6
A NIEW LOOK AT PREDATOR-PREY IN'TKJtACUONS USING A IPLE iENZWtliE IKJNETIC MODEL WAYNE Ill I IEIM£R,. ; \!Mb or-Fi'1J Mell 1lOO · C(ll• :F°jJlr1µftkci,. Atns:laa 991D or.tin Pfin-•mz: 1 Cham Pump Rood\. iFmbAnb. At.ub /AMrhor., llf)ll!.' IJt 1991 drl'.A' lttrJa ant/am- rJltm "HWT:fJfo:r tlM nui :Mo dn:xMkJ., bitr>gmi tli,S.IH'f1"U wtll" f'w 1 a.my rtrarlnnila.k t-mrospc00'an a11d PhDughl,,. lh.il! Vo"J' - I ajfrr ii ra lhiJ /orllD M*n 51ud:r elf' ul'lcroctlcm coo 1mlli:5 i:o lllU"CllL!IJlgly SC111h:isttcated milMJlnlJclll mid ir.upnm Same fJ€1.hciz mud!!!IM lll'l!' plirdy desi!nJiliW!' , whit!:! IR:l\I! m.Jlm! r.n !!M rll!IC!Jf!D• llsWviou.:i mJ•fio;:s·lhc "''e fnnber Tll)'SEitlc;dioo tJ)(l ruk: or di:illll'lc:lm(J prahlOr•ptt:y &uo1 l hc pnrut•• mnic1$ll'CU.m ol n:dtl!Jim CM!lj;*Ufiikd ror wlldlifc in im t'ffMI tci dr:my.stify in !h: thmav.utor _ blo!;bcm[cm ApprNd!ing prcdamr. frllm ·Ibis dm!i:s 1iJl!tbtJc:k l:lll!d bJ. ' "'mil! pnducti\'le' 111 010 of f'RdAltn11 1 IJlil.)f he in Jllhldy pn;dnl!l;lt'-pn;;Y' nl llu; l'A;-.tl U ii (oJlomi lh..L fP"l!J'C'R'liu: ilt 1mith11 lllOdm. IDD) r "1!-dl be: a resut1 D1 mdhodb.logy . h mt1 !be 'llJDe r.o m&.'fht.do.1a imd n new f4p;r alFcu \h:a:I. opperwnit)'. I Admir io bemg rcl4'1ft'C ' outaidcf' ro pRdmo.- Ucmmrcr. lfuDuibool Ux! bWcny or 'OQtsidcrs" dlbctc:dl mctRIIsc pUMI) N\iiidi reu, l"o ll\ls, end,, l d- opcdl field nf atZ)'JJIC-lilcclc:s (Co wftleh mn oJJO !lfl lll;t)' be bd:r1.r.Q_1 in pci;diiciw The c:mpbieat rmdinp mi[ m11tbcnmli01I modds coounoo[y ap_pLied in lhc: fi:illdics m.,y n1 qllll11if!,:md! Hpla.i11 mud! or \\hnJ "!!'kt\'!! lmftled' iH m UKt, mw;fl ol'dte dim! fl!ttl!f tl;r as 11tW lflcory ii moR .Slmpl)· and '11111lmtood tni 1l1c simple mz.JlllC ti:ndic. modcls tlttni 'the !COIDl11knrl?d nq1lliplo mudcb w' tLid1 pCO< °' METH.Om_ 1"o 111 bastS of Wl!Cfm;Wldillg, !.l1D1!1 'fll!• Basic Grunltal R«-Mmion Th«ir, In mnctioos b. b \\M\ tbe:mliu rdct to : :is lbe "Uw Of MMs Aciloo.. "' "rlw is. Uxi dimrt:ian Jllld ia ijjiiW ddil1Cdl «md11..101119l' tmipcriilllRl m3 11RS- wrc ·i,. dc.cmt'llK\ij b; lhc orroi; raiccanu and. prodllt'm A nwoaicnl oam.W11 (ail led lbe .c(fUihbfium c-o!WArli, K...) ll ddhiod, aCIXlrd.lnlJ the Lltw of MiW- Actioo. :is die 1t1.uio of 1i(wjj on rcn s;id; of co iM CQH«fil'rni- lk>m 1,1fproduru (1(1 l!'IC Ide of die itqul)dOfll &w A* B--"C D. lhia I. Al IBI ICI IDI. Llfc-AJU3 1.ivirl' mm hi(lbly orpniml 11 YtNcb C4P- ltln: mid i:D!!tmf lnro mnine.lnine: 1ial:t 1100 f1mcti«i re.quired fi;iir lili Fn i[Ul'Ci i:<Ji copwrc 1t1lmM)' elwlnd dtils Cf!!CrSY l'UUl!.S ln1 gcdcr mopy). N. CJlill,lm.ill.ld mm:boll-: l;)'-Stcml bcoomc thc:jr fimctioa dcL.cri.Ofatt&. WJiCftl an ClllPHtsm bccottxs rullicicmly clt1t ts W1dlccked. iu;e rtlii;: o:r !he w:s;mimt m bdmd. lkl!!h.ruw11 rnmi b'111. ICllt.)'tlWI; 8)1lem!'I lo C3J-Jlut0 1 Ghamid (;ncr:R)' iflto H rei:ullll either tmm Gti.on liJ!ltcm! or from 'tmlllllllti_Q

A New Look at Predator-Prey Interactions Using a …...A NIEW LOOK AT PREDATOR-PREY IN'TKJtACUONS USING A S~ IPLE iENZWtliE IKJNETIC MODEL WAYNE Ill IIEIM£R,. ;\!Mb De~at or-Fi'1J

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    4

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • A NIEW LOOK AT PREDATOR-PREY IN'TKJtACUONS USING A S~ IPLE iENZWtliE IKJNETIC MODEL

    WAYNE Ill IIEIM£R,. ;\!Mb De~ator-Fi'1J Mell ·Ga~ 1lOO ·C(ll• ~ :F°jJlr1µftkci,. Atns:laa 991D • tl'l~~~ or.tinPfin-•mz: 1~e Cham Pump Rood\. iFmbAnb. At.ub ~cm

    /AMrhor., llf)ll!.' IJt 1991 drl'.A'lttrJa ~Ullu/Jl:anant/am-~a~rl!HDTl.plcu,n1iw rJltm .cknt(!l~J ta~ "HWT:fJfo:r tlM nui :Mo dn:xMkJ., bitr>gmi ~ tli,S.IH'f1"U wtll" f'w uta~siif'¥nl ~"'pR~~~ia~l'RTV'f'I'. 1~t~followm1' a.my rtrarlnnila.k t-mrospc00'an a11d PhDughl,,. lh.il! Vo"J'- I ajfrr ii ra lhiJ ~pm.lum /orllD ,..,..,,,,,~}

    Ali••r~h M*n 51ud:r elf' ~-.m:)'ul'lcroctlcm coo1mlli:5 i:o ~ lllU"CllL!IJlgly SC111h:isttcated milMJlnlJclll mid ir.upnm ~ Same fJ€1.hciz mud!!!IM lll'l!' plirdy desi!nJiliW!', whit!:! IR:l\I! m.Jlm! r.n 1111nt~QI !!M ~id~ rll!IC!Jf!D• llsWviou.:i ~1yuf~'llJQdcl, ~mJ•fio;:s·lhc "'ldom~"C!d b~~vl?ft~ "''e ~all~ fnnber Tll)'SEitlc;dioo iocr~ tJ)(l ruk: or di:illll'lc:lm(J prahlOr•ptt:y tu~ &uo1 lhc pnrut•• mnic1$ll'CU.m ol ftllilh11if~ ~~n:dtl!Jim CM!lj;*Ufiikd ~ ror wlldlifc in im t'ffMI tci dr:my.stify ~P"l!f~!.(!Log.~ ~~~ilWYbo~ in!h: thmav.utor _CllZ)~ blo!;bcm[cm ~ ApprNd!ing prcdamr. ·JR'/~ frllm ·Ibis ~w~ dm!i:s 1iJl!tbtJc:k l:lll!d bJ.'w.1t11u~ ~.IS'S. "'mil! pnducti\'le' 111 d~~illfS 010 _pt~ of f'RdAltn111 IJlil.)f he l'll~p,p1icd in !lt!Cl'Hp~ ~IJll Jllhldy pn;dnl!l;lt'-pn;;Y' mt~ nl llu; ~cm l'A;-.tl U~ i i (oJlomi lh..L fP"l!J'C'R'liu: rdi;a~t ilt ~7~ 1mith11 lllOdm. IDD)r "1!-dl be: a ~ resut1 D1 ilupp~~ mdhodb.logy. h mt1 !be 'llJDe r.o ~a.minem&.'fht.do.1a imd ~ n new ~ljve.. ~ f4p;r alFcu \h:a:I. opperwnit)'.

    I ~>"Admir io bemg • rcl4'1ft'C ' outaidcf' ro pRdmo.-~ Ucmmrcr. lfuDuibool Ux! bWcny or ~ 'OQtsidcrs" N\.~ dlbctc:dl mctRIIsc pUMI)• fl'iU'l4~ Ot°'pgtp::iah~ N\iiidi 001~~~lJIVJl~ reu, l"o ll\ls, end,, l llil.~ f~-~(1filh~ ~._.,.dopcdl field nfatZ)'JJIC-lilcclc:s (Co wftleh ~ mn oJJO !lfl ·~['4kf1 lll;t)' be bd:r1.r.Q_1 in pci;diiciw ~b. The c:mpbieat rmdinp mi[ m11tbcnmli01I modds coounoo[y ap_pLied in lhc: erudyaf~ fi:illdics m.,y ll.llC~o-n1 qllll11if!,•:md! Hpla.i11 mud! or\\hnJ "!!'kt\'!! lmftled' iH ptits.tg(.{i~ (if~~bJtil~. mUKt, mw;fl ol'dte dim! fl!ttl!ftl;r ~ as 11tW p~!'.l'if-piq lflcory ii moR .Slmpl)· and ~Jy '11111lmtood tni 1l1c '~ ~tr simplemz.JlllC ti:ndic.modcls tlttni 'the !COIDl11knrl?d nq1lliplo ~ilibrilUrl mudcb w'tLid1 b•~ ~l!twtxd pCO< ftft:i~ °' p!:td!UOr~ METH.Om_

    1"o csubJj~l'I 111 bastS of Wl!Cfm;Wldillg, ~ !.l1D1!1 'fll!• ~~~ftillfl~ic~··

    Basic Grunltal R«-Mmion Th«ir, In Llllra~tyud mnctioos ~~uU•bmtm b.

    ~mm3Dcd b \\M\ tbe:mliu rdct to ::is lbe "Uw Of MMs Aciloo.."' "rlw is. Uxi dimrt:ian Jllld mm~ ia ~ ltOI~ ijjiiW ddil1Cdl «md11..101119l' tmipcriilllRl m3 11RS

    wrc ·i,. dc.cmt'llK\ij b; lhc ~lliti'~ C>Qti~l:tl:itions orroi; raiccanu and. prodllt'm A nwoaicnl oam.W11 (ail led lbe .c(fUihbfium c-o!WArli, K...) ll ddhiod, aCIXlrd.lnlJ the Lltw of MiW- Actioo. :is die 1t1.uio ofirm_i;tnm~ rooa:nJm~ 1i(wjj on ll~ rcns;id; of Iii~ ioq~t~o~ co iM CQH«fil'rnilk>m 1,1fproduru (1(1 l!'IC r~p! Ide ofdie itqul)dOfll &w thi:~

    A* B--"C D. lhia I.Al IBI ICI IDI.

    Llfc-AJU3 Enc;i;Jmail[~afl~ -C•J~ly.tro Rt~lic»li 1.ivirl'o~mm hi(lbly orpniml

    cmi;)'Jt'!llU(;l~tat~ ch~w 11 ~ems:YtNcb C4Pltln: mid ~d i:D!!tmf lnro mnine.lnine: the~ 1ial:t 1100 f1mcti«i re.quired fi;iir lili Fni[Ul'Ci i:

  • di~tlM Qf°l.IW! Oirpll l)'Jlllru: ~ It! lllPJWld lb:. Cll!IJllmtk I)-..~ tlit2 pro;.es:I. ~.

    11ie pOlnC ofall du1 U ~t b~i)81tdl ')'u.!rlLS .are. mzy.nuWc.1111,y lmcd. fmu lhc omlccular 1c:...11:l LQn'ol!Jd.. Hale(I. T ~ to n~hll1h ~~bil iay !Or G'll!Jld1;111doci of C'Jl!t;jlf~ :IJrictlc m~.t. I !Ji~ J~[i.af ~.AbOIL. u~ Ill the mol«111ar, ~lulu, n.mm. ~~ poputJLfon, l!;lOllfll111111Cy.tlllldu,osy~· lcmi ~Ii nqy be lmkI.:d by ~· a;m:uDl.111 !.'O l1ii;: Uipcsey morpniDUm w wirtab'm IfIO,, pradi11J1J11 m:I)" llJc pmfL\a.b]y mmi~ wiLhin t'Jm ~

    l'rcd4un II"°' b1 dkruJ,ttl.a1 llii:: mppGnlnJ ~ af'lhci.r ptq' lll'ld haw:nin.g ill rm:)'IW!rle da!.h.. 0uc;c Jn)' IW &iJd. cha ~ il'J. ~hilhfy OIPllmxi l}'ltcml i1 !lpJMVPri&tr:d' 'b)' lbc ~cir lo m:ai11t11C11 i1• ~~~-c.aiDlyml~ Thi!! qut:U ot~~ be'!Muafu ol'u mi.Giii 1m11 dton Ut4'1~l'Opri{ir.c CJlCIH.Y: l:D ,mniat:w[.u tho li.ighlf orpnl4d,. k11;i1 ~dd~ i:st:1:pt:!C' ~ \lofn(h ~u:ppott metlboliim..

    MmbaliJ:m rcquin:s lhe ~ ctii:mtcal l'CIC-lllmu.m ~m mCikicm:l)' low an ln'ltla WI Ille1eefidnlll. rncr8}' ll'llllitomuuio do DOC dWupt the dd~kmid Jii1Kilo ~ ruQUinld for life. Thill is ~plisblxl ~CID'}~dc CAtniywfL ~war\. b)· orgmWq lil'c't dimkicul rrcnemntl,, called 111b. Drills (by llla4ln1 ud aliml:lllg ah.mri ao ~ I.be. ~~ rntitl'ul 11101'.ovu1111 in.'l~iam o111 lir~p· pMPtj tcmpi:nltwtS) co IJJ:I~ ~ie~·~ c:sn prc:Jttttl. at knii;cr CDCrV Inda. Chcmlilli m'o l.o Jhil M lGwai!lg thi'!I &:H\'.ttlon mum raqu.lm.i i.o iaCWw! I ~Ji)ll,

    ~ die ~I 1$ O(llaplcli;d, iJic $~UlJ: lliJS bceame die- pn!d'r>f~ t.lw dlO mqme f:s W1:11~. This pr.odvw \be ccmmon ~~ t'« mi)· mnDcatal~.

    E + s - ~·5uh,rmcc Compicx, _ .E .i. P (Wbcrc: •E"' 11 C111:)'111C,. ~S"' ii tgbSLql~ a1Jd ·p~ .

    ~I) c.tni \'\cll'Cil 111d Ullfll.dlllcs (wllCie ow il'let'C:d In

    lft'bran and prey mmllJ) ~ m. bad! :hi!mr.Dcbam!Q spcei.cs ~C~dy, Ishall USWl1e comtan:I. Lc:mpmdUn: allHlhimu. rm-~ ~:rmtn:m;hO.~ Ai (i(lflftAllf ~Dfx.i!G,1w C(llld1 llOQ.:S. -td CJl.G)l!JC: w'tlCb ..._ • 81'lr'C1' d'liclcnef or 111~ T11'1C ill, lbe tat:cl ._. whwh cad1 miym~ lllC!lowje' II~ to (GI" bimb) lllb~RIC!i !Xilitnk:IQJln'CIIiDD ID prodUll:l, IUld rdCil.StS Cle: pt'Ol.1uc:L h ~l. Hence. Wllcss illH:tti ii ll'tflflC Ill~mm !lldli mz)l!llfl ~ cim pmceu. 911)' climi~ afRlbltnltc ~IAligq in 11.11. c:myma.taJJy cat_-1)·.ocd l"l;Kl:iOD ~TIU ciilllgl:l lhc lfll~ g(~RXtlOO.. P\iJ llMMt!CI Yrwy, Liil.id Dl1 ~·15. ·Cil'.uoomcnf i:1 ·~ei:11· wilb mbitnlle. Uu: ni~(lrlb: rcldlan t1

    ~ml)'z!!!I 'Will mcn:uc Mtli ;~ m nb1tndc i:m~c ~~Mldll!s tlx: ~nL orm7)1l'lt cal&lp.

    mg ill ~iun ~Ulnr nrul \'.11.0 illg lhc: llllJOOnl ohu'llc~. tl®le IO I• ~!$ Uie Jlllt! ottlu!o marl.Loo.,

    ll'.ilCtioa ID1l:5i am sla"· 111 'l:IY la~ ~~lei~tm~ lion!. ~m'!:I ml'f.A:.11:111}'!TIC IHQ11lQ11'a m111lbb!!! th:s111 •1o1b-.111u.c n1okcul" 10 c;am,cn; co produ~•. Al. II.he ltlfiilllltlt a€'1t1lmnn~ u; i:ni:reascd, 1D0111 all"thc 11\l11ilsb~ cm;Jl11ll rnukll;ulC!$ iArO ~ppl'4;.I "ith 111.1l;isl.r.lkl llDif tho nrte of !lie ~im.~ 1rh1bt1111lll ~ ill i1mJa in,gau;cd. C\oaW;ill)' ~ llllz,)"llU:! mgl~ Mll llc u~M:l!mnllld,. aml I.he rcztitm ~ Yr'iD i;ila1ti111~1D11-'lib1111111 ,-cl$1,y, En.qttiulog1$1 ~J tbb '*- V Thni VClocilf WILi be: lbftl ~ (Ill~ bi)' ttlll! inlim:rim "spttd" of ilic mz}"DlC u.sdC

    'Thmqh liwl llJIPlatiGl!I "rlhe 1...mw ofMm kr1g11 .t111d mal11a11a11c:n.l 1llAlliJn1lllh(111, 111 l'tnu..:lu d!l"'mkfij ~ iHiiHli!liic:li1 tnU:LtlllLdetcf-lblt:is; Lhe l..fthl!fi!flm ahlllt.r atm1 CDZ)1J1I: ID wurli al mmdard toOOilibclllJ ~ 'ba dcm'Cd! I lhn.ll not p mi.a tJi;c mll1hcnl.ll'ticn2 i:xr:rcW: hen:. 11 ic.m be fiKIOOI in ;ID)' l:lcmi:n&lll)' b~Uf mu. 'i"W5 OOllStlnt,. to.1lcd tl1'I Mldl:Jclis·Mauco OIJl15fAl\1. {K..) .uJkr die: biOG!wmr.sts whti piw~ aw:ymc lkillel.ii:1. IW unitl ofwl!ll:nl~ ~trmti'!l11 llnd i~. 11:u1 genmtl rule. tinlrar v_ (Fig,. I). ll ii dmJIM HI. ~pm mo mitidmlflll DIIl:!..l:Mhle )l4kl 1W111 lw:ilfQ(~ln1 r;apaci1y l:n ~YildUrr;i ~nrymg ~J--11) lheocy.

    Om:t Ihm: i:s CDDllp .mbr~ thrU rn:I)' 121~mol«:tilll iJ illDCti011iri11111 v_ am r::nn ot~ Pim CllJJ mt1, be !{ICt'ClSl::d by lllCn:ll!iUrJ: dm !Dl1J11hq q( ISU.)111C ~leti. >\ pl.(lt ofte!illCJ(lll RILC e fuattJi'ln armeymc oonccnuwdon •hen ebsunte i51 tir1 mcfCSS i1 rtpremiuxl ln Fia. l

    In lhi:s mmitioa, tllc rate wractioo tilll be tan• fJi !Jed l!y .nl~fll8. the dfoct~\'C O~lNlion ofCflZ)'JDC- Add.lti1 l'llC)fl:: C!Ufmo moli:c,uPr::I lllCmllH 1bc me: tcducll\A rtlH: rwmbc:r of fiu!ch«W ~

  • ..I

    ·~---- - - If...,.. ...• .,, g;

    a.. e u t

    F"igin11 1 E~~RllldXJn rmo 111 a ~n al aubslr-ate ooncentradoo "-iittl amool!l't or ~ l"li!ild Ol>nttanL

    Flggrc- 2. Em.yma c~cd rl:'acli'oon ma Iii 11 fvm:lfon cl anzyma CD11c1uw.rilion ~subim e: t.._ ~

    i1 dimuU~ illid! it.~ (Bt11a1i:(Jll l!ll':n1bgl11tc ro 51rodw:1 skwn:.

    ComJ;ictiti'f\'I Cnhibibn slow me 11100 at'racuoo b &;mpomnly bil:ldlnl!J ~i;Rti'!!: :rites in 11 m~bk lm1lllU. 1bc: w.lldlif(; lll'tifdiitl7lios lll.r:ti liQg;iny'I (ha'JllW! tused ~ 8111~ ~~la~ wl1dflJe capM't) w~ ~pcti•h~ mhiblwr ol!Smltl.. h OOllqldOd with the 111rural ·l'll:llftl ~~.~1 i;holillc, for «t:.}mAdC "':i,pacc." at nc:wlll ~IM t:lrc.. Ao:trm and ~ Cbolmc 1'8.\'41 lhe WM ~J-&~~ lhill 1.uedai~ add i!f f\'!'oV ~ molcc:ulcs Jo11gw- tb.m llm at.!!di!:: add llW>leculi! In~ cl»U™=, Slli[r_ •~ J Gholi:na " on 51nlmlrnltr :simif.Jr mn..P. th.Ill ii 11II.DCbcdi ""n~itkr sitr I it.just dldn"t 'Wodi: Ali ~ M'UJOlJ'ilamitkr. 1-fmoo. 1lil!im: (nmd mnscte) fuootfo:o r.l'ml llltetfl4J4cd mHl :attim;ir.,. (llWllJai't ~dlr;ir m~kl mrW. lilt ilJC!Cln)l ~Ult!: WU lllClllbo~l:;f.(d tu'ld lltA'CI (:ind ~) rewmodl to~. aut)'l cbolme ~ced. r~;iDIL.

    The tinctiG ~tlu:m.IUCS of lnhib-Jtcd ~m.tt " ~felns l'l1n'Cl ~ '\RJI w-oikcdl oil: iii c;cncml. .and far rrta.!Y fPCi;ific contpctiU c .,.ii H(H'IQl)ftl,peLie~-c r¢nt)'nl~ k:tlhthll0i1 I ~: lhCiC' klMLkJ IMl be fde\Ul LO prieclll~ d~11Amlcs.

    RE-SULTS

    Wih:t• »og,11111 DiHe1to dV1Wifch Pm.1111gr-~1 Sn~c.m1 Jnd \VildUl'c MAu11cmm l'!

    U' !llt'C mlrtk of c~ sntcrns n MAk>.GS ar ~~~.IQQlQ~i:ng~ ~ I.a 1\1.S COliSid'er :Sin•,P1C "''Ol~C: "fS'letll ,$ I bqfruliJla. .Rtti!Clf~ I.Imm an Cil7.Yfl!C (DCdlmM me nittJ oh ~ticD ""1UKic!t ~I ~Clltl)' al~ ~ 111,imi:tt we 1hfo1C of'v.-crr 1:111lduti.oltu 1111 ~i111111k IYJf.em W'~~~~:n1b'1nr~ wgfl. cs tr~UlcClllJlf'pRdiilion wlthoG~ lmwcrmii lh= oon'~ion nlle ofmQ!ml LO "'-oJHixc! fn lmrll 1:1f""1r min-oompU ~ muJ Hillf't: rtmu:raii\i!ri· mentally in~ tll(; ~~of1t1000C iunti] tnooce"S~ v.1;11(

  • we fOOld i.:hen :r~ IM em«atratinn o:f'mDCMll {IJJOO§e dens.it,) mi,Wrod ~ ·p~ raJiotmiWrmmi -.-clociL)' Wiil Fia, l . .fi.foli!l Pl'ICti~. ~~ ~ufd~ t]l(i ~M'.Yer "'die (ml:yml;" rd,,'R d~L1y r.o dacn!UIJC IDeJt klll 1'111'1! Oil ~ b;..'C.i111U! ~ b: ~lOll;QIJS Mi llM ikiU ma.

    An ~o~'WQ~ilidl ooo!lm dcfinitiGnl OfIM "eru.)11'11: I'll~ 'OQftlWJI" (K., mD!l5i! p~ra~ fbr wolve1) ~!¢ ro ~tM!llne~~t:eni I SEssm 111Rda•or•11m:.y ~'miidi1 prnflL (mm the i;nmc Dffi~ bi 'l.,IJ. ~11lrk!JI .-.!ft...

    1'\h~ l't!J11'1:,~mcn1 ooci Dnoo Yli't: ras5CSSI thi!! ldnolc:ll (or 1111 wikllirmi ailI

    chtm, di~d)~) or111 ptt&~~t q~o4!Ind th.ti mt.IOKI rlnwil)' irrtm::st.M Jn p«:)" rcscarch. imd whll M:: ~UJWlllt 'to lkr!ciw is ibc l"llt: ofmdlooallm:d ~dlu~nc:c:, 1ll00i¢ ~cy111~ :ue.nppropri.ata. S'mdJl!:l,('.l(\llHI Jy'fie: ~ pl'fllWlty 10 collfimt1 cmtina lcoowkdge_ 1bey dmum:ma10 OOJK:lll· ph"Cf~ diM ~ors rnedinlc: th)' 111»elcnrUi!) lhc ~'dm1 ahJOOSC in !hi:~ Howwer. uOO)~n! ~~~OJIwD IUbmne ii 001 ldmir.illl c;an~ ~1:1ddi1e lhcd1;1wnkso!Lh: sYEtem. ltcm onl:r doouncnl llic mlc or!Pier d)!Ulp~ ~ biolo.gisu cnpgo in ~wdlc:t, of. lhl1 l}1C. rhq msy elilO icrtr tho ea.mo ord~ (\lltich pct&u:it dld 1Jic kllllt!i) 6om. "~ or~!5 nm.aim.. OnJ,, 00mm

    jom ' , pl'Cl!lt1ion ~ly obsrn.'Cd. W.Lhid 1his Cbnm¢ O'l'lllt.~ ® i:tit.)molOgitl ~'"O!Nd

    JI)"O'I illJm::stall ID ~"llmlii;:s. whp db }'00 it!Ud)·~ ~of~~malUl'C'it.11 ~m '° v.-ol! ~m'5}l'Slcms u1H:re )'QIJ &r.•t lbin!.: mol>l'lc ~ Cilli M..ttliU)' lmrlrti W1llrpttdiitloo Wcnddl iit n01tici Lener ll!I $1w:!y v.iol~ !!Dd l.l!X-~ Qfl:m iliq' llCOOllJl!Wh Ow 00!\vmJOll,. or lmllfttly, wb)' lKll: lt1ld)' Ilic l(iactbolm«qc.~1.i ~r~ nppaa-• mca· Aftt!r di. bow aftm do.i!t .11 mrrMe il1QI imo wo1r8::M in !'.hi;:~orwol~?

    rr lhls Cmmc al'mCl'l:llCO i:s me\~ (obvfoll!ly mlhln 60 J \\'n!Jdj]1f bCJ !/\fiti1agrt)iq), M "(! b.;\~ mai;ipro~ l!!.bdrd 11)16' ~ lnm prcdllr,ct-pl;I;)' ~fa few .ll! IC115 u I AD ~member w; bvin,j; idcntincd ii All sw:h..

    Eadier cm-ustlg,all!U!i studied ptcdatms moiiNJr.. Jl:SJ ~ fmcn prcy 1'bb;ilft!~ W!l$ (lmduc;.. ll\.1!11n the ~'flr!flt tlw It dtXllIDCal«l Lhe ilO\vo®viOOB filel llhal 11 ii 1:x1 p:i;g'bJcm (gr wakim 110 !klrt CDCK1gb ],lH.')' ta sunii\'e im.d lhri.\~ Thi~ WIJS. lflOll ll O'\'~Jinl filll!ID,11:

    http:of~~malUl'C'it.11http:OJl'lrerttmii.oohttp:vmnam.ryhttp:Db.i:mooa.ry

  • ~ttthie~ofmadml~~. dlC' popgl.M sdmtirtc ~al' t1nd1tum tu" l5lJl1 of'bi~~ NCIO(llbrl.A4h l.Hiag QdJ~ "I.he 1mfi!J "''M ~o r.r from remit)• ic IJ!o'D/I bCll.h ~and upedf1111 m ~~l IJIC 'hAJ~ f~ of1ir4: &lid dcalh (AuJl,nr"• imm.• 111 Af.:uln lliiJ docJr#1~111tar1M 'illUI ln'ilrlit 1'.11'«'.ftll.I)' for P}I.. ~~lfJJ/f~ ~lftUJfll)' ~lurl! W "1''lV~AJ.viiNI pullfic. fhe/orrwtc11111)·. /NTf efr!tl t..'Ttiibrli1YW11 l'lfllW "l'TJ: Jrm.y oom 'Ill "~"l'llCiNi' fJIH'Jlfli.¥1' .. ~ Oull lw' q/n.sp«J./fWllfelJg ho 11lf'Ndy kNfllr' 11/nJm unplrlcal ,-,/Q.P\/IJll(rn awrJqng pm,,. Pul i.'lrpt '1 A.JfllH.l.f ~rtmt.J

    Onc:e an ~c d.'.11111 w dcmoJJStmm tlw. 'lllOhCI ....CR dJiciCt'IL f.!rWkN'I wltfJoiiil I Ql!'lmpclling Dltru.lniJ: e:ml11tl1ll1111Ji)' mtimnlt: mt\'illl ~ pI'!!)' !eltt~ tiori,. ~ biologip! dcdrJrd to Dddlm ~ problem orpred.u.a.kwi ft:SClfCJl mot'CI .lndwJw.lr. The, bqµu:i 10 Ut.ltik o p~-prl!!).• ~ aJ a. "'J>·nefiU M!il)'l.111" prdllau. and •tli:ITIJJ.'i:d •o ~ Iha lartcr piGtuJa (pla&lmably wit:h .n" c:yc rowmVi 1rn:11U1gn11 t11e Jl'J[('m). 'IA~ J111ggcu ~!«.Pie)' si;.et:i 11*1.t

    ~IA .uJ.. •.ry"Jr.mte•E)'pe" ~IDfll willloul nWcln8 i11;1p:m.prlG cllmp mmc.thodalQIDI. Thlt: [l, dKy b.!~ lfO iW.. •d>'1Wl'liel" q,DtsllOIU biiJCd 1irJ.t Oil qml!iCatiw 111111 lhcn ~rnlc" mi:thadolglD'· Thl.Ji mctlmdoJD10' hl!d ~~h·e in 11.111\\~ the mo:u buic q,1111bon5 ldntm1 to pJl!'dm:or biolog)', but Vtiu ~ dfillct1lf Ull ..mlll). ~O!l)'llfntUl'Lll~!I. As a.ruult, ., dn~ ptkt°Cd didn•1 diri;r;IL)' !R!.T!lilW me queitkm., bein,s ~ llW: Ui naL 1111 111Jt01mnani .-i1111111en u msrmclii 1Jl11C5t1011J bo:mltl ~ camplc1 Ntilhu ii J• 1111Jq1111 to v.iildll!e ttUll.l!!IL Na.~ "'~ v.'en! qwtc ~uJ in our droru. io rntioo:ifu.c ilw: dispnr· ~ bctwom wia1 '\lt'CI lq'l«I to knho 1111id "'iiAt (llor 1111:cborlology rc\alttl We. t.urbt'.d ~ modclin~

    In 111 cfl'M to ma1t me. e1i1m obwoed ~ml IAJ:l1jQrlll), l"llhlnll lmfOll'•C)-pi: IJktlioiiolD(O' n:icn.EI lo the- ~ipill:llll fllo&IU~ienl titUitllCrf\1: iJlWI\ed. ~.secR:Dm par5a ml!!lkJing.. ~ler 11.U. wc"'1: n.11 bttn 1m1mf llhn• rnoddm111 i1 lhc wa}' io ~~ w~l\N &lild 'Mi~ IJI lt_ll)Wbtgc:. °Thnxlidi ~' "\\l:I 1:\-=iiu.all}' dliwa...oiect the o'bv~ua (wilhl11 lhG tl'lldiUOll4.I wM!i~nwt!~ fJamo IOI' fl(r'ctto¢t) !Mt ~;ms ocad r.o mow bovii•IU lJ1e ~'mDblti In..,.1em wall drcc;e g;h, atber bd'on: llhc)- un. .,,..,,th sutit:ty, pciXlict u e>lltmme 'WliUilil lbc lllUIOw mit .:; of pmb;i.blc nmiJg ~ lri pmgmms: w: c:ilmlJllWI• •· ~ ~ooalnit 1bb 7"''&1 gc;1t A p>U1m1brty ~.. tq pnnpcc4 ~~1111btM.• tmpmlkbblc !ij'I· rtm1i Ml) rCAd u impowllk:. S'tiD, \~ c Lc,c &!I ~ Ing:. md our mi:1ddt beePni.e ~~)'~l'i·i.~od Thac: Q;ll[lplcx mPdds mon m .bn.iomLour t.b.inJdn1o Lha.t Vt--c bcpn co fb;w: men en lht'ir refin.antJd limn 1111 lhc ~ tnJ1.. Dl lwu.t Th: fdg[L bll becc lJIOll

    Olli' mod'dl 114\-e bcoame 10 compla:( 1111d csotcrio th.Jr bbi::J 111' bcrcwd ,he,~ offllllll PWU1gcn,

    I thlnlt; lhl$ •~ rWr;y fl:lot" t\\'A reason&. F•rrr, mM• 11Km11Clll ii: :mmt uRcidmbfiad t.o lllH: IP"llil~ ;md i[Jlpicrr1cn1cd by nrra ~pten1 lm11oJJ,t~ ~ biolo11.i'~ Jif~ L)plollly 'tti hmy' \ltiicl~ "reo.'.I lilt" to foc-os oo w r:!ml'!!N: &r.tilfntmnddl whldl. md.IW;. lm\~ f!JKticim«I prim."'lfil)' ""- rar.utcll 10011 HtJJCC.; m1m11~ ~ cil\.cq nut wmad~ porlbull """~ u col'fll'!I :t.oJunlifmg n llDllllll(i:CIIICDt owoo d'1:1wcd fro111 • ~ modi:l Na, rrnull, mnnn~ m:iy "be ~ cambs fbvil mrocth~ IO et1lil0111! lil JI coru:pl~ I~

    'Wha1l '.DCICI All or Tbh kim? Bt:map11 oolllill.J. H~, I Utrnk i1 po1n1 ~o

    acvcrnJ mj~ quc:&"CiCM .nbow du:: WWj \\'C pl.m U) cmducJ pll!llb.tnr·prt!)' ~.Lo llti!i rJJtW'i!.. :Finl, ~i.-e. need tD drcLde whm qucu.i001 we lllIT ukin~ IUllli 1dmnf)' lh.c m~ pmifucti't-1' mah.adt11tl1Y la ~pl)' mscckin.11. AIDwm rr'l\1; ni!.ln>·m111t ll'I ~1111.r ~or-pa">' g; ,~. t a~t 1r \vi11 be ,Pf')tl!y.Cfh ~ ~o 11'1Q..-o :11ioyond i.hc.mmdnrd IJJci.hodoJDI)', 11\fucii fD&lm'.:&-(111 OQJOll[C ll!Ol'l}lityrt\ld:ia. Lrwc;i ~o1d undc:rst11J1d Mdle t}Jlmi~ •i•b Jlll IC)'!!. IQ rqi.uhUHl!J •I. JA,"t midi. Jln1 untb.nand M~ ~LOI)· 19U)IJl1il!"' 1ueJ(

    AflrrofmJCC C[Ut!lollil;'liq: i'ne'.l..,11'e;

    I . 1:1 pfi;)· ~wiU)' in ~ to predntcit food! 11;qul~

    1 Wlmt ~ t111: perWli( nuc afa1dl,~lmi «~ LO ~"'tr prodvw'i \Vha.t u; K. roir wolfgoo~-cr~ sion orthc spc:dcs. they ualm?

    3 Wla1 .nrc: tJir: ~l.T'lluo.-..1 or~"

  • r:h«kdprTdottJr n"tluc1rqn:r, ~.11!tnclt l'U1'it1ir1ul th~Ml'ypm/(rlur-ntlaJ«l