthe usual and more accurate way is to measure it

by "reciprocal laying."In "reciprocal laying" the flank guns lay on

each other and then on the reference object, noting

the angle, thus swung through. This measures the

angles PHG and PGH. By adding these two angles

*







62

HT S GOb/ique Target

The preceding figures show the lines of fire ofa platoon:

(a) On their parallel zero lines with the

directing gun on the left end of the

target.(b ) After distribution of fire along (1) a

frontal target, (2) an oblique target.•The angle BGg is the angle of distribution of

the platoon for the target AB.The angle DTt is the angle of distribution' for

the gun at T, and is \ of the angle of distributionof the platoon.

To find the angle of distribution for the targetAB:

Subtract the frontage of the platoon HG fromthe width of the target AB. This gives gB.

Find from the mil formula what angle the linegB subtends at the range HA. This is the angleof distribution for the platoon.



63

Divide this angle by the number of gun intervals. The angle obtained is the angle of distributionfor the gun at T.

Where the oblique target makes an angle within the line of fire that is not between 1330 and1870 it is necessary to draw a line AO perpendicular to the line of fire and consider the lengthAO instead of AB in determining the angle of distribution. In the same way i f the line of the platoon makes an angle with the line of fire that is notbetween 1330 and 1870 mils a perpendicular to theline of fire must be used instead of the length HG.

11. Concentration of FireWhere the frontage of the target, as viewed

from the platoon, is less than that of the platoon,

it is necessary to concentrate the fire from theirparallel lines. In that case the frontage of thetarget is subtracted from the frontage of the pla-toon. The angle is then determined as above but theparallel lines concentrated instead of being distributed.

12. Maintaining Laying

After a gun has been laid for direction andelevation by any of the means heretofore described,an aiming post is put out in order to maintain thedirection and elevation. Without moving the gun,the rear sight slide is run up until the sights arealigned on the bulls-eye on the aiming post, andthe laying is maintained by relaying on the bulls-eye between bursts.

In addition the elevation should be checked atleast twice for each belt fired by means of the clinometer. Accurate relaying on the aiming markbetween bursts is one of the most important conditions for accurate indirect fire.



64

13. Clearing ObstructionsIn

all cases where an obstruction exists be-tween the gun and target, i t is necessary to ensurethat the shots will clear the obstruction beforeopening fire.—

Case I . When the obstruction is visible andnot more than 100 meters from the gun.

Lay the gun with the correct elevation to fireon the target and look through the bore. If theaxis of the bore clears the obstruction i t is possibleto fire on the target.—

Case I I . When the obstruction is visible butmore than 100 meters from the gun.

Lay the gun on the target. Without changingthe laying of the gun, set the sight at the rangeto the obstruction. I f the line of aim now clears

the obstruction it is possible to fire on the target.—Case 111. When the obstruction is invisible.Height of ordinate at obstruction equals—

Quadrant Elevation TangentElevation to obstruction) x Range to obstruction.

1000

This may be obtained from Table of Ordinates forpositive quadrant elevation but must be calculatedfor negative. Having obtained height of ordinateat the range to the obstruction compare it withthe height of the obstruction.

The simplest method is to use the trajectorygraph.

14. Use of Trajectory Graphs

To find the quadrant elevation:(1) Take the range to the target in meters and

move up or down this vertical range lineuntil the horizontal line is crossed whichrepresents the height of the target aboveor below the gun.



65

(2) Take the trajectory through this point and

follow it down or up until it crosses theline of zero elevation. The intersection ofthis line will show the equivalent rangerequired. If the intersection falls betweentwo vertical range lines, estimate the frac-tional part of the hundred meters.

(3) Look in the "Range Table" and obtain the

angle of elevation in mils corresponding tothe equivalent range. This angle can beobtained from the graph but for the ex-treme ranges not with the same degree ofaccuracy as from the table.

15. To find clearance of obstruction or friendlytroops :

Follow thetrajectory along

andascertain

atwhat height it passes vertically above a point plot-ted to show distance and height (above or belowgun) of an obstruction or friendly troops.Example: Range to gun 1800 meters.

Height of target above gun 80 meters.Obstruction 40 meters high at range of 1200

meters.To find

thequadrant elevation:

Follow up the 1800 meter vertical line untilit cuts the horizontal line marked 80 meters. Takethe trajectory through this point and follow it

down until i t crosses the line for zero elevation at2160 meters. Reading the quadrant elevation byfollowing the trajectory to the bottom of the graphgives the quadrant elevation 116 mils.

To find the clearance:Follow the 2160 meter trajectory back to the

1200 meter range line. It intersects this line al-most at the 100' meter horizontal line, giving aheight of 100 meters. Since the obstruction isonly 40 meters high at this point it clears i t by60 meters.



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Reference SheetsFOR

T. T. 29, October 10, a.m., 1919.— Line Class.T. T. 36, October 17, a.m., 1919.— Staff Class.—


—References. Supplement to Machine Gun Drill Regulations,1917— Pages 179 to 185, 188 to 208, 48 to 58, 281 to 297.

Required at Conference:Lesson Sheets.Supplement to Machine Gun Drill Regulations, 1917.Map of Fort Leaven worth and Vicinity,Protractor graduated in mils.



Lesson SheetsFO R

T.T.

29,October 10, a.m., 1919.— Line Class.T. T. 36, October 17, a.m., 1919.— Staff Class.—




69

FIRE DIRECTION No. 3

—Indirect Fire Part I I

1. Indirect Overhead Fire.The clearance at any point over which fire is

being directed is the vertical distance of the centerof the cone above that point.

The procedure for finding clearance over friend-

ly troops is exactly the same as that describedunder "Clearing Obstructions." Owing to its con-venience, the graph is the usual method employed.

When indirect fire is carried out over friendlytroops, the following rules must be adhered to inorder to ensure the safety of the troops:

1. The following minimum clearance of thecenter of the cone

arerequired:

Minimum Clearanceinimum orlearance orSafety Angleafety Angle

Range to Friendly Troopsange to Friendly TroopsMeters Milseters Mils

500 meters and under00 meters and under 100500 meters to 900 meters00 meters to 900 meters 200900 meters to 1400 meters00 meters to 1400 meters 277.400 meters to 1800 meters400 meters to 1800 meters 400)ver

1800ver meters

800meters

Don't fireon't fireThe safety clearances are based on:(a) A possible 5% error in obtaining range

from map.(b) A possible 10% error in range due to worn

barrel, bad holding, etc.(c) A possible error of 11 mils, in play of the

tripod.(d) Allowance' for the lowest shot of the cone.2. Steps must be taken to prevent such ex-

tremes of traversing and searching as would violateabove safety angles. This can best be accomplishedby using traversing and elevating stops.

<i



70

3. Calculations must be carefully checked and

atmospheric conditions allowed for.4. A rigid firing platform is essential. This isobtained by using the T base. Accuracy of clino-meters should be tested frequently.

5. Elevations must be checked frequently byuse of the clinometer.

6. Personnel must be highly trained in rapidand accurate aiming and relaying.

7. Maps must be accurate and the scale notsmaller than 3 inches to the mile.

8. Worn barrels and tripods must not be used.Barrels that have fired more than 14,000 roundsare unsafe.

9. Friendly troops should be warned when fir-ing is going to take place.

2. Searching Reverse SlopesIn order to search a reverse slope effectively,

the gun must be placed at such a distance from thecrest that the fall of the bullet is slightly steeperthan the slope of the ground. If the reverse slopehad no inequalities or shell holes the maximum re-sult would be obtained when the fall of the bulletwas exactly the same as the slope of the ground asin that case perfectly grazing fire would be possible.Since there are inequalities, however, the best re-sults will be obtained when the fall of the bulletis greater than the slope of the ground. The bestangle of impact is one that approximates 45 mils.Any angle between 30 and 60 mils gives excellent

results and good results can be ' obtained with anyangle between 15 and 75 mils.

There are two problems that may arise inconnection with searching reverse slopes.

1. To determine the searching powers of a gunin position.



71

2. To find the best position from which to

search a reverseslope.

The graph for searching reverse slopes enablesone to meet both of these problems. See page 344,Supplement to M. G. Drill Regulations, 1917.

The graph comprises a series of curves repre-senting various reverse slopes from 1 in 100 (10mils) to 15 in 100 (150 mils). Ranges are repre-sented by vertical lines. The points at which theslope curves cut the thick central horizontal line in-dicate ranges at which an angle of impact of 45mils is obtained on various slopes with the gun andtarget on the same level. The diagonal lines repre-sent the angle of impact when firing at any range,at any vertical interval, on any slope.

When reading the graph it should be borne in

mind that the slope curves represent an angle ofimpact of 45 mils throughout their length, readingalong the curves. Also, the diagonal lines, repre-senting the angles of impact, give the angle whenreading along the vertical range lines.

To Determine the Searching Powers of a Gunin Position

1. Find the point at which slope curve crossesthe vertical range line.

2. Then i f the gun is below the crest of the

target, move down the range line from this pointthe required vertical interval. I f the gun is abovethe crest, move up the range line.

3. The angle of impact obtained by firing at

that range with that vertical interval on that par-ticular slope can be read off along the diagonallines.

Example: A reverse of slope of 12 on 100 is1800 meters from the gun, the crest of the slope tobe searched is 30 meters above the gun. Can the





73

Graph for searching reverse slopes

RANGE I N METEffSM » nee goo goo noo &> ttoo noo mo *<» *>»

I

Searching

ReverseSlopes i

Brow/t/0fMacktift Cktfr"\u25a0%\u25a0

3. Night FiringWhen machine gun fire is to be carried out at

night, the gun position should be located by dayas i t is usually impossible to locate i t accurately at



74

night. When practicable the gun should be putin position and laid by day and aiming marks placed.

The most satisfactory aiming mark is a nightfiring box illuminated by a flash light that can beswitched on and off from the gun position.

A flash light, covered with red paint or redcloth, is necessary for reading the traversing dialand clinometer.

Flash arrestors should be used and in additionit is absolutely necessary to screen the flash of thegun by wet canvass or sand bags, otherwise thegun will disclose its position and be destroyed.

There will be two general cases in the laying ofguns for night firing:

1. The gun is laid at dusk and left in positionfor night firing.

2. The guns are laid during darkness.—Case I. The gun is laid by either direct orindirect methods, depending upon whether the tar-get is visible. In either case a record is made ofthe reading of the traversing and elevating dialsand of the clinometer. An aiming mark is placedout, i f the ground is such as .to permit of its use.

As soon asit

is dark the screen of wet sandbags should be put up. The night firing box, i f oneis to be used, should be placed in position and therear sight adjusted for maintaining the laying.

Just before fire is opened the readings of tra-versing and elevating dials and clinometer shouldbe checked to make sure that the gun has not beenmoved.

The above method should be followed by allguns for laying on their S. 0. S. lines at night.—

Case I I . Where guns must be laid during dark-ness only indirect methods of fire are practicable.The following preparations should be made by day:



75

Fire data should be calculated.When practicable a stake should be driven

marking the position of the gun and aiming postplaced to show direction of fire.

When it is impracticable to place out aimingpost by day, it will be necessary to lay the gun indirection by a luminous compass. Under such con-ditions an error of 10 to 20 mils may be expectedand allowance be made for this by traversing.

By whatever method the gun is laid a recordshould be made of the readings of the traversingand elevating dials and of the clinometer. Layingshould be maintained by use of the night firing box,when practicable, otherwise, by the dial readingsand the clinometer.

4. Barrage Fire

A machine gun barrage is the fire of a largenumber of guns acting under a centralized control,and directed on to definite lines or areas. Barragesare classified as follows:

A standing barrage is one which is applied toa line or an area for a fixed period of time.

A creeping or rolling barrage is one which is

applied progressively in distance, at indicated in-tervals of time to successive lines. Owing to theimpossibility of searching many reverse slopes, andthe difficult problem of clearance of friendly troopsdue to the low trajectory, creeping barrages willseldom be practicable with machine guns.

A box barrage is one applied to two or moresides of a position in such way as to isolate i t .

A barrage of interdiction is one applied to aparticular line, or point, to deny the use of thatline, area or point to the enemy.

A protective barrage is one placed in front ofa designated position to protect bodies of troops,



76

patrols, etc., from assault during the preparation of

aposition for defense or the execution of a specific

mission.Harassing fire when employed by a consider

able number of guns is strictly speaking barragefire.

Barrages are also classified as Frontal, Oblique,and Enfilade, depending upon the direction of thetarget from the guns.

The application of the various types of bar-rages will be considered under the tactical uses ofmachine guns. Only matters pertaining to the or-ganization and application of barrage fire will beconsidered here.

5. The machine gun barrage is applied to anobjective for a designated interval of time, at a

prescribed time, or until the receipt of a prescribedsignal. A t the end of the interval of time or uponthe receipt of the signal it ceases or shifts to another objective. Likewise changes of position ofthe guns executing the fire are provided for in atime schedule in order that the maximum numberof guns may always be ready to fire. The ability toopen fire quickly on new objectives not provided forin the time schedule depends upon the perfectionof communications and the preparation of goodfighting maps.

6. Frontage Covered by One GunFrontal barrage. The normal frontage for one

;un executing a t ronta l barrage is as follows :un executing a t ronta l barrage is as follows :

At ranges less than 1200 meters 60 meterst ranges less than 1200 meters 60 meters

"At ranges from 1300 to 1600 meters. -50t ranges from 1300 to 1600 meters. -50 "At ranges from 1700 to 2000 meters 40t ranges from 1700 to 2000 meters 40 "At ranges over 2000 meters 30t ranges over 2000 meters 30If the objective is on a gentle reverse slope the

danger space is increased and the frontage can becorrespondingly increased.



77

Oblique barrages. For each 10 mils of obli-quity 1 meter may be added to the frontages for afrontal barrage, until a maximum of 135 meters isreached.

Flank barrages. The frontage of a gun wouldseld6m be less than the depth of the 75% zonefor the particular range. Beyond the battle sight

zone the frontage may vary from the depth of the75% zone to 135 meters depending upon the numberof guns available.

7. Organization of Guns for Barrage Fire

The battalion and the platoon are the primarygroups in the conduct of barrage fire. The divi-sion machine gun officer assigns the general loca-tion of the different organizations, allots tasks ina general way and provides for the use of anyguns outside the brigade sectors. He also makesprovision for communication and for the formationof dumps of ammunition, water, oil, sand bags, etc.He provides for the reconnaissance and occupationof the orginal positions.

The machine gun battalion commanders allotin detail the different targets and provide for de-

finite times of fire so as to conform to the move-ments of the infantry. They prescribe positionsof the various platoons and the time for changesof positions. They make provision for the estab-lishment of dumps and the supply of their battal-ions.

The division machine gun officer and machinegun battalion

commandersprepare

their orders inthe form of plans and they are issued as Annexesto the division and brigade orders. These planswill usually cover not only the guns used for bar-rage fire, but the assignment of machine guns toassault battalions, connecting groups, etc.



78

The company commander issues a group organization chart. This chart allots definite tasksto the platoons, designates the number of guns tobe used for each task, and the rates of fire. Thecompany commander checks all computations offiring data by platoon commanders. He provideshimself with a fighting map showing the zero linesand tasks of his platoons, the positions occupiedby the various platoons and the routes

He is responsible for the establishmentand the supply of his company.

to them.

of dumps

8. Laying and Fire ControlAlthough machine gun barrage fire can be car-

ried out by controlling the fire of each gun singly,experience has shown that the barrage so produced

is not flexible, that calculations are laborious, muchtime is required, and control is difficult. The usualmethod of barrage fire is by guns controlled byplatoons.

The details of the computations and the me-chanical operations of laying are carried out as inordinary indirect fire. Fire is directed and con-trolled by means Platoon /Charts and Gun

Charts.(See procedure in calculating data for a barrageposition.)

A Fighting Map is also made by the platooncommander in order that he may open fire quicklyon targets not provided for on the charts. Whentargets not given on the charts are fired upon, thefire is directed and controlled as prescribed in bar-

The following commandage drill. illustrates themethod of firing on a new target not on the chart.

1. All guns on zero. 2. A ll guns 60 mils right.3. Open 3 mils. 4. Elevation 30 mils. 5. Com-mence firing.



79

Rates of Fire

To prevent waste of ammunition, to ensuretime for relaying and oiling, and to enable properamount of ammunition to be provided in advance,rates of fire must be laid down for rigid observanceby each gun. The normal rates of barrage fireare:

—Slow Fire. 60 to 75 rounds per minute. This is the

rate used forprolonged barrage

fire.—Medium Fire. 120 to 150 rounds per minute. This ratecannot be maintained for more than 30 minutes.

Rapid Fire.— 2so to 300 rounds per minute. This rateis used in response to S. O. S. calls and for the first minuteof two of a barrage to cover an attack. It can be main-tained for only a few minutes.—

Harassing Fire. Usual rate1,000 rounds per

hour.The fire is intermittent and may be carried out at any rate.

In determining upon the rate of fire, the fol-lowing factors must be considered:

Tactical requirements of the barrage.

Frontage per gun.

Length of time of the barrage.

Ammunition available.Rate at which belts can be refilled.Availability of spare barrels to replace worn bar-

rels. The two most important factors in thelife of a barrel is the temperature of the water,which depends on the rate of fire, and theoiling. When guns are fired intermittently,with the water below the boiling point andbarrels oiled frequently, the life of a barrel is20,000 to 25,000 rounds. Fired at a rate ex-ceeding 3,500 rounds per hour but with fre-quent oiling of the barrel, the life of the bar-rel is 12,000 to 15,000 rounds. Failure to oilthe barrel will reduce the life of the barrel by3,000 to 4,000 rounds.



80

9. Procedure in Calculating Data for a Bar-rage

PositionInvolving

Indirect FireFrom a Map

The following example illustrates the methodemployed in calculating fire data for successive barrages and making charts:

EXAMPLE:—

MapReference: Topographical Map Fort Leavenworthand vicinity

A 344.54—752.82344.72—752.82

Co-ordinates of Targets: B 343.85—752.82<

343.97—752.85—Co-ordinates of Barrage Position: 344.70 750.68

344.77—750.68—Co-ordinates of Friendly Troops: 343.75 752.20

344.78—752.20—Co-ordinates of Reference Object: 345.28 751.42Platoon of 4 guns. No. 4 directing gun.Barometer, 31 inches.Thermometer, 90 degrees F.Wind 10 miles per hour a t 4:00 o'clock.

TARGET A—DIRECTION

(1) Plot barrage position, targets, friendly troops, andreference object. Draw lines connecting directing gun withtargets, R. 0., and friendly troops.

(2 ) Measure ranges as follows:

From gun to targets: Target A 1950 meters.Target B 2200

From gun to reference object: 870 for target A.From gun to friendly troops: 1380 for target A.

1500 for target B.Platoon front: 60 meters.Target front A: 160 meters,

Target front B: 120 meters,

(3) Draw zero line of directing gun through points344.70—750.68 and 344.54—752.82. The same in this caseas to Target A.



81

(4) Draw line connecting right gun with reference ob-

ject. Measure parallax of No. 1 gun (right gun) with pro-tractor 60 mils.

Parallax of No. 2 gun 40 mils.Parallax of No. 3 gun 20 mils.Parallax of No. 4 gun 0 mils.(5) Measure switch angle between line from the direct-

ing gun to R. 0. and the zero line 755 mils, left.Switch for No. 4 gun — 755 mils left.Switch for No. 3 gun 755 —20 735 mils left.Switch for No. 2 gun 755 40 715 mils left.

Switch for No. 1 gun 755—60 695 mils left.(6) Distribution for right flank gun No. 1 Target front-— —

age Platoon frontage 160 60 100 meters.

W 100

M=— xlooo= X 1000=51 milsR 1950

Distribution for No. 2 gun 34 mils.Distribution for No. 3 gun 17 mils.Distribution for No. 4 gun 0 mils.(7) Correction for direction

Drift 2.5 mils left.

Lateral wind component—950X10 7y =4.7 mils right.

3600 8

(8) Deviation from zero line:No. 4 0 Distribution, 4.7 mils right wind, 2.5 mils leftdrift, 2.2 mils right.

No. 3 17 mils right Distribution, 4.7 right wind, 2.5 leftdrift, 19.2 r ight

No. 2 34 mils right Distribution, 4.7 right wind, 2.5 leftdrift, 36.2 right.

No. 1 51 mils right Distribution, 4.7 right wind, 2.5 leftdrift, 53.2 right.

ELEVATION— TARGET A(9) Gun contour 840 feet.Target contour, Nine o'clock end 900 feet.

Three o'clock end ,870 feetFriendly troops contour 920 feet.



82

Vertical interval from guns to target:No. 4 18 meters.

No. 3 15 meters.'No. 2 12 meters.No. 1 9 meters.

Vertical interval from guns to friendly troops 24 meters.(10) Correct measured range for atmosphere.

Barometer correction 1.5x1x19.5. 30 meters to beadded.

Thermometer correction .1x20x19.5. 39 meters to bededucted.

Wind correction1950—400

XlOxi. 39 meters to be deducted.200 — — —

Net correction 30 —9 39 48 meters.Correct Range 1950 48 1902 meters.

(11) Quadrant elevation from graph

No. 4 gun 92 mils.No. 3 gun 90 mils.No. 2 gun 88 mils.No. 1 gun 86 mils.

(12) Clearance of center shot of No. 1 gun (the onewith—lowest trajectory). Height of trajectory at 1380 —meters Vertical interval from gun to friendly troops 64 24

\u25a040meters.Therefore it is safe to fire.

TARGET B— DIRECTION(13) To obtain deviation of directing gun from its Zero

Line, measure with protractor the angle between Zero Lineand line from Directing Gun to left element of Target B310 mils.

(14) Distribution for right flank gun No. 1.120—60

X 1000 = 27 mils right.2200

No. 2 gun 18 milsNo. 3 gun 9 milsNo. 4 gun 0 mils(15) Correction for direction:

Drift- .2.5 mils left.2200 x 10

Lateral component of wind- I . mils right.3600



83

(16) Deviation from Zero Line.No. 4 gun 310 left, 0 Distribution, 5. mils right

wind,2.5 mils

left drift, 307.5mils left.No. 3 gun 310 left, 9 mils Distribution, 5. mils

right wind, 2.5 mils left drift, 298.5 milsleft.

No. 2 gun 310 left, 18 right Distribution, 5 rightwind, 2.5 left drift, 289.5 mils left.

No. 1 gun 310 left, 27 right distribution, 5 rightwind, 2.5 left drift, 280.5 mils left.

ELEVATION— TARGET B(17) Gun contour 840 feet.

Target contour nine o'clock end 900 feet.three o'clock end 880 feet.

Friendly troops contour 924 feet.Vertical interval from guns to target:

No. 4 gun 18 meters.No. 3 gun 16 meters.No. 2 gun 14 meters.No. 1 gun 12 meters.

Vertical interval from gun to friendly troops, 25 meters.

(18) Correct measured range for atmosphere.Barometer correction 1.5x1x22=33 meters.

add.Thermometer correction .1x20x22=44 meters.

deduct.Wind correctionind correction

2200—400—4ooXloxi=4s meters, deduct.

200 — — —Net correction 33 45 —45 56 meters

Correctedrange 2200

56 2144meters

Quadrant elevation from graph:No. 4 gun 122 mils.No. 3 gun 121 mils.No. 2 gun 120 mils.No. 1 gun 119 mils.

(19) Clearance of center shot over friendly troops.—Height of trajectory at 1500 meters —vertical

interval gun to friendly troops 110 25=85meters. Therefore it is safe to fire.



84

GUN CHART

Gun No. 1, Platoon, Is t Platoon, Co. B , Is t M. G. Bn., Platoon "A "Commander of Gun :

Corp. A. L . Smith, Platoon, Is t Lieut. A . L . Jones, Is t M. G. Bn.

Magiagi tetic bearing of zero lietic bearing of zero li me 618!e 618! mils,ils, Date,ate, Oct. 8.ct. l:. l: 919.19.Refeiefei •ence Object : S. W. Cence Object : S. W. C!orner turn'surn'sorner House Angle <ngleouse < »f zeif zei line fromine from

i. O. 695 mils Left. O. 695 mils Left

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7:06 a.m.:06 a.m. H36to36to 280.580.5 10707 15 R5 R 4 U pU p 15050

7 :28 a.m. H 585828 a.m. Lefteft 15 L5 L 4 DownDown



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'opographicalopographical Mapap Fo:o: LeavenwortheavenworthlAPAP USEDSED

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DATEATE 10/8/190/8/19J.. K.. Hall,all,

Capt.,apt., Is tst M.. G.. Bn.n.

SIGNATUREIGNATURE



PLATOON CHART

Platoon "A "latoon "A " [Place, Flint'sPlace, Flint's Date October 8, 1919.ate October 8, 1919.

Composition Ist Plat., Co. B, Ist M. G. Bn.omposition Ist Plat., Co. B, Ist M. G. Bn. 3rid Bearing to R.O.

675Mils

rid Bearing to R .O.

675Mils

Tasksasks

by Is t Lt . A. G. Jones,y Is t Lt . A. G. Jones, Magnetic Bearing of Zero Line 6182"agnetic Bearing of Zero Line 6182" A 344.64—752.8244.64—752.82Commanded Ist M. G. Bn.ommanded Ist M. G. Bn.Grid Bearing of Zero Line 6330 Milsrid Bearing of Zero Line 6330 Mils A 344.72—752.8244.72—752.82

B 843.85—752.8243.85—752.82Location of D. G. 44.70—50.68ocation of D . G. 44.70—50.68 \ngle of Switch of D. G. 755 Milsng le of Switch of D. G. 755 Mils B 843.97—752.8543.97—752.85

No. of Directing Gun 4o. of Directing Gun 4 ?latoon Parallax 60 Milslatoon Parallax 60 Mils— —Platoon Front 60 Meterslatoon Front 60 Meters Line from 44.70 50.68 through 44.54 52.82.ine from 44.70 50.68 through 4 4.5 4 5 2.82.

3 too5i dl # H H

<HH0))

I gS 3 ofaafee<U reU re 8

H I I || .22 .22 5s5s5 5 -*s •sss s ? 2 o2II I w &I -&I - £&<'&<' si OJ <vJsi <v& 033 S ii « 55 >ss d OSS «««A 4 344.54—752.8244.54—752.82 6:30 a.m.:30 a.m. H No. 4o. 1818 92—2—A 4 344.72—752.8244.72—752.82 7:04 a.m.:04 a.m. H 3434 0 511 1950950 No. 1o. 99 866 244 1380380 400 12020B 4 343.85—752.8243.85—752.82 H+36+36 No. 4o. 1818 110—10—B 4 343.97—752.8543.97—752.85 H+sB+sB 31010 244 2200200 No. 1o. 1212 107—07— 255 1500500 855 15050CDEFGH

Gun Angles Gun Elevations

4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 This shows the angle in mils from ZeroA 2.2 19.2 36.2 63.2 92 90 88 86 Line for each gun. From this the bar-B 307 298 289 280 122 121 120 119 rage chart for each gu n is compiled nnd RemarksC issued to the gu n commanders. In addi-D I tion, these angles may be shown in divi

sions of the scale.

(To face page 84)

4k







Use of Machine Guns in Advance Guards, RearGuards, Connecting Groups, Outposts and

Combat in Woods. Employment ofMachine Guns for Anti-Aircraft

DefenseADVANCE GUARDS

1. The duties of an advance guard are:(1) To guard against surprise and fur-

nish information by reconnoitering tothe front and flanks.

(2) To push back small parties of the ene-my and prevent their observing, firingupon, or delaying the main body.

(3) To check the enemy's advance in forcelong enough to permit the main body

to prepare for action.(4) When the enemy is encountered on thedefensive, to seize a good position andlocate his lines, care being taken notto bring on a general engagement un-less the advance guard commander isempowered to do so.

(5) To remove obstacles, repair the road,and favor in every way possible thesteady march of the column.

2. Machine guns can assist very materially inperforming the first four of these duties and shouldalways be assigned to advance guards the size ofwhich is sufficient to guarantee reasonable safetyto the machine guns while in draft on the road.The factor that will determine whether it is practicable to assign machine guns to ah advance guardis usually the distance from the point to. the tailof the reserve. I f this distance is as great as 700or 800 yards machine gunners in draft on the road

87



88

will usually be able to remove the guns from thecarts before coming under annihilating fire. Ma-chine gunners cannot be expected to advance theirguns by hand and keep up with a marching com-mand all day. This will be possible for very shortmarches in which case a smaller advance guard

could have machine guns assigned to i t .

The company of infantry is the smallest unitthat will ordinarily have sufficient depth when act-ing as an advance guard for the assignment of ma-chine guns with carts. Where sufficient guns areavailable, a platoon of machine guns is a suitablenumber for assignment to an advance guard con-sisting of a company. A battalion acting as anadvance guard would usually have a machine guncompany assigned to i t . A force larger than a

battalion would usually have a machine gun com-pany for each battalion which is likely to have to

perform the duties of an assaulting battalion.The nature of the terrain will be a large factor

in determining the number of machine guns to beassigned to an advance guard. Where the countryis rolling and affords • excellent opportunities . forflanking and overhead fire, the proportion of gunsto infantry should be large. Where the country isso flat or densely wooded as to preclude the use ofoverhead fire, number of guns would be relatively

smaller.3. Where the advance guard consists of a bat-

talion of infantry or a smaller force, the machineguns as a rule will form part of the reserve. Wherethe advance guard consists of two or more battal-ions, the machine guns will usually form part ofboth the support and reserve.

4. In addition to the necessity for providingfor the safety of the machine guns there are other



89

reasons for not pushing the guns too far forward.Very frequently

there will behigh ground

on theflank which will offer the most favorable oppor-tunity for the use of machine guns. If the gunsare too far forward at the time the enemy opensfire it will be impossible for them to occupy thisground- as they would have to move by the flankunder fire. On the other hand i f they are fartherto the rear they will usually be able to occupy thehigh ground under cover. It is a serious mistake,however, to place the guns too far to the rear asprompt action is one of the most essential factorsin the work of advance guards.

5. The employment of machine guns with anadvance guard will follow the general lines laiddown for their employment in the offensive or de-

fensive depending upon whether the mission of theadvance guard is temporarily offensive or defensive.There are essential differences, however. Veryfrequently their mission will not be to seek a de-cision but to force a premature deployment, orotherwise to delay the enemy, or to gain a tem-porary advantage. For this reason machine gunsshould enter the action early and should make themaximum use of long range fire. Delaying theenemy long enough to permit the infantry to gainand hold important ground may be of far greatervalue than inflicting more serious losses on theenemy by holding the fire until he is closer.

Holding good defensive positions, bridges, de-files, or other features of the terrain essential to

the success of the advance guard or main bodywill be some of the most important missions as-signed to machine guns.

6. The advance guard on the defensive .willdeploy on a wider front than that ordinarily al-lotted to a force of its size on the defensive, so as





91

8. Where machine guns form part of the sup-

port the commander of the guns so assigned shouldremain with the commander of the support untilthe time for the machine guns to go into action.Where no machine guns are assigned to the sup-port, the machine gun commander would be withthe advance guard commander. Such an arrange-ment enables the machine gun commander to learnthe intentions of the commander and to get theguns into action with the minimum loss of time,when the emergency demanding their use arises.

Rear Guards9. The purpose of the rear guard is to protect

the main body from attack in rear. In retreat, i t

checks pursuit and enables the main body to in-

crease the distance betweeni t

and the enemy andto reform i f disorganized. I t is important to offerthe greatest opposition possible to the enemy butto make good the retreat.

10. Machine guns by reason of their ability tosuddenly develop a concentrated and intense fireare peculiarly fitted for compelling the enemy todeploy at long range. They also can withdrawmuch more readily than a body of infantry capableof developing an equal volume of fire. These char-acteristics make them extremely valuable to rearguards. They should habitually form a part of anyrear guard larger than a platoon of infantry. Asection of machine guns may be employed profitablywith a rear guard consisting of a platoon of in-

fantry. The proportion of machine guns to infantryshould not be less than a machine gun companyfor each battalion of infantry in the rear guard and

*»

will frequently be much greater.11. When it is not necessary to withdraw in

deployed lines, the greater part of the rear guard



92

marches in column of route on the road, taking up

a formation of an advance guard faced to the rear.When the rear guard is in this formation machineguns should as a rule form part of both the sup-port and reserve. There is not the same dangerof surprise as in an advance guard and the machineguns can safely be much nearer the rear party ofthe rear guard than the point of the advance guard.

12. When the rear guard retires incolumn ofroute but under menace of immediate attack by the

enemy, the machine guns should retire by echelon,part of them being always in position to protect theremainder of the rear guard by fire from command-ing positions on the flank or in the rear. Theseechelons should preferably be platoons in order thatthere may always be an officer responsible for theconduct of the machine guns. When guns move tothe rear an officer should precede them to select thesucceeding position and prepare fire data.

13. The most important points in the selectionof positions are the following:

(1) A good field of fire at long and me-dium ranges. The question of a fieldof fire at short ranges will usually berelatively unimportant as the gunswill withdraw, as a rule before theenemy reaches close range.

(2) Positions chosen should be on theflank of the line of march unless theground is suitable for overhead fire.

(3) Covered lines of retreat. Only withgood covered lines of retreat that havebeen reconnoitered by a machine gun

«v

agent will i t be possible for the gunsto fire up to the last moment and thensafely withdraw.



93

14. I f the rear guard becomes engaged with

theenemy,

the distributionof the machine guns is

quite different from what it would be in a defensiveposition. There is not nearly so much distributionin depth. The purpose is to quickly develop themaximum fire power so most of the guns will be inthe fight and very few in reserve. There will usu-ally be two lines of guns retiring alternately, witha possible third where the time necessary to movefrom one position to another is considerable. Ma-chine guns should never make short retirements.When they retire they should move such a distanceto the rear as will give them time to occupy theposition without haste, obtain the fire data, andprepare cover where necessary. This enables themto remain in action the maximum amount of time.

15. If the enemy is bold and aggressive so thatbreaking off the engagement is difficult, every ef-fort should be made to surprise him at short range,guns being placed in carefully concealed positionscommanding important avenues of approach. Onesuccessful surprise by machine guns will make theboldest adversary cautious.

16. The fullest use must be made of the carts.Machine guns carried by hand cannot possibly con-tinue to possess the necessary mobility during aprolonged rear guard action. The question of am-munition supply will be a serious one as a rear guardaction makes greater demands on the machine gunsthan any other.

17. Close communication with the infantry isof the greatest importance. There should alwaysbe a small amount of infantry left to cover thewithdrawal of the machine guns without an infan-try escort has been assigned.

18. The probable loss of guns must never deter



I

94

the machine gunners from remaining long enough to

insure the retirement. of the mainbody.

Marches19. On good roads the marching ability of

machine guns will be slightly greater than infantryas the men do not carry rifles. On bad roads oracross country the machine guns will be less mobilethan infantry. Whenever conditions are such thatthe guns must be carried by hand the mobility ofmachine gun organizations is very much reducedand they cannot be expected to keep up with in-fantry for any great distance.

20. In marches where there is no tactical situa-tion envolved, machine guns should ordinarily marchin rear of the infantry in the column. This will

addgreatly

tothe

comfort of theinfantry owing

to the amount of dust raised by the carts.20. Where an engagement is probable, all or a

large percentage of the machine guns in the mainbody should be near the head of the organizationsof which they form a part. A brigade machine gunbattalion would therefore be anywhere from thehead of the brigade to the rear bf the leading regi-

ments of infantry. Machine guns near the headof the column will be able to come into action quick-ly and by long range fire, protect the infantry dur-ing the early stages of its deployment.

22. The division machine gun battalion, owingto the fact that it is motorized, cannot advantage-ously march with infantry. I t will therefore or-

dinarily be at the rear of the column where it canregulate its own pace more or less independently ofthe infantry. Its great mobility will enable it tomove quickly to any part of the battle field so thatits position at the rear of the column will not be aserious disadvantage.



95

Connecting Groups

23. Both in the offensive and defensive connecting groups are used for maintaining communication between regiments, brigades or divisions.These groups vary in size from a platoon of in-fantry and a section of machine guns to a battal-ion of infantry and a company of machine guns.

24. The mission of machine guns assigned to

connecting groups is usuallyessentially

defensivein character. The principal uses to which they willbe put are:

(1) Fill ing a gap.

(2) Protecting the flanks of the organiza-tions with which they are maintainingconnection.

The chief offensive use of these groups will befor executing local counter-attacks.

Outposts

25. The ease with which a machine gun can beconcealed, its mobility, its adaptability to night fir-ing, and its concentration of fire on a narrow front-age makes it the ideal resisting weapon for use

with an outpost for the purpose of covering roads,bridges, defiles, or other marked lines of approach.26. A judicious use of machine guns stiffens

the line of resistance and permits the employmentof the minimum number of riflemen. However,the machine gun is solely for increasing the stopping power of the outpost, and in return must have

theprotection of the outpost.

27. The size and disposition of the outpostwith the number of guns assigned to the differentsubdivisions thereof, depends upon many circum-stances, such as the size of the main body, theproximity of the enemy, and the situation with re-



96

spect to him, the nature of the terrain, etc. In

general the ratio of machine guns to infantry inthe outposts will be greater than in advance guards.

28. The greater part of the machine guns willbe assigned to the support and will be placed at ornear the line of resistance. If the number of gunsis sufficient, machine guns should be so placed as:

(1) To command all avenues of approach,such as roads, defiles, or favorableplaces for attack.

(2) To command any neighboring groundfrom which the enemy would be ableto either view or annoy the mainbody.

(3) To sweep thoroughly all ground between the outguards, and to bring an

cross-fire to bear on as muchof it as possible.

29. Machine guns will not ordinarily be assigned to small outguards but may be assigned toimportant pickets or detached posts. Automaticrifles are better suited for furnishing the fire powerfor small outguards. Machine guns should be used

with small outguards, only where they would coversuch important avenues of approach that their usefulness would more than counter balance the danger

of their capture.

30. Machine guns should usually be placed bypairs. Where natural cover- is lacking, the guns

should always be dug in and protection provided

for the men.31. Where the number of guns assigned to theoutposts is too small to permit of the distributionindicated above, emplacements should be preparedor firing positions reconnoitered, the guns beingheld at a central point in rear from which they can





98

(2) The exact mission of the guns and

the conditions under whichthey

areto open fire.(3) The location of adjoining guns.

(4) The to be made of carts.(5) Where to communicate with the com

mander of the subdivision of the out-post to which assigned and with thenext higher machine gun commander.(6) Where to obtain rations, ammunition,and supplies.

36. The gun upon ar-achine commanderriving at the designated subdivision of the outpostto which he is assigned ascertains the location -ofthe neighboring infantry groups and sentinels, and

the routes of patrols and hours of departure andreturn. He then :

(1) Selects firing positions for his g,uns.(2) Arranges a system of signals for com

munication between himself and hisguns.

(3) Studies his sector of fire, prepares

range cards, and points out to the cor-:porals all of the points shown on

range cards.(4) Marks out the limits of his sector of

fire by stakes.(5) Provides for protection of the gun and

of the men.(6) Makes preparation for night firing.(7) Locates neighboring guns and ar-

ranges for mutual support.(8) Provides for the necessary ammuni

tion supply.





100

By this means fire can be kept on the exits almost

up to the time theattacking infantry

enters thewoods from the rear.

40. A direct attack on a woods comprises threegeneral phases:

(1) The advance over open ground to theedge of the woods.

(2) The advance through the woods.

(3) Egress from the woods.41. During the advance of the infantry overthe open ground the machine guns should bringa heavy fire, preferably flanking or direct overhead,on the front of the woods and should at the sametime use long range indirect fire to cover the exitsfrom the woods. When the edge of the woods iscarried by the infantry, the majority of the ma-chine guns, should be kept in a position to repela possible counter-attack until the infantry hasreorganized for its advance through the woods. Asmall number of guns, usually not exceeding thenumber assigned to assaulting battalions, shouldbe pushed forward to the woods to give immediateprotection to the infantry during reorganization.

42. If the woods are open and the country roll-ing, the machine guns would support the infantryas in the attack on open ground. I f the woodsare dense the machine guns should follow closelybehind the assaulting platoons. Their chief usefulness will be to cover the infantry during itsreorganization at openings in the woods and to sup-

portit

in case of counter-attack. Automatic riflesare better suited to furnish the fire power for anadvance through dense woods than are machineguns. If additional fire is required to enable theline to advance, however, the machine guns will beused. Under such conditions the machine guns



'X101

will be placed in intervals in the firing line. They

should open a terrific fire for a minute ortwo,

atthe end of which time they should suddenly ceasefiring while the infantry rushes forward as far aspossible. Under cover of the fire of the infantrythey should again be brought forward into the lineand the process repeated indefinitely. Such amethodical advance through woods is very costlyin time and ammunition and should be resorted toonly when it is impossible to advance any otherway.

43. Before the infantry debouches from the faredge of the woods, the machine guns should beplaced near the edge of the woods prepared to coverthe egress of the infantry by fire. I f overhead fireis not possible it will usually be best to put the

machine guns near the flank of the woods wherethey can longer support the infantry. .

Defense44. If a heavy artillery bombardment is prob-

able, machine guns should be placed along the edgeof the woods to fire on the approaching infantry.Some guns may be placed in trees. Fire can thus

be placed in areas that are defiladed from theground. I f a long artillery bombardment is ex-pected the guns should be placed in the open in ad-vance of the woods, where they will suffer lessfrom high explosive and gas. In any case someguns should be so placed as to enfilade the edgeof the woods.

45.A ll

clearings, roads and paths should beswept by machine gun fire. Where time is avail-able i t may be profitable to make narrow clearings,place wire in them and sweep them by machinegun fire. In such cases, however, only the under-brush should be cleared so that the airplanes will be



i102

unable to detect the clearings. Arrangements

should be made for flanking the edges of the woods.Extensive use should be made of strong pointsflanked by machine guns to ambush the enemy dur-ing his progress through the woods.

Anti-Aircraft Defense46. In discussing anti-aircraft defense by ma-

chine guns no explanation will be made of the math-

ematical calculations involved in the construc-tion of a sight for firing by machine guns, or in

the determination of the correct point of aim whenthe ordinary sights are used. The methods usedwill simply be stated.

The Browning machine gun is equipped with"Sight, Anti- Aircraft, Trench, for Browning Auto-matic Rifle, Model of 1918." The equipment prescribed for all machine gun companies of an infantry division is four or enough to equip the gunsof one platoon. A similar sight is made for useon the Browning automatic rifle.

The anti-aircraft trench sight consists of arear peep sight attachable to the regular rear sightleaf, or other part of the breech of the gun, and a

double oval shaped front sight of metal stampingmounted on a suitable support and clamped aroundthe barrel, radiator, or water jacket, of the machinegun, and readily detachable therefrom. I t is ofthe type known as "fixed sight." In this sight theangle of fire deflection or amount of firing ahead ofthe target, is primarily designed for effective fire un-»

der average conditions against a plane traveling100 miles per hour, at 1000 feet height and 50 de-grees angle of sight, or 120 miles per hour, at 20Qfeet altitude and 15 degrees angle of sight.

With the sights properly attached and at thecorrect distance apart, the gunner sights through



103

the rear peep a t the flying target and shifts the

line of thegun

towards the aircraft so thatit

willconstantly appear to be flying towards the centerof the front sight. .

Given the altitude of the aircraft by the ob*server, the gunner chooses the oval which morenearly approximates the range. He then fires whenthe nose of the target just touches the outer edgeof the oval chosen and continues to fire in as longbursts as practicable while changing the line ofaim to maintain always the same relative positionof the aircraft and the front sight; that is, tohave the aircraft always flying towards the centei*of the sight with its nose just touching the rim ofths oval used.

47. When special sights are not available, theordinary sights may be used with the sight settingand point of. aim as indicated in the following

table: . .

irection ofrection Flightf Flight Sightight Point ofoint Aimf AimSettingetting

Comingoming 2000000 At thet the airplane.irplane.

l i fingersto

the rightl i fingersto

the rightlouring andouring crossingand crossing 1700700 or left according tor left according to

diagonallyiagonally the directionhe ofirection offlight.light.

2 fingers in front offingers in front ofIrossingrossing 60000 airplane.irplane.

l i fingers at 4:30 ori fingers at 4:30 oroing anding crossingnd crossing Zeroero 7:30 o'clock:30 accord-'clock accord-

diagonallyiagonally ing to the directionng to the directionof thef flight.he flight.

roingoing l i fingersl i fingers below theelow theZeroero airplane.irplane.

48. The proper z<8. The proper z<one ofne c:f c: ffectiveness forfectiveness ma-or ma-shine guns against aiihine guns against aii craft rraft isis generally consideredenerally considered» be. within 2,000 feebe. within 2,000 fee it and at 15 degrees or5t moreegrees or morend at



104

elevation.-

The limit of range for effective fire is1,300 yards. Firing

atlonger range

is ineffectiveand wasteful.49. I t will be exceptional where only one gun

is employed. Ordinarily not less than a section andpreferably a platoon should be employed againstany airplane. The chances of hitting with a singlegun are extremely small. It must be rememberedthat bringing down planes, however, is not the onlypurpose in firing at them, and that you have performed a great part of your mission i f your firefrightens them away and prevents them from obtaining information or carrying out bombing operations.

50. When several guns are employed for theprotection of towns, dumps, etc., each gun is assigned a certain sector and when the alarm is giveni t puts up a protective barrage in its sector. Theobject of this barrage is to create a danger zonefor the airplane and to drive it away.

51. Tracer bullets are a great assistance in

firing on airplanes. They not only enable the gunner to adjust his fire more accurately but they add

to the moral effect by informing the airplane thati t is being fired upon. Tracer bullets, as manufactured at present, trace up to about 700 yards. TheOrdnance Department is working on a bullet totrace to 1500 yards.

52. Special anti-aircraft mounts are providedfor issue to the anti-aircraft machine gun battalions. In the past machine guns belonging to divisions have used improvised mounts: The BrowningTripod, Model 1918, now available for issue totroops, is suitable for firing at aircraft.

53. The following are the important points intraining machine gunners for anti-aircraft firing:





106

to fire on aircraft without the guns are in emplace-

ments which make suchfiring impracticable.

When troops are moving by train in the theaterof operations, one or two sections of machine gunsshould be mounted on flat cars, ready for instantfiring on airplanes.

When troops move by bus in the theater ofoperations machine guns should be placed: at regular intervals in the column, mounted and, ready forinstant firing.

On the march in the theater of operations, theinfantry columns should have machine guns dis-tributed along them for protection against air attacks. The regimental companies will usually besufficient for this purpose.

Troops billeted in the theater of operations must

place guns for the protection of all billets, store-houses, hospitals, etc. Troops must provide fortheir own protection; they cannot expect the regular anti-aircraft organizations to furnish suffi-cient protection.

Observation balloons will always be protectedby machine guns placed in the vicinity.

f.

toa-yt\u25a0>el i . v \u25a0*»



Reference SheetFO R

T. T. 39, October 15, a.m., 1919.—Line Class.T. T. 33, October 15, a.m., 1919.— Staff Class.—

Lecture. Machine Guns in the Offensive.

References:Supplement to Machine Gun Drill Regulations, 1917,

A. E. F.—Pages 59 to 78. —nfantry Drill Regulations, A. E. F., Part I. Para-

graphs 301, 352, 358, 361, 367, 368, 369, 373, 457,458, 460, 461, 463, 464, 486, 498, 505, 513, 515, 517,518, 520, 548, 550, 651. —

Combat Instructions, A. E. F. Paragraph —.\ Notes on Recent Operations No. 1, A. E. F. Paragraphs

6 to 9. —Notes on Recent Operations No. 3, A. E. F . Paragraphs

6 to 9. —Notes on Recent Operations No. 4, A. E. F. Paragraph

4.

Required a t Lecture:

Documents

A Course in Machine Guns Part1