A Historical Grammar of Hindi

8/10/2019 A Historical Grammar of Hindi

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GazerVergleichnde Arbete

Hs. von FitzLchne n enbach, emannMitelberge

Chrstan Zinko, Mcael Zko

Vm Aeen au deeu 'eeichende Spracwenchaf Graz"

- Band 19

nwolche Redakon: Can Zino

Texvebun d Een de Dcoae dch den Ao

y Lym Bhesm.H. N & Co KG, Gaz 00e e d Wee d n endene Fo (d ooae Molm

ode en nde eh) one chfce Geehmn de ee epode

ode e Veed toche See veree vee der

veree den.

Geeen em Bveag

ISBN 700497

Peface

Te non . . . . . .. . 1-1 21.1. e inexio o 'uextended nous .. ' .

2 e inexion o exeded nouns .. 4121. e exion o masule -sems . . 4

122 e inexion o masuline -sems . ... 7123 Te iexio o muie f- d sms 71.24 e iexion o emie d -sems . . . 9125 e iexio o eminine y-sem 0

13 e peipais o he plral 21.4. e gede ssm . 2

T iexon o adjeves 1 35

e roos . , !6-253 e proomal inexion . 1632 1st rson proos . 7

33. 2nd person proouns .

19

3.. e posessive poos .. 20 e nonpersonal pronouns ..... 2 13e (rexi) ono . 25

e nmerals 262 T posposiis

: 283 3 T verb 3445 e vb

;s

:

34

e paiiples . 353 e (general presen 3764 e impere 35 e oninuous oms 39


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6.6. he preteite d he (at erfet ... .. ... .. 9 6. The bjutive ............... 4068 imrative ... . . . . . . .. 46 Thture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 he assive 611 e asoluive ..................... 44612 The itive 44

7 Glossary of liguisic tes . 6-88 Indices . . 4956Ltare . . . , 7681breviaions ... . . . . 6 0

Preface

The tres that entered India dng the st pa of the 2nd millenim

efore Chrst brought iththem a languagewhich was closelyrelated toAvest, t langage of the hol texts of Zoroastrianism d to Old

Persid moredisttly to Greek, Latn dEnglish. From tisVedic

nst or ld doAryan' a youger vaiety emergedwhich came

e base of Middle ndoAyan a cover tem for quite a numer of

guages and dialects. Dierent om Sskt these so-calledPtsere more popular languages which were made use of y early Buddhismd Jaism ad whi e rst aested itten fo in the edicts ofKng oka 2 6 232 BC From youg fos of these Prakits anguage called abaa evolved t its emplyment a ureloeticl laguage. Basically it is amalgat ion of Middle Indoan

with the still much ther evolved contemorary spoken lgages:te mostly Middle Ido"yocablary is eaclly iectedThispaaa is the be for all New doAryan lguages there alsof Hidi as eutions as g waterless uter < pabI gi Stgt l cloud< pabhI vl< Sktvl or toda< pabraI < Skty show was a weste form ofApaaa om which te mmeiate predecessors of Hidi Hiv(so called Zeilv an et Bol emerged Both ofte were idioms rginall at home in the viciy of Delhi The adrginated wth the conquest of Delhi b Qutbuddin ibak d the

ealisent f the Delhi sultanae n 16 as inge e of te iguisticall and ethnicall very heterogeneous population.bseuentl tese lhi idioms gained imce d spread to the westd to the south with travelling merchts ilms and sodiers thetempora) trsfer f the capil of the Delhi sultanate to Daulatbad(na urab) 127 cetainly playe imrant pa in hisspea rsfere n at wa ond te rders of the Dlhi ea


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Hindavf d Deht Khf Bolzbecme ver-regi aguges. Cetuester ew kone, te Zabneurdemu 'aa eerge Dei mixtu f indavz d Def Ka Bn the e hd nd Ba B wete uage, te ter It w te bsi t f Urdu d f

me Stdd Hndi r af Blz Hind. Tis uge shy ceHii i te ci ge f the i Ui ccrig t te CensusInda f 99 ke by but 337 ii pepe s rt d by b ut7 ii pe ecd r td ge

T trce te itry f the gic syte f Hdi wee terefre t g bck rt t er Hii iect d te tApbr d te Prt d y t Skit Wie the yugeritry f Hii et t e tte (ee w) te r t ims t drw etie pictre f te es f te i ad erbctegrie f Hii i Apbra rt Sri Speci tetih ee pid t te Apb stge f eepet Sie perietrrk Abr rpg e be etere i te ie tif

ar y r ep s ei it Abr text Tiswu_ ciy ece te sY A rmsa_ y ce t stti it y few t excetis wit te detf UDWIG SDOR LLABH C YAN.

My eteee ed Ao GFF iversit f riet y ee y Egi but s sed e y ebetby scruuusy eig te f tis bket fesr WM SMTH f Up iersity NE FOE f Gttie

Uiersity e bee ki eug t g tu erier versi d tgie e teir rerk wic I was we t icude It ge witutyig tt y futs rtcigs re etirey ie

Ti bk i eicte te er f fer HEMNESPITL He w s ey t e we I tued t i itqueti we rki te Ger fre er f ti apubise b INGE WEZLER Reek 998) H preture deth

reeted wtg re recet isty f Hdi ng tccunt f its edite p redecessrs ( c ESP 1994b 998 2000 Ts u e e st vube d ecess cmeet t te esent

e-Nkusberg eby 005


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The noun

1. e nexon of unextended' nounsAs a conseuence o the oss ofOA a consnants, a ouns

e n pat nasazeY vowes see JACOBI 1918; 31* he shortes perssted n Apabhraa; the ong ones, however, were shortened a -sabc wors ess they were foowed b enctc such asv aso' or y and Ap iru head < Pkt ir< Skt ir; Ap l ths gard' Pkt I S l ater on, the nsabtacterstc of word endngs aected these a short vowes whch nthe end were compete dropped H ir head' < Ap iru H lad'< Al4 At the same tme, however, ong as evoved omcent dphthngs', ehe due to contracon or ompnsatorgthenng hese phthongs' ognate om the dropng of nte

cac consonts eg the of the exenson [se note 14]): Ap ,_di!{hLs n'< i!i < *ik !5 erefoe, Hnd has ony two - lass s

f

nons whose dstncton s basc for nexon one enated l

I

_

o

_

r

_

th

_

e

_

s

ak

_

e

of

c

o

n

v

e

-

en

ce we inlde hee + anra hogh his is sil

. :I -:

. J

B

;

0 ::67). Thisis one

j

l

the bsi sond lws of Apbh he sh lws le fo he genesis of ae ) e deelopen of nl a o u nd of nl a' o u um see AL 937 9 n 2 31 nd 37) nd b) the opening of o , y ad {i}) ino h

i etin eonl eleen e g gen g s ah< 0aya [see T 1935/3:211 / 1975 5-26dMASICA 1993 187]). Fo he sod lws of Apb see below noes 11 14 d 2

3 O this phenoenon see (1975 291300) See LH 965 5) nd MSCA (13: 188) ee A (137 8), BL (196 43) (175 nd MC (1993:


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i

!

i

The ou-

oowed om Sasit like (m (f d (m belong tothis cs d ect accordng to the given paradi

2 The nexon of extened nousThe second cass of inexio- the srog' one see MGR p

2- is compised of those nous that have bee extended b y adding thesux a < 0ka-) maiy13 in pabhraa/4 ie those ouns thateded two vowels. er the Apabhra stage tese were eithercotracted or he econd oe was droped d the rst oe comesatory _ legtheed (see ). the strog inexion direct d obique cases,both of sigular ad pura have diere endings

2 The inexion of macule stems

The no-

< Pkt. 0ao

< Braj 0ai17 < Pkt 0a[x ] < p0ai

< Ap. I kt. aya

< Skt. 0aka 0akam

< Skt loc sg)0am9

< Skt voc. s)0aka

5

The caseendigs o the mascune stems derive (uaey om6

As a ue he nr. endig (S 0a/m evolved into (Ap) 0au while mc Sskrit as folows for he coesonding edings of the f and stems _sute i au (ee JACOB 1921 11 [ 13] and 1936 147 I 1937 9 n. 2)ee 2 5 -.r e, however quite a number of crossov (see JACOBI 1918: 32* ( 22]),

?ly) because of _ :oalescence of maculine dneutrgener (se 14).

Tis is SIO 's class I (see SO 5.2 p. 31])

3N a in hs se e 0-extnion is poslated aready for Sanskrit ordernot to compliate h e dervaion of fos e meangless 0k, aded alread in(Vedic) Sakt see WELI DEBRR, ltindisce rammati 2 p 518

17 t s however, imaginable ha he lyalen Braj endng 0ai( ( sg [tataata ilna, D] gen sg Uasod sailagu, Sgar] d loc sg.

[na indr tanahimk{ata, Siaga]) is te result of a cossing of he Apabaa - igs of e geve, smeal nd locaive sg: 0ahuX 0ef I 'm X 0Ghim I 0a(on

e nstr ending 0e'


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6 -I h non-

< p < P < S n pm) 0a

(< Braj u) < < P. 0G' < S. 0m22 hu < x[gn sg] hu h1

< hu23 < P 0o < S vc pl) 0+ bh(4

20pabra hs a nomacc. pl of th neutr wch Y (se JACI 191831 *32*I 34*d R 936 162) ere (at th latest th necton of the masulin n that of te neuter -stms hav collapsed

1 Th oun- 7

Th dir a of h snar hows os o f h a vow wih

nao lnghng < u) I h ohr a w hav o do wihaion Ce < 5 [} < u[]) ar haaranc f h (way prnuncd) nrvoalic cnsonanh)6

12. Th inxion masun smsMaulin in who nding ar naaizd hrughou go

o s wih inrvocali m ihr pay n or cnalginad frm p r (whih dvlp via m) i m is or having naalizd h follwg owl:27 'w28 < * < < k < kp)

1.3 Th inxin f auln and ss1 The -h of t e (p) gen. sg hu I h!(se nos 2 and_2)was Iended to t _ c:- _ Thendings of masculine f- and-stems origiated in he sameway

Pk gen pl. endg

_

0m

(


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8 1 e no - -I e noun 9

< Pkt 0io < Skt 0ik

# kt 0i)1 < Skt 0ik e iexion of feminie and stes

he feinie d stes ontie the i ad d d femnins of Sanskrt hese hae oaesed in Prakit e inexion the stems e a of these stems has en shortened in Apaa see note 1 1 d 24) whih onsequenty had ony i d innes These have been extended y < 0) Hene he ase

Pkt 0i

< Pkt i

< Skt

< Skt no p)r

g of the feminin d s tes be traed bak to Sanskrit as0ikah t

_ -folws:< Ap < Pkt.0i)3 < iy

x [gen sg]0i

< Ap iy) < Pkt 0i

< Skt gen p)0ik

< Skt. vo p)

< p 0i

< Ap 0ii I0i 03

< Ap. 0i

< Pkt < Skt no sg)k

< Pkt e < Pi o ase)y38 # Skt y

< Pkt e < Skt o sg.)

keH";F

)

3 The mine stems hve akn ov he ndig om he femine i-stes (eeR 197 21) On this endng see note 3

This endig oud e resuted in something ike (p. *y Wt is acuallysted s the geuine muine ending (see AD 937 1 and TG 9.iii [p 168]).

tis bend fo see noe 1 See note 24

3 ee are oe stes in ' most bsrt nol oaned om St e sameendgs e dded to em as to he feine stes

3 y the nointive snga I o " I 36

eeMcGR

p 2 ad SHIO 61 (p. 38-39)

37 e p genive in I s foed out of < Pk [cf. note 24) nlog w , e ending of he fe -stems (see AR 1937 1) itl s rossing of te feminne gentive (< Pt. < Pi -y < Sk -y/th the mse one (< Ap < P. < Skt y see ve noe ]) his expnton see AR (1937 21) nd BL (196 14338 his endg see B (001 61162 [ 363]


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0 -.1 The no -

< * Oo < (x

0o4) Pkt. O

< Pkt O-

7a

< Skt (nom pl)

"kl

< Skt. (gen. pl)

"nm

< Pkt. * Oho < Skt (voc. pl)

"k + bhotf . -

i!lf

1.25 e ineion of feminine iye l

1 The noun 1

ae fo the most partdiintives.4Theipluralis distguised omteulrby 1eenasliztion oftheml vowel (sgcapl d. ciriytm,

bciryo [cf. sg larkf

pl larkiym, lakiyom]). This is due to thenaction fthe variou consective mal vowes (ci{ym


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3 The prnuns

1 The pronominal nexionhogh the ponomial ection has pesee archaic fs le

te oinatiejo Ap I Pkt o < Sktya,1 ponos fo a matcgroup peculiarly lial to sematic wear and tear consequently oenewal2 he ost impotant noelty is the geneal asence of genedisncion in the case of the nonpersonal pronouns But all forms go eymologically to Sskrit oignals The characteitic nitial consonsch as the relatie j- o the inteogatie are constants and gr y meing also remain od y form n a cle system eBLO165: 201}

Bl we ill discss ude 1 ), 2)d 3) the genesis of the iec

casecsus

e

us)

the oliqe casecasu quus

and datieass

- 3 The Ponous -

. 321st person pronouns4

'e sngular eelo as follows

d i Ap) mai (x [au) Pkt) e i Skt) may

muj < *mj mu x tuu) < Ap) majju < Skt) ma(at) ue X: mu = ame ham

17

the sonal pronon of the rst person sg the o ld nstrmental Pkt mai Skt may) has eplaced the nomnatie Ap au Skt

ham haing ten oe the al nasal of that case Ap mae mabjectiv) repectiel :cx[(hau)m]

Pkt mae, ai < Skt may) kt majja(f d Ap mau reglaly deeloped ot of Skt

mafi he analogy of tujjh see p majju was trsoed to

Te Prat remaned long n Apabsa nce nal owel were not hortee moo-ylabic wod (ee. 1) Ad th log o en contnued no nd2 Pro re pclaly lable to aboal poec veloent (ee 960: 2324/975 30318), eg sab 'all ead of excted *sb < *saba < Sa ra)

O t e C (1993 36)

*T;jju which ally reslts ia*jh) in mjh.6 3 is foe to muj accoding to the propoion am: amer on see low):7

Te lural deelope d as follos

e MGR p 12 and SIO 63 (p 01) / (p 6) e R (93/37 205) BLH (196 18718) ad POE (196 397) W te f * mjh ha bee hoeed ot clea Note that t ot e that aeate tage j to b ulaed at all ce the metathess quan atum dd rk n all d alect7

:- Tenal nsal of hemwas obvioly fet to b the sign ote pura (cf. {miti}e).


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1 - 3 The Ponouns

(dr) am < Braj) hama < aj) amai x [a] < A) amn< Ap) ami < Pk.) ame

(o) ham < (Braj ama < *ma a] (Ap) ama well as amha< ha>

(da) ame Baj) amahi (x h[a} < (Ap) aai

-3 Ponos - 1

z son ponouns3

glar developed fllos

(dir.) ti < (Ap.) hr(x eh)


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22 - 3 . e ronons -

(dat) se ( : Is = ujhe : u)26 (dat.) knhem


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24 - 3 e roo 3 e Proo 25

(g) unhm n (ee bve de d k < (Br) ki34 < (Ap) knhm (St) k 'i

(obl.) nhmReltve proo

(.)j < (Pt )j < (St) ya

( o bl) jis < jissa Ijiss < (Pt.)jassa jass < (t. ) yasya Iya

(dr)j (ee le de)

(obl)n < (Br)jini < (Pt

Te proo dectve kais djais go bc v (Br) kaisaud aisau to *aaa d *yaaka, e. kaelrged logcl_of(St ) ka- d yaa- (ee BLOCH 16 00

ja! < *yn (ee p 2 5

(dt)jis < }is = ujh ujh) (dt)jinhm (Br)jinha o

Te (reexe) pro Te reexve proo coted wt 3 pll verb (ee

B 1 9 6 1 9 - goe bc t t an- er te tee tgeofjin[i] o te odel of ahai "

35

36

n- d * aan. e coepodg ecte an an wc----------

n

d

_

m

_

h

_

_

_

i c fue BW ! %5: 1 a

Iee proo

kuh < (Br) ah2 < [x kahi(Pt) k!i33 < (St.) kii

: to of Ap aa7aya- aa7iya-3

3 ths fo see POLLE (198 43-45)

3_ Te phonology o s devations te sme ahat of 0(i: bur'od ag)

3 s orm see POLLE (87 46)ut of ([edc] Sk.) otanam (seeBLOH1 965: 63).

33 Such ossing ofci (< S. k-t ad cch (< S sci) s aesed _ SeeMCGRER P 6 1'62 1 168-169 and SHIO 13 3(p. 8)oml kfchi o Asok ak (see BLH 65: 47)

-.

"' (93: 686)


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, .:;5. The postpositions

The redu o of he paradg o asally o cases, dec case ad _oblque ase we hd i had wh he roduo of a rahe lar _

number of postpstons. 1 Due to ther equent use, the words nctonig: -as suh aaal implees suered phoe deerorao whc ha:- he ee of rederg her etyological explao dul o ev

_

possible As, however, os of he are already employed EpicSs Mddle Idory (ludig Buddhs Hyrd Saski) geeral l e of develope s cle eough:

( 1 ) e ge oo2

(2) e pr o op of

< (Braj m gai (Ap. ggi 8ile

en aiile ued o denoe a aon 35 n. 5reen ariile ombed wih thia- . . . . . 38

eience of al o oel . . .

ooiion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28o nonononal onou . . . . . . . . . . . 21

ehu eha I hu ha . . . . 22ee) . . . . 22kava I kavaa

8 dce -

ha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2hu uhu . . 2 2

eona onou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 720hau . . 1 7ma . . 1 7mahu 7ah . . . . . 1 8uhu . . 1 9 wi n 1uh . . . . . . 9umha . 20umha . . . 20

oee ono . . 20meaya- I mhaya- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2eaya- I umhaya- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

ymical eulibium of e ai . . . . . . . . . . n 1 4of lon al yyll

orenng of em al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n 1 9ond l . . . . . . . . 1 n n 1 1 4 n 1 6 n 2

- < M -a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2-u) < -a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2

au < m -aka . . . . 5 n 16-au < nr -akam 5 n 1 -h- < < --, $

(D

. . . 1 2

erb I erbal ending1g nd e -au . 0 w n 2 , 42 g ind re m . . . . . . . 40 w n =2 g nd e . . . . . 40 w n ; 42l nd e -ah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42


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52 - 8. des - - 8 des 5

3 sg mperativeass. -iyau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 1 1 47

absolutve in - . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4r: . j . Y . / Ap) dphthongs ' . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1oalescence of 2sg and 2pl. ofthe mp. . . . 42 n. 4( ' tves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1

tve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . 44 wth n 56 dsmilation .. .

.. .

.. .

..

..

. .

. .

. . .. .

. .

; . . . . . . . 1 8, 27, 47word fnals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .

Xressve doublingof consoas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

aphaeresis . . . . . 29 n 9, 4('. ,_ ;xteded' nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

apoope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . .

aa fos e teses and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 . 1 pL subj. n hil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 n 3 s (system) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . 2 n. 8, 5 n. 1 6 12

asslato

-

., .

:

'

-

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gen ral preset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3738

auxilay verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 37-39 43 oogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4

blendng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6n 2 1 , 9 n. 3 7, 10 n. 0 1 , 37 46 haplologicalshortenig of case-endings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3- 1 5

boowngsom Sanskt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 n . 1 O, 4, 9 n. l J . _perative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42-43

Baj atve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

ae edgs peatve n o . . . . . . . . 44nst.gen.lo. as. sg. hi . . . . . . . . . . -pimrative in i) I io . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42QP

J

asc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ae tv used peatve . . . . . . . . . 43 t . 4 vo p l. as. h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . exteded y te sux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

o. pl. fer. -em/ -aim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 1 0 . 39 \efet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38ase edngs (see also paaa and Ba _ rf ctiv ariciple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5 37, 38

haplolocal shorteningof cae'endngs ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I S used as adetve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 n. (o. ase pl o . . . . . . . . - used as adve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 n. 5(d ase l. e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 used as edate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 n. 5

ausatve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . used a sustantve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 n.

oaatve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . efete past mpefet opensatoy l engtenng . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 n. 1 1 4 7, 10 n 9 47 _ : tve ; . . . . . . . . . . . . 44ondtonal setene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 -' ue as peatve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 t n 9ontiuous fos . 39 _ exon

otnos ast of 'extended ouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 1of 'unextended nous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14ontinos peset


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54 8 ics 8 ndics

ct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

of adctivs

offeminneiys.

. . . . .

o fmnin d stms

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of mascl stms .

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. . . . . . . . . .of masc stms

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7-8 '. of ponons ' ' ' 1 I_ :.


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0 Abbreaons

Abanlngen der Akaeme der Wencaen nd der

Lteratr MaActa Orentala ( eient Soetate Orientaes Batavaanica Novegica)

Blletn 'te deneBerler noloce StdenBet de a Soct de Lgtqe de ParBllet ofte Scool ofOrenta and Afrca) Stdedoraa oralnda Lngtcoral ofte Amerca ental Soceoral Aatqenceer Ste zr SpracwecaOretaltce LteratrzetngSden zr oog undnkZetcrft der Detce orgenlnceGeecaZetcr r verglecene Spracforc af demGebete der dogerace Spracen

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Middl Inory


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A Historical Grammar of Hindi