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A PROCEDURAL ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH TltANSLATION OF ALQUR' AN: AN ANALYSIS TO THE MEANING OF SOME VERSES OF SURAH
AL-BAQARAH By 'ABDULLAH YUSUF ALI
A Paper Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
Strata l Degree
YAMAN Reg.102026024613
THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
THE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
STA TE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY "SYAR.IF HIDA YATULLAH"
JAKARTA
2007
ABSTRACT
Yaman, A Procedural Analysis Of The English Translation OfAl-Qur'an: An Analysis To The Meaning Of Some Verses OfSurah Al-Baqarah By 'Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Thesis. Jakarta: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University, October 2007.
The research concerns on translation study. In this thesis, the writer focuses the analysis on procedural translation of the English translation of Al-Qur'an. For the object of research, he chooses The Meaning Of The Holy Al-Qur 'an by 'Abdullah Yusuf Ali.
The writer uses qualitative descriptive method. He analyses the translation by reading the original text and then compared to its translation to find if there is any word or sentence that relates to translation procedure. The next step after finding data is organizing or classifying the data according to what kind of the procedure it is. The writer uses the theory of translation procedure to analyze the data.
The writer finds that from I 0 procedures that writer mentions at the theoretical framework, Abdullah Yusuf Ali uses at least 6 procedures to translate the al-Qur' an into English language. These procedures comprise transposition, modulation, adding, subtraction, adaptation and transliteration. The writer also finds that transposition and modulation are two of the very important procedures without ignoring the other procedures.
APPROVEMENT
A PROCEDURAL ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF ALQUR' AN: AN ANALYSIS TO THE MEANING OF SOME VERSES OF SURAH
AL-BAQARAH By 'ABDULLAH YUSUF ALI
A Paper Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
Strata 1 Degree
YAMAN Reg.102026024613
Approved by:
Dr. H. Muhammat~, M.Pd. ~299480
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY "SY ARIF HIDA YA TULLAR"
JAKARTA
2007
LEGALIZATION
The thesis entitled "A Procedural Analysis of the English Translation of Al-
Qur'an: An Analysis to the Meaning of Some Verses of Surah Al-Baqarah By
'Abdullah Yusuf Ali" has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty's
Examination Committee on November 28tl', 2007. The thesis has already been
accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Strata 1.
Chair Person,
Dr. H. Abdul Chair, M.A NIP. 150 216 746
Drs. H. Abdul. Hamid. M.Ed NIP. 150 181 922
Jakarta, November 28'h, 2007
Examination Committee
Members:
Secretary,
~It Lta- Jv "L
Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd NIP. 150 261 902
• c~.r~ 1,. f/V'-)!)
Drs. A. Muuir Sonhadji, M.Ed NIP. 150 050 682
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of
my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
Jakarta, November 13th 2007 --, ~
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
t . .J.;>)1 ~yl ~I?.'" J In tlze Name of Allalz, Tiie Most Gracious, Tiie Most Merciful
All praises be to Allah SWT. The real writer's guide, who amazingly guides
him in the process of making this thesis. Peace and salutation be upon the greatest
prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, companions and adherents.
On this occasion, the writer wants to say many thanks to his beloved parents
and sisters, who always pray for my success in the night and the day. Their sacrifices
will never be equally paid. The writer also wants to give his gratitude to Dr.
Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, as the writer advisor for his time, guidance, patient,
kindness, and contribution in correcting and helping him in finishing this thesis.
The writer also would like to express the writer's trustworthy gratitude to
the following noble persons:
l. Dr. Abdul Chaer, MA, the Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty, Syarif
Hidayatullah State Islamic University of Jakarta.
2. Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department,
Letters and Humanities Faculty, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University
of Jakarta.
3. Ors. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd, the Secretary of English Letters Department,
Letters and Humanities Faculty, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University
of Jakarta.
4. All of the lectures in English Letters Department who have taught and
educated the writer during study at Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic
University.
5. The writer's teachers: Gurutta KH. Abdurrahman Ambo Daile, Gurutta KH.
Faried Wajidie, Gurutta KH. Abd. Wahab Zakariya and all of the writer's
teahers at Darud Da 'wah wal lr~yad Mangkoso. 111anks for teaching me
from dawn till down ...
6. All staff of the library of Letters and Humanities Faculty, the library of main
library of UIN Jakarta, the library of American Corner, the library of
American Studies of Ul.
7. I 8d' kost; my brother from another mother: Kama' S.H.I, Pu2ng sufi S.Pd.
Mursal S.Psi, Murjon, Ewink calon S.H.I, Cuko' S.Pd. Amil 'ballo' LSI,
Bang Ucup, Andre Mesir. Makasih banyak semuana cess ..
8. Special thanks to Tika 'Hana' Handayani for all loves and supports.
9. To all people, friends, and all names that are not mentioned one by one who
give their help and support in writing this thesis.
May Allah, the all-Hearer and all-Knower, bless them all and gives them more
than what they have given to the writer. Hopefully, this thesis gives benefit for all
people who read it.
Jakarta, November 131h 2007
The Writer
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .•....•...•..•....•..•..••.•.•..•...•.......•.....•.........•..........•..•.......•.•..••••..•..•.••
APPROVEMENT .•.....•.•.•.•..•....•..•••.•.......•..•.•.•..•..••..•......•..••..•..•.•••.••.•.••..•.••. ii
LEGALIZATION .•..•...•..•.•...•...•...•...•..••..•...•..••..•..•.....•••..•..•...••••..•..•..•.••.••..• iii
DECLARATION ............................................................................................ iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT •..••..•...•...•.......•.........••.........••....•..•.•.••..•..•.•••••.•..•..• v
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................. vi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ................. ........................................... I
A. Background of the Study................................................ 1
B. Focus of the Study.......................................................... 9
C. Research Question.......................................................... 9
D. Significance of the Study............................................... 9
E. Research Methodology................................................... 10
I. The Objective ofResearch.................................... IO 2. Method ofResearch.............................................. LO 3. The Technique of Data Analysis........................... 10 4. The Instrument...................................................... I I 5. Unit of Analysis.................................................... I I 6. Time and Place of the Study.................................. l l
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.................................. 12
A. Definition of Translation........................................ 12
B. Kinds of Translation............................................... 14
C. The Process of Translation..................................... 16
D. The Principle of Translation ... . . . . . . .. . . .. ..... ... . ...... ... . 19
F. The Procedures ofTranslation................................ 21
G. Untranslatability..... ..... .. . ... ....... ... ....... .. ... . .. ...... ... ... 22
H. The Biography 'Abdullah Yusuf Ali...................... 23
1. The Life of Yusuf Ali . . . .. . .......... .. ... ... . .. . .. . .. ......... .. 23
2. Yusuf Ali and His Works....................................... 25
a. The Books of Yusuf Ali ................................... 25 b. The Poems of Yusuf Ali................................... 26
CHAPTER Ill RESEARCH FINDINGS.................................................. 27
A The role of morphology aspects in translation .. . .. 27
B. The role of syntax aspects in translation .............. 28
C. Data analysis .. . . . ... ... . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. ... ... ... ... ............ 29
a. Transposition . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . ... .. . ... ... ............ 29 b. Modulation . . .. .. . ... . . .. . ... . .. . . . . . . ... ... . .. . ........ ......... 34 c. Adding .. ... . . . ... ... .. ... ... .... ... ... .. . ... ... .. . .............. ... 35 d. Subtraction . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . ... .. . .. ... . .. . ...... ...... .. ... 36 e. Adaptation . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. . ... .. . ... ..... ...... .... 37 f. Transliteration . . . . ... .. . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. ..... .. . ... ..... .......... 38
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION............................ 40
A. Conclusion ........................................................... 40
B. Suggestion ............................................................ 41
BIBLIOGRAPHY .•.•..•..•....•..•..•..•.........•...•.•..........•......•..•....•..•••.•.•••••.•..••.•.•• 42
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Everyday in our life, Language plays the very important position. Language
makes human most communicative and social creature. Through language, human
can also understand one to each other. The growth of modem civilization and culture
in its area, like science, art and technology creates complexity in language field. One
of them is the difference of inter-states language problem.
Padahal pengalihan pengetahuan dan teknologi demi ke!ancaran proses pembangunan di segala bidang mensyaratkan perolehan infiwmasi, dan keterampilan berdasarkan keterampilan itu, yang be!um terjangkau karena perintang bahasa asing (Whereas, the transfer of knowledge and technology for the fluency of development process in all area requires the information., and skill of pursuant to that information which is not yet been reached because of the foreign language problem) 1
At this phase, born a new science discipline in the field of language that is
translation science. To build the communication nowadays, the differences of nation,
language and culture are not matter anymore. Even though the languages are different
from each other, now it can be solved by translation. Translation plays an important
role in connecting different countries.
Each country tries to translate the language that they do not w1derstand into the
language that is understandable by them to get more and more information. There are
1 Mildred L. Larson. Pe11erjemaha11 Berdasar Malena: Pedoman U11111k Pemadm1a11 A11tarbahasa. (Jakarta: Arcan, 1989). p. xiii
2
so many translation works from various disciplines such as political book, economics,
law, literature and also Holy Book. One of the Holy Books has been translated into
many languages is AL-QUR'AN.
Al-Qur'an is a holy book for Moslems and has been translated into many
languages such as Latin language, German, French and English. It becomes the desire
for every Moslem to be able to read and comprehend the Noble Al-Qur'an in original
language, Arabic language. But every Moslem can not read and comprehend the Al-
Qur'an because everyone does not have the same ability and opportunity. That is the
reason why Al-Qur'an translated into many languages.
Before the development of modem Europe vernaculars, the cultivated language
of Europe was Latin. A Latin translation was made for the Monastery of Clugny
about 1143 AD (in the sixth century of hijrah) but not published until 1543 AC. the
place of publication was Basie and the publisher Bibliander.2
Prof W. Montgomery Watt in his book Bell's Introduction to the Qur'an
(Islamic Surveys 8) mentions that the visit of Peter the Venerable, the Abbot of
Clugny to Toledo at the 12th century known as the beginning of the Western interest
of Islamic Studies. He tries to publish the serial of science to compete with the
Islamic intellectual activities at that time (especially in Andalusia). As a part from
that activity, Robert of Ketton (Robertus Retanensis) translated the Al-Qur'an into the
Latin language which is finished on July 1143.
2 'Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Meaning of 111eJ!ofJ! .. Q11r'm1. .. (M'."'Yland: Amana Publications, 1997), p. xii l . . ... ... . .. . .. . .
3
From the Latin translation above and then the Al-Qur'an is translated into many
languages in Europe. Schweigger translated Al-Qur'an into Germany language in
1616, then Translated into French language by Du Ryer and had been published in
Paris in 1647 and then in 1776, the translation of Al-Qur'an in Russian language had
been published in St. Petersburg. Savari translated into French language and had been
published in 1783 and Kasimirki's translation in 1840. This translation has been
published several times.
In 164 7, A.Ross translated Al-Qur'an into English language for the first time.
He translated from the Du Ryer's translation in French version and was published a
few years after Du Ryer's. George Sale also translated Al-Qur'an into English
language in 1734 and published in London inl812 with a new edition (two volumes).
In his is translation mentioned that his source from Arabic language, the Moslem
Scholars, especially from Tafsir al-Baidlowi. That translation entitled with 171e Koran
or The Alcoran of Mohammad: translated from the Original Arabic.
In the \ 91h century, the Al-Qur'an translation expands progressively. Gustav
Flugel (died in 1889), translated Al-Qur'an in 1834 and had been republished and
revised by Gustav Redslob. Then it is followed by Gustav Weil (died in 1889) and
written the story of Muhammad in 1843. JM Rodwell published his translation in
1861 and tried to arrange the surahs in a rough chronological order.
Al-Qur'an translation in English version is also translated by E.H. Palmer (died
in 1883). His translation was published for the first time in 1876. He failed to realize
the beauty and grandeur of style in the original Arabic. To him that style was "rude
4
and rugged". His translation was asswned as the worst translation. Arthur J. Beny, a
professor of Cambridge University, and also an editorial staff of Encyclopedia of
Islam translates Al-Qur'an into English Language and have been published twice. His
translation entitled with The Holy Koran, an Introduction with Selections, was
published in London in 1953. The next publishing in 1955 in London entitled with
The Koran, Interpreted. His translation was assumed as the good translation.
There is an effort among the Islamic scholars to translate the Al-Qur'an into the
English language. It is caused by the wide-spreading of wrong view about Al-Qur'an
which is caused by the orientalists to divert the teaching and the real contents of Al
Qur'an or because the misunderstood and their knowledge limitation about the Arabic
language and the teaching of Islam.
Dr. Muhammad Abdul Hakim Chan from pattiala is the first Moslem scholar
who translated the Al-Qur'an into the English language in 1905. Mirza Hasrat from
Delhi also translated Al-Qur'an and was published in 1919. Nawal Imanul Mulk
Sayid Husain Bilgrami from Hyderabt Deccan also translated Al-Qur'an and died
before he finished it. Haviz Ghulam Sarwar's translation is a good one. His translation
provided with the summaries of every surah even though the footnotes is not
complete.
Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall is one of the Moslem scholars who have
translated Al-Qur'an sentence to sentence. He is from England and expert in Arabic
language. His translation has been published for five times. lt is provided with the
5
introduction and information about Al-Qur'an, the Short Story of Muhammad and
Tajwid. 3
The famous translation in Western and East is The Holy Qor'an. Translation
and Commentmy, 1983, by Abdullah Yusuf Ali and has been published for several
times. His translation becomes international standard, it is provided with introduction
and footnotes. Also complete with explanation of surah and the conclusion of verse.
The translation was printed for the first time in 1934 and still continuous reprinted.4
Yusuf Ali reputation is because of his translation and commentary of Al-Qur'an.
His competence in translating and commenting Al-Qur'an published in the serial form
between 1934 and 1937. Although his non-stopped write about any topics during at
least seven years, this becomes of his masterpiece. This work that has made his name
is well-known in international world. The commentary is in the form of more than six
thousand footnotes for his translation. 5
Yusuf Ali makes a statement in the preface page of his translation:
Gentle and discerning reader! What I wish to present to you is an English Interpretation, side by side with the Arabic text. The English shall be, not a mere substitution of one word for another, but the best expression I can give to the fullest meaning which I can understand from Arabic text. The rhythm, music, and exalted tone of the original should be reflected in the English Interpretation. It may be but a faint reflection, but such beauty and power as my pen can command shall be brought to its service. I want to make English itself an Islamic language, if such a person as I can do it. And I must give you all the accessory aid which I can. In rhythmic prose,
3 Departemen Agama, Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya, (Medinah, Mujamma' Khadim alHaramein asy-Syarifien al-Malik Fahd Ii Tiba'ah al-Mushafasy-Syarief, 1990), p. 30
4 Nurcholis Madjid, Alas Nama Pengalaman, Beragama dan Berbangsa di Maso Tran<isi. (Jakarta: Paramadina, 2002), p. 196
5 M.A. Sherif. .liwa Yang Re.sah:Biografl Yu.111/ Ali, Penerjemah dan Penqf.vir Al-Qur'a11 Pali11g Otorilatf Dalam Bahasa Inggris (Bandung: Mizan, 1997). p. 178
6
of free verse (whichever you like to call it), I prepare the atmosphere for you in a running commentary. Introducing the subject generally, I come to the actual surahs. Where they are short, I give you one or two paragraphs of my rhythmic Commentary to prepare for you the text . . . it is possible to read this running rhythmic Commentary by itself to get a general bird's-eye view of the contents of the Holy Book before you proceed to the study of the Book itself.6
From his statement above, 'Abdullah Yusuf Ali not only tries to remove the
divine thing but he also tries to remove the atmosphere of the beautiful language of
Al-Qur'an into the English translation.
Say: He is Allah, The One and Only Allah, The Eternal, Absolute He Begetteth not, Nor is He Begotten And there is none like unto Him (Al lkltlas)
The translation above is taken from the Surah Al Ikhlas translation in Yusuf Ali
versioIL He translates Al-Qur'an like a poem pattern, that kind of style is
characteristic of him. His efforts to remove the beautiful language of Al-Qur'an he
conveys through the form of rhythmic poem.
The language of Al-Qur'an is very rich, so every language that is translating Al-
Qur'an surely will find difficulties. According to Nurcholis Madjid, English langnage
is the best language to translate Al-Qur'an because English language is also rich of
6 'Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Meaning of The Holy Qur'an (Maryland: Amana Publications, 1997), p. xii
7
vocabulary. So, a lot of the nuances are moved from the original even though can not
be as perfect as possible. 7
This imperfection is caused by several things. Firstly that the Al-Qur'an is the
Words of God in Arabic language fonn and secondly is the differentiation of culture
and structure language between Arabic and English. In this case, the translator must
work hard to get a good translation. Here, the importance of 'transfonnation' or the
procedure of translation is needed.
According to The Macquarie Dictionary which is cited by Rochayah Machali in
her book Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah is mentioned that "a procedure is the act or
manner of proceeding in any action or process". 8 According to Newmark, there are
fourteen procedures that are possible used by the translators. But all of these
procedures are not relevant in every translation process. If 4 or 5 procedures can
make the translation equivalent with the language structure or cultural condition, so
the other procedures are needed not to be used. 9
As an example the writer founds in Surah Al-Baqarah, the nineteenth verse
();i _)i;o.j __ -s_.· .... 1 \,.,i 1.j S" '4 :&1:_, is translated into English "but Allah is ever round the
rejecters of Faith". The word ~ _)j ''::)\ is translated become a phrase in English
language "the rejecters of faith". This procedure which is involving a change in the
7 Nurcholis Madjid, Alas Nama Pe11galamm1, Beragmna dan Berbangsa di Masa Transisi. (Jakarta: Paramadina, 2002), p. 1%
'Rochayah Machali, Pedoma11 Bagi Peneljemah (Jakarta:PT Grasindo, 2000), p. 62 9 Ibid
8
grammar form Source Language into Target Language is known as 'shift' or
1 • • I l0 transpos1t1on .
Another example,~ f~ ~,)JU~) ~is translated in English 'Behold,
thy Lord said to the Angels'. In Arabic structure the placement of verb J\J 'said' is
usually before the subject ~j 'Lord', but in English it is unusual to put down the
verb before the subject. This procedure is also known as transposition.
The writer also finds another example, ~ j ' 'i:' ().;.. f_i; ~" -::~ I~~. This
verse is translated into 'Then produce a Surah like thereunto'. This procedure is
known as 'loan translation' or 'borrowing', which is the word l) .)_,_...,..translated as the
original word 'surah'.
Based on the information above, the writer is interested in knowing how the
translation procedure is used in the Al-Qur'an translation. One factor to discover is
by examining the diction or the structure of the sentence. Have the SL and the TL got
an equivalent meaning and goal? Does the translator express the meaning naturally in
English language? Is the translator add or omit from the source language?
10 Newmark Peter, A Textbook of Translation (London: Prentice Hal~ 1988), p. 85
9
B. Focus of the Study
In this research, the writer discusses the words or sentence which connects or
relates to the translation procedure.
To make it easier, the writer does not analyze the whole of the Al-Qur'an text,
but the writer limits the discussion only on the first surah of Al-Qur'an, Surah Al
Baqarah.
C. Research Question
The problem that will be discussed deeply by the writer is how Abdullah Yusuf
Ali makes use of translation procedure to translate Surah Al··Baqarah into English?
D. Significance of the Study
The writer hopes that this research will be advantageous to the writer itself and
the readers. Based on cultural development that happens in language development,
thus the writer wants to know how the translation procedure or transformation is used
in the translation of Al-Qur'an (Surah Al-Baqarah) translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali.
The writer hopes that this research can be a contribution for others especially
for culture and language studies. The writer realizes that in studying of linguistic and
translation there are many interesting things to conduct a research. One of them is
transformation or translation procedure. Finally, the writer hopes the result of this
research is able to enrich the reader knowledge about the translation procedure in the
translation.
JO
E. Research Methodology
1. The Objective of Research
This research aims to find out any kind of translation procedures which is used
by 'Abdullah Yusuf Ali to translate Al-Qur'an (Surah Al-Baqarah), and also to find
out how those translation procedures are applied by Yusuf Ali to get equivalent
meaning between Source Language (SL) and Target Language (TL)
2. Method of Research
The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive method which tries to
find any translation procedure elements and its application in Yusuf Ali's translation.
3. The Technique of Data Analysis
The writer analyzed data by using qualitative method. The writer reads the
original text and then compared to its translation to find if there is any word or
sentence that relates to translation procedure. The next step after finding data is
organizing or classifying the data according to what kind of the procedure it is.
4. The Instrument
The study uses the writer himself as an instrument to get the corpus or linguistic
data.
11
5. The Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis in this research is The Meaning of the Holy Qur'an by
'Abdullah YusufA/i.
6. The Time and Place of the Study
The writer starts doing the study on January 2006, when the writer is studying at
8th semester at Department of English Letter, Faculty of Adab and Humanities, State
Islamic University "SyarifHidayatullah" Jakarta, up to July 2007.
This study is located at the English Letter Department of Faculty of Adab and
Humanities, State Islamic University (UIN) SyarifHidayatullah Jakarta.
CHAPTERil
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Translation Defenition
The translation is a unique activity. It involves many aspects of someone
include skill, intelligence and feeling. Therefore, for the beginning, the translators
should know and understand the definition of translation.
There are some definitions of translation taken from many sources, such as:
1. Translation is the replacement of representation of a text in one language by a
representation of an equivalent text in a second language. 11
2. The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent
textual material in another language (TL). 12
3. Translation is often thought to be primarily about words, and their meaning,
what the words in the source language mean, and what words in target
language will be capture or convey that meaning. 13
4. Translation is the general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas
from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages are in
written or oral form; whether the language have established orthographies or
Il Robert T Bell. Translation and Translating, "1heory mrd Practice" ( London: Longman, 1998),g 20
2 J.C. Catford. A Linguistic 17reory O/Trmrs/ation (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 20
13 Robinson Douglas, Becoming a Translator (New York: Cambridge, 1997), p. 128
13
do not have such standardization or whether one or both languages is based on
signs, as with signs of the deaf. 14
5. Translation is a transfer process which aims at the transformation of a written
SL text into optimally equivalent TL text, and which requires the syntactic,
the semantic and the pragmatic understanding and analytical processing of the
SL.is
6. Translating consists in reproducing in receptor language he closet natural
equivalent of the source language message, first in term of meaning and
secondly in term of style. 16
7. Translation is basically a change form. When we speak of the form of a
language, we are referring to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences,
paragraphs, etc, which are spoken or written ... in translation the form of the
receptor (target) language replaces the form of the sources languages17•
8. According to Mc Guire (1980), translation is the rendering of a SL text into
the TL so as to ensure that (I) the surface meaning of the two will be
approximately similar and (2) the structures of the SL will be preserved as
14 Richard. W. Brislin. Tra11slation: Application mid Research. (New York: Gardner Press Inc, 1976), g I
5 Richard. B. Noss. Ten Papers on Trm1slatio11 (Singapura: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre. Ed. 1982).p. 3
16 Eugen A. Nida and Charles R. Taber. The I11eory mid Practice of Trm1slatio11. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1974), p. 12
17 Mildred L Larson. Mea11i11g Based Tra11slatio11: A Guide to Cross-La11guage Equivalent (Lanham: niversity Press of America, 1984). p. 3
14
closely as possible but not so closely that the TL structures will be seriously
distorted. 18
From the definitions above, the writer concludes that Translation is the
replacement of spoken or written language into another language which requires the
syntactic, semantic and pragmatic understanding to get equivalent in the term of
meaning and in the term of style.
B. Kinds of Translation
There are seven kinds of translation: Perfect Translation, Adequate Translation
Composite Translation etc: 19
a. Perfect Translation
The purpose of this kind of Translation is focused only how the reader
understand the message from the target language text same as the message from the
source language text.
Example:
Source language: No smoking. Target language: Dilarang merokok.
Source language: Beware of the dog. Target language: Awas anjing.
Source language: Beware of pickpocket. Target language: Awas copet.
18 Sabrony Rachmadi, et al., Materi Pokok Tra11slatio11, Modul /-6. (Jakarta: Penerbit Karunika and Universitas terbuka, 1998}, p. 1.2
19 Zuchridin Suryawinata and Sugeng Hariyanto. Tra11slatio11: Bahasan Teori dan Pe111111t1111 Praktis Me11e~jemahka11. (Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2003), p. 36-38
Source language: Private property. Trespassers will be prosecuted. Target language: dilarang masuk tanpa ijin.
15
The most important in this translation is the message has the same response
with SL language. This Translation often uses the word-by-word translation.
b. Adequate Translation
The translation in this kind is how the reader can enjoy the reading. The process
m this translation sometimes has its reduction especially the hard sentence and
sometimes the translator free to rephrase the sentence because the translator wants to
convey the idea of the story not the structure of the language. Many novels use this
kind of translation.
c. Composite Translation
The essence in this kind of this translation is all the aspects such, the meaning,
the message and the style from source language have the same aspect in target
language
d. Idiomatic Translation
This kind of translation is usually characterized by five of dynamic concepts:
(!) reproduce message, (2) the equivalent, (3) natural Guidance, (4) the closest
guidance, (5) meaning priority.20 Translation in this kind usually avoids a literal
translation.
'0 Ibid. p. 41
16
e. Literal Translation
Generally, literal translation focused on word or expression in Source Language
(SL), which have the same meaning within Target Lani,>uage (TL) text. According to
Nida and Taber (1969) and Larson (1984), literal translation has to uphold the
structure of the SL text even though the structure is not appropriate in TL text.21
f Communicative Translation
This translation creates the same effect with those that reads the SL text. In this
translation, the translators replace the untranslatable word \vith the equivalent word.
His translation is the subjective one, because the translators try to reach the effect of
the text. The weakness of this translation is the subtraction of the SL text.
g. Semantic Translation
Newmark stated that semantic translation usually used in translating an
authoritative texts or expressive texts, such as literature. It tries to uphold syntactic
and semantic structure and also contextual meaning of SL text. Therefore, the culture
of SL has to be the element of SL culture even though it has been translated into TL.
C. The Process of Translation
In process to transferring the SL text into the TL text is not an easy thing. This
process is not simply translating each word or phrase in the target language, but it is
looking for the equivalence of meaning or message in the source language to be
transferred into the target language. In many cases, the process is not linear, but it
21 Ibid p. 40 - 53
17
usually goes back and forth so that finally the translator can come to the most
equivalent translation of the original text. In the process of translation, the process
was direct and one-way according the old way. 22 Now days, the process more
varieties and complicated, there's dynamic process which many steps, including
analysis step, transfer step, and restructnring step and so on. 23
According to Ronald H. Bathgate, there are seven elements, steps and integral
parts in the process of translation such:
I. Tuning. By this, we mean getting the feel of the text to be translated.
Depending of their field of work, translators need to be able to produce the
language of a poet or novelist, lawyer or economist, research physicist or
fuctor manager, advertising copywriter or biblical prophet. Each 'register', as
it is often called, demands a different mental approach, a different choice of
words or turn of phrase.
2. Analysis. Once the translator has attuned his mind to the framework of the
text to be translated unit-words or phrases. He will also establish the
syntactic relations between the various elements of the sentence.
3. Understanding. After having split up the sentence to be translated into its
elements, the translator will generally put it together again in which he can
22 Suryawinata Zuchridin. Terjemahan Penga11tm· Teoridan Praktek (Jakarta: Depdikbud Dirjen Dikti PPLPTK, 1989), P. 12
23 Sabrony Rachmadi, et al., Materi Pokok Translation, Modul 1-6. (Jakarta: Penerbit Karunika and Universitas terbuka, 1998), P. 4.2
18
understand or respond emotionally. The extent to which he can do this will
depend on his basic knowledge of the subject matter.
4. Terminology. The next step is consider the key words and phrase in the
sentence to make sure that apart from understanding them and feeling what
the imply, once has a translation for them which is in line with standardized
usage and is neither misleading, ridiculous nor offensive for the target
language reader.
5. Restructuring. When all the brick needed for the edifice of the target
language text have been gathered or made, the translator will fit the together
in a form, which is in accordance with good usage in the target language.
6. Checking. The translator will doubtless check his draft translation for typing
errors and passages where a second perusal suggests a more elegant, or
more correct, translation. In addition, it is quite common for someone other
than the translator to read through the finished translation and make or
suggest changes.
7. Discussion. For this reason, a good way to end the translation process is
often with a discussion between the translator and the expert on the subject
matter.24
24 Dr. Ronald H. Bathgate. A Survey of Translation Theory. In Van Taal tot Taal, Jargaang 25 Nummer 2 (Holland: 1981)
19
D. The Principles of Translation
There are no universally accepted principles of translation because the only
people who are qualified to formulate the principles have never agreed among
themselves, but have so often and for so long contradicted each other that they have
bequeathed to us a volume of confused thought such as the following:
1. A translation must give the words of original. 2. A translation should read like an original work. 3. A translation should reflect the style of the original. 4. A translation should read as a contemporary of the original. 5. A translation may add to or omit from the original. 6. A translation of verse should be in verse. 7. A translation must give the ideas of the original. 8. A translation should read like translation. 9. A translation should posses the style of the translation. 10. A translation should read as a contemporary of the translation. 11. A translation may never add to or omit from the original. 12. A translation of verse should be in prose. 25
The pair of alternative above can be easily recognized as giving one form of
expression to the distinction between the literal or faithjiJ! translation and the
idiomatic or ji-ee translation.
One reason for advocacy of faithfidness is that the translator has never allowed
himself to forget that he is a translator. He is not the original writer and the work in
hand was never his own. He is just an interpreter, one whose duty is to act as bridge
or channel between the mind of the author and the minds of his readers. Another
reason for the advocacy of the faithfi1lness is that style is the essential characteristic
25 T. H Savory. The Art l!f Translation, (London: Cape, 1981), p. 54
20
of every piece of writing, the outcome of the writer's personality and his emotions at
that time could be preserved in a literal translation.
But the translator who attempts to follow this principle of faithfulness soon runs
into several difficulties. A literal or faithful translation is too difficult a task because
in reality word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase, and even sentence-for-sentence
equivalents are often difficult to maintain in accuracy, clearness and precision are to
be achieved. Troubles arise from the gaps in languages, which can be filled by
translating because there is no equivalent in another. It hard to translate into English
Indonesian words or expressions such as Jaran Kepang, Makan Sahur, Teraweh,
Selapanan, Se!amat Makan. To get all of the intended qualities above a translator
could turn at once into the easier paths of idiomatic or free translation. The translator
would then at attempt to include such lexical and grammatical adjustments in order to
obtain the meaning/concept of the SL text as closely as possible to the TL equivalent.
In free translation the translator entirely legitimate to include in a translation any
idiomatic expression that the original may seem to suggest. This kind of translation
should be able to pass itself off as an original and show all the freshness of original
composition so that it can be read with ease and pleasure. If a translation is not easy
and pleasant it will never be read and might as well never have been made. 26
26 Sabrony Rachmadi, et al., Materi Pokok frans/ation, Madu/ J-6. (Jakarta: Penerbit Karunika and Universitas terbuka, 1998), p. 1.24 - 1.25
21
F. The Procedures of Translation
The procedures or sometimes known as transformation in translation, it involves
the technical device used to transfer the meaning of the text in one language into a
text in another language. The procedures that the translator should know are:
I. Transliteration, this is the process of rendering the letters of one alphabet
into the letters of another with different alphabetical system.
2. Borrowing, a procedure to adopt SL text when TL has no equivalent for
the SL text.
3. Literal, this one-to-one structural and conceptual correspondence. It can
include borrowing and word-for-word translation.
4. Transposition, this is one of the most common procedures used in
translation. It involves replacing grammatical structure in the SL with one
of a different type in the TL in order to achieve the same effect. Example:
'Good Morning' is translated into Indonesian language 'Selamat Pagi'.
5. Modulation entails a change in lexical elements, a shift in the point of
view. Modulation and transposition are two main processes in the
translation. Transposition and modulation may take place at the same
time. Example: 'No Smoking' is translated into 'Dilarang Merokok'. The
word 'No' has modulation with 'Dilarang'.
6. Adaptation, this process is used when the other do not suffice. It involves
modifying the concept, or using a situation analogous to the SL situation
thought not identical to it. An adaptation may at the same time entail
22
modulation and transposition. Example: 'first class' is translated into 'kelas
satu'. The word 'kelas' adaptation from word 'class'.
7. Omission, this means that there is no translation in SL word (part of the
text) to TL. Example: 'beware of the dog' is translated into 'awas anjing'.
The omission word 'of and 'the'.
8. Adding, this process is used to help when the translation that had the
related with the technique, the culture and others. Adding and borrowing
may take place at the same time. Example: 'National bank' is translated
into 'Bank Nasional'. Adding word 'Bank'.
9. Subtraction, this means the decrease of the SL text. Example: 'automobile'
is translated into 'mobil'. Subtracting word 'auto'.
I 0. Expanded, this means that expands of the TL text. Example: 'whale' is
translated into 'ikan paus'. The expanded word 'ikan'.27
G. Untranslatability
In a translation work, there are much untranslatabilities found. Catford
distinguishes two types of untranslatability, which he terms linguistic and cultural.
On the linguistic levels, untranslatability occurs when there is no lexical or syntactical
substitute in the TL for an SL item. Linguistic untranslatability, he argues, is due to
27 Sabrony Rachmadi, et al., Materi Pokok ])-ans!ation, Madu! 1-6. (Jakarta: Penerbit Karunika and Universitas Terbuka, 1998), P. I.35-1.38
23
differences in the SL and the TL, whereas cultural untranslatability is due to the
absence in the TL culture or a relevant situational feature for the SL text.28
H. THE BIOGRAPHY OF 'ABDULLAH YUSUF ALI
1. The Life of Yusuf Ali
In 1782 AC. 1289 A.H., 'Abdullah Yusuf Ali was born in family of the Bohra
community in Surat, India. His father, a merchant was a very religious man who
made sure that his son learned Qur'an before anything else. Upon the completion of
young 'Abdullah's committing the entire Qur'an to memory, his father celebrated the
occasion with a grand banquet, this showing to his son the importance of this
achievement and the importance of the Qur'an. In addition to studying contemporary
knowledge at school, 'Abdullah continued to receive lessons in Arabic language and
never ceased in his studies of the Qur'an. He was a superior student who excellent in
academic achievement and won the much coveted India service Civil Award, a
prestigious honor resulting from the extremely competitive entrance examinations for
high position in the Indian Civil Service which wealthy families would aspire for
their sons to receive.
'Abdullah was easily able to absorb English literature and was considered to be
among the best of his fellow countryman in writing English. Many of the most well
known scholarly magazines in India published his works and expressed their
appreciation of his beautiful literature style. Later 'Abdullah Yusuf left India for
28 Susan Bassnett. Tra11slato11 Studies, (London: Routledge, 1991 }, p. 32
24
Europe and visited many European capitals and eventually resided in London for a
considerable period of time. While in London, he was exposed to many translation of
the Qur'an and continued to have a tremendous interest in it and its studies. He then
began to closely study the Qur'an giving special attention to its various
interpretations, both old and new after studying what was written about the Qur'an in
both European Eastern languages, he returned to India and took up new residence in
Lahore where he became the Dean of the Islamic College. He then began
monumental work of translating and commentary on the Qur'an.29 Yusuf Ali's life
was a dogged but fiustrated pursuit of a hannonious union of East and West at a
personal and intellectual level. He married twice, in both cases to English women,
first to Teresa Mary Shalders in 1900, and after a messy divorce, to Gertrude Ann
Mawbey, the daughter of a Non-Confonnist Derbyshire printer, around 1920. The
second marriage too drifted into difficulties, and Yusuf Ali spent most of the last
decade of his life either in the National Liberal Club, or the Royal Commonwealth
Society, or tragically, shuffling around the streets of Westminster. On a bitterly cold
evening in December 1953, he was taken to a home for the destitute, and he died in St
Stephen's Hospital, Fulham, the following day in IO Dec 1953 A.C. 1372 A.H.30
29 'Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Meaning of Jhe Holy Q11r'an. (Maryland: Amana Publications, 1997)
30 http://www.salam.eo.uk/knowledge/biography/bio abdullah yusufali
25
He was buried in England at the Muslim Cemete1y at Brookwood, SWTey,
near Woking, not far from the burial place of Marmaduke Pickthall.31
2. Yusuf Ali and His Works
M.A. Sherif in his book "Jiwa Yang Resah" presents the works of Yusuf Ali
which is including his books, pamphlets, articles, bulletins, letters, book review and
other literature works. But here the writer will only mention some of the books and
the poems of Yusuf Ali.
a. The Books of Yusuf Ali
1. A Monograph on Silk Fabrics Produced on North-Western Provinces and
Oudh. Provinces and Oudh Government press, 1900.
2. Life and Labour of the People of India. London, 1977.
3. India Since 1917, The Expansion Of The Anglo Saxon Nations: A Short
History OfThe British Empire And The US. London: Black, 1920.
4. Ang/ow-Muhammadan Law. Revised by Yusuf Ali. Kalkuta: Thacker and
Spink, 192 l.
5. The Self-Revelation of Babar. Lucknow: United Provinces Historical society,
1923
6. Medieval India: Social and Economic Conditions. London: Oxford
University Press, 1932.
31 l!!!il://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Abdullah Yusuf Ali
26
7. The first series of The Holy Qur'an: An Interpretation in English, with Arabic
Text in Parallel Columns, a Running Rhythmic Commentary in English and.full
explanatmy notes. Lahore, 1934.
8. Religious of Rabindranath Tagore. Transactions of the Royal Society of
Literature. Hyderabad, 1935.
9. India and the War. Tokyo, 1940
10. The Message offs/am. 1940.
b. The Poems of Yusuf Ali
l. Palestine. The Mussalman. Kalkuta, Januaiy 28, 1938.
2. The Souvenir. Eastern times, Lahore, October 4, 1940.
3. Air Raid of German in London. Eastern times, Lahore, November 21, 194!32
32 M.A. Sherif, Jiwa Yang Resah. (Bandung:Mizan, 1997), p. 219-228
CHAPTER ill
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. The Role Of Morphology Aspect In Translation
Being a translator means has to understand about the content of source text and
able to conclude the essences in it. Unlike a common reader, the translator has an
adequate understanding about the small part of the text and the relations of each text.
Pemahaman mendetail dan mendalam ini amat diperlukan penerjemah agar mampu mengalih bahasakan teks atas dasar "Tahabuq" (kesepadanan) dalam semua unsur yang dikandung teks awed. (The deep understanding is very important for the translator so they can remove the text based on "Tahabuq" (equivalence) in all elements contained by the original text/3
For instance, the construction system of Arabic and English language is
different. Arabic language is one of the inflectional languages where the word
changing form shows a grammatical relation; including noun, pronoun and adjective.
For example, the word a/if ( I ) dan nun ( u ) if it added in the end of noun then
becomes mutsanna, for instance the word~ (book) becomes u~ (2 books), and
word relation in Arabic language can be changed because of adad (number), gender,
fl 'ii (verb), zaman (tense), shihahfi'il (mood).
The number aspect comprises mu/rad (singular), mutsanna and Jama' (plural).
Gender comprises mudzakkar (male) and mu'anats (female). Verb aspect comprises
33 Ahmad Satori Ismail, Dasar-Dasar Menterjemah; Teori dan Aplikasi11ya dalam Penerjemahan Arab-Indonesia, (Diktat Mata Kuliah Terjemah Fakultas Adah dan Humaniora), part I, p. 13
28
mutakallim wahdah ( \JI ), mutakallim ma'al ghair (~ ), mukhatablmukhatabah
mufrad ( C:.wl and ,_:,....;I ), mukhatab!mukhatabah Iii mutsanna ( \...:Lii ) and
mukahatblmukhatabah Jama' (~I and uJ..il ). Tense comprises madhi, (past) and
mudhari (present). Mood aspect comprises indicative and imperative mood.
Il. The Role of Syntax Aspect in Translation
In the transposition is known part of speech or word class. Each language has a
different category of part of speech which means that part of speech in a language
(for example English language) is different from part of speech in another language
(Arabic language). A part of speech in English comprises adjective, adverb, verb,
noun, pronoun, conjunction, preposition and interjection, meanwhile in Arabic
language comprises Ji 'ii, isim and huruf.
Syntaxes role can be seen in structure case, where in Arabic language a sentence
must be initiated by verb. Noun can not be used in front of sentence, unless there are
certain purposes, unlike English language, a sentence must be initiated by noun,
unless in inversion sentence or exception.34 This structure difference affects a
translator many times, so the translator is affected with Arabic structure which is
actually uncommon to be used in English language.
34 Ibnu Burdah, Menjadi Penerjemah; Melooe dan Wawasan Menerjemahkan Teks Arab, (Jogjakarta: Tiara Wacana Yogya, 2004). p. 76
29
C. Data Analysis
In analyzing this data, first, the writer will mention the source language (SL)
and its translation (TL), and then the writer will analyze the translation procedures
that have happened to the target language (TL).
a. Transposition
Transposition is one of the most common procedures used in translation. It
involves the replacement a grammatical structure in the source language with one of a
different type in the target language in order to achieve the same effect.
There are many types of transposition that writer finds. Each type of
transposition will be explained by the writer with the example below:
1. Obligatory Transposition
"They followed what the evil ones gave out falsely against the power of Solomon ... " (102)
"Verily, we have sent thee in truth ... " (119)
"Th 1 s· ,, e ews ay ...
30
The translations above are the examples of transposition which are caused by
the differentiation of the language structure. The placement of verb in Arabic
language is unusual in English structure. In Arabic structure, verb usually puts before
noun. It means that a sentence must be initiated by verb, unless there are certain
purposes. Unlike in English language sentence must be initiated by noun, unless in
inversion sentence or exception. In this case, the translator has no another option but
has to do the translation of this kind to get the same effect between the target
language (TL) and the source language (SL).
2. Changing From Active Into Passive Voice
.,;-' ., . ,,. .,. ,, . ,,,, Qi ... ~I ~j~ ~ l_,.,.?l.J I_#=
"So eat and drink of sustenance provided by Allah ... " (60)
J.,J"":. » . ... _,,~ -; I(~) ... ,~ ,..:;I. ,.u[j ~«- • ,-/ ~
"His heart is tainted with sin ... " (283)
Transposition also comprises the changing from active form to passive form.
It can be seen from the verse (60) and (283), both of these verses are an active form
but then the translator translates it into the passive form ''provided" and "is tainted'.
3. Class Shift
"But he causes not to stray, except those who reject forsake (the path)" (26)
31
"And guidance and glad tidings for those who believe" (97)
"Allah is an enemy to those who reject faith" (98)
The third kind of transposition is the word class changing. The examples
above are the words which undergo word class changing from the original text. The
words~. ~)4, 0-i..», are calledjamak mudzakkar in Arabic language. Jamak
mudzakkar is a plural noun (masculine) which is ended by tJJ or 0:1.· at the end of the
noun,35 meanwhile in English language the forming of plural is marked by the adding
of 's' or 'es' at the end of the noun.
The whole examples in the verse 26, 97, 98 are noun and they are also
supposed to be translated into noun. But in this case, the translator does not find any
equivalent word to translate it into the target language, so the translator translates the
noun become "who reject forsake'', "who believe", "who reject faith", the changing
of word class from "noun" becomes "who+ verb". In English grammar this form are
known as adjective clause. Adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a
noun. It describes, identifies or gives further information about a noun.36 In this case,
35 Kaplavatzky DR. Jochanan, Pelajara11 Bahasa Arab Untuk Orang Non-Arab; Bahasa da11 Tata Bahasa Arab, (Direktorat Jenderal Pembinaan Kelembagaan Agama Islam Departemen Agama RI, 1986). p. 90
36 Betty Schrampfer Azar, U11dersta11di11g and Using English Grammar, (New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents, 1989), p. 238
32
the dependent clauses "who reject forsake, who believe and who reject faith" modify
the pronoun "those".
4. Changing From Singular into Plural Form or the Otherwise
'They became like a rock and even worse in hardness ... " (74)
-: ! .,.,.., ,..,. ..... _,,..,. ....
~ ... ~~I if" -<!·.µ "They ask thee concerning the new Moons ... " (189)
The forth kind of transposition is the changing from the plural form into the
singular form or the otherwise. The word ~ _;l.;....;:JI in the verse 74 is the example of
transposition which is changed from the plural noun into singular noun "rock". The
word ~ _;l.;....;:JI is a plural noun from the singular noun "~" which is mean "rock"
or "stone" ,37 but in this case Yusuf Ali translates it into the singular form. Meanwhile
the example in the verse 189 is the opposite from the example before. The word
~YI is definite form (ma'rifah) from the word (.J:l\A which are both of these words
are singular. The word fu YI or (.J:l\A in the Elias Dictionary mean "new moon". 38 It
37 Elias A. Elias and ED. E. Elias, Elias' Modem Dictionary: Arabic - English. (Beirut, 1982), p. 136
38 Ibid, p. 762
33
means that the word lli ":II is translated into the plural fom1 which is marked by the
adding "s" at the end of the word "new moons".
The changing of language structure to the target language (verse 74) does not
affect to the result of translation because the word "rock" here is more emphasized to
its characteristic which is hard. The structure changing at verse 189 affect to the
perfection of translation result. Using of plural form to the word "moons" is not
effective because it will be in contradiction with the logical thinking that the earth
only has one satellite named "moon". This verse talks about the appearance of the
moon which is usually used as a "measure of time" at that time. The new moon is one
great sign. Muslim festivals, including the Pilgrimage are fixed by the appearance of
the new moon.
5. Changing from Definite Into Indefinite
"He hath forbidden you dead meat..." (173)
The definite and indefinite form in Arabic language is known as ma 'rifah and
nakirah. It is usually marked by the adding of a/if/am (JI ) before a noun or
adjective. 39 In English language the definite form is marked by "the" before a noun.
39 Kaplavatzky Jochanan, DR. Pe/ajaran Bahasa Arab Untuk Orang Non-Arab; Bahasa dan Tata Bahasa Arab, (Direktorat Jenderal Pembinaan Kelembagaan Agama Islam Departemen Agama RI, 1986), p. 57
34
The word ~I in the verse 173 is a definite fonn with al/flam, but then translating
into the target language becomes an indefinite fonn "dead meat" without "the".
b. Modulation
Modulation entails a change in lexical elements, a shift in the point of view.
~,. -;;:"",., ,.,,., ,,.,.,.:;: ~ ,, ...... _, ....... ,.,
l~ ... ~I ~ E' Lr"-:' ~I <.J-4 J
"And who is more unjust than he who forbids than in palaces for the worship of Allah ... " (114)
The verse 114 is an example modulation with contextual conditioning.
Contextual conditioning is a placement of an information in the context so that its
meaning clear or understandable for the reader.4-0 The underlined word above easily
can be translated as "mosque", but the word ~ translates become "palaces for the
worship" to give more infonnation about that word itself.
"Their works will bear no fruit in this life and in the hereafter..." (217)
;,. ;,.
®l ··· {J! .:t t.: ~j 2;.::5 t.: ~ "They shall reap the fruit of what they did ... " (134)
;,.
((i~··· ~~~~.J.5jf~_,~~~~ ~
40 Machali Rochayah, Pedoman Bagi Pe11e1:jemah, (Jakarta: PT Grnsindo, 2000) p. 71
35
"After that, the husbands should either retain their wives together on equitable tenns, or let them go with kindness ... " (229)
The verse 217, 134 and 229 are the examples of the free modulation
procedure. Free modulation is a translation procedure with nonlinguistic reason, for
example to clarify the meaning, to get an equivalent meaning and to find any natural
word in the target language.41 This procedure is also used in idiom translating. For
instance, JL. )I .J..JE. Y. is not translates into "dia banyak abunya" but " dia
dermawan'"'2
The other type of modulation is absolute modulation. This procedure is
applied if there is no equivalent word, phrase or structure in the target language. 43
Some words that the writer finds in surah al-Baqarah are:
Allah : .Ji\
Manna : (J.:.11
c. Adding
Adding is one of the processes which is used to the translation that has
relation with the technique, the culture and others.
¢
, '<-~~~.C1;!' , ,, t• _.(-,;,, , ,, ~! (~~ 0-'..J""'",;.,:; (-~ ~·~ ~ ~ r-...:..- b_j.<U; ~
"Even then We did forgive you, there was a chance for you to be grateful" (52)
41 Ibid, p. 70 42 Muhammad Mansyur Kustiwan, Dalilul Katih wal Mutarjim, (Jakarta: PT. Moyo Segoro
Agung:2002), p. 143 43 Machali Rochayah, Pedoman Bagi Pene~jemah, (Jakarta: PT Grasindo, 2000) p. 67
36
,. ,.,.,,"" -:.J ..... t ... ..- .,. -,;}/ ,. ............... r~'i'--: _.:._1·-·- -~w11-.1tj ··~1 •I ...l......J2.j~:~1 1•1::.1-~,;i-......:....>~u-- _, _,., ~.J q-' , rr ~ JJ
"When it is said to them: "make not mischief on the earth," they say: "why, we only want to make peace!" (11)
"But if he cannot afford it, he should fast three days during the Hajj and seven days on his return._." ( 196)
"And there is the type of man who gives his life to earn the pleasure of Allah ... " (207)
From the examples above, the writer divides the adding procedures into two
categories. The first category is the adding procedure which is done by the translator
because he has to. This means that the translator has no another option but he has to
add some words to get an equivalent meaning with the source text (See the verse 52,
196 and 207). And the second category is the adding procedure which is unnecessary
to do. This means that the translator has another option to add or not. According to
the writer, the adding of word "why" in the verse 11 is not necessary. The sentence
will remain perfect and understandable with or without the word "why".
d. Subtraction
Subtraction is the decrease of the source language text.
37
"And sent down to you Manna and quails ... " (57)
,.....-, • ,,,,. ...- . ..:.-1 ... !.t ... ((~) ... ly...1~ > • ~;u1 ~ll;i
"O ye of faith ... " (104)
,., J. ) J t .;: -;:J. J.,.. _,,,,,..
~)lw~~j ~J<i_,.....:; ~ ... " ... then die not except in the state of submission (to Allah)" (132)
(~ ... ~aP 1- s ·h 1.: '-!'or~ :15~ .~.110_,a:-.. "The fools among the people will say: "what hath turned them from the Qiblah ... "
(142)
At this phase, the translator subtracts the word which is not supposed to be
subtracted because it will affect the perfection of translation result. Most of the words
that are subtracted by the translator are dhamir (pronoun). For inctance, in the verse
57 the subject Li "we" is subtracted, in the verse 132 the word " ~I " is subtracted
and the possessive pronoun f"" "their" in the verse 142 is also subtracted.
e. Adaptation
This process is used when the other do not suffice. It involves modifying the
concept, or using a situation analogous to the source language situation thought not
identical to it. For instance, the word 'kelas' is adopted from 'class'.
Example of adaptation from Arabic to English language:
38
Abraham ~:).I ,... •J Gabriel Ji~
'· - ~l Jacob y~ Isaac
, -David ,), JI.) Ismail Ji··: ~.I ...... !
., , - , Solomon . , ~ I \I Moses (.S"'.J-4 u -
, -Goliath .....::__., _,J lq..
All of the examples above are names that writer find in Surah Al-Baqarah
The names that mentioned by the writer are the names of prophet/messenger, angel
and devil which is its story written in Al-Qur'an. The names such as Jacob, Abraham,
David, Gabriel and Goliath are adopted from the Arabic names. These names not only
adopted by Yusuf Ali but most of these names also written in Bible.
f. Transliteration
Transliteration is known as the process ofrendering the letters of one alphabet
into the letters of another with different alphabetical system.
~lJ;il "Al if Lam Mim" (I)
... ~.1 -,.,. ... i "".J.......... -::,..
¢11 ... ~~t:c:.~l~~j
"And he taught Adam names" (31)
39
. ~ ... ..W ~ 1~1;;-lj ~j
"Our lord! Make of us muslims, bowing to thy (will) ... " (128)
Three of these verses are example of tran5literation which is written in Latin
letter but still in same pronunciation. Special for the verse I ' ~ ', this letters known
as the particular letters. The particulars letters are found prefixed to this surah and
surahs 3, 29, 30, 31, and 32 (six in all) much has been written about the meaning of
these letters, but most of it is pure conjecture. Some commentators are content to
recognize them as some mystic symbols of which it is unprofitable to discuss the
meaning by more verbaJ logic.44
,,.. ..- -:t .... , .... .. ,... ..-®) ... ~l.~ylil!~lq. J)J[j "He said: "I will make thee an Imam to the nations ... " (124)
~ j It "I•, 1-\;;_(' I~,:, \\,~ ... ..:...u ~ • • J '"".J
"Our lord! Make of us muslims, bowing to thy (will) ... " (128) i::.. ~ ...... ,., ,,,,I .:::L...... ~ t © ... ~ o_;:;Jlj C- I l~lj
"And complete the Hajj or Umrah ... " (196)
The underlined words above are examples of the transliteration procedure
which is different in alphabetical system but still same in pronunciation.
44 'Abdullah Yusuf Ali. 111e Meaning of 11ie Holy Qur'an. (Maryland: Amana Publications, 1997), p. 17
A. Conclusion
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
After analyzing the data about the transformation (translation procedures), the
writer concludes some points below:
From 10 procedures that writer mentions at the theoretical framework, Abdullah
Yusuf Ali uses at least 6 procedures to translate the al-Qur' an into English language.
These procedures comprise transposition, modulation, adding, subtraction, adaptation
and transliteration. Transposition application in this translation can be seen from how
it works which the writer divides into five categories: (a) obligatory transposition, (b)
changing from active into passive voice, ( c) class shift, (cl) changing from singular
into plural form or the otherwise, and (e) changing from definite into indefinite.
Modulation comprises modulation with Contextual Conditioning, Free Modulation
and Absolute Modulation.
Contextual conditioning is a placement of information in the context so that its
meaning clear or understandable for the reader. Free modulation used to get a
translation result as close as possible to the target language. AbsoluJe modulation is a
procedure which is applied if there is no equivalent word, phrase or structure in the
target language.
Transposition and modulation are two of the very important procedures without
ii,,'Tloring the other procedures. Both of these procedures must be used by whoever is
41
is interested in translation activity because both of these procedures comprise the
syntax and morphology aspects. Through these procedures, the literal translation
result will be adjusted with the language structure and cultural condition of the target
language.
B. Suggestion
The writer realizes that this research is away from perfect. Therefore, this
research is necessarily to be continued and re-explained especially about the
translation procedures which have not revealed yet by the writer. To anyone who
wants to be good translator, mastering the translation procedures is one of the main
conditions. Finally, hopefully this research can be used to all people especially to
them who interested in translation study.
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