A GUIDE TO RESEARCHING THE EVIDENCE FOR CHURCHES IN … · 2019. 3. 6. · Brittonic and Goidelic speaking Christian neighbours may have introduced the Old English speakers of lowland

A GUIDE TO RESEARCHING THE EVIDENCE

FOR CHURCHES IN THE ISLES PRE-1100

TOM PICKLES

[December 2018]

Early Christian Churches and Landscapes (ECCLES)

www.earlychristianchurchesandlandscapes.wordpress.com

http://www.earlychristianchurchesandlandscapes.wordpress.com/

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CONTENTS Introduction 3

Contributors 4

Languages, Peoples, Religious Cultures and Polities before 1100 5-6

Textual Evidence 7-16

British/Welsh 7-8

Irish 9-10

Pictish/Scottish 11

English 12-16

Material Evidence 17-21

Architectural 17

Sculptural 17-18

Churches 19

Monasteries 19-20

Mortuary 20-1

Linguistic Evidence 22-4

British/Welsh 22

Irish 22-3

Pictish/Scottish 23-4

English 24

Studies of Church Organization before 1100 25-32

Wales 25

Ireland 26-8

Scotland 28-9

England 29-32

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INTRODUCTION

Early Christian Churches and Landscapes (ECCLES) is a collaborative

interdisciplinary project investigating Christian churches and landscapes before 1100

across the Isles – Wales, Ireland, Scotland, and England. ECCLES is one part of a

pan-European project – Corpus Architecturae Religiosiae Europeae (CARE).

Researchers of early Christian churches and landscapes before 1000 – prior to the

foundation of reformed monastic communities, the great rebuilding of local churches,

and the inception of diocesan and parish records – face three key problems. First,

there is no comprehensive catalogue of the textual, material, and onomastic evidence

for churches for any region of the Isles. Second, there are regional variations in the

nature, quantity, and quality of that evidence. Third, early medieval linguistic, ethnic,

religious, and political boundaries did not correspond to modern national boundaries,

yet research often proceeds by nation. Basic questions lack conclusive answers. How

many types of church existed? What were their defining characteristics? What was the

chronology of church building? What regional patterns exist? Are these genuine

patterns or the result of differential survival of evidence?

In the long term ECCLES will create a web portal housing databases of the evidence

for pre-1100 churches with mapping facilities – Early Christian Churches and

Landscapes Inter-Active (ECCLESIA). The Arts and Humanities Research Council

have generously funded a Research Network to facilitate preliminary work that must

be completed before the web portal can be created and the databases can be compiled.

The meetings of that network are also designed to provide interim resources for

academic researchers and non-academic stakeholders with an interest in Christian

churches and landscapes before 1100. The first of these is a guide to researching the

evidence for churches in the Isles before about 1100.

ECCLES is a self-consciously transnational project. This guide covers what are now

Wales, Ireland, Scotland, and England, as well as the coastal islands adjacent to

Britain and Ireland. It begins with a brief survey of the languages, peoples, religious

traditions, and polities of the Isles. ECCLES is also a self-consciously

interdisciplinary project. This guide includes textual, material, and linguistic evidence

for churches before 1100. The guide is organized in terms of those three categories of

evidence – textual, material, and linguistic. This seeks to subvert the tendency for

scholarship to proceed by national unit, but perhaps reinforces the tendency for

scholarship to proceed according to disciplinary boundaries. However, this decision

has been taken because it enables the inclusion of methodological introductions to

textual, material, and linguistic culture that apply to the evidence from all regions and

because the distribution patterns associated with each type of evidence do not

correspond. Indeed, this point lies at the heart of the problems ECCLES is aiming to

address.

The Principal Investigator of ECCLES, Dr Thomas Pickles, has compiled this guide,

but it is the result of the combined efforts of the contributors to the first ECCLES

conference at the University of Chester in August 2017. They are listed at the

beginning.

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CONTRIBUTORS

The first ECCLES conference at the University of Chester, 2nd-3rd August, 2017,

focused on the current state of the evidence. The following people provided excellent

overviews: their contributions and subsequent advice have been essential to the

compilation of this guide.

Critical Friend

Prof. Thomas Charles-Edwards

Textual Evidence

Wales – Prof. Barry Lewis, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies

Ireland – Dr Cathy Swift, May Immaculate College Limerick

Scotland – Prof. Thomas Clancy, University of Glasgow

England – Dr Helen Gittos, Balliol College, Oxford

Material Evidence

Wales – Prof. Nancy Edwards, Bangot University

Ireland – Dr Tomás Ó Carragáin, University College Cork

Scotland – Dr Sally Foster, University of Stirling

England – Prof. Sam Turner, Newcastle University

Onomastic Evidence

Wales – Dr David Parsons, University of Wales

Ireland – Dr Kevin Murray, University College Cork

Scotland – Dr Simon Taylor, University of Glasgow

England – Dr David Parsons, University of Wales

5

LANGUAGES, PEOPLES, RELIGIOUS CULTURES,

AND POLITIES BEFORE 1100

Around 400 AD, Celtic languages were apparently most common across the Isles: the

Brittonic languages, which are the ancestors of the Breton, Cornish, Cumbrian, Manx,

and Welsh languages; and the Goidelic languages, which are the ancestors of Irish

and Scottish Gaelic. The Britons of Roman Britain – encompassing what is now

England and Wales up to Hadrian’s Wall – probably spoke Brittonic; the Picts of

what is now north-east Scotland may have spoken a similar language now called

Pictish. The Irish of what is now Ireland and parts of what is now western Scotland

probably spoke Goidelic. During the fifth century, migrants from northern Germany

and southern Scandinavia introduced the Germanic language to parts of lowland

eastern Britain, the ancestor of English. From at least the ninth century onwards,

further migrants from Scandinavia introduced another Germanic language – Old

Norse – to what is now eastern and northern England, and what are now the northern

and western Isles of Scotland.

Classical and early medieval thinkers thought that language was one of the primary

foundations for ethnic and political identities. These language groups played a

formative role in the development of the early medieval peoples and polities of the

Isles. Celtic Brittonic remained the dominant language in parts of western Britain –

the regions now known as Cornwall, Wales, Cumbria, and Strathclyde – up to 1100

and beyond. Celtic Brittonic speakers claimed ethnic identities that emphasized their

descent from the indigenous Romano-Britons and projected their identity against

Germanic Old English speakers in lowland eastern Britain. They initially designated

themselves cymry, ‘fellow countrymen’, in contrast to their Old English neighbours.

The cymry were a collection of peoples occupying regions with their own kings, often

referred to as British kings and kingdoms. By the end of the period, the Cymry of

what is now Wales were beginning to adopt the Old English collective term wealisc,

‘foreigners’, for themselves, hence modern Welsh. Goidelic Irish speakers occupied

both Ireland and western Scotland: the Goidelic Irish of Ireland were also a collection

of peoples occupying regions with their own kings, and included the Dal Riatans and

their kings who occupied northern Ireland and western Scotland. The Dal Riatans

began to be distinguished as Scoti and the Picts of north eastern Scotland were

replaced by Scoti. Whether by oppression or assimilation, Germanic Old English

seems to have become the dominant language in eastern lowland Britain by the

seventh century, though there were surviving pockets of Brittonic speakers. The Old

English speakers were similarly a collection of peoples with their own kings, often

referred to as Anglo-Saxon peoples, kings, and kingdoms. In the later ninth century,

armies from Scandinavia conquered some of these kingdoms and seem to have

initiated a long period of Scandinavian migration and introduced Old Norse to these

regions. In broadly the same period, Scandinavians seem to have occupied the

western and northern Isles of Scotland, making Old Norse the dominant language

until 1100 and beyond. Western Britain, Ireland, and northern Britain remained

politically fragmented, but lowland eastern Britain became a single polity. During the

tenth century, the Old English speaking kings of southern and western Britain

successfully conquered the Scandinavian kingdoms to form a new kingdom; this

became known as the English kingdom and Engla-lond, ‘England’, but excluded

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some Old English speakers, like those of what is now Lothian, and some regions of

modern England, like Cumbria.

These shifting linguistic, ethnic, and political patterns represent the complicated

context within which conversion to Christianity and the building of a network of

Christian churches occurred. Christianity reached the Romano-Britons in the fourth

century and there may have been some continuity from Roman Christianity amongst

the Brittonic speakers of western and northern Britain. St. Patrick was apparently a

Brittonic speaking Christian from western Britain who spread Christianity amongst

the Goidelic speakers of Ireland in the fifth century. In turn, the Goidelic speakers of

northern Ireland seem to have introduced Christianity to western Scotland in the fifth

and sixth centuries. Brittonic speaking Christians living amongst them and their

Brittonic and Goidelic speaking Christian neighbours may have introduced the Old

English speakers of lowland eastern Britain to Christianity in the fifth and sixth

centuries, but preachers from Rome and Francia secured the official conversion of

their kings and kingdoms in the seventh century. Quite how and when the Old Norse

speakers of what is now northern and eastern England and the northern and western

islands of Scotland became Christian is obscure, but they seem to have been

Christians by 1100. The differing socio-cultural norms amongst these peoples as well

as their differing histories across the period shaped both the reception of Christian

institutions and the evidence left behind for us, as the following guide will make

clear. The final section of the guide provides the best efforts to date to consider those

processes and their implications.

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TEXTUAL EVIDENCE

BRITISH/WELSH

Charters

Evans, J. G., and J. Rhys (eds), The Text of the Book of Lan Dâv (Oxford, 1893).

Wade-Evans, A. W. (ed.), Vitae Sanctorum Britanniae et Genealogiae (Cardiff,

1944), 124-37.

Charles-Edwards, Thomas, ‘Charters and Laws’, in his Wales and the Britons 350-

1064 (Oxford, 2013).

Davies, Wendy, ‘Liber Landavensis: its construction and credibility’, English

Historical Review, 88 (1973), 335-51.

Davies, Wendy, An Early Welsh Microcosm: Studies in the Llandaff Charters

(London, 1978).

Davies, Wendy, The Llandaff Charters (Aberystwyth, 1979).

Davies, Wendy, ‘The Latin Charter-Tradition in Western Britain, Brittany and Ireland

in the Early Medieval Period’, in D. Whitelock, R. McKitterick and D.

Dumville (eds), Ireland in Early Mediaeval Europe (Cambridge, 1982), 258-80.

Sims-Williams, P., ‘Review’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 33 (1982), 124-9.

Sims-Williams, P., ‘The Emergence of Old Welsh, Cornish and Breton Orthography,

600-800: the evidence of Archaic Old Welsh’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic

Studies, 38 (1991), 20-86.

Chronicles

www.croniclau.bangor.ac.uk - transcripts of B- and C-texts of Latin chronicle and

bibliographies

Annales Cambriae, ed. and trans. D. N. Dumville, Annales Cambriae, AD 682-954:

Texts A-C in Parallel (Cambridge, 2002).

Hughes, Kathleen, Celtic Britain in the Early Middle Ages (Woodbridge, 1980), Chs

V and VI

Guy, Ben, ‘The Origins of the Compilation of Welsh Historical Texts in Harley

3859’, Studia Celtica, 49 (2015), 21-56.

Histories

Gildas, De excidio Brittaniae, ed. and trans. Michael Winterbottom, Gildas: The Ruin

of Britain and Other Documents (Chichester, 1978).

Nennius, Historia Brittonum, ed. and trans. John Morris, Nennius: British History and

the Welsh Annals (London and Chichester, 1980).

Hagiography

http://www.croniclau.bangor.ac.uk/

8


1944).

Flobert, P. (ed.), La Vie Ancienne de Saint Samson de Dol (Paris, 1997).

Jankulak, Karen and Jonathan M. Wooding, ‘The Life of St Elgar of Ynys Enlli’, in

Jonathan M. Wooding (ed.), Solitaries, Pastors and 20 000 Saints: Studies in

the Religious History of Bardesy Island (Ynys Enlli) = Trivium, 37 (2010), 15-

47.

Vita S. Davi Sharpe, R. and J. R. Davies, edition of the Life of Saint David in J. Wyn

Evans and Jonathan M. Wooding (eds), St David of Wales: Cult, Church and

Nation (Woodbridge, 2007), Chs 5-7.

Vita Griffini filii Conani, ed. and trans. Paul Russell, Vita Griffini filii Conani: The

Medieval Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan (Cardiff, 2005).

Olson, Lynette (ed.), St Samson of Dol and the Earlist History of Brittany, Cornwall

and Wales (Woodbridge, 2017).

Miscellaneous Documents

Evans, J. G., and J. Rhys (eds), The Text of the Book of Lan Dâv (Oxford, 1893), 275-

80 – a narrative about Herewald and Ergyng.


1944), 118-23 – an account of the Llancarfen prebends.

Poems

http://www.welshsaints.ac.uk/

Jones, Nerys, and Morfydd E. Owen, ‘Twelfth-Century Welsh Hagiography: The

Gogynfeirdd Poems to Saints’, in J. Cartwright (ed.), Celtic Hagiography and

Saints’ Cults (Cardiff, 2003), 45-76.

Genealogies


De situ Brecheniauc, ed. A. W. Wade-Evans, Vitae Sanctorum Britanniae et

Genealogiae (Cardiff, 1944), 313-8.

Bonedd y Saint, ed. Peter Bartum, Early Welsh Genealogical Tracts (Cardiff, 1966),

51-71 and Barry Lewis, Bonedd y Saint (forthcoming).



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IRISH

Corpus of Electronic Texts (CELT): www.celt.ucc.ie

Letters

Patrick, Libri Epistolarum, ed. and trans. D. R. Howlett, The Book of Letters of Saint

Patrick the Bishop (Dublin, 1994); trans. L. Bieler, The Works of St Patrick

(London, 1963); trans. R. P. C. Hanson, The Life and Writings of the Historical

Saint Patrick (New York, 1983).

Chronicles

Chronicum Scotorum, ed. W. M. Hennessy (London: Longmans, 1866).

The Annals of Clonmacnois, being Annals of Ireland from the Earliest Period to AD

1408, translated into English, AD 1627 by Conell Mageoghagan (Deublin,

1896).

The Annals of the Four Masters, ed. and trans. J. O’Donovan, Annála Ríoghachta

Éireann: Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters from the

Earliest Times to the Year 1616 (Dublin, 1851).

The Annals of Inisfallen (MS. Rawlinson B. 503), ed. and trans. S. Mac Airt (Dublin,

1951).

The Annals of Tigernach, ed. and trans. W. Stokes, Revue Celtique, 16 (1895), 374-

19; 17 (1896), 6-33, 119-263, 337-420; 18 (1897), 9-59, 150-97, 267-303;

reprinted in two vols. (Felinfach, 1993).

The Annals of Ulster (to AD 1131), ed. and trans. S. Mac Airt and G. Mac Niocaill,

Part I. Text and Translation (Dublin, 1983).

Fragmentary Annals of Ireland, ed. and trans. J. Radner (Dublin, 1978).

Charles-Edwards, Thomas (trans.), The Chronicle of Ireland, 2 vols (Liverpool,

2006).

Hagiography

Betha Colaim Chille, Life of Columcille, ed. and trans. A. O-Kelleher and G.

Schoepperle (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1918).

Betha Colmáin Maic Lúachain, ed. and trans. K. Meter (Dublin: Hodges, Figgis,

1911).

Bethada Náem Nérenn: Lives of Irish Saints, ed. C. Plummer, 2 vols (Oxford, 1910).

Bethu Brigte, ed. and trans. D. Ó hAodha (Dublin, 1978).

Bethu Phátraic: The Tripartite Life of Patrick, ed. K. Mulchrone (Dublin, 1939).

Book of Armagh: The Patrician Documents, ed. E. J. Gwynn (Dublin, 1937).

Cogitosus, Vita S. Brigidae, trans. S. Connolly and J-M. Picard, Journal of the Royal

Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, 117 (1987), 11-27.

Jonas, Vita S. Columbani, ed. B. Krusch, Ionae Vitae Sanctorum Columbani, Vedastis

Iohannis, Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Hanover, 1905); trans. A. de

http://www.celt.ucc.ie/

10

Vogüé, Jonas de Bobbio, Vie de Saint Colomban et ses disciples (Abbaye de

Bellefontaine, 1988).

Lives of the Saints from the Book of Lismore, ed. and trans. W. Stokes, 2 vols

(Oxford: 1890).

Muirchú, Vita S. Patricii, ed. and trans. L. Bieler, The Patrcian Texts in the Book of

Armagh (Dublin, 1979), 62-122.

Tírechán, Collectanea, ed. and trans. L. Bieler, The Patrcian Texts in the Book of

Armagh (Dublin, 1979), 122-62.

Vita Prima S. Brigitae, trans. S. Connolly, Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries

of Ireland, 119 (1989), 14-49.

Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae, ed. C. Plummer, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1910).

Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae e Codice olim Salmanticensi nunc Bruxellensi, ed. W. W.

Heist (Brussels, 1965).

Canon Law

Collectio Canonum Hibernensis, ed. F. W. H. Wasserschleben, Die irische

Kanonensammlung, 2nd edn (Leipzig, 1885).

Penitentials

Bieler, L. (ed. and trans.), The Irish Penitentials (Dublin, 1963).

Saint Colomban: Régles et pénitentiels monastiques (Abbaye de Bellefontaine, 1989).

Genealogies

Corpus Genealogiarum Sanctorum Hiberniae, ed. P. Ó Riain (Dublin, 1985).

Calendars

The Martyrology of Donegal: A Calendar of the Saint of Ireland, ed. and trans. J.

O’Donovan, J. H. Todd and W. Reeves (Dublin, 1864).

The Martyrology of Gorman, ed. and trans. W. Stokes, Félire hUí Gormáin: The

Martyrology of Gorman (London, 1895).

The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee: Félire Óengusso Céli Dé, ed. and trans. W.

Stokes (London, 1905; repr. Dublin, 1984).

The Martyrology of Tallaght, ed. and trans. E. J. gwynn and W. J. Purton,

Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 29 C (1911), No. 5, 115-79.

Ó Riain, P., Feastdays of the Saints: A History of Irish Martyrologies (Brussels,

2006).

Lore of Places

The Metrical Dindsenchas, ed. and trans. E. Gwynn, 5 vols (Dublin, 1903-35).

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PICTISH/SCOTTISH

Chronicles

Chronicle of the Kings of Alba (also Older Scottish Chronicle or Scottish Chronicle

from the Poppleton Manuscript), ed. and trans. M. O. Anderson, Kings and

Kingship (Edinburgh and London, 1973), 149-53, or B. T. Hudson, ‘The

Scottish Chronicle’, Scottish Historical Review, 77 (1998), 129-61.

Hagiography

Adomnán, Vita Sancti Columbae, ed. and trans. A. O. Anderson and M. O. Anderson,

Adomnan’s Life of Columba (London, 1961; rev. edn, Oxford, 1991); trans. R.

Sharpe, Adomnán of Iona: Life of St Columba (Harmondsworth, 1995).

Betha Adamnáin: The Irish Life of Adamnán, ed. M. Herbert and P. Ó Riain (London,

1988).

Miraculi Nynie Episcopi, ed. K. Strecker, Monumenta Germanica Historica: poetae

Latini aevi Carolini IV (Berlin, 1923), 943-61.

Poetry

Clancy, T. O. and Márkus, G. O. P. (eds.) Iona: The Earliest Poetry of a Celtic

Monastery (Edinburgh, 1995).

12

ENGLISH

Charters

Sawyer, P. H. Anglo-Saxon Charters: an Annotated List and Bibliography (London,

1968)); revised edition online at www.trin.cam.ac.uk/chartwww.

Facsimiles of Anglo-Saxon Charters, ed. S. Keynes (Oxford, 1991).

Anglo-Saxon Charters, I: Charters of Rochester, ed. A. Campbell (Oxford, 1973).

Anglo-Saxon Charters, II: Charters of Burton Abbey, ed. P. H. Sawyer (Oxford,

1979).

Anglo-Saxon Charters, III: Charters of Sherborne, ed. M. A. O’Donovan (Oxford,

1988).

Anglo-Saxon Charters, IV: Charters of St Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury, and

Minster-in-Thanet, ed. S. E. Kelly (Oxford, 1995).

Anglo-Saxon Charters V: Charters of Shaftesbury Abbey, ed. S. E. Kelly (Oxford,

1996).

Anglo-Saxon Charters, VI: Charters of Selsey, ed. S. E. Kelly (Oxford, 1998).

Anglo-Saxon Charters, VII-VIII: Charters of Abingdon Abbey, Parts 1-2, ed. S. E.

Kelly (Oxford, 2001).

Anglo-Saxon Charters, IX, Charters of the New Minster, Winchester, ed. S. Miller

(Oxford, 2001).

Anglo-Saxon Charters, X: Charters of St Paul’s, London, ed. S. E. Kelly (Oxford,

2004).

Anglo-Saxon Charters, XI: Charters of Malmesbury Abbey, ed. S. E. Kelly (Oxford,

2005).

Anglo-Saxon Charters, XII: Charters of St Albans, ed. J. Crick (Oxford, 2007).

Anglo-Saxon Charters, XIII: Charters of Bath and Wells, ed. S. E. Kelly (Oxford,

2007).

Anglo-Saxon Charters, XIV: Charters of Peterborough Abbey, ed. S. E. Kelly

(Oxford, 2009).

Anglo-Saxon Charters, XV: Charters of Glastonbury Abbey, ed. S. E. Kelly (Oxford,

2012).

Anglo-Saxon Charters, XVI: Charters of Northern Houses, ed. D. A. Woodman

(Oxford, 2012).

Anglo-Saxon Charters, XVII-XVIII: Charters of Christ Church Canterbury, Parts 1-2,

ed. N. P. Brooks and S. E. Kelly (Oxford, 2013).

Anglo-Saxon Charters, XIX: Charters of Chertsey Abbey, ed. S. E. Kelly (Oxford,

2015).

Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066-1154, ed. R. H. C. Davis, R. J. Whitwell

and C. Johnson, (Oxford, 1913-19).

Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum: The Acta of William I (1066-1087), ed. D.

Bates (Oxford, 1998).

The Charters of William II and Henry I: https://actswilliam2henry1.wordpress.com/

Medieval Cartularies of Great Britain: A Short Catalogue, ed. G. R. C. Davis, Revd

Edn (London, 2010).

http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/chartwww

https://actswilliam2henry1.wordpress.com/

13

Chaplais, P., ‘Who Introduced Charters into England? The Case for Augustine’,

Journal of the Society of Archivists, 3:10 (1969), 526-42.

Kelly, S., ‘Anglo-Saxon Lay Society and the Written Word’, in R. McKitterick (ed.),

The Uses of Literacy in Early Medieval Europe (Cambridge, 1990), 36-62.

Letters

Alcuin, Epistolae, ed. E. Dümmler, Alcuini sive Albini Epistolae, MGH Epistolae

Karolini Aevi II (Berlin, 1895).

Aldhelm, Epistolae, ed. R. Ehwald, Aldhelmi Opera Omnia, MGH Scriptores,

Auctores Antiquissimi XV (Berlin, 1919), and trans. M. Lapidge and M. Herren,

Aldhelm, The Prose Works (Cambridge, 1979).

Boniface, Epistolae, ed. E. Dümmler, Sancti Bonifatii et Lulli, MGH Epistolae Aevi

Merovingici et Karolini I (Berlin, 1892) and M. Tangl, Die Briefe des heiligen

Bonifatius et Lullus, MGH Epistolae Selectae I (Berlin, 1916), and trans. E.

Emerton, The Letters of Saint Boniface (New York, 1940).

Dümmler, E. (ed.), Epistolae Karolini aevi II, MGH Epistolarum IV (Berlin, 1895).

Dümmler, E. (ed.), Epistolae Karolini Aevi IV, MGH Epistolarum VI (Berlin, 1902).

Wills

Whitelock, D. (ed. and trans.), Anglo-Saxon Wills (Cambridge, 1930).

Chronicles

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, ed. D. N. Dumville and S.

Keynes (Cambridge, 1983-).

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Revised Translation, ed. and trans. D. Whitelock, D.

C. Douglas and S. I. Tucker (London, 1961).

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, trans. M. Swanton (London, 1996).

The Chronicle of Æthelweard, ed. and trans. A. Campbell (London, 1962).

History/Hagiography

Ælfric’s Lives of the Saints, ed. W. W. Skeat, Early English Texts Society Nos 76, 82,

94, 114 (1881-1900; reprinted Oxford, 1966).

The Anglo-Saxon Missionaries in Germany, trans. C. Talbot (London, 1981).

Alcuin, Vita sancti Willibrordi, ed. W. Levison, MGH, SSRM, VII (Hanover and

Leipzig, 1920), 81-141 and trans. C. H. Talbot, The Anglo-Saxon Missionaries

in Germany (London, 1981), 3-22.

Anonymous, B Vita sancti Dunstani, ed. W. Stubbs, Memorials of St Dunstan, Rolls

Series 63 (London, 1874), 3-52.

Anonymous, Vita Cuthberti, ed. and trans. B. Colgrave, Two Lives of Saint Cuthbert:

A Life by an Anonymous Monk of Lindisfarne and Bede’s Prose Life

(Cambridge, 1940).

14

Anonymous, Vita Ceolfridi, ed. and trans. C. Grocock and I. N. Wood, Abbots of

Wearmouth and Jarrow (Oxford, 2013).

Anonymous, Vita Gregorii, ed. and trans. The Earliest Life of Gregory the Great by

an Anonymous Monk of Whitby (Lawrence, 1968).

Asser, De Rebus gestis Ælfredi, ed. W. H. Stevenson and D. Whitelock. Asser’s Life

of King Alfred Together with the Annals of St Neots Erroneously Ascribed to

Asser (Oxford, 1959). and trans. S. Keynes, and M. Lapidge, Alfred the Great:

Asser’s Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources (London, 1983).

Bede, Historia abbatum, ed. and trans. C. Grocock and I. N. Wood, Abbots of

Wearmouth and Jarrow (Oxford, 2013).

Bede, Historia ecclesiastical gentis Anglorum, ed. and trans. B. Colgrave and R. A. B.

Mynors, Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Oxford, 1969).

Bede, Vita Cuthberti, ed. and trans. B. Colgrave, Two Lives of Saint Cuthbert: A Life

by an Anonymous Monk of Lindisfarne and Bede’s Prose Life (Cambridge,

1940).

Byrhtferth of Ramsey, Vita Oswaldi, ed. and trans. M. Lapidge, Byrhtferth of Ramsey,

The Lives of St Oswald and St Ecgwine (Oxford, 2009).

Felix, Vita Guthlaci, ed. and trans. B. Colgrave, Felix’s Life of Saint Guthlac

(Cambridge, 1956).

Historia de Sancto Cuthberto, ed. and trans. T. Johnson South, Historia de Sancto

Cuthberto: A History of Saint Cuthbert and a Record of His Patrimony

(Cambridge, 2002).

Levison, W. (ed.), Vitae Sancti Bonifatii Archiepiscopi Moguntini (Hanover, 1905).

Levison, W. (ed.), Scriptorum Rerum Merovingicarum, VII, MGH Passiones Vitaeque

Sanctorum aevi Merovingici V (Hannover, 1920).

Liebermann, F., Die Heiligen Englands (Hannover, 1889).

Liber Eliensis, ed. E. O. Blake (1962) and trans. J. Fairweather (Woodbridge, 2005).

The Old English Version of Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, ed. T. Miller, Early English

Texts Society (Oxford, 1890; reprinted 1959).

Rudolf, Vita Leobae abbatissae Biscofesheimensis, ed. G. Waitz, MGH, SS, XV.I

(Hanover, 1887), 118-31 and trans. C. H. Talbot, The Anglo-Saxon Missionaries

in Germany (London, 1981), 205-26.

Stephen, Vita Wilfridi, ed. and trans. B. Colgrave, The Life of Bishop Wilfrid by

Eddius Stephanus (Cambridge, 1927).

Symeon of Durham, Libellus de Exordio, ed. and trans. D. Rollason, Symeon of

Durham: Libellus de Exordio atque Procursu istius hoc est Dunelmensis

Ecclesie (Oxford, 2000).

Three Eleventh-Century Anglo-Latin Saints’ Lives, ed, R. C. Love (Oxford, 1996).

Three Lives of English Saints, ed. M. Winterbottom (Toronto, 1972).

Vita Alcuini, ed. W. Arndt, MGH Scriptores, XV.1 (Hanover, 1887), 182-97.

Vita Edwardi Regis, ed. and trans. F. Barlow, The Life of Edward who Rests at

Westminster: Attributed to a Monk of St. Bertin (London, 1962).

Willibald, Hodoeporicon, ed. O. Holder-Egger, MGH, Scriptores, XV.1 (Hanover,

1887), 80-117.

Willibald, Vita Bonifatii, ed. R. Rau, Briefe des Bonifatius: Willibalds Leben des

Bonifatius (Darmstadt, 1968) and trans. C. H. Talbot, The Anglo-Saxon

Missionaries in Germany (London, 1981), 25-62.

Wulfstan of Winchester, Vita Aethelwoldi, ed. and trans. M. Lapidge and M.

Winterbottom, Wulfstan of Winchester, the Life of St Aethelwold (Oxford,

1991).

15

Poetry

Æthelwulf, De abbatibus, ed. and trans. A. Campbell (Oxford, 1967).

Alcuin, De pontificibus et sanctis ecclesiae Eboracensis, ed. and trans. P. Godman,

The Bishops, Kings and Saints of the Church of York (Oxford, 1982).

Aldhelm, Carmina, ed. R. Ehwald, Aldhelmi Opera Omnia, MGH Scriptores,

Auctores Antiquissimi XV (Berlin, 1919), and trans. M. Lapidge and J. L.

Rosier, Aldhelm, The Poetic Works (Cambridge, 1984).

Laws

Attenborough, F. L. (ed. and trans.), The Laws of the Earliest English Kings

(Cambridge, 1922).

Liebermann, F. (ed.) Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen, I-IV (Halle, 1903-16).

Robertson, A. J. (ed. and trans.) The Laws of the Kings of England from Edmund to

Henry I (Cambridge, 1925).

Wormald, C. P. (1999b). The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth

Century, 1: Legislation and its Limits (Oxford, 1999).

Canon Law

Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents Relating to Great Britain and Ireland, ed. A.

W. Haddan and W. Stubbs, I-III (Oxford, 1869-71).

Councils and Synods with Other Documents Relating to the English Church, I: AD

871-1204, I-II, ed. D. Whitelock, M. Brett and C. N. L. Brooke (Oxford, 1981).

Cubitt, C., Anglo-Saxon Church Councils c. 650-c. 850 (London, 1995).

Penitentials

Die Canones Theodori Cantuariensis und ihre überlieferungsformen (Weimar, 1929).

Calendars

Rollason, D., ‘Lists of Saints’ Resting-Places in Anglo-Saxon England’, Anglo-Saxon

England, 7 (1978), 61-93.

Libri Vitae

Liber Vitae: Register and Martyrology of New Minster and Hyde Abbey, Winchester,

ed. W. de G. Birch (London, 1892).

16

The Durham Liber Vitae: Edition and Digital Facsimile, ed. Rollason, D., Rollason,

L., Briggs, E. and Piper, A. J. (London, 2007).

Surveys

Great Domesday: Facsimile (London, 1986).

Little Domesday: Facsimile (London, 2000).

Morris, J. (ed.), Domesday Book, I-XXXV (Chichester, 1975-86).

Blair, J., ‘Secular Minster Churches in Domesday Book’, in P. Sawyer (ed.),

Domesday Book: A Reassessment (London, 1985), 104-42.

Blair, J., ‘Local Churches in Domesday Book and Before’, in J. C. Holt (ed.),

Domesday Studies (Woodbridge, 1987), 265-78.

Page, W., ‘Some Remarks on the Churches of the Domesday Survey’, Archaeologia

2nd Series, 16 (1914-15), 61-102.

Ward, G., ‘The List of Saxon Churches in the Textus Roffensis’, Archaeologia

Cantiana, 44 (1932), 39-59.

Ward, G., ‘The Lists of Saxon Churches in the Domesday Monachorum and White

Book of St Augustine’s’, Archaeologia Cantiana, 45 (1933), 60-89.

17

MATERIAL EVIDENCE

ARCHITECTURAL

BRITISH/WELSH

Potter, J. F., Searching for Early Welsh Churches: a study in ecclesiastical geology,

BAR BS, 578, (Oxford, 2013).

IRISH

Ó Carragáin, T., Churches in Early Medieval Ireland: Architecture, Ritual and

Memory (New Haven and London, 2010).

ENGLISH

Taylor, H. M., and J. Taylor, Anglo-Saxon Architecture, 3 vols (Cambridge, 1965-78).

Fernie, E., The Architecture of the Anglo-Saxons (London, 1983).

Gem, R., ‘A Recession in English Architecture during the Early Eleventh Century’,

Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 3rd Ser. 38 (1975), 28-49.

Gem, R., ‘Tenth-Century Architecture in England’, Settimane di Studio, 38 (1991),

803-36.

Gem, R., ‘Architecture of the Anglo-Saxon Church, 735-870’, Journal of the British

Archaeological Association, 146 (1993), 29-66.

Gittos, H., Liturgy, Architecture and Sacred Places in Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford,

2013).

SCULPTURAL

BRITISH/WELSH

Corpus of Early Christian Inscribed Stones of South-West Britain, ed. E. Okasha

(London, 1993).

Corpus of Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales:

https://www.bangor.ac.uk/history/research/archaeology/stones/index.php

Edwards, N., A Corpus of Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in

Wales, Vol. II, South West Wales (2007).

Redknap, M., and J. M. Lewis, A Corpus of Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and

Stone Sculpture in Wales, Vol. I, South East Wales and the English Border

(2007).

Celtic Inscribed Stones Project (CISP): www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology.cisp.database

https://www.bangor.ac.uk/history/research/archaeology/stones/index.php

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology.cisp.database

18

Thomas, C., And Shall These Mute Stones Speak? Post-Roman Inscriptions in

Western Britain (Cardiff, 1994).

Handley, M., ‘The Early Medieval Inscriptions of Western Britain: Function and

Sociology’, in J. Hill and M. Swan (eds), The Community, the Family and the

Saint: Patterns of Power in Early Medieval Europe (Turnhout, 1998), 339-61.

Handley, M., ‘The Origins of Christian Commemoration in Late Antique Britain’,

Early Medieval Europe, 10 (2001), 177-99.

IRISH

Harbison, P., The High Crosses of Ireland: An Iconographical and Photographic

Survey, 3 vols (Bonn, 1992).

The Ogham in 3D Project: https://ogham.celt.dias.ie/menu.php?lang=en

The Irish Inscribed Stones Project: http://www.nuigalway.ie/irish-inscribed-stones-

project/

PICTISH/ SCOTTISH

Fisher, I., Early Medieval Sculpture in the West Highlands and Islands (RCAHMS,

2001).

Fraser, I., The Pictish Symbol Stones of Scotland (Edinburgh, 2008).

Romilly Allen, J., and J. Anderson, The Early Christian Monuments of Scotland

(Edinburgh, 1903; repr. in 2 vols, Belgavies, Angus, 1993).

Forsyth, K., ‘The Ogham Inscriptions of Scotland: An Edited Corpus’ (Unpd PhD

thesis, Harvard University, 1996).

MANX

Kermode, P. M. C., Manx Crosses (London, 1907).

Wilson, D. M., Manx Crosses: A Handbook of Stone Sculpture 500-1040 in the Isle of

Man (Oxford, 2018).

ENGLISH

Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture: http://www.ascorpus.ac.uk/

Handlist of Anglo-Saxon non-Runic Inscriptions, ed. E. Okasha (Cambridge, 1971).

Bailey, R. N., England’s Earliest Sculptors (Toronto, 1996).

Bailey, R. N. Viking Age Sculpture in Northern England (London, 1980).

https://ogham.celt.dias.ie/menu.php?lang=en

http://www.nuigalway.ie/irish-inscribed-stones-project/

http://www.nuigalway.ie/irish-inscribed-stones-project/

http://www.ascorpus.ac.uk/

19

CHURCHES

BRITISH/WELSH

Cof Cymru – National Historic Assets of Wales:

https://cadw.gov.wales/historicenvironment/recordsv1/cof-cymru/?lang=en

Archwilio – The Historic Environment Records of Wales:

https://www.archwilio.org.uk/arch/

Historic Wales: https:www.historicwales.gov.uk

Coflein – The Online Catalogue of Archaeology, Buildings, Industrial and Maritime

Heritage in Wales: https://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/

PICTISH/SCOTTISH

Historic Environment Scotland: Canmore – National Record of the Historic

Environment: https://canmore.org.uk/

Discovery and Excavation in Scotland:

https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/des/

Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports (SAIR):

https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/sair/volumes.cfm

ENGLISH

Heritage Gateway: http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/gateway/default.aspx

Historic England – Excavation Index:

https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/304/

MONASTERIES

BRITISH/WELSH










https://historicwales.gov.uk/#zoom=0&lat=300000&lon=258000&layers=BFFFFFTFFTTT


https://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/

https://canmore.org.uk/



http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/gateway/default.aspx







20

IRISH

The Heritage Council – Significant Unpublished Irish Archaeological Excavations

1930-1997:

https://www.heritagecouncil.ie/unpublished_excavations/section12.html

Early Medieval Ireland: Archaeological Excavations 1930-2004, ed. A. O’Sullivan,

F. McCormick, T. Kerr and L. Harney (University College Dublin, 2008):

https://www.ucd.ie/t4cms/emap_report_2_1_complete.pdf

O’Sullivan, A., F. McCormick, T. R. Kerr and L. Harney (eds), Early Medieval

Ireland, AD 400-1100: The Evidence from Archaeological Excavations (Dublin,

2013) – ‘Chaptert 4: The Early Medieval Church’.

SCOTTISH/PICTISH







ENGLISH




MORTUARY

BRITISH/WELSH








James, H ‘Early Medieval Cemeteries in Wales’, in N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.),

The Early Church in Wales and the West (Oxford, 1992), 90-104.

Longley, D., ‘Early Medieval Burial in Wales’, in N. Edwards (ed.), The Archaeology

of the Early Medieval Celtic Churches (London, 2009), 105-134.













21

IRISH

The Heritage Council – Significant Unpublished Irish Archaeological Excavations

1930-1997:


Cahill, M. and M. Sikora (eds), Breaking Ground, Finding Graves – Reports on the

Excavations of Burials by the National Museum of Ireland, 1927-2006, 2 vols

(Dublin, 2012).

Early Medieval Ireland: Archaeological Excavations 1930-2004, ed. A. O’Sullivan,

F. McCormick, T. Kerr and L. Harney (University College Dublin, 2008):


Excavations.ie – summary accounts of archaeological excavations in Ireland:

https://excavations.ie/

O’Sullivan, A., F. McCormick, T. R. Kerr and L. Harney (eds), Early Medieval

Ireland, AD 400-1100: The Evidence from Archaeological Excavations (Dublin,

2013) – ‘Chapter 8: Death and Burial in Early Medieval Ireland’.

Mapping Death: People, Boundaries and Territories in Ireland, Database:

www.mappingdeathdb.ie

PICTISH/ SCOTTISH







Alcock, E. A., ‘Burials and cemeteries in Scotland’, in N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds),


Maldonado, A. D., ‘Christianity and burial in late Iron Age Scotland, AD 400-650’

(Unpd PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011).



Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports: http://www.sair.org.uk/

ENGLISH




Meaney, A., A Gazetteer of Early Anglo-Saxon Burial sites (1964).

O' Brien, E., Post-Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England: Burial Practices

Reviewed, BAR British Series 289 (Oxford, 1999).



https://excavations.ie/

http://www.mappingdeathdb.ie/





http://www.sair.org.uk/



22

LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE

Spittal, J. and J. Field, ‘A New Place-names Bibliography’, Nomina. Journal of the

Society for Name Studies in Britain and Ireland, vol. 12 (1988/89), 173-177.

Spittal, J., A reader's guide to the place names of the United Kingdom: a bibliography

of publications (1920 - 89) on the place names of Great Britain and Northern

Ireland, the Isle of Man, and the Channel Islands (Stamford, 1990).

Journal of the English Place-Name Society

Nomina: Journal of the Society for Name Studies in Britain and Ireland

BRITTONIC/ WELSH

RCAHMW List of Historic Place-Names: https://historicplacenames.rcahmw.gov.uk/

My Place in Wales: https://lle.llgc.org.uk/safle/index.html

Welsh Name Studies:

https://www.wales.ac.uk/en/CentreforAdvancedWelshCelticStudies/ResearchPr

ojects/CurrentProjects/WelshNameStudies/IntroductiontotheProject.aspx

Owen, H. W., The Place-Names of Wales (Revd Edn, Cardiff, 2015).

Padel, O. J., Cornish Place-Name Elements (Nottingham, 1985).

Dickens, B., ‘'Dewi Sant' in Early English Kalendars and Place-Names’, in N. K.

Chadwick (ed.), Celt and Saxon. Studies in the Early English Border

(Cambridge, 1963), 206-209.

Parsons, D. N., Martyrs and memorials: Merthyr place-names and the church in early

Wales, Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies (Aberystwyth, 2013).

Roberts, T., ‘Welsh Ecclesiastical Place-Names and Archaeology’, in N. Edwards and

A. Lane (eds), The Early Church in Wales and the West (Oxford, 1992), 41-44.

Padel, O. J., ‘Local saints and place-names in Cornwall’, in R. Sharpe and A. T.

Thacker (eds), Local saints and local churches in the early medieval West

(Oxford, 2002), 303-360.

Padel, O. J., ‘Brittonic place-names in England’, in J. Carroll and D. N. Parsons (eds),

Perceptions of place. Twenty-first-century interpretations of English place-

name studies (Nottingham, 2013), 1-42.

IRISH

The Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language: http://www.dil.ie/

The Place-Names Database of Ireland: https://www.logainm.ie/ga/

https://historicplacenames.rcahmw.gov.uk/

https://lle.llgc.org.uk/safle/index.html

https://www.wales.ac.uk/en/CentreforAdvancedWelshCelticStudies/ResearchProjects/CurrentProjects/WelshNameStudies/IntroductiontotheProject.aspx

https://www.wales.ac.uk/en/CentreforAdvancedWelshCelticStudies/ResearchProjects/CurrentProjects/WelshNameStudies/IntroductiontotheProject.aspx

http://www.dil.ie/

https://www.logainm.ie/ga/

23

The Place-Names of Northern Ireland: http://www.placenamesni.org/

The Townland Database: http://thecore.com/seanruad/

Digitized Maps of Dublin and Ireland: http://swilson.info/

Ordnance Survey Ireland Maps: http://maps.osi.ie/

Flanagan, D. and L., Irish Place-Names (Dublin, 1994).

Murray, K., and D. Thornton, Bibliography of Publications on Irish Place-Names

(London, 2011).

SCOTTISH

The Scottish Place-Name Survey: https://www.ed.ac.uk/literatures-languages-

cultures/celtic-scottish-studies/archives/manuscripts-collections/place-name-

survey

Journal of Scottish Name Studies: www.clanntuirc.co.uk/JSNS.html

The Papar Project: www.paparproject.org.uk/

Commemorations of Saints in Scottish Place-Names: www.saintsplaces.gla.ac.uk/

Database of Dedications to Saints in Scotland: www.shca.ed.ac.uk/Research/saints

OR www.webdb.ucs.ed.ac.uk/saints

James, A. G., The Brittonic Language in the Old North: A Guide to the Place-Name

Evidence, 3 volumes, Alan G. James, 2014, published on-line on the Scottish

Place-Name Society website http://www.spns.org.uk/bliton/

Márkus, G., The Place-Names of Bute (Donington, 2012). [Vol. 1 of the Place-Names

of Buteshire]

Taylor, S., with G. Márkus, Place-Names of Fife Vol. 1 (Donington, 2006).

Taylor, S., with G. Márkus, Place-Names of Fife Vol. 2 (Central Fife between

Leven and Eden) (Donington, 2008).

Taylor, S., with G. Márkus, Place-Names of Fife Vol. 3 (St Andrews and the East

Neuk) (Donington, 2009).

Taylor, S., with G. Márkus, Place-Names of Fife Vol. 4 (North Fife between Eden

and Tay) (Donington, 2010).

Taylor, S., with G. Márkus, Place-Names of Fife Vol. 5 (Discussion, Glossaries,

Texts) (Donington, 2012) [final volume]

Taylor, S. with P. McNiven and E. Williamson, The Place-Names of Kinross-

shire) (Donington, 2017)

Watson, W. J., Place-Names of Ross and Cromarty (1904; reprinted in paperback

1996 by Highland Heritage Books, Evanton).

Watson, W. J., The History of the Celtic Place-Names of Scotland (Edinburgh and

London, 1926; reprinted with an Introduction by Simon Taylor, Edinburgh

http://www.placenamesni.org/

http://thecore.com/seanruad/

http://swilson.info/

http://maps.osi.ie/

https://www.ed.ac.uk/literatures-languages-cultures/celtic-scottish-studies/archives/manuscripts-collections/place-name-survey



http://www.clanntuirc.co.uk/JSNS.html

http://www.paparproject.org.uk/

http://www.saintsplaces.gla.ac.uk/

http://www.shca.ed.ac.uk/Research/saints

http://www.webdb.ucs.ed.ac.uk/saints

http://www.spns.org.uk/bliton/

24

2004; and, with an extended Introduction, Edinburgh 2011). [Chapter IX, pp.

244-269, ‘EARLY CHURCH TERMS’]

ENGLISH

English Place-Name Survey:

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/epns/survey.aspx

Institute for Name-Studies – Digital Tools:

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/ins/resources/index.aspx

Gelling, M. (1988). ‘Towards a Chronology for English Place-Names’, in D. Hooke

(ed.), Anglo-Saxon Settlements (Oxford: Blackwell), 59-76.

Padel, O. J., ‘Brittonic place-names in England’, in J. Carroll and D. N. Parsons (eds),

Perceptions of place. Twenty-first-century interpretations of English place-

name studies (Nottingham, 2013), 1-42.

Alpatov, V., ‘Place-Names with Christian Associations’, Journal of the English Place

Name Society, vol. 42 (2010), 5-30.

Cameron, K., ‘Eccles in English Place-Names’, in M. Barley and R. P. C. Hanson

(eds), Christianity in Britain 300-700 (leicester, 1968), 87-92.

Hough, C. (2009). ‘Eccles in English and Scottish Place-Names’, in E. Quinton (ed.),

2009: 109-124.

James, A. G. (2009). ‘*Eglês/ Eclês and the Formation of Northumbria’, in Quinton

(ed.) 2009: 125-50.

Gelling, M., ‘The Word “Church” in English Place-Names’, Bulletin of the CBA

Churches Committee, 15 (1981), 4-9.

Gelling, M., ‘Some Meanings of Stow’, in S. M. Pearce (ed.), The Early Church in

Western Britain and Ireland, British Archaeological Report, British Series 102

(Oxford, 1982), 187-96.

Pickles, T., ‘Biscopes-tún, Muneca-tún and Préosta-tún: Dating, Significance and

Distribution’, in E. Quinton (ed.) 2009: 39-108.

Fellows-Jensen, G., ‘The Vikings’ Relationship with Christianity in the British Isles:

The Evidence of Place-Names Containing the Old Norse Element Kirkja’, in J.

E. Knirk (ed.), Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, 1985 (Oslo, 1987),

295-308.

Quinton, E. (ed.) (2009). The Church in English Place-Names (Nottingham: English

Place-Name Society).

Rumble, A. R., ‘The Cross in English Place-names: Vocabulary and Usage’, in C. E.

Karkov, S. E. Keefer and K. L. Jolly (eds), The place of the cross in Anglo-

Saxon England (Woodbridge, 2006), 29-42.

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/epns/survey.aspx

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/research/groups/ins/resources/index.aspx

25

STUDIES OF CHURCH ORGANIZATION BEFORE 1100

ROMAN BRITAIN

Henig, M., Religion in Roman Britain (London, 1995).

Petts, D., Christianity in Roman Britain (Stroud, 2003).

Thomas, C., Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 400 (New Edn, London, 1985).

Watts, D., Christians and Pagans in Roman Britain (London, 1991).

Watts, D., Religion in Late Roman Britain: Forces of Change (London, 1998).

WALES

Barnwell, P. S. (ed.), Places of worship in Britain and Ireland, 300-950 (Donnington,

2015).

Bowen, E. G., The Settlements of the Celtic Saints in Wales (Cardiff, 1954).

Bowen, E. G., Saints, Seaways and Settlements in the Celtic Lands (Cardiff, 1977).

Charles-Edwards, Thomas, Wales and the Britons 350-1064 (Oxford, 2013).

Davies, Wendy, An Early Welsh Microcosm: Studies in the Llandaff Charters

(London, 1978).

Davies, Wendy, Wales in the Early Middle Ages (Leicester, 1982).

Edwards, N., ‘Identifying the Archaeology of the Early Church in Wales and

Cornwall’, in J. Blair and C. Pyrah (eds), Church Archaeology, Research

Directions for the Future (York, 1996), 49-62.

Edwards, N., ‘Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales:

Context and Function’, Medieval Archaeology, 45 (2001), 15-39.

Edwards, N., ‘Celtic Saints and Early Medieval Archaeology’, in A. Thacker and R.

Sharpe (eds.), Local Saints and Local Churches in the Early Medieval West

(Oxford, 2002), 225-66.

Edwards, N. (ed.), The Archaeology of the Early Medieval Celtic Churches (Leeds,

2009).

Edwards, N. and A. Lane (eds), The Early Church in Wales and the West (Oxford,

1992).

Hughes, K., ‘The Celtic Church: is this a valid concept?’, Cambridge Medieval Celtic

Studies, 1 (1981), 1-20.

Jankulak, K. and J. Wooding (eds), Ireland and Wales in the Middle Ages (Dublin,

2007).

Jones, F., The Holy Wells of Wales (1954; New Edn, Cardiff, 2003).

Ó Carragáin, T. and S. Turner (eds), Making Christian Landscapes in Atlantic

Europe. Conversion and Consolidation in the Early Middle Ages (Cork, 2016).

Petts, David, The Early Medieval Church in Wales (Stroud, 2009).

Pearce, S. M. (ed.), The Early Church in Western Britain and Ireland, British

Archaeological Report, British Series 102 (Oxford, 1982)

Pryce, H., Native Law and the Church in Medieval Wales (Oxford, 1993).

Pryce, H., ‘Pastoral Care in Early Medieval Wales’, in J. Blair and R. Sharpe (eds),

Pastoral Care Before the Parish (London, 1992), 41-62.

Victory, S., The Celtic Church in Wales (London, 1977).

26

IRELAND

Early Medieval Archaeology Project (EMAP): www.emap.ie

Monasticon Hibernicum – Early Christian Ecclesiastical Settlement in Ireland 5th to

12th Centuries: https://monasticon.celt.dias.ie/

Making Christian Landscapes:

https://www.ucc.ie/en/archaeology/research/projects/makingchristianlandscapes


2015).

Bitel, L. M., Isle of the Saints, Monastic Settlement and Christian Community in

Early Ireland (Ithaca, NY, 1990).

Charles-Edwards, T. M., Early Christian Ireland (Cambridge, 2000).

Charles-Edwards, T. M., St Patrick and the Landscape of Early Christian Ireland,

Kathleen Hughes Memorial Lecture (2012).

Edwards, N., The Archaeology of Early Medieval Ireland (London, 1990).

Edwards, N., ‘The Archaeology of Early Medieval Ireland, c. 400-1169: Society and

Economy’, in D. Ó Cróinín (ed.), A New History of Ireland, I: Prehistoric and

Early Ireland (Oxford, 2005), 235-300.

Edwards, N. (ed.), The Archaeology of the Early Medieval Celtic Churches (Leeds,

2009).

Etchingham, C., Church Organization in Ireland A.D. 650 to 1000 (Maynooth, 1999).

FitzPatrick, E., and R. Gillespie (eds), The Parish in Medieval and Early Modern

Ireland: Community, Territory and Building (Dublin, 2006).

Flanagan, D., ‘Ecclesiastical Nomenclature in Irish Texts and Place-Names: a

comparison’, in Disputationes ad Montium Vocabula aliorumque nominum

significationes pertinentes 1 (Vienna, 1969), 379-388.

Flanagan, D., ‘The Christian impact on early Ireland: place-names evidence’, in P. Ní

Chatháin and M. Richter (eds), Irland und Europa. Die Kirche im

Frühmittelalter (Stuttgart, 1984), 25-51.

Mac Aodha, B. S.. ‘The Priest and the Mass in Irish place-names’, Nomina. Journal

of the Society for Name Studies in Britain and Ireland, vol. 14 (1990/91), 77-82.

Hamlin, A., ‘The Archaeology of the Irish Churches in the Eighth Century’, Peritia, 4

(1985), 279-99.

Hamlin, A., The Archaeology of Early Christianity in the North of Ireland, BAR BS

(Oxford, 2008).

Herbert, M., Iona, Kells and Derry: The History and hagiography of the Monastic

Femilia of Columba (Oxford, 1988).

Herity, M., Studies in the Layout, Buildings and Art in Stone of Early Irish

Monasteries (London, 1995).

Hughes, K., The Church in Early Irish Society (London, 1966).

Hughes, K., Early Christian Ireland: Introduction to the Sources, The Sources of

History: Studies in the Uses of Historical Evidence (Ithaca, NY, 1972).

Hughes, K., ‘The Church in Irish Society, 400-800’ and ‘The Irish Church, 800-

1050’, in D. Ó Cróinín (ed.), A New History of Ireland, I: Prehistoric and Early

Ireland (Oxford, 2005), 301-30 and 635-55.

http://www.emap.ie/

https://monasticon.celt.dias.ie/

https://www.ucc.ie/en/archaeology/research/projects/makingchristianlandscapes

27

Jankulak, K. and J. Wooding (eds), Ireland and Wales in the Middle Ages (Dublin,

2007).

Ní Chatháin, P. and M. Richter (eds), Ireland and Europe. The Early Church

(Stuttgart, 1984).

O' Brien, E., ‘Pagan and Christian burial in Ireland during the first millennium AD:

continuity and change’ in N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds), The Early Church in

Wales and the West (Oxford, 1992), 130-137.

O’ Brien, E., ‘Burial Practices in Ireland: First to Seventh Centuries AD’, in J.

Downes and A. Ritchie (eds), Sea Change: Orkney and Northern Europe in the

Later Iron Age, AD. 300-800 (Balgavies, 2003), 62-72.

O’ Brien, E., ‘Pagan or Christian? Burial in Ireland during the 5th to 8th Centuries

AD’, in N. Edwards (ed.), The Archaeology of the Early Medieval Celtic

Churches, Leeds, 2009), 134-54.

O' Brien, E., ‘From Burial among the Ancestors to Burial among the Saints: An

Assessment of Some Burial Rites in Ireland from the Fifth to Eighth Centuries

AD’, in Transforming landscapes of belief in the early Medieval insular world

and beyond (2017), 259-286.

Ó Carragáin, T., ‘A Landscape Converted: archaeology and early church organisation

on Iveragh and Dingle, Ireland’ in M. O. H. Carver (ed.), The Cross Goes

North: processes of conversion in northern Europe, AD 300-1300 (York, 2003),

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