A Guide to Digital Dental Photography and Imaging

8/9/2019 A Guide to Digital Dental Photography and Imaging

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A GUIDE TO DIGITAL DENTAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND IMAGING

INTRODUCTION

Though in its infancy in dentist y! digita" #hotog a#hy! digita" i$aging and its$anage$ent is e%#"oding

at an e%t ao dina y ate& At # esent! the use of digita" #hotog a#hy in dentist y hasno set no$enc"atu e!

# ocedu e codes! standa ds o continuity& The focus of this Technica" Re#o t is to# o'ide (asic

info $ation on the use of digita" #hotog a#hy in dentist y and to he"# faci"itate) *+& The a## o# iate

se"ection of the necessa y e,ui#$ent- .+& Consistent co$$unication /ith and

inte o#e a(i"ity of digita"i$ages and the info $ation the contained the ein& The info $ation # o'ided /i""add ess the digita"

i$aging needs of the 'a ious denta" s#ecia"ties! the gene a" denta" # actitione !othe hea"th ca e

# o'ide s! the #atient and any inte ested thi d #a ties such as insu ance ca ie s!# osthetic and

#atho"ogy "a(o ato ies& These discussions ta0e into conside ation the

inte o#e a(i"ity e,ui ed to insu e# o#e identi1cation of the i$age! e%#o ting and i$#o ting of the i$age anddata(ase $anage$ent of

the i$age&

To ca#tu e a ,ua"ity digita" i$age is not enough2 the i$age has to ha'e # o#e andstanda di3ed

"a(e"ing of /hat it contains 4the st uctu es that a e 'isi("e in the i$age+ and thenecessa y DICOM

desc i#to s of /hat! ho/ and /hen it /as ca#tu ed& Table 1 is a list of standardphotographic images

that may be taken of the dentition. Table 2 is a list of standardphotographic images that may be


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captured of the soft tissues of the oral cavity. Table 3 lists extraoralimages that also may be

photographically captured. These ta("es inc"ude detai"s of the st uctu ese%#ected to (e contained /ithin the i$ages in the # i$a y 'ie/- the e"ationshi#

4ang"es+ of the ca$e a to the st uctu es- and theocc"usa" e"ationshi# in the i$age so that i$ages can (e co$#a ed to su(se,uenti$ages of the sa$e

egion! e'en if ca#tu ed /ith di5e ent ca$e as (y di5e ent c"inicians& These ta("es/i"" (e e%#anded in

the futu e to inc"ude the a## o# iate DICOM desc i#to s& The esta("ish$ent of consistent # ocedu a"

no$enc"atu e fo the i$age needs to (e esta("ished to $a0e i$ages t u"y

e%#o ta("e f o$ data(ase todata(ase&

Digita" denta" #hotog a#hy e,ui es the co$(ined 0no/"edge and unde standing of the te $ino"ogy of

dentist y! co$#ute techno"ogy and #hotog a#hy& A##endi% A is a co$# ehensi'eg"ossa y of denta"

digita" #hotog a#hy te $ino"ogy fo use as a efe ence to he"# use s o(tain anunde standing and

consistent use of so$e of the $ost co$$on #hotog a#hy te $s and de1nitionsassociated /ith digita"

#hotog a#hy and ca$e a use in dentist y& The de1nitions of $ost of the technica"te $s contained /ithin the te%t of this docu$ent can (e "ocated /ithin this g"ossa y&

The g"ossa y6s te $ino"ogy and de1nitions a e fu the intended to (e consistent /itha $aste g"ossa y of te $s de'e"o#ed fo the o'e a"" 1e"d of denta" info $atics&

DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHYDigita" #hotog a#hy $eans that the i$ages a e sto ed in a co$#ute i3ed 1"e fo $atoften efe ed to as

a digita" i$age 1"e& A digita" i$age 1"e signi1es any co$#ute 1"e fo $at thatcontains a g a#hica" i$age


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i$age and te%t info $ation a(out the i$age and a""o/s fo i$ages to (e ca#tu edand co$$unicated in

a co$$on fo $at ac oss the enti e hea"thca e indust y& The DICOM standa d#e $its de'ices and 1"es

f o$ confo $ing 'endo s to ?ta"0 to each othe @ ac oss an o#en syste$&

PHOTOGRAPHIC Y TEM

A ca$e a is on"y a #a t of a #hotog a#hic syste$& ith con'entiona" 1"$ syste$s!1"$ acts as the

ca#tu ing and sto age $ediu$ fo the i$age& Che$ica" # ocessing and # inting! o# o ecting the s"ide!

co$#"ete the syste$ /ith a # inted #ictu e! negati'e and o s"ide the #e $anent

sto age of the i$age&ith digita" #hotog a#hic syste$s! the ca$e a and Fash #e fo $ the sa$e function!(ut #"ace the i$age on the digita" senso instead of 1"$ /hen ca#tu ing the "ighti$age& The digita" ca$e a! ho/e'e ! a"so has soft/a e 4so$eti$es efe ed to as1 $/a e+ that con'e ts the i$age to a digita" fo $at& The #ictu e o digita" i$age isdigiti3ed (y the senso /ithin the ca$e a and is con'e ted into a co$#ute i3edi$age 1"e 4's& the #hotoche$ica" # ocessing of 1"$ that is done in a #hotog a#hic"a(+& The ca$e a6s soft/a e then #"aces the 1"e in a te$#o a y sto age $edia 4suchas a Fash ca d+ no $a""y contained /ithin the ca$e a& At this #oint! the digita"i$ages can (e t ansfe ed 4do/n"oaded+ into a co$#ute /he e they can (e

dis#"ayed! edited! $ani#u"ated! e>$ai"ed! # inted o inco #o ated into anydocu$ent a"$ost instant"y&

9i"$ #hotog a#hic ca#tu e # ocess consists of the fo""o/ing #ath)

* u( ect

. Lens

= 9i"$

ent to #hotog a#hic "a(

Che$ica" P ocessing 4De'e"o#ing+

P inted o $ounted in s"ide

J Retu ned f o$ "a(

K Bie/ I$age P o#osed ADA Technica" Re#o t No& *;.


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A"" Inte ested Pa ties e'ie/) 8une .;;=

Digita" #hotog a#hic ca#tu e # ocess consists of the fo""o/ing #ath)

* u( ect. Lens

= enso

Digiti3ed to 9i"e

T ansfe to co$#ute o # inte

Bie/ i$age

Afte the i$age 1"e has (een #"aced onto a co$#ute 6s ha d d i'e! it can (eet ie'ed and 'ie/ed a"$ost

instant"y at the 'ie/e 6s disc etion& The i$age 1"e can (e du#"icated o #"aced on a"ong>te $ sto age

de'ice such as a CD o DBD fo its safe0ee#ing /ithout any "oss o deg adation inthe i$age6s ,ua"ity&

Once the digita" i$age 1"e has (een c eated! the ,ua"ity of the i$age is "i$ited tothe info $ation that

has (een sto ed and! $o e i$#o tant"y! the "i$itations of the dis#"aying $echanis$4$onito ! # o ecto !

o # inte +& ith a"" syste$s! the 1na" ,ua"ity of the 'ie/ed i$age is de#endent onthe /ea0est "in0 in the syste$! /hich /ith sti"" digita" #hotog a#hy is a"$ost a"/aysthe $onito 6s eso"ution o the # inte and #a#e ,ua"ity& The /ea0est "in0 /ithint ao a" 'ideo ca$e as is # esent"y the th ough#ut a""o/ed (y the co$#ute !usua""y "i$ited (y the 'ideo ca#tu e ca d eso"ution ca#a(i"ities 4co$$on"y ;% K;o

a## o%i$ate"y ;&= $ega#i%e"s+&

DENTAL DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY

P esent"y! digita" denta" #hotog a#hy is ca#tu ed o eco ded in one o aco$(ination of /ays /ith

'a ying success and ,ua"ity)


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Ca#tu ed /ith a t aditiona" 1"$ ca$e a and then digiti3ed into a co$#ute 1"eusing a scanne

Using an int ao a" ca$e a connected to a 'ideo ca#tu e ca d! U : o an IEEE *=<Po t

41 e/i e+

Using a standa d 'ideo 4BCR+ ca$e a o ca$co de and digiti3ed (y (eing# ocessed (y a

'ideo ca#tu e ca d o i$#o ted th ough an IEEE*=< #o t

Ca#tu ing the i$age /ith a sti"" ?#hotog a#hic sty"e@ digita" ca$e a anddo/n"oading the

co$#ute i3ed 1"es f o$ the ca$e a to a co$#ute /ith 'a ious $echanis$s

Using a /e( sty"e ca$e a that no $a""y connects to the co$#ute a U : #o t oIEEE *=<

Po t

9i"e t ansfe ing! /he e the i$ages a e (eing t ansfe ed f o$ on co$#ute toanothe P o#osed ADA

Di ect digita" #hotog a#hy! /hich con'e ts the i$ages a"$ost i$$ediate"y into a

digita" 1"e! has $any(ene1cia" ad'antages in dentist y! such as)

Can see i$ages a"$ost i$$ediate"y

A""o/s fo i$$ediate eta0es /hen needed

Can $a0e *;; e%act du#"icates

Media can (e eused $eaning no additiona" cost of 1"$ o its che$ica" # ocessing

ing"e $edia can ho"d $any i$ages

Ease of $ani#u"ation

I$ages can (e easi"y sto ed and cata"ogued

I$ages can (e instant"y fo /a ded o t ans$itted to inte ested #a ties! such as)#atients! "a(s!


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co""eagues! insu ance ca ie s! and /e( #ages a$ong othe s

INTRAORAL CAMERA

Int ao a" 'ideo ca$e as ha'e (een used in dentist y since the *su("i$ation # inte ! o to a BCR>sty"e ta#e to (e e#"ayed on thete"e'ision $onito &

:eginning in the $id>*


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TILL ?PHOTOGRAPHIC> TYLE@ DIGITAL CAMERA

Digita" ca$e as ha'e (een the (iggest inno'ation in #hotog a#hy in o'e *;; yea s& They gi'e dentist y

a $y iad of (ene1ts that cannot (e o(tained /ith a 1"$ ca$e a& Today $o e digita"ca$e as a e (eing

so"d to consu$e s than 1"$ ca$e as& In .;;=!the nu$(e of digita" ca$e as so"dhas inc eased (y = ! /hi"e the nu$(e of 1"$ ca$e as #u chased has dec eased(y * & This t end is e%#ected to continue at inc easing ates&

hen the sti"" #hotog a#hic ca$e a is co$#a ed to othe ty#es of ca$e as! theeso"ution 4c"a ity+ of

a"$ost a"" sti"" digita" ca$e as is su#e io to that of 'ideo and int ao a" ca$e as& Thene/est high>end

# ofessiona" digita" sti"" ca$e as fo co$$e cia" #hotog a#hy ha'e eso"utions thate'en e%ceed 1"$&

Depending on the speed (A A! of the "lm to #hich it is compared$ a stilldigital camera #ith a resolution of % megapixels has the ability to capturean image that is an e&uivalent to that of 3' mm "lm.

Re$e$(e ! ho/e'e ! that ca#tu ing is on"y #a t of the #hotog a#hic # ocess andthe dis#"aying of the

i$age is usua""y the "i$iting facto /hethe it is a 1"$ o digita" i$age&

hen se"ecting a digita" #hotog a#hy syste$ fo a denta" o ce! e'a"uation of theenti e syste$! its

# ocesses and the e"ated /o 0Fo/ is e%t e$e"y i$#o tant& The fo""o/ing ,uestionsa e on"y so$e of the issues that need to (e add essed in the se"ection andi$#"e$entation # ocess)

hat i$ages a e to ca#tu ed

Ho/ $ay i$ages a e to ca#tu ed at one ti$e

hat is the i$age ,ua"ity needed o e,ui ed

hat ty#e of i""u$ination /i"" (e needed

hat "ens o $agni1cation is needed of each i$age

Ho/ and /hat the i$ages /i"" (e use fo


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ho /i"" ta0e i$ages and unde /hat ci cu$stances

Ho/ i$ages /i"" (e t ansfe ed o do/n"oaded f o$ the ca$e a

hat co$#ute ha d/a e and soft/a e /i"" (e e,ui ed

Ho/ and /he e /i"" the i$ages (e dis#"ayed Ho/ i$ages a e to (e $ani#u"ated! such as /i"" you (e doing cos$etic

enhance$ents o

shade $atching

Ho/ and /he e i$ages /i"" (e # inted

Ho/ and /hen i$ages /i"" (e # inted and o e"ect onica""y t ansfe ed to thi d#a ties! such as

#atho"ogy "a(s! # osthetics "a(s o insu ance ca ie s he e the ca$e a /i"" (e sto ed

Ho/ and /hen a e the ca$e a and (atte ies $aintained P o#osed ADA Technica"Re#o t No& *;.<


J

HO DIGITAL CAMERA OR

A digita" ca$e a is 'e y si$i"a to a t aditiona" 1"$ ca$e a in the /ay #hotog a#hso i$ages a e ta0en

4ca#tu ed+& The $a o di5e ence in the # ocess is /hat occu s inside the ca$e aathe than /hat the

o#e ato does& hen a digita" ca$e a is tu ned on in the ca#tu e $ode! the sensois cha ged and

# e#a ed fo a #ictu e to (e ta0en& hen the shutte (utton is #ushed! the shutteo#ens and "ight ente s the ca$e a& The "ight i$age st i0es the senso instead of 1"$& The "ight is $easu ed e"ect onica""y on the senso and this info $ation is sentto the inte na" $e$o y of the ca$e a! ca""ed the (u5e & The

i$age is then con'e ted into the se"ected 1"e fo $at 4such as 8PEG! TI99! :MP! o# o# ieta y fo $at+&

The co$#"eted i$age is then t ansfe ed to the ca$e a6s $e$o y sto age $edia&


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o$e ca$e as e,ui e this # ocess to (e co$#"eted (efo e the ne%t #ictu e can (eta0en! though so$e

highe end ca$e as ha'e an inte na" (u5e "a ge enough to a""o/ $u"ti#"e #ictu esto (e ta0en as the

# e'ious i$ages a e # ocessed& This ca#a(i"ity is ca""ed (u st shooting&

DIGITAL EN OR AND EN ITIBITY

The i$age>ca#tu ing de'ice in $ost digita" ca$e as is eithe a Cha ged>Cou#"ed>De'ice 4 efe ed to as

a CCD+ o a Co$#"i$enta y Meta" O%ide e$iconducto 4 efe ed to as CMO +senso & CCD senso s

a e the $ost co$$on"y used senso s& They ha'e $o e sensiti'ity to "ight and a(ette i$age ,ua"ity

than CMO senso s! (ut a e $o e e%#ensi'e to $anufactu e and use a # ocess thatconsu$es as

$uch as *;; ti$es the #o/e than the e,ui'a"ent CMO senso & CMO senso s ha'et ansisto s

"ocated ne%t to each #i%e"! so the #i%e"s ha'e to (e s#aced fa the a#a t! $eaningthe e a e "ess #i%e"s

#e inch& This causes $o e ?noise@ in the a/ i$age& Due to the fact CMO senso sa e "ess e%#ensi'e

and consu$e signi1cant"y "ess #o/e ! they a e used in the 'e y high>end# ofessiona" ca$e as! /he e

these facto s a e c itica"& uch ca$e as $ay ha'e senso eso"utions as high as *$ega#i%e"s! /hich

fa e%ceeds the # esent needs of the denta" # ofessiona"&

The digita" senso is $ade u# of $i""ions of tiny #hotosensiti'e diodes ca""ed#hotoe"e$ents- each of

/hich ca#tu es a sing"e #i%e" that eco ds the a$ount of "ight that hits it& Each #i%e"on"y eco ds the

a$ount of "ight that hits it! not the co"o & To eco d co"o ! a ed! g een o ("ue 1"te is#"aced o'e the


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indi'idua" senso & hen 1"te ed "ight hits the senso ! the indi'idua" #i%e"s con'e tthe a$ount of "ight

hitting the$ into an e"ect onic signa" (y accu$u"ating an e"ect ica" cha ge& Thecha ge is $easu ed and

con'e ted to a digita" nu$(e ! /hich is o igina""y sto ed as an ana"og signa" that iscon'e ted into a

digita" signa" (y a co$#onent ca""ed an ana"og to digita" 4A>D+ con'e te &

9i"$6s sensiti'ity to "ight is $easu ed (y its 1"$ s#eed /ith an I O o A A ating!/hich no $a""y anges

f o$ . 4the "east sensiti'e to "ight+ to ;; 4the $ost sensiti'e to "ight+& As 1"$s#eed inc eases! i$ages

(eco$e g ainie o a##ea ?fu33y&@ The shutte s#eed can (e inc eased! o a#e tu eo#ening dec eased

to #ossi("y get an o'e a"" i$# o'ed i$age in so$e situations& Inc easing the A A oI O on a digita"

ca$e a inc eases sensiti'ity of the senso ! (ut this a"so inc eases noise! /hichdec eases eso"ution&

To inc ease the sensiti'ity of the senso the (ite de#th of each #i%e" is inc eased toeco d $o e

accu ate"y the a$ount of "ight hitting it& An K>(it i$age has . co"o s! a * >(iti$age has =.!;;; co"o s

and a . >(it i$age has * &J $i""ion co"o s& The highe the nu$(e of co"o s the$o e info $ation the

co$#ute can use du ing the inte #o"ation of the i$age&

The actua" i$age and co"o is dete $ined (y a'e aging the #i%e"s /ith the othe s inthe a ea& The

info $ation is ead one "ine at ti$e into the ca$e a6s inte na" $e$o y& As theinfo $ation is #assed it

goes th ough inte na" 1"te s to co ect /hite (a"ance! co"o and a"iasing& The highethe (it de#th the

$o e 'i( ant and #ossi("y accu ate the co"o in the i$age- ho/e'e ! highe (itde#th i$ages /i"" c eate


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"a ge 1"es! e,ui ing $o e sto age s#ace& The unco$# essed i$age can then (eco$# essed! if the

o#e ato desi es! th ough eithe "ossy o "oss"ess co$# ession! o t ansfe edunco$# essed to the

ca$e a6s sto age $edia o the co$#ute &

RE OLUTION

Reso"ution is a $easu e$ent of the ,uantity of info $ation ca#tu ed (y a digita"ca$e a o scanne &

Gene a""y! the $o e #i%e"s that ca#tu e the i$age- the (ette the eso"ution& Thoughnu$(e of #i%e"s is

ust one di$ension of eso"ution and i$age ,ua"ity! it is the $ost often used foi$age e'a"uation&

Dyna$ic ange! o the di5e ence (et/een the highest and "o/est "ight "e'e"seco ded! and

bit depth the nu$(e of tones ca#tu ed a e othe 'e y i$#o tant facto s inaccu ate"y eco ding i$ages&

P inte s usua""y $easu e eso"ution in te $s of dots #e inch 4d#i+& hen # intingi$ages! the "a ge the

# inted i$age! the highe the eso"ution e,ui e$ents fo the ca#tu ed i$age& Ani$age # inted at a

eso"ution of =;; d#i that is =>in& Q >in& e,ui es an i$age eso"ution of


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The goa" and desi e of $ost c"inicians is not to # int i$ages (ut to 'ie/ andenhance the$ on co$#ute

sc eens& Co$#ute $onito and # o ecto dis#"ay eso"utions a e ,uite "o/ inco$#a ison to # inte s&

Most co$#ute # o ecto s and denta" $anage$ent # og a$s ha'e thei dis#"ayeso"ution set at *;. %

J K! /hich $eans the $a%i$u$ i$age that cou"d (e dis#"ayed at fu"" sc een si3e atthis setting is on"y

JK 0! o a## o%i$ate"y S of a $ega#i%e"& This $eans that in a *>* #i%e" e"ationshi#/ith no c o##ing o

digita" 3oo$ing of the i$age! a $onito o # o ecto set at *;. % J K /ou"d not (ea("e to dis#"ay a"" the info $ation ca#tu ed (y a si$#"e one> 4*+ $ega#i%e" ca$e a&

A high>end $onito and dis#"ay ada#te /ith a eso"ution of * ;; %*.;; sti"" has a$a%i$u$ eso"ution of on"y *&


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consistency and accu acy of co"o s ca#tu ed (y a"" ca$e as- this is es#ecia""y t ue/ith digita" ca$e as&

As $entioned a(o'e! # o#e dis#"ay of the i$age is e%t e$e"y i$#o tant! (ut if ani$age is not

accu ate"y ca#tu ed it cannot (e consistent"y dis#"ayed o t ansfe ed& Co"o isca#tu ed in digita"

#hotog a#hy /ith the use of ed! g een and ("ue 4RG:+ 1"te s on the indi'idua" #i%e"& The #i%e" on"y

eco ds the a$ount of "ight that sti$u"ates it! $a0ing the coo dination of consistenti""u$ination and the

digita" senso #a a$ount in o(taining accu ate co"o i$age 1"es& P o#osed ADA Technica" Re#o t No& *;.<


<

o$e of the (asic facto s that e"ate to the consistency in the i""u$ination and co"oaccu acy used in

denta" #hotog a#hy a e)

The intensity 4( ightness+ of the "ight sou ce

The co"o te$#e atu e of the "ight sou ce The distance of the "ight sou ce to the su( ect

The ang"e of the "ight sou ce to i$age and senso

The distance of the ca$e a 4senso + to the su( ect

The # o#e ties of the 1"te s on the senso s

The soft/a e # ocessing of the data

The a$ount 4intensity and te$#e atu e+ of natu a" oo$ "ight

The a(i"ity to cont o" any o a"" of the facto s

The e a e (asica""y t/o ty#es of Fash units used outine"y in denta" #hotog a#hy& The on>(oa d #oint

Fash that is inco #o ated into and is an integ a" #a t of the ca$e a! and an e%te na"Fash that is often a


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ing "ight that ci c"es the "ens! o a (oot Fash that s"ides into a ( ac0et on the to# of the ca$e a& Each of

these ty#es of Fashes has its ad'antages and disad'antages& Due to the need foi""u$ination in a""

denta" i$ages! the use of a "ight $ete that $easu es the natu a" "ight andeco$$ends the a#e tu e

and shutte s#eed has "itt"e 'a"ue and the (est i$ages a e /ith auto$atic o# edete $ined settings fo

each ty#e of e%#osu e&

ith a #oint Fash! the "ight sou ce is f o$ a sing"e #oint and $ost of the "ight is onthe sa$e 'ecto &

This can c eate a hot s#ot o eFection caused (y a di ect (ounce (ac0 e5ect of the Fash o5 the

su( ect 4teeth+& A #oint Fash is usua""y "ocated a(o'e! o to the ight! o "eft of the"ens& This se#a ation

of the "ight sou ce f o$ the "ens a"so can c eate une'en "ight o shado/! es#ecia""y/ith c"ose u# o

$ac o focus e%#osu es&

This is a #a ticu"a # o("e$ /ith the #o#>u# sty"e of Fash! /hich $o'es the "ight

sou ce e'en fu thef o$ the "ens& The c"ose the Fash is to the "ens of the ca$e a! the "ess shado/ingoccu s- the fu the

a/ay the ca$e a is f o$ su( ect! the "ess une'en "ight and shado/ing is a facto & The $a o (ene1t of

an on>(oa d Fash is that the ca$e a $anufactu e has the a(i"ity to ca"i( ate thesenso ! the ac,uisition

# ocessing soft/a e and the Fash fo co ect 4auto+ /hite (a"ance at the desi eddistance! ena("ing the

use to o(tain a consistent! co ect and accu ate i$age& Anothe (ene1t of the on>(oa d Fash is that it

uses #o/e f o$ the ca$e a! $eaning that the e is on"y a sing"e set of (atte iesthat ha'e to (e cha ged


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and $aintained&

An e%te na" ing Fash i""u$inates /ith a ci c"e of "ight a ound the "ens! c eating e'en"ight f o$ $any

#oints 4'ecto s+! /hich educes shado/s and he"#s insu e # o#e i""u$ination&Ho/e'e ! a disad'antage

of e%te na" Fashes is that they a e not ca"i( ated (y the $anufactu e of the ca$e ato $atch its 1"te ing P o#osed ADA Technica" Re#o t No& *;.<


*;

syste$! senso ! /hite (a"ance! o ac,uisition # ocessing soft/a e& This often c eatesan i$age that is

not # o#e "y i""u$inated o that is not co"o accu ate& Anothe conce n /ith ane%te na" Fash is that the e

is a second set of (atte ies that has to (e $aintained and cha ged&

9LA H COMPEN ATION DEGRADATION

9"ash out#ut co$#ensation a""o/s the ca$e a to (e # eset to ad ust the 'a"ue of Fash #o/e out#ut&

o$e digita" ca$e as a""o/ this 'a"ue to (e set using the EB ange! /hi"e othe s

si$#"y ha'e a high!no $a" and "o/ setting& Rega d"ess of the ty#e of Fash used! it is e%t e$e"yi$#o tant that the sa$e

settings and distances a e used once the syste$ has (een ca"i( ated! (ecause "ightintensity and 'a"ue

change /ith distance! a5ecting i$age ,ua"ity& The use of a distance guide attachedto the ca$e a can

he"# insu e # o#e distancing and co ect i""u$ination of the su( ect so that si$i"a

consistent i$agescan (e ca#tu ed at any ti$e& A Fash6s out#ut /i"" g adua""y deg ade as the (atte iesdischa ge& A Fash

/ith /ea0 (atte ies /i"" gi'e o5 inconsistent i""u$ination and a5ect the ,ua"ity of the ca#tu ed i$age&


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HITE :ALANCE

hite (a"ance is a te $ gi'en to the co"o co ection syste$ that dea"s /ithdi5e ing a$(ient "ighting

conditions& Most digita" ca$e as featu e auto$atic /hite (a"ance! $eaning that theca$e a "oo0s at the

o'e a"" co"o of the i$age and ca"cu"ates the /hite (a"ance& Most digita" ca$e asa""o/ o'e iding the

auto$atic /hite (a"ance& One can choose the /hite (a"ance $anua""y! o set acusto$ /hite (a"ance!

/hich si$#"y $eans ca"i( ating f o$ a 0no/n /hite efe ence and then using it toco ect a"" i$ages

unti" it is eset& Ty#ica""y a"" denta" i$ages e,ui e additiona" i""u$ination! thus!a$(ient "ighting

conditions a e so$e/hat i e"e'ant& P o#e "y ad usting the ca$e a6s /hite (a"ance/ith the on>(oa d

Fash fo the desi ed distance /i"" d astica""y a5ect the co"o of denta" i$ages and/i"" often c eate a co"o

accu ate i$age 1"e&

APERTURE

The a#e tu e is an ad usta("e dia#h ag$ of o'e "a##ing ("ades that can (e thoughtof "i0e the i is of the

eye& A"so efe ed to as the f>sto#! it cont o"s ho/ $uch "ight ente s the ca$e a& Thea#e tu e setting

has a di ect e5ect on de#th of 1e"d and the e,ui ed shutte s#eed of the e%#osu e& The 'a"ue of the fsto# e# esents a atio of the e,ui'a"ent foca" "ength of a "ens tothe dia$ete of its ent ance o#ening&

The s$a""e the f>nu$(e ! the "a ge the o#ening of the a#e tu e& 9o e%a$#"e! f .$eans that the

o#ening is ha"f the dia$ete of the "ens! /hi"e an a#e tu e of f .. $eans that thea#e tu e is * .. the

dia$ete o5 the "ens&

DEPTH O9 9IELD


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De#th of 1e"d efe s to ho/ $uch of the i$age is in focus (oth in f ont and (ehindthe $ain focus #oint

of the i$age& It is # i$a i"y a5ected (y the su( ect! distance and a#e tu e& In denta"i$ages! /ith the

c"oseness of the su( ect at 1%ed distances! the de#th of 1e"d is e"ati'e"y s$a"" andthe on"y cont o" is

the a#e tu e! /hich is no $a""y auto$atica""y set (y the ca$e a& A "a ge a#e tu e4s$a""e f>sto#+ /i""

ha'e a sha""o/ de#th of 1e"d! $eaning that anything (ehind o in f ont of the $ainfocus #oint /i"" (e

("u ed and out of focus& A s$a""e a#e tu e 4"a ge f>sto#! e&g& f ..+ /i"" ha'e aninc eased de#th of 1e"d!

$eaning that o( ects /ithin a ce tain distance (oth in f ont o (ehind the $ainfocus #oint /i"" a"so

a##ea sha # and in focus 4ho#efu""y containing an enti e a ch o ,uad ant /henneeded+&

LEN

Digita" senso s a e ,uite s$a"" in si3e in co$#a ison to = $$ 1"$! /hich is /hydigita" ca$e as

no $a""y ha'e "enses P o#osed ADA Technica" Re#o t No& *;.<A"" Inte ested Pa ties e'ie/) 8une .;;=

**

that a e s#ecia""y designed fo the$ and a e not e$o'a("e o inte changea("e&o$e of the $o e

e%#ensi'e digita" ca$e as ha'e co$#ensated fo this! (ut at a conside a("e o#tica"e%#ense&

The foca" "ength of a "ens is $easu ed in $i""i$ete s f o$ the cente of the "ens tothe 1"$ o digita"

senso - di5e ent "enses ha'e di5e ent foca" "engths& o$e "enses ha'e 1%ed foca""engths! ho/e'e !

$ost digita" "enses ha'e 3oo$ ca#a(i"ities and can change foca" "ength& Voo$ing ininc eases the foca"


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"ength and 3oo$ing out educes the foca" "ength& The sho te foca" "ength! the /idethe ang"e of 'ie/-

the "onge foca" "ength! the $o e $agni1cation it # oduces and the na o/e ang"eof 'ie/&

The atio that e"ates the "enses that a e used on 1"$ ca$e a to $ost digita" "ensesis a## o%i$ate"y a

*)*& atio& This $eans that a *;; $$ "ens on a digita" ca$e a # oduces an i$agee,ui'a"ent to that

# oduced (y a * ; $$ "ens on a 1"$ ca$e a! $a0ing c"ose>u# 'ie/s "a ge /ithdigita" ca$e as& It a"so

$a0es /ide>ang"e i$ages $o e di cu"t& This $eans that a # actitione 6s e%isting"enses $ight 1t a

digita" ca$e a! (ut the f a$ing and distancing of the su( ect $ay (e unacce#ta("eto ac,ui e the desi ed

i$age& Re$e$(e ! in dentist y a c"ose>u# 'ie/ is usua""y $o e desi a("e than /ide>ang"e 'ie/s&

Most digita" ca$e as /ith non> e$o'a("e "ens ha'e a 3oo$ ca#a(i"ity that $ay (eeithe an o#tica" o

digita" 3oo$ o ! $o e co$$on"y! (oth& An o#tica" 3oo$ functions (y changing thefoca" "ength of the

"ens /ith no "oss o dec ease in eso"ution& hen an o#tica" 3oo$ "ens eaches$a%i$u$ o#tica"

$agni1cation! $any digita" ca$e as /i"" ?inc ease $agni1cation@ /ith ?digita"3oo$@& ith digita" 3oo$!

the ca$e a en"a ges the cente of the i$age and c o#s a/ay the edges! thusdec easing the i$age

eso"ution& An i$age $ani#u"ating soft/a e # og a$ can achie'e the sa$e e5ect as

the digita" 3oo$& The c"inician is (est ad'ised to $a0e fu"" use of the o#tica" 3oo$ and to use thedigita" 3oo$ /hen

needed to he"# si$#"ify the editing # ocess& Ha'ing a 3oo$ "ens that inc eases$agni1cation in


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inc e$enta" "e'e"s a""o/s the # actitione to eco d the a$ount of $agni1cationused to ca#tu e an

i$age! $a0ing it easie to ec eate the i$age ca#tu e in the futu e&

Most digita" ca$e as ha'e an autofocus featu e that /i"" auto$atica""y focus the"ens on a s#eci1c a ea

/ithin the su( ect a ea! si$#"ifying the ca#tu ing # ocess& o$e! (ut not a""! digita"ca$e as #e $it the

focus to (e set $anua""y! gi'ing the #hotog a#he co$#"ete cont o" of the focusing# ocess&

LCD BIE ER TTL BIE 9INDER

hen 'ie/ing o ?f a$ing@ the su( ect a ea (efo e ca#tu ing the i$age! the e a e

th ee (asic$echanis$s the c"inician

can use& The $ost accu ate /ay to se"ect the i$age is (y 'ie/ing the su( ectth ough the "ens 4TTL+

that ca#tu es the i$age& This # ocess is acco$#"ished in one of t/o /ays& The 1 ste$#"oys $i o s!

/hich eFect the i$age th ough an eye#iece he"d to the eye& This techni,ue is oftenefe ed to as sing"e

"ens eFe% 4 LR+& tanda d on $ost = $$ 1"$ ca$e as! it a"so is found on so$edigita" ca$e as& The

TTL techno"ogy used in $ost digita" ca$e as is an LCD dis#"ay! /hich is a s$a""dis#"ay sc een usua""y

"ocated on the (ac0 of the ca$e a and sho/s in ? ea" ti$e@ the i$age that is hittingthe senso & The LCD

sc een a"so is used (y the digita" ca$e a to dis#"ay the ca#tu ed i$ages that ha'e(een sto ed in the

ca$e a6s on>(oa d $e$o y& An o#e ato using the LCD dis#"ay does not ha'e toho"d the ca$e a to his

eye to # o#e "y a"ign the su( ect! #e $itting hi$ to # o#e "y ca#tu e the i$age/ithout in'ading the


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#atient6s s#ace& This sc een is a"so 'a"ua("e in sho/ing the i$$ediate #"ay(ac0 of an i$age once it is

ca#tu ed- a""o/ing the o#e ato to 'e ify that the desi ed i$age /as ca#tu ed and# o#e "y f a$ed& The

"i$itation of LCD sc eens is that they a e usua""y too s$a"" to 'e ify # o#e focusingand co"o accu acy!

and consu$e "a ge a$ounts of (atte y #o/e & P o#osed ADA Technica" Re#o t No&*;.<


*.

The othe $echanis$ fo 'ie/ing o f a$ing the i$age (efo e ca#tu ing is a

'ie/1nde ! /hich has theo#e ato "oo0ing th ough an eye#iece on the ca$e a that has a se#a ate "ens that is#a a""e" to the

# i$a y ca#tu e "ens& This techni,ue can (e 'e y # o("e$atic /ith the c"ose>u#i$ages that denta"

#hotog a#hy e,ui es! (ecause the o5set ang"e of the 'ie/1nde is not 'ie/ing thee%act a ea the

senso is ca#tu ing& The # i$a y (ene1ts of 'ie/1nde s a e that they a e

ine%#ensi'e and e,ui e no(atte y #o/e &

REMOBA:LE MEMORY

High> eso"ution digita" i$ages a e "a ge 1"es that can (e di cu"t to $anage& Thesto age ca d 4$edia+ in

a digita" ca$e a is its ?1"$@ that ho"ds the i$ages ta0en /ith the ca$e a& Mostdigita" ca$e as ha'e

so$e fo $ of e$o'a("e $edia to sto e 1"es te$#o a i"y /ithin the ca$e a (efo ethey a e t ansfe ed

4do/n"oaded+ to a co$#ute & hi"e te$#o a y sto age is i$#o tant! the ad'antagesand di5e ences in

the 'a ious fo $ats a e not 'e y signi1cant in denta" digita" #hotog a#hy& A"$oste'e y ty#e 4o fo $at+


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# esent"y a'ai"a("e has $edia a'ai"a("e /ith enough ca#acity to ho"d a co$#"ete setof i$ages f o$ any

#atient encounte& o$e of the te$#o a y sto age $edia fo $ats # esent"ya'ai"a("e a e)

PCMCIA PC ca d

9"ash $e$o y ca d Ty#e I

9"ash $e$o y ca d Ty#e II

High ca#acity e$o'a("e ha d d i'e

9DC 4so"id state Fo##y dis0 ca d+

tic0>ty#e Fash $e$o y

D 4secu e digita" ca d+9o si$#"icity and con'enience in 1"e $anage$ent! a"" the i$ages shou"d (edo/n"oaded into the

co$#ute 6s i$age $anage$ent syste$ afte each #atient encounte & If this is not#ossi("e! the c"inician

shou"d conside uti"i3ing $u"ti#"e e$o'a("e ca ds fo the ca$e a to insu e theca$e a has the

necessa y sto age s#ace a'ai"a("e /hen needed&

TRAN 9ER MECHANI M

Afte the i$ages ha'e (een ca#tu ed and sto ed /ithin the digita" ca$e a! the e a ese'e a"

$echanis$s fo t ansfe ing the i$ages to the co$#ute o # inte to (e uti"i3ed&o$e e%a$#"es of

these t ansfe $echanis$s a e)

Auto>connect th ough U : o ?9i e/i e@ IEEE *=< #o t

Doc0ing station

Media ca d eade

PCMCIA PC ca d ada#te P o#osed ADA Technica" Re#o t No& *;.<



23/115

*=

9"o##y dis0 ada#te

e ia" #o t connection

An auto>connect featu e a""o/s the ca$e a to connect to the co$#ute 6s U : o?9i e/i e@ 4IEEE *=< +

#o ts and (e ecogni3ed as if it /e e ust anothe d i'e on the co$#ute & It a""o/s a?d ag and d o#@ o a

?cut and #aste@ ty#e of $echanis$ to $o'e o t ansfe the i$ages f o$ the ca$e asto age $ediu$ to

the co$#ute /ithout the need fo any s#ecia" soft/a e& The ca("ing used fo theseconnections uses a

standa d U : o IEEE *=< connection on the co$#ute end! (ut no $a""y has as$a""e de'ice s#eci1c

connection on the ca$e a end&

o$e ca$e as inc"ude a doc0ing station as a #a t of its syste$! /ith soft/a e thata""o/s the use to

auto$atica""y 4o se$i>auto$atica""y+ co#y o t ansfe i$ages f o$ the ca$e a6ssto age $edia to the

co$#ute o # inte /ith aone>ste# # ocedu e& The soft/a e usua""y a""o/s the use to con1gu e it to t ansfei$ages to a s#eci1ed

"ocation on the co$#ute o net/o 0 and to e$o'e 4e ase+ i$ages f o$ theca$e a6s $edia afte

t ansfe ! $a0ing the ca$e a i$$ediate"y eady fo use /ith the ne%t #atient& Anad'antage of $ost

doc0ing stations is that they a e a"/ays connected to the co$#ute and eady fo

use /ithout e,ui ingthe use to attach any ca("es o $ani#u"ate the $edia ca d /hen t ansfe ingi$ages& Anothe $a o

ad'antage of a doc0ing station is that! /hen # o#e "y "ocated! it # o'ides an idea""ocation fo sto ing the


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ca$e a /hen not in use- and $ost doc0ing stations /i"" auto$atica""y echa ge theca$e a6s (atte ies

/hi"e it is in #"ace&

One of the $ost co$$on i$age t ansfe $echanis$s is the use of ca d eade s oada#te s! /hich ead

4and can / ite to+ the e$o'a("e $edia of the ca$e as& hi"e $any ada#te s canon"y uti"i3e one ty#e

of $edia! $any othe ca d eade s a e con1gu ed to use $u"ti#"e ty#es of $ediathat a e # esent"y

a'ai"a("e! /ith each fo $at o ty#e a##ea ing as a di5e ent de'ice 4o d i'e+ on theco$#ute & To use

these ca d eade s o ada#te s! the c"inician $ust #hysica""y e$o'e the $edia f o$the ca$e a and

#"ace it in the de'ice& hi"e in the ada#te and eade the co$#ute ecogni3es the$edia as if it is a

d i'e on the co$#ute & The $edia $ust (e e ased and e#"aced in the ca$e a(efo e it can (e used

again&

A se ia" #o t connection is s"o/e than the othe t ansfe $echanis$s and e,ui es

de'ice s#eci1csoft/a e& It is a e"y used /ith $ode n co$#ute o#e ating syste$s and ne/eca$e a $ode"s&

IMAGE OR 9ILE COMPRE ION

I$age o 1"e co$# ession uti"i3es $athe$atica" techni,ues to educe the a$ount of digita" data 41"e

si3e+ e,ui ed to sto e indi'idua" digita" i$ages& The e a e nu$e ous a"go ith$s4fo $u"as+ that can (e

used to achie'e "oss"ess 4such as TI99 LV + and "ossy 4such as 8PEG+ i$ageco$# ession& The

deg ee of co$# ession! /hich can cause "osses and disto tion of the i$age ,ua"ity!usua""y can (e use s#eci1ed de#ending on the u"ti$ate ,ua"ity needed& o$e of theconside ations of i$age 1"e


25/115

co$# ession a e)

It can $a0e "a ge 1"es s$a""e and $o e $anagea("e

Loss"ess co$# ession causes no i$age deg adation P o#osed ADA Technica"Re#o t No& *;.<


*

Lossy co$# ession a""o/s fo i$age deg adation)

>>Mo e co$# ession esu"ts in #oo e i$ages

>>Less co$# ession esu"ts in (ette i$ages

>>8PEG 48oint Photog a#hic E%#e ts G ou# o 8PG fo $at+ a""o/s fo 'a ia("e

co$# essionLoss"ess 1"e co$# ession sche$es $a0e a 1"e s$a""e /ithout deg ading the i$age afte

co$# ession and deco$# ession 4 esto ing+! an i$age is nu$e ica""y identica" to theo igina" i$age

#i%e">(y>#i%e"& Thus! "oss"ess co$# ession is said to (e non>dest ucti'e to i$agedata /hen used& The

a$ount of "oss"ess co$# ession is de#endent on i$age detai"! noise! eso"ution! and(it de#th& It is the

idea" ty#e of co$# ession to use in hea"th ca e (ecause of the integ ity of thei$ages&

ith "ossy 1"e co$# ession and deco$# ession! the i$age /i"" (e deg aded e"ati'eto the o igina"

i$age& Lossy co$# ession a""o/s fo $uch highe co$# ession atios& The esu"tingdeg adation! /hich

is de#endent on the a$ount of co$# ession and 'ie/ing conditions! $ay o $aynot (e a##a ent to the

'ie/e & This co$# ession sche$e educes the si3e of a 1"e si3e (y th o/ing a/ay?unneeded@ data! (ut

deg ades it in the # ocess- it cannot (e esto ed to its o igina" ,ua"ity& Theco$$on"y used 8PEG 48PG+


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i$age fo $at is a "ossy co$# ession $ethod! the efo e causing deg adation in thei$age& Ho/e'e ! the

8PEG fo $at a""o/s the o#e ato to cont o" the a$ount of co$# ession! thuscont o""ing the a$ount of

deg adation of the i$age& Conside ation needs to (e $ade fo the 'a"ue of 1"e si3e4s#eed and dis0

s#ace+ 'e sus the need fo i$age ,ua"ity&

:ATTERIE AND PO ER MANAGEMENT

In the se"ection of a digita" #hotog a#hic syste$! #o/e consu$#tion and$anage$ent a e a eas of

$a o conce n (ecause a"" # ocesses in the digita" ea"$ a e de#endent on e"ect ica"

ene gy& Digita"ca$e as and thei Fash attach$ents e,ui e consistent de#enda("e ene gy fo theca#tu e! dis#"ay and

t ansfe # ocesses to #e fo $ de#enda("y and accu ate"y& The LCD dis#"ay! Fash!and t ansfe

# ocesses! #a ticu"a "y! e,ui e a signi1cant a$ount of ene gy&

Most ca$e as ha'e the ca#a(i"ity to e%ecute thei 'a ious # ocesses using #o/ef o$ (atte ies and o

AC ada#te & :atte ies ha'e to (e e#"aced o echa ged egu"a "y! $a0ing (atte y$anage$ent a

#otentia" # o("e$ that needs to (e add essed as #a t of the o ce /o 0Fo/& An ACada#te c eates the

di"e$$a of needing to (e #"ugged into an out"et! $a0ing ca("e o co d hand"ing# o("e$atic in the

c"inica" en'i on$ent& One of the (est #o/e $anage$ent syste$s is a ca$e a /itha doc0ing station!

/hich echa ges the (atte ies /hene'e the ca$e a is #"aced in the c ad"e and usesAC #o/e to

t ansfe the i$ages to the co$#ute & Using a doc0ing station $ay insu e theca$e a6s (atte ies a e


27/115

a"/ays cha ged and the ca$e a is eady to (e used& A doc0ing station /i"" notecha ge the (atte ies in

an e%te na" Fash! so attention sti"" needs to (e focused in that a ea if an e%te na"Fashed is used&

DIGITAL IMAGE MANAGEMENT

Digita" i$age $anage$ent can (e di'ided into t/o se#a ate a eas! data(ase$anage$ent 4cata"oging

o sto ing and et ie'ing the i$ages+ and i$age $ani#u"ation& Most consu$e >o iented digita" ca$e a

syste$s /i"" contain i$age data(ase and $ani#u"ation # og a$s that /o 0 /e"" fothe ho$e use fo

do/n"oading o t ansfe ing i$ages f o$ the ca$e a to the co$#ute ! (ut a eno $a""y not so#histicated

enough fo $ost denta" a##"ications& Many # actice $anage$ent soft/a e syste$s/i"" a"so hand"e P o#osed ADA Technica" Re#o t No& *;.<


*

(asic i$age data(ase $anage$ent& Denta" s#eci1c i$age $ani#u"ation soft/a e# og a$s a""o/ the

o#e ato to si$u"ate t eat$ent o#tions fo #atients! such as /hitening! diaste$ac"osu e! (onding! and

# osthetic # ocedu es& Most denta" i$age $ani#u"ation soft/a e # og a$s #e fo $(oth $anage$ent

and $ani#u"ation&

hade $atching syste$s $ay (e st ict"y soft/a e # og a$s! o $ay e,ui e use of syste$ s#eci1c

ca$e as o ca#tu ing de'ices& These # og a$s ana"y3e the info $ation /ithin adigita" i$age and

co$#a e it to 0no/n 'a"ues to # oduce a $a# of the shades /ithin the i$age& Thisinfo $ation can (e of

#a ticu"a 'a"ue to denta" "a(o ato ies and technicians in # osthetic cases and to,uantify changes in the


28/115

dentition fo ("eaching # ocedu es&

UMMARY

Digita" #hotog a#hy! "i0e $any of the ne/e e"ect onic techno"ogies! o5e ssigni1cant (ene1ts to denta"

# actices& The 0ey to successfu" uti"i3ation is to inco #o ate the techno"ogy into the# actice in a /ay that

$a0es e cient use of its ca#a(i"ities /ithout adding unnecessa y ad$inist ati'eo'e head& The inhe ent

e ciencies of digita" #hotog a#hy $a0e it e%t e$e"y (ene1cia"! ho/e'e ! the# actitione needs a (asic

unde standing of co$#ute techno"ogy and standa d #hotog a#hy fo # o#e

uti"i3ation& P o#e se"ectionand i$#"e$entation of the a## o# iate #hotog a#hy and co$#ute e,ui#$ent!co$(ined /ith the

necessa y t aining and co ect /o 0Fo/ #atte ns! $a0es inco #o ating digita"#hotog a#hy i$ages into

the #atient6s c"inica" eco d an easi"y o(taina("e goa"& T aining and uti"i3ing theco ect sta5 $e$(e s to

ac,ui e and $ani#u"ate the i$ages can $a0e the # ocess cost e5ecti'e and

(ene1cia" to (oth the# actice and the #atient&

ith inc eased standa di3ation and use of the DICOM tanda d! the a(i"ity to sha ei$ages th oughout

the hea"thca e indust y /i"" inc ease e ciency and ,ua"ity of #atient ca e& Thei$# o'e$ent in the

standa d of ca e is the goa" of a"" denta" # ocedu es and $oda"ities that a e#e fo $ed in denta" hea"th

ca e& P o#osed ADA Technica" Re#o t No& *;.<


*

Ta("e *


29/115


30/115


31/115

LZLeft O("i,ue 4 [+

Desc i#to of hade Refe ence

ing"e Tooth /ith

hade Refe ence Tooth X :4:oth+Z Mid"ine 4;[+

RZRight O("i,ue 4 [+

LZLeft O("i,ue 4 [+

Desc i#to of hade Refe ence

ing"e Tooth! Tooth X :4:oth+Z Mid"ine

RZRightLZLeft

o Tooth u faces

Di ect

Mi o ed I$age!

Co ected Mi o I$age WWW P o#osed ADA Technica" Re#o t No& *;.<


*J

Ta("e .

tanda d Denta" Photog a#hy Bie/s

Int ao a" oft Tissue Bie/sW

WAn additiona" notation efe ing to the dentition o the edentu"ous a ea /he e atooth shou"d e%ist as an anato$ica" efe ence of /hat

a ea of conce n is ca#tu ed in the i$age& The efe ence shou"d efe to "ocation of the a ea /ith the $outh at est! a""o/ing the

# actitione to 0no/ the a## o%i$ate "ocation and #ossi("e o ientation of an i$agethat $ay not ha'e any anato$ica" identifying

st uctu es contained /ithin the i$age es#ecia""y at highe $agni1cation& E%a$#"es)the (ucca" $ucosa ad acent to tooth X= o "ate a"


32/115

(o de of the tongue ad acent to tooth X=;&

WWWThis 'ie/ $eans that the a ea of # i$a y focus in the i$age has eo iented sothat it /ou"d (e the sa$e as a di ect i$age 4i&e& ight

is ight and "eft is "eft+

It is a"so eco$$ended to inc"ude a $easu e$ent efe encing de'ice /ithin thei$age of a 0no/n si3e and containing de$a cations

in $i""i$ete s (e used to a""o/ fo ca"i( ation of distances and thus i$# o'ing theaccu acy in $easu ing o( ects /ithin an i$age&

E%a$#"es) #e iodonta" # o(e! a $i""i$ete u"e ! o a "a(e" inc"uding a 0no/nefe ence&

Region

Int ao a"

oft Tissue Bie/

Re"ationshi# to DentitionW

4(y Tooth X! uad ant! e%tant+

econda y Refe ences

4Ang"e of Ca$e a to Mid"ine+

Te tia y Refe ences4Occ"usion A ch Re"ationshi#

o Di ect o Mi o I$age+

Ha d Pa"ate Yes :4:oth+Z Mid"ine!4;[+


LZLeft O("i,ue 4 [+

Di ect!Mi o ed I$age!

Co ected Mi o I$age WWW

oft Pa"ate Yes :4:oth+Z Mid"ine!4;[+



33/115

LZLeft O("i,ue 4 [+

Di ect!

Mi o ed I$age!

Co ected Mi o I$age WWW Tongue Do sa" Yes :4:oth+Z Mid"ine!4;[+


LZLeft O("i,ue 4 [+

Di ect!

Mi o ed I$age!

Co ected Mi o I$age WWW Tongue Bent a" Yes :4:oth+Z Mid"ine!4;[+


LZLeft O("i,ue 4 [+

Di ect!

Mi o ed I$age!


Tongue Late a"

:o de

Yes :4:oth+Z Mid"ine!4;[+


LZLeft O("i,ue 4 [+

Di ect!

Mi o ed I$age!


Gingi'a Yes :4:oth+Z Mid"ine!4;[+



34/115

LZLeft O("i,ue 4 [+

Di ect!

Mi o ed I$age!

Co ected Mi o I$age WWW9"oo of Mouth Yes :4:oth+Z Mid"ine!4;[+


LZLeft O("i,ue 4 [+

Di ect!

Mi o ed I$age!

Co ected Mi o I$age WWW:ucca" Mucosa Yes RZRight O("i,ue 4 [+

LZLeft O("i,ue 4 [+

Di ect!

Mi o ed I$age!


Besti(u"e Yes :4:oth+Z Mid"ine!4;[+


LZLeft O("i,ue 4 [+

Di ect!

Mi o ed I$age!


Ret o Mo"a Pad Yes RZRight O("i,ue 4 [+

LZLeft O("i,ue 4 [+

Di ect!

Mi o ed I$age!



35/115

Ascending Ra$us Yes RZRight O("i,ue 4 [+

LZLeft O("i,ue 4 [+

Di ect!

Mi o ed I$age!Co ected Mi o I$age WWW

Pha yngea" Region Yes :4:oth+Z Mid"ine!4;[+


LZLeft O("i,ue 4 [+

Di ect!

Mi o ed I$age!Co ected Mi o I$age WWW P o#osed ADA Technica" Re#o t No& *;.<


*K

Ta("e =

tanda d Denta" Photog a#hy Bie/s

E%t ao a" Bie/s

WAn additiona" notation efe ing to the dentition o the edentu"ous a ea /he e atooth shou"d e%ist as an anato$ica" efe ence of /hat a ea of

conce n is ca#tu ed in the i$age& The efe ence shou"d efe to "ocation of the a ea/ith the $outh at est! a""o/ing the # actitione to 0no/

the a## o%i$ate "ocation and #ossi("e o ientation of an i$age that $ay not ha'eany anato$ica" identifying st uctu es contained /ithin the

i$age es#ecia""y at highe $agni1cation&

WWThis is the sa$e i$age that is "isted /ith the sa$e na$e on the Dentition Bie/ Ta("e *&

It is a"so eco$$ended to inc"ude a $easu e$ent efe encing de'ice /ithin thei$age of a 0no/n si3e and containing de$a cations in

$i""i$ete s shou"d (e used to a""o/ fo ca"i( ation of distances and thus i$# o'ingthe accu acy in $easu ing o( ects /ithin an i$age&


36/115

E%a$#"es) #e iodonta" # o(e! a $i""i$ete u"e ! o a "a(e" inc"uding a 0no/nefe ence&

Region

E%t ao a" Bie/

Re"ationshi# to DentitionW

4:y Tooth X! uad ant!

e%tant! o A ch+

econda y Refe ences

4Ang"e of Ca$e a to Mid"ine+

Te tia y Refe ences

4Occ"usion A ch Re"ationshi#+

9u"" 9ace 4Head+ Not A##"ica("e : 4:oth+Z Mid"ine! 4;[+

RZRight O("i,ue 4 [+! o Right P o1"e 4


37/115

LZLeft O("i,ue 4 [+! o Left P o1"e 4


38/115


39/115

= $$ A te $ co$$on"y used to efe to = $$ 1"$ that has a . $$ % = $$f a$e i$age& P o#osed ADA Technica" Re#o t No& *;.<


.;

A

A D Con'e te ee Ana"og to Digita" Con'e te &

Acce"e ato A de'ice o soft/a e designed to s#eed u# o#e ations! such asef eshing a sc een i$age&

Many PC BGA g a#hics (oa ds co$e fu nished /ith acce"e ato chi#s& The e a ea"so

au%i"ia y (oa ds 4co$$on"y ca""ed #ass>th ough (oa ds+ that /i"" (oost the s#eed of egu"a

BGA (oa ds&

Access Ti$e The ti$e it ta0es the d i'e to $a0e the e,uested info $ation a'ai"a("eto (e sent to the

co$#ute & It inc"udes the actua" see0 ti$e! otationa" "atency! and co$$and# ocessing ti$e&

Ad'anced Photo yste$ It is a 1"$ ca t idge syste$ that $agnetica""y eco ds a""

#ictu e data fo each f a$e of 1"$& This data is then used (y the #hoto 1nishe to # o'ide ne/ se 'ices that can not (efound /ith

t aditiona" 1"$ ca$e as

Additi'e Co"o yste$ The co"o syste$ used in $ost digita" ca$e as /he e ed!g een! and ("ue "ight is ca#tu ed

se#a ate"y and then co$(ined to c eate a fu"" co"o i$age& Red! G een! and :"ue a eefe ed

to as additi'e co"o s& Red\G een\:"ueZ hite&

AE: An ac ony$ fo Auto E%#osu e : ac0eting! a $ode that # oduces = di5e ente%#osu es 4\* ; >

*+ f o$ the sa$e shot! to he"# insu e the # o#e e%#osu e&


40/115

A"go ith$ A ste#>(y>ste# # o("e$>so"'ing # ocedu e! es#ecia""y an esta("ished!ecu si'e co$#utationa"

# ocedu e fo so"'ing a # o("e$& The s#eci1c # ocess in a co$#ute # og a$ usedto so"'e a

#a ticu"a # o("e$&

A"iasing The a##ea ance of agged disto tions in cu 'es and diagona" "ines in digita"i$ages (ecause

the eso"ution is "i$ited o di$inished& The e5ect is caused (y sa$#"ing an i$age4o signa"+ at

too "o/ a ate& It $a0es a#id change 4high te%tu e+ a eas of an i$age a##ea as as"o/

change in the sa$#"e i$age& Once a"iasing occu s! the e is no /ay to accu ate"ye# oduce

the o igina" i$age f o$ the sa$#"ed i$age&

A"#ha Channe" An i$age edito channe" used to contain a $as0 o #a tia" #ictu ee"e$ent o co"o &

Ana"og Data that 'a ies on a continuous sca"e /ith no disc eet ste#s (et/een"e'e"s& Ana"og

t ans$itted data can (e e# esented e"ect onica""y (y a continuous /a'e fo $

signa"&E%a$#"es of ana"og ite$s a e t aditiona" #hotog a#hed i$ages and #honog a#ha"(u$s&

Ana"og igna" Ana"og signa" a e continuous o'e a ange of $easu e$ent and can(e e# esented (y /a'e

fo $s that can ta0e on any 'a"ue in a gi'en ange&

Ana"og to Digita"

Con'e teA de'ice that con'e ts ana"og! o continuous! data into digita" data o a se ies of disc eet

ste#s& The info $ation co$ing in f o$ the senso in 'o"ts is con'e ted as a (itst ea$ to a


41/115

code 'a"ue& The de'ice con'e ts ana"og info $ation 4a #hotog a#h o 'ideo f a$e+into a

se ies of nu$(e s that a co$#ute can sto e and $ani#u"ate&

Anti>a"iasing The # ocess of educing stai>ste##ing (y s$oothing edges /he eindi'idua" #i%e"s a e 'isi("e&

A#e tu e The "ens o#ening fo $ed (y the i is dia#h ag$ inside the "ens& The si3e of the ho"e can (e

$ade "a ge o s$a""e and egu"ates the a$ount of "ight eaching the i$age #"ane(y the

autofocus syste$ o a $anua" cont o"& The a#e tu e setting is co$$on"y efe ed toas the fsto#&

A#e tu e P io ity A $ode in /hich a desi ed "ens o#ening 4f>sto#+ is $anua""yse"ected and "oc0ed in- the

ca$e a then chooses an a## o# iate shutte s#eed fo # o#e e%#osu e& Used# i$a i"y to

cont o" de#th of 1e"d 4the ange of sha #ness+ in f ont of o (ehind a su( ect oo( ect&

A#e tu e! Ma%i$u$ A $easu e of ho/ $uch "ight can #ass th ough a "ens /hen itsdia#h ag$ is o#ened fu""y&

Lenses /ith $a%i$u$ a#e tu es of f>. o f>.&K a e catego i3ed as fast and can# oduce

co ect e%#osu es unde "o/e "ight than s"o/ "enses /ith $a%i$u$ a#e tu es of f>=& o

s$a""e &

A##"ication A co$#ute soft/a e # og a$ designed to $eet a s#eci1c need&

AP An a(( e'iation fo Ad'anced Photo yste$& 4 ee Ad'anced Photo yste$+

A chi'e Long>te $ sto age of data o i$ages& A chi'ing is gene a""y acco$#"ishedon so$e fo $ of

$agnetic $edia- such as dis0 o ta#e! o o#tica" $edia- such as ita("e CD o DBD&P o#osed ADA Technica" Re#o t No& *;.<



42/115

.*

A

A tifacts The un/anted e5ects in the i$age such as ("otches 4f o$ o'e >co$# ession+! $u"ti>co"o ed

s#ec0"es f o$ ( ight high"ights! noise 4g anu"a ity f o$ unde e%#osu e+ and othea(e ations

that so$eti$es is noticea("e in i$ages&

A A An ac ony$ fo A$e ican tanda ds Association 4no/ AN I+! and /as thee%#osu e inde% o

s#eed ating of a 1"$ /hich denotes the 1"$7s sensiti'ity o s#eed! the highe thenu$(e the

faste the 1"$& Today 1"$s efe to 1"$ s#eed as the I O 4Inte nationa" O gani3ationfo

tanda di3ation+ instead& 4A"so see I O+&

As#ect Ratio The atio (et/een the /idth and height 4o ho i3onta" to 'e tica"+di$ensions of an i$age o

i$age senso used in the i$aging indust y to de1ne a##"ica(i"ity of an i$age to 1t a#age!

sc een! $onito ! o f a$e& Ty#ica""y = $$ 1"$ i$age is = $$ /ide and . $$high gi'ing a

=). atio! digita" ca$e as ty#ica""y ha'e a )= atio !TB ha'e a )= atio! HDTB ha'ea * )<

atio! ] 1"$ ha'e a ) atio& In dentist y the ca$e a atio is often e'e sedco$#a ing

height to /idth&

As#he ica" Lens A "ens designed to e# oduce i$ages (ette (y ha'ing its edges

Fattened so that it is not a#e fect s#he e! hence) a 4not+ s#he ica" 4a s#he e+&

Asynch onous Tansfe

Mode


43/115

A net/o 0 # otoco" that t ansfe s data in ce""s o #ac0ets of a s$a"" 1%ed si3e& Thes$a""! 1%ed

si3e of ATM a""o/s data such as 'ideo! 'oice and data to (e t ansfe ed o'e thesa$e

net/o 0&

ATA A standa d fo sto age de'ices that "ets the$ (e t eated as if they /e e ha dd i'es on the

syste$& Any ATA co$#ati("e $edia can (e ead (y any ATA de'ice&

ATM An ac ony$ fo Asynch onous Tansfe Mode 4 ee Asynch onous TansfeMode+&

Attach$ent A 1"e such as a #hotog a#h o docu$ent that is sent a"ong /ith an e>

$ai" $essage so it can(e 'ie/ed o sa'ed at the eci#ient7s end&

Audio Reco ding Many digita" ca$e as a""o/ fo the eco ding of a sho t sound (ite/ith each i$age! a""o/ing

notes to (e $ade fo futu e efe ence&

Auto Le'e"s This is a 'e y (asic auto$atic co ection techni,ue e$#"oyed (yscanning and i$age

# ocessing soft/a e& Usua""y! the # ocess ta0es an integ ated eading of the i$ageand

atte$#ts to ad ust the i$age (y ta geting a neut a" sca"e fo a"" 'a"ues& This on"y/o 0s on a

#e fect"y neut a" i$age and often auto "e'e"s a"one is insu cient to #e fo $ ,ua"ityi$age

o#ti$i3ation&

Autofocus The ca$e a auto$atica""y focuses on a su( ect o o( ect at /hich it is

#ointed&Auto$atic E%#osu e A $ode of ca$e a o#e ation in /hich the ca$e a auto$atica""yad usts the a#e tu e! shutte

s#eed! o (oth fo # o#e e%#osu e&


44/115


45/115

:: An ac ony$ fo :u""etin :oa d e 'ice 4 ee :u""etin :oa d e 'ice+&

:ina y The nu$(e ing syste$ of digita" co$#uting! (ased on * and ;& A coding ocounting syste$

/ith on"y t/o sy$(o"s o conditions 4o5 on! 3e o one! $a 0 s#ace! high "o/+& The(ina y

syste$ is the (asis fo sto ing data in co$#ute s&

:it An a(( e'iation fo :ina y digit! the s$a""est unit of digita" info $ation& A sing"e(it can ho"d

on"y one of t/o 'a"ues) ; o * 4on o o5+& Mo e $eaningfu" info $ation is o(tained(y

co$(ining consecuti'e (its into "a ge units& 9o e%a$#"e! a (yte is co$#osed of K

consecuti'e (its&

:it De#th In digita" i$aging! a nu$(e e# esenting the ,uantity of the (its used tode1ne a #i%e"

i""u$ination "e'e"& Co"o g ay sca"e&

:it$a# An i$age $ade u# of dots! o #i%e"s& Refe s to a aste i$age! in /hich thei$age consists of

o/s o #i%e"s athe than 'ecto coo dinates& The standa d (it>$a##ed g a#hics

fo $at usedin the indo/s en'i on$ent& :y con'ention! g a#hics 1"es in the :MP fo $at end/ith a &($#

e%tension& :MP 1"es sto e g a#hics in a fo $at ca""ed de'ice>inde#endent (it$a#4DI:+& This

is the on"y g a#hics fo $at /he e co$# ession actua""y en"a ges the 1"e& The fo $atis /ide"y

used nonethe"ess&

:"ac0 Point The #oint that de1nes the da 0est 'a"ue in an i$age&

: ightness The 'a"ue of a #i%e" in an e"ect onic i$age! e# esenting its "ightness'a"ue f o$ ("ac0 to

/hite& Usua""y de1ned as ( ightness "e'e"s anging in 'a"ue f o$ ; 4("ac0+ to .4/hite+&


46/115

:u5e A te$#o a y sto age a ea! usua""y in RAM& The #u #ose of $ost (u5e s is toact as a

te$#o a y ho"ding a ea! ena("ing the CPU to $ani#u"ate data (efo e t ansfe ing itto a de'ice&

An e"ect onic sto age a ea /he e se'e a" a" eady>e%#osed digita" ca$e a i$agescan /ait in

"ine to (e # ocessed& This s#eeds the inte 'a" (et/een shots 4(u st ate+ since each#hoto

does not ha'e to (e co$#"ete"y # ocessed (efo e the ne%t one can (e ta0en&

:u""etin :oa d e 'ice A dia">u# co$#ute se 'ice accessi("e (y $ode$! usua""y$aintained (y a $anufactu e !

dist i(uto ! o # i'ate co$#any& They7 e used fo .>/ay co$#ute >to>co$#uteco$$unications! to do/n"oad #atches and uti"ities! to a""o/ use s to as0 ,uestionsand access

info $ation! to ecei'e co$#any announce$ents! etc& e(sites ha'e often e#"aced:: &

:u st Mode The a(i"ity of a ca$e a to ta0e one #ictu e afte anothe as "ong as youho"d do/n the shutte

e"ease (utton&

:u st Rate The ti$e (et/een the ca$e a6s a(i"ity to ta0e the ne%t #ictu e& It is theecyc"ing ti$e of a

ca$e a to / ite the i$age 1"e afte e'e y e%#osu e! usua""y => seconds of deadti$e (et/een

shots& This can (e educed (y the ca$e a ha'ing RAM that acts as a (u5e tote$#o a i"y

sto e o ho"d the i$age (efo e / iting the i$age to a 1"e&

:yte An a(( e'iation fo (ina y te $! a co$#utationa" unit of sto age ca#a("e of ho"ding a sing"e

cha acte & * :yte is e,ua" to K :its& An ense$("e of eight (its of $e$o y in aco$#ute & P o#osed ADA Technica" Re#o t No& *;.<



47/115

.=

C

Ca"i( ation The act of ad usting the co"o of one de'ice e"ati'e to anothe ! such as a$onito to a # inte !

o a scanne to a 1"$ eco de & O ! it $ay (e the # ocess of ad usting the co"o of one de'ice

to so$e esta("ished standa d&

Ca$e a Ang"e The 'ie/ing ang"e chosen f o$ /hich to #hotog a#h a su( ect& Indentist y it often efe ences

the $id>sagitta" #"ane and the ho i3onta" #"ane&

Ca$e a Position The 'a ious standa d i$ages used in dentist y e,ui e that theca$e a (e $o'ed c"ose o

fu the f o$ the su( ect and this e5ects the $agni1cation atios of the i$ages& Theca$e a

#osition a"so e"ates to the 'e tica" and ho i3onta" e"ation to the $id"ine! $id>sagitta"!

ho i3onta"! and 'e tica" #"anes&

Ca$e a Ratio The atio of height to /idth of the ca$e a i$age! = $$ 1"$ is . $$

% = $$ o a .)= atio!$any digita" ca$e as use a =) atio& This is used to he"# unde stand $agni1cationas e"ated

to the ca$e a #osition&

Ca d A de'ice that is a sea"ed #ac0age containing sto age chi#s o othe de'ices/ith e"ect ica"

connecto s that $a0e contact /hen inse ted into a s"ot on a ca$e a! # inte !co$#ute ! o

othe de'ice&&

Ca d Ada#te A de'ice used to inse t a s$a""e sto age de'ice into a "a ge s"ot in aco$#ute o othe

de'ice&


48/115

CCD An ac ony$ fo Cha ge>Cou#"ed De'ice! a "ight sensiti'e so"id>state inst u$ent/hose

se$iconducto s a e connected so that the out#ut of one se 'es as the in#ut of thene%t& The

i$aging su face of digita" ca$e as! 'ideo ca$e as! and o#tica" scanne s often useCCD

a ays as an i$age senso that eads the cha ges (ui"t u# on the senso 7s #hotositesa o/ at

a ti$e to co""ect i$age data& The $o e senso s a CCD has! the highe the i$ageeso"ution

/i"" (e& A CCD con'e ts "ight into # o#o tiona" 4ana"og+ e"ect ica" cu ent& The t/o$ain ty#es

of CCDs a e "inea a ays used in Fat(ed scanne s! digita" co#ie s! and g a#hic a tsscanne s!

and a ea a ays used in ca$co de s! sti"" 'ideo ca$e as! digita" ca$e as! and fastscanne s&

CCD Ra/ 9o $at The uninte #o"ated data co""ected di ect"y f o$ the i$age senso(efo e # ocessing&

CD An ac ony$ fo Co$#act Disc! /hich is a #o"yca (onate o#tica" sto age $edia/ith one o

$o e $eta" "aye s ca#a("e of sto ing digita" info $ation& A 'a iety of CD fo $ats a ea'ai"a("e

fo use (y co$#ute s! 'ideo! and audio #"aye s&

CD D i'e A d i'e $echanis$ fo #"aying CDs&

CD>:u ne A nic0na$e fo a Co$#act Dis0>Reco da("e d i'e 4CD>R d i'e+&

CD>R Disc A ty#e of co$#act disc $edia that can ha'e data / itten to it (y CD>RD i'e& This is a ite

Once Read Many 4 ORM+ $edia! $eaning it can on"y (e / itten to one ti$e& Thiso#tica"

$edia is (eco$ing a #o#u"a a"te nati'e to ta#es as a (ac0u# $ethod

CD>R D i'e ho t fo Co$#act Dis0>Reco da("e d i'e! a ty#e of dis0 d i'e that a""o/suse s to c eate a


49/115

CD>ROM o audio CD& This o#tica" sto age de'ice is (eco$ing a #o#u"a a"te nati'eto ta#e

syste$s as a (ac0u# $ethod! es#ecia""y fo #e $anent 4a chi'e+ sto age&

CD>ROM Co$#act Disc! Read>On"y Me$o y& A non> e/ ita("e CD used (y a co$#uteas a sto age

$ediu$ fo data&

CD>R CD>Re ita("e Media a # oduct on /hich use s can eco d te%t! i$ages andg a#hics fo

#e $anent o te$#o a y sto age& A ty#e of co$#act disc that can ha'e thei datae ased and

o'e / itten (y ne/ data& This o#tica" sto age $edia is (eco$ing a #o#u"a

a"te nati'e to ta#esyste$s as a (ac0u# $ethod (ecause it a""o/s $u"ti#"e eco dings! use s can e aseand

e/ ite as often as needed&

Channe" One #iece of info $ation sto ed /ith an i$age& T ue co"o i$ages! foinstance! ha'e th ee

channe"s> ed! g een and ("ue& A co$#onent of a digita" i$age that ca ies the datafo a co"o

co$#onent o a $as0&

Cha ge>Cou#"ed De'ice ee CCD&

Ch o$a The co"o of an i$age e"e$ent 4#i%e"+& Ch o$a is $ade u# of satu ation \hue 'a"ues! (ut

se#a ate f o$ the "u$inance 'a"ue&

Ch o$atic Ada#tion Ad ust$ent to o'e a"" co"o shifts! "i0e those # oduced (y 1"te s&

C"i# A t G a#hic 1"es that can (e inse ted into docu$ents! # esentations! and# o ects& Often a e

dist i(uted on CDs o th ough the Inte net& P o#osed ADA Technica" Re#o t No& *;.<


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C

C"i##ing The g ou#ing 4usua""y un/anted+ of a"" tones o co"o s a(o'e o (e"o/ ace tain 'a"ue into one

co$#osite tone&

CMO An ac ony$ fo Co$#"i$enta y Meta" O%ide e$iconducto & This is a ty#e of se$iconducto

that can (e used as a senso that ca#tu e i$ages fo digita" adiog a#hy and#hotog a#hy! and

a e so$eti$es used in instead of CCDs (ecause they ha'e "o/ #o/e e,ui e$entsand a e

"ess e%#ensi'e& Usua""y they a e found in high>end digita" ca$e as /ith high

$ega#i%e"senso s&

CM An ac ony$ fo Co"o Matching yste$ o Co"o Manage$ent yste$& Asoft/a e # og a$

4o a soft/a e and ha d/a e co$(ination+ designed to ensu e co"o $atching andca"i( ation

(et/een 'ideo o co$#ute $onito s and any fo $ of ha d co#y out#ut& A soft/a edata(ase

containing cha acte istics that ca"i( ate and no $a"i3e the co$#onents of ani$aging syste$

to assu e consistent esu"ts&

CMY Cyan! Magenta! Ye""o/ The th ee su(t acti'e # i$a y co"o s&

CMY One of se'e a" co"o encoding syste$ used (y # inte s fo co$(ining # i$a yco"o s to

# oduce a fu"">co"o i$age& In CMY ! co"o s a e e%# essed (y the su(t acti'e

# i$a ies4cyan! $agenta! ye""o/+ and ("ac0& :"ac0 is ca""ed o 0ey"ine since ("ac0!0ey"ined te%t

a##ea s on this "aye & The co"o s that a e $i%ed to # int #ictu es on #a#e & Most in0> et and


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dye>su("i$ation # inte s use co$(inations of these co"o s to e# oduce i$ages&

Co"o Co ection The # ocess of co ecting o enhancing the co"o of an i$age&

Code Ba"ue A #i%e"6s g ay "e'e" 'a"ue& An K>(it 4*>(yte+ #i%e" i$age code 'a"ueanges f o$ ; to . 4.

"e'e"s+&

Coding Reco ding data 4o i$age+ in (ina y fo $ 4nu$(e +&

Co"o :a"ance The o'e a"" accu acy /ith /hich the co"o s in a #hotog a#h $atch oa e ca#a("e of $atching

those in the o igina" scene&

Co"o De#th The nu$(e of (its assigned to each #i%e" in the i$age and the nu$(eof co"o s that can (e

c eated f o$ those (its& T ue Co"o uses . (its #e #i%e" to ende * $i""ion co"o s&

Co"o Ga$ut The ange of co"o that can (e # oduced (y a s#eci1c co"oe# oduction syste$&

Co"o Manage$ent

yste$ ee CM &

Co"o Mode" A $athe$atica" e# esentation of co"o &

Co"o e#a ation The # ocess of ( ea0ing a continuous tone i$age into indi'idua"4often (ut "i$ited to # i$a y+

co"o co$#onents fo # ocessing and # inting&

Co"o Te$#e atu e A co$$on"y used $easu e$ent of the co"o of a /hite "ightsou ce desc i(ing the ,ua"ities of

/a $ 4ye""o/ish+ o coo" 4("uish+ "ight and $easu ing it in Deg ees e"'in 4^ +& The$ethod of

$easu e$ent is (ased on the # edo$inant co"o 4"a$(da $a%+ e$itted (y a ("ac0(o% heated

to a s#eci1c te$#e atu e& E%# essed in deg ees ELBIN! day"ight is e,uated toa(out

;;;^ ! /hi"e a ty#ica" #hotoFood "a$# e$its "ight at a te$#e atu e of a(out=.;;^ &


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Co"o hee" This is an aid to (e used /hen se"ecting co"o s fo a ha $onious co"osche$e& You can easi"y

identify and s#"it co$#"e$enta y co"o s&

Co"o i$ete A de'ice used to $easu e the co"o of "ight&

Co$#act 9"ash A f"ash $e$o y fo $at! the $atch(oo0>si3ed $e$o y ca d si3e is= & % .&K % =&= $$ thic0&

It uses the sa$e PC Ca d ATA inte face! (ut has ; #ins instead of K! and ca dssu##o t

(oth =&= and ' o#e ation& They can #"ug into a Co$#act9"ash soc0et o into astanda d Ty#e

II PC Ca d s"ot /ith an ada#te ca d& Co$#act9"ash has (eco$e /ide"y used fo

sto age indigita" ca$e as and othe handhe"d digita" de'ices& The Co$#act 9"ash can then (ee ased

/hen the i$ages ha'e (een t ansfe ed o a e no "onge needed&

Co$#act 9"ash II A ne/ Co$#act 9"ash standa d /ith inc eased ca#acity! thesecond>gene ation Co$#act9"ash

Ty#e II ca d 4C9.+ inc eases the thic0ness f o$ = to $$ a""o/ing fo the inc"usionof $o e

e"ect onics as /e"" as a $ic o$iniatu i3ed ha d dis0&

Co$#ati("e Me$o y

Ty#e4s+

The ty#e of sto age $ediu$ a ca$e a uses to sto e i$ages& o$e ca$e as ha'ethe a(i"ity

to use $u"ti#"e ty#es of sto age $edia! (ut $ost ca$e as acce#t on"y one ty#e! andnone of

the ty#es a e inte changea("e& Each fo $at has its # os and cons! and the fact thatnone has

yet (eco$e do$inant suggests that the e7s no (est fo $at yet& P o#osed ADA Technica" Re#o t No& *;.<



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.

C

Co$#"i$enta y Meta"

O%ide e$iconducto ee CMO &Co$# ession The use of $athe$atica" techni,ues to educe the a$ount of digita"data 41"e si3e+ e,ui ed

sto ing indi'idua" digita" i$ages& The e a e nu$e ous a"go ith$s 4fo $u"as+ that can(e

used to achie'e "oss"ess 4such as TI99 LV + and "ossy 4such as 8PEG+ i$age

co$# ession& The deg ee of co$# ession usua""y can (e use >s#eci1ed de#endingon the

u"ti$ate ,ua"ity needed and can cause "osses and disto tion&

Co$# ession>Loss"ess

I$age

A 1"e co$# ession sche$e that $a0es a 1"e s$a""e /ithout deg ading the i$ageand afte

co$# ession and deco$# ession 4 esto ing+ an i$age is nu$e ica""y identica" to the

o igina" i$age #i%e">(y>#i%e"& Thus! it is said to (e non>dest ucti'e to i$age data/hen

used& The a$ount of "oss"ess co$# ession is de#endent on i$age detai"! noise!

eso"ution! and (it de#th&

Co$# ession>Lossy

I$age

A ty#e of co$# ession that afte co$# ession deco$# ession an i$age contains

deg adation e"ati'e to the o igina" i$age& Lossy co$# ession a""o/s fo $uchhighe

co$# ession atios! and the deg adation $ay o $ay not (e a##a ent to the 'ie/eand

can (e de#endent on the a$ount of co$# ession and the 'ie/ing conditions& This


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co$# ession sche$e educes the si3e of a 1"e (ut deg ades it in the # ocess so itcan7t (e

esto ed to its o igina" ,ua"ity& The $ethod educes i$age 1"e si3e (y th o/ing a/ay

?unneeded@ data! causing a s"ight deg adation of i$age ,ua"ity& 8PEG is a "ossy

co$# ession $ethod&

Co$# ession>LV ho t fo Le$#e">Vi'> e"ch& Co$# ession sche$e to educe thesi3e of i$age 1"es&

Continuous Tone An i$age /he e ( ightness a##ea s consistent and uninte u#ted&Each #i%e" in a

continuous tone i$age 1"e uses at "east one (yte each fo its ed! g een! and ("ue'a"ues&

This #e $its . density "e'e"s #e co"o o $o e than * $i""ion $i%tu e co"o s& Aty#e of

i$age! e&g& #hotog a#h! that can e# esent a"" tones and 'a"ues in a continuoussca"e

/ithout ste#s&

Contou ing A 'isua" e5ect in an i$age as a esu"t of "o/ ( ightness eso"ution /hicha##ea s as (ands

of sha #! distinct! ( ightness change& Be y si$i"a to (anding&Cont ast The ate of change f o$ /hite to ("ac0! /hich dictates the a##a entse#a ation (et/een

tones&

>High cont ast i$#"ies da 0 ("ac0 and ( ight /hite content-

>Mediu$ cont ast i$#"ies a good s# ead f o$ ("ac0 to /hite-

>Lo/ cont ast i$#"ies a s$a"" s# ead of 'a"ues f o$ ("ac0 to /hite

Cont aste A sc een o de'ice used as a shie"d to ("oc0 out dist acting a eas f o$ ani$age to he"#

e$#hasi3e o i$# o'e cont ast of the su( ect&

Co ected Mi o I$age This 'ie/ $eans that the a ea of # i$a y focus in the i$agehas eo iented so that it /ou"d


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(e the sa$e as a di ect i$age 4i&e& ight is ight and "eft is "eft+&

CPU An ac ony$ fo Cent a" P ocessing Unit& The chi# in a co$#ute /he e 'i tua""ya""

info $ation is # ocessed&

C o# C o##ing The e$o'a" of un/anted o needed #o tions of an i$age f o$ its(o de s 4edges+& hen

you e%ecute the c o# you e$aining i$age on"y contains the iso"ated a ea&

C o##ing Too" A co$#ute i3ed too" o a##"et that si$u"ates the t aditiona" $ethodfo c o##ing o !

t i$$ing an i$age&

C ossed Cu 'es A dest ucti'e #heno$enon in i$age # ocessing that causesdi5e ent co"o s to inc ease in

density at di5e ent ates o ga$$as& The 'isua" e5ect is a co"o di5e ence f o$i$age

high"ight to i$age shado/&

Cu 'es The sa$e (asic ad ust$ents as found in the "e'e"s histog a$ too"& A cu 'estoo" sta ts

/ith a st aight "ine g a#h and usua""y a""o/s you to set an inde1nite nu$(e of

#oints on the"ine& Using these #oints you can 7(end7 the "ine to ad ust the i$age7s tona" ange&

Cyan A ("ue>g een co"o /hich is the co$#"e$enta y co"o to ed& Cyan is asu(t acti'e # i$a y

co"o &P o#osed ADA Technica" Re#o t No& *;.<


.

D

Defau"t etting A # eset #a a$ete in co$#ute # og a$s /hich /i"" (e used un"esschanged (y the use &

Densito$ete A too" used to $easu e the a$ount of "ight that is eFected ot ans$itted (y an o( ect- it


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$easu es o#tica" density of eFecti'e and t ans#a ent $ate ia"s&

Density A $easu e$ent of the "ight! usua""y of a s#eci1c co"o ! a(so (ed (y a #a tof an i$age&

Dentition Refe ence Using the dentition o the edentu"ous a ea /he e a tooth shou"de%ist as an anato$ica"

efe ence of /hat a ea is ca#tu ed in the i$age& 9o soft tissue! the efe enceshou"d efe to

"ocation of the a ea /ith the $outh at est& :y using dentition efe ences the# actitione 0no/s

the a## o%i$ate "ocation and #ossi("e o ientation of an i$age /hich $ay not ha'eany

anato$ica" identifying st uctu es contained /ithin the i$age es#ecia""y at highe$agni1cation&

E%a$#"es) the (ucca" $ucosa ad acent to tooth X= o "ate a" (o de of the tonguead acent to

tooth X=;&

De#th Of 9ie"d The distance (et/een the nea est and fa thest #oints that a##ea s inacce#ta("y sha # focus

in a #hotog a#h& The de#th of 1e"d 'a ies /ith "ens a#e tu e! foca" "ength! and

ca$e a>tosu( ect distance&Desc eening In scanning! the $ethod of a##"ying a cont o""ed ("u to e ase disc eetco$#onents of a

ha"ftone i$age and $a0e it a##ea $o e "i0e a continuous tone i$age& This # ocess/i""

$ini$i3e e5ects of causing $o e #atte ns if the i$age is e>sc eened&

Des0to# Pu("ishing Desc i(es the digita" # ocess of co$(ining te%t /ith 'isua"s andg a#hics to c eate ( ochu es!

ne/s"ette s! "ogos! e"ect onic s"ides and othe #u("ished /o 0 /ith a co$#ute &

Des#ec0"e A digita" a"go ith$ that /i"" 1nd and ad ust #i%e"s /hose 'a"ues $a0ethe$ a##ea as s#ec0"es

o s#a 0"es in the i$age&


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De'e"o#ing The che$ica" # ocess! /hich con'e ts a #hotog a#hic 1"$ e%#osu e intoa 'isi("e i$age&

Dich oic 9i"te A g"ass #"ate coated /ith a nu$(e of thin "aye s of $ate ia" that /i""eFect a"" (ut one 'e y

s#eci1c co"o &

DICOM An ac ony$ fo Digita" I$aging and Co$$unication in Medicine& This is astanda d de i'ed to

a""o/ fo the inte o#e a(i"ity and e%change of digita" i$ages used in hea"thca e/o "d/ide& A

DICOM 1"e contains (oth an i$age and attached te%t desc i#to s that a e e"e'antto that

#a tic"e i$age& The #u #ose of the standa d is to # o$ote co$$unication of digita"i$age

info $ation! ega d"ess of de'ice $anufactu e ! and to faci"itate the de'e"o#$entand

e%#ansion of #ictu e a chi'ing and co$$unication syste$s 4PAC + that can a"sointe face

/ith othe syste$s of info $ation&

Di5usion Dithe ing A $ethod of dithe ing that ando$"y dist i(utes #i%e"s instead of

using a set #atte n&Digita" A syste$ o de'ice in /hich info $ation is sto ed o $ani#u"ated (y on o5 i$#u"ses! so that

each #iece of info $ation has an e%act o e#eata("e 'a"ue 4code+&

Digita" Ca$e a A de'ice that ca#tu es an i$age on a senso 4usua""y a CCD oCMO + so it can (e

do/n"oaded to and $ani#u"ated (y a co$#ute & It $ight a"so (e ca""ed a 1"$ "essca$e a&

Digita" Da 0 oo$ A digita" da 0 oo$ consists of th ee ite$s) a t ue #hotog a#hic,ua"ity # inte and a scanne o

digita" ca$e a and a g a#hics # og a$&

Digita" I$age An i$age co$#osed of #i%e"s&


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Digita" P o ecto A de'ice that connects to a co$#ute 'ia ca("ing to ena("e theco$#ute $onito 6s dis#"ay to

(e en"a ged and # o ected onto a sc een&

Digita" c i#ts These a e coding co$$ands that tu n co$#"e% digita" i$aging tas0sinto $enu o#tions that

can (e e%ecuted /ith a fe/ ste#s& c i#ts can (e / itten fo ca#tu e! #ost># ocessing! and

a##"ication> e"ated tas0s&

Digita" igna" A digita" signa" is disc ete and can on"y ta0e on "e'e"s at s#eci1cinc e$ents&

Digita" Voo$ A"so 0no/n as si$u"ated 3oo$& A""o/s the use to 3oo$ in on a su( ect

(eyond the ange# o'ided (y the o#tica" 3oo$ "ens& Digita" 3oo$ing c o#s the cente of the digita"#ictu e and

esi3es the ne/ c o##ed #ictu e to the si3e of the se"ected eso"ution& ith digita"3oo$! the

ca$e a ta0es a s$a"" #o tion of an i$age and uses inte #o"ation to a ti1cia""yesto e the 1"e to

its o igina" si3e& Unfo tunate"y! digita" 3oo$ a"so educes the eso"ution of an i$age&

Anyi$age can (e digita""y 3oo$ed (y c o##ing and en"a ging a #ictu e /ith #hoto>editing

soft/a e&

Digiti3e 4Digiti3ation+ The # ocess of con'e ting ana"og info $ation o i$age into aco$#ute i3ed 1"e in a digita"

fo $at fo use (y a co$#ute & P o#osed ADA Technica" Re#o t No& *;.<

A"" Inte ested Pa ties e'ie/) 8une .;;=.J

D

Disc Te $ used to desc i(e o#tica" sto age $edia 4'ideo disc! "ase disc! co$#actdisc+! as


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o##osed to $agnetic sto age syste$s&

Dis0 Te $ used to desc i(e $agnetic sto age $edia 4Fo##y dis0! dis0ette! ha ddis0+! as o##osed

to o#tica" sto age syste$s&

Dithe 4Dithe ing+ A $ethod fo si$u"ating $any co"o s o shades of g ay /ith on"ya fe/& A "i$ited nu$(e of

sa$e>co"o ed #i%e"s "ocated c"ose togethe is seen as a ne/ co"o & To e$u"ate acontinuous

tone (y dist i(uting an a ay of disc eet dots in a egion of an i$age&

D$a% The $a%i$u$ density in an i$age& The ("ac0est ("ac0& This is usua""ydete $ined as a

function of the i$aging $ediu$ and # ocess used&

D$in The $ini$u$ density in an i$age& The ( ightest /hite > on a # int it is the#a#e co"o ! (ut

so$eti$es this is a5ected (y the # ocess as in #hotog a#hy&

Dot Gain The actua" si3e of a dot #"aced u#on #a#e as o##osed to the ca"cu"ated oantici#ated 'a"ue&

Dot gain is a5ected (y e'e y stage of the # inting # ocess! (ut the e5ect can (e

$easu ed fos#eci1c conditions and accounted fo &

Dots>Pe >Inch ee DPI

Do/n"oad The t ansfe of 1"es o othe info $ation f o$ one #iece of co$#utee,ui#$ent to anothe &

ending a 1"e f o$ anothe de'ice to you co$#ute &

Do/nsa$#"ing ee Inte #o"ation &

DPI An ac ony$ fo Dots Pe Inch! a unit of $easu e desc i(ing # inte ! 'ideo$onito ! o scanne

eso"ution (ased on dot density& DPI a"/ays e# esents dots #e "inea inch on$edia& It can

(e used to denote ho/ $any dots a e used to # oduce a # inted #age o DPI can (eused to


60/115


61/115

D u$ canne A $ethod of scanning an i$age using a sing"e senso to ac,ui e dataf o$ an i$age that is

otating on a d u$ o cy"inde &

D 9 An ac ony$ fo Denta" "ide 9i"$&

Duotone A s#ecia" # inting e5ect that adds a sing"e co"o to a g aysca"e&

DBD Digita" Be sati"e Disc! co$#act disc sto age $edia& Ho"ds $uch $o e than astanda d CD

/ith ca#acities of f o$ &JG: to *JG: and access ates of ;; :#s to *&= M:#s& The e a e

se'e a" standa ds in DBD techno"ogy and the c ucia" di5e ence a$ong thestanda ds is (ased

on /hich $anufactu e s adhe e to /hich standa ds& i$i"a to the o"d BH :etata#e /a s!

di5e ent $anufactu e s su##o t di5e ent standa ds& The DBD\R and DBD\Rfo $ats a e

su##o ted (y Phi"i#s! ony! He/"ett>Pac0a d! De""! Ricoh! Ya$aha and othe s and a e

su##o ted (y the DBD\A""iance& The DBD>R! DBD>R and DBD>RAM fo $ats a esu##o ted

(y Panasonic! Toshi(a! A##"e Co$#ute ! Hitachi! NEC! Pionee ! a$sung and ha #and a e

su##o ted (y the DBD 9o u$& P o#osed ADA Technica" Re#o t No& *;.<


.K

D

DBD D i'e A d i'e si$i"a to a CD>D i'e! that is ca#a("e of eading DBD $edia& One

of the (est featu esof DBD d i'es is that they a e (ac0/a d>co$#ati("e /ith CD>ROMs

DBD P"aye s A DBD #"aye that is si$i"a to a BCR o CD #"aye in #"ay(ac0 featu es&One of the (est

featu es of DBD>ROM d i'es is that they a e (ac0/a d co$#ati("e /ith CD>ROMs& This


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$eans that DBD>ROM #"aye s can #"ay o"d CD>ROMs! CD>I dis0s! and 'ideo CDs! as/e"" as

ne/ DBD>ROMs& Ne/e DBD #"aye s can a"so ead CD>R dis0s& DBD>ROMs useMPEG>. to

co$# ess 'ideo data&

DBD>R A eco da("e DBD fo $at si$i"a to CD>R and DBD\R& A DBD>R can on"yeco d data once

and then the data (eco$es #e $anent on the disc& The disc can not (e eco dedonto a

second ti$e& DBDs c eated (y a DBD>R de'ice can (e ead (y $ost co$$e cia"DBD>ROM

#"aye s& The e a"so a e t/o additiona" standa ds fo DBD>R dis0s) DBD>RG fogene a" use!

and DBD>RA fo autho ing! /hich is used fo $aste ing DBD 'ideo o data and is notty#ica""y

a'ai"a("e to the gene a" #u("ic&

DBD\R The DBD\R \R fo $at is ca#a("e of eco ding u# to &J giga(ytes of digita" 'ideo! i$ages

o data& This e,uates to the sto age ca#acity of se'en CD>R R discs and the

#otentia" tosto e thousands of digita" #hotog a#hs o a## o%i$ate"y t/o hou s of digita" 'ideo&

The

# i$a y (ene1t of DBD\R \R is its t/o>/ay co$#ati(i"ity! $eaning that DBD\Rand

DBD\R $edia can (e #"ayed in $ost DBD 'ideo #"aye s and DBD>ROM d i'es inuse

today& DBDs c eated (y a DBD\R de'ice can (e ead (y $ost co$$e cia" DBD>ROM

#"aye s&

DBD>RAM A ty#e of e/ ita("e co$#act disc that # o'ides $uch g eate datasto age than CD>R

syste$s& The s#eci1cations fo DBD>RAMs a e sti"" (eing ha$$e ed out (y the DBD


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Conso tiu$& Mean/hi"e! a co$#eting g ou# of $anufactu e s "ed (y He/"ett>Pac0a d!

Phi"i#s and ony! ha'e co$e u# /ith a co$#eting standa d ca""ed DBD\R and thet/o

standa ds a e inco$#ati("e&

DBD>ROM A ead>on"y co$#act disc that ho"ds a $ini$u$ of &JG: enough fo afu"">"ength $o'ie& The

DBD>ROM s#eci1cation su##o ts dis0s /ith ca#acities of f o$ &JG: to *JG: andaccess

ates of ;; :#s to *&= M:#s&

DBD>R A e> eco da("e fo $at si$i"a to CD>R o DBD\R & The data on a DBD>

R disc can (ee ased and eco ded o'e nu$e ous ti$es /ithout da$aging the $ediu$& DBDsc eated (y

a DBD>R de'ice can (e ead (y $ost co$$e cia" DBD>ROM #"aye s&

DBD\R A standa d fo e/ ita("e DBD dis0s (eing # o$oted (y He/"ett>Pac0a d!Phi"i#s and ony& It

is co$#eting /ith anothe standa d! ca""ed DBD>RAM! de'e"o#ed (y the DBDConso tiu$&

The t/o standa ds a e inco$#ati("e& DBD\R dis0s ha'e a s"ight"y highe ca#acity = G:

#e side! 'e sus .& G: #e side fo DBD>RAM dis0sDBDs c eated (y a DBD\Rde'ice can

(e ead (y $ost co$$e cia" DBD>ROM #"aye s&

Dyna$ic Range The ange of tones an i$aging syste$ can ca#tu e o e# oduce&Usua""y e%# essed in the

di5e ence (et/een D$a% and D$in& Dyna$ic ange shou"d a"/ays (e conside edtogethe

/ith the "e'e" of Noise # esent in the "o/ "ight a eas& The usefu" ange of a #iece of

e,ui#$ent $ay di5e conside a("y f o$ the #u("ished ange& P o#osed ADA Technica" Re#o t No& *;.


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E

E>Mai" An a(( e'iation E"ect onic>Mai"! the t ans$ission of $essages o'eco$$unications net/o 0s

such as the inte net& The $essages can (e notes ente ed f o$ the 0ey(oa d oe"ect onic

1"es sto ed on dis0&

E5ecti'e Reso"ution The 1na" eso"ution of a scan that has (een enhanced to# oduce $o e data than it can see&

This is done (y inte #o"ation&

EP An ac ony$ fo Enca#su"ated Post c i#t! a g a#hic 1"e fo $at de'e"o#ed (yA"dus! Ado(e!

and A"tsys to a""o/ e%change of Post c i#t g a#hic 1"es 4i$age info $ation+(et/een

a##"ication # og a$s&

Enca#su"ated

Post c i#t

ee EP

Ethe net An ine%#ensi'e! /ide"y used "oca" a ea net/o 0 de'e"o#ed (y ]e o%! DECand Inte" Co #& fo

data t ans$ission (et/een inte connected co$#ute s& Idea""y! it t ans$its data at*; $i""ion

(its #e second 4a(out a $ega(yte #e second+& Ethe net can (e used /ith nea "ye'e y ty#e

of co$#ute on the $a 0et today&

E%changea("e I$age

9i"e 4o 9o $at+ ee E]I9

E]I9 An ac ony$ fo E%changea("e I$age 9i"e 4o 9o $at+! a 1"e fo $at used indigita" i$aging&


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Documents

A Guide to Digital Dental Photography and Imaging