A PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL WOLF CENTER WINTER 2002 · THE QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL WOLF CENTER VOLUME 12, NO. 4 WINTER 2002 On The Cover 8 Wolves and Western

A Glimpse of How Wolves Solve a Problem, page 4

The Politics of Wolf Restoration Heat Up, page 8

A PUBL ICAT ION OF THE INTERNATIONAL WOLF CENTERWINTER 2002

“Tundra Wolf” by Archie Beaulieu

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Ready for the ultimate wolf and wildlife adventure trip?AYLMER LAKE • NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, CANADA • AUGUST 2003

CHECK www.wolf.org FOR MORE INFORMATION

Due to the generosity of two of our longtime members, we will receive $5,000 to fund our new Wolf Outreach Education Program.

But there is a catch.

For every dollar that they give us, we need to raise one of our own.

Your support will help our OutreachEducation Program teach many morepeople about the essential role the wolfplays in keeping our wilderness wild.

Please give generously! We can double the impact of every dollar that you give.

Thank you.

WE HAVE BEENCHALLENGED!

Our Wolf Education Programneeds your help.

Please send your checks or credit card contributions to:

International Wolf Center Challenge1396 Highway 169 • Ely, MN USA 55731-8129

Call 1-800-ELY WOLF or visit our Web site at: www.wolf.orgAll contributions are tax-deductible.

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2 As a Matter of Fact

3 From the Executive Director

11 International Wolf CenterNotes From Home

14 Tracking the Pack

15 Book Review

16 Wolves of the World

22 Personal Encounter

25 News and Notes

26 Wild Kids

28 A Look Beyond

4A Pack Solves a ProblemObservations of wolves in the Arctic National WildlifeRefuge provide an exciting look at how wolves interactand solve problems.

C a t h y C u r b y

Features

THE QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL WOLF CENTER VOLUME 12, NO. 4 WINTER 2002

On The Cover

8Wolves and Western PoliticsAs wolves near federal reclassification, the stateof Idaho and counties in California, Oregon andWyoming have all passed anti-wolf legislation.

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“Tundra Wolf” by Archie BeaulieuInternationally renowned, Déné artist Archie Beaulieu was born and still lives in the community of Fort Rae, on the shores of Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories. Distributed by Nor-Art International Gallery, P.O. Box 261, Yellowknife, NT, X1A 2N2 www.nor-art.com; phone: 867-920-7002; fax: 867-920-7003; toll free: (U.S. and Canada) 1-866-233-4533 Copyright Nor-Art International GalleryTo purchase note cards of the cover image, please log on to www.wolf.org and click on Shop.

IntWolf.winter 02 10/10/02 2:53 PM Page 1

Publications DirectorMary OrtizMagazine CoordinatorCarissa L.W. KnaackConsulting EditorMary KeirsteadTechnical Editor L. David MechGraphic DesignerTricia Hull

International Wolf (1089-683X) ispublished quarterly and copyrighted,2002, by the International Wolf Center,3300 Bass Lake Rd, Minneapolis, MN55429, USA. e-mail: [email protected] rights reserved.

Publications agreement no. 1536338

Membership in the International WolfCenter includes a subscription toInternational Wolf magazine, free admissionto the Center, and discounts on programsand merchandise. • Lone Wolf member-ships are U.S. $30 • Wolf Pack $50 • Wolf Associate $100 • Wolf Sponsor $500 • Alpha Wolf $1000. Canada and othercountries, add U.S. $15 per year for airmail postage, $7 for surface postage.Contact the International Wolf Center,1396 Highway 169, Ely, MN 55731-8129,USA; e-mail: [email protected]; phone: 1-800-ELY-WOLF

International Wolf is a forum for airingfacts, ideas and attitudes about wolf-related issues. Articles and materialsprinted in International Wolf do not necessarily reflect the viewpoint of theInternational Wolf Center or its board of directors.

International Wolf welcomes submissionsof personal adventures with wolves andwolf photographs (especially black andwhite). Prior to submission of other types of manuscripts, address queries to Mary Ortiz, publications director.

International Wolf is printed entirely with soy ink on recycled and recyclablepaper (text pages contain 20% post-consumer waste, cover paper contains 10% post-consumer waste). We encourageyou to recycle this magazine.

PHOTOS: Unless otherwise noted, orobvious from the caption or article text,photos are of captive wolves.

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What year were wolves firstreintroduced into Idaho? New Question

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In the most recent assessment, what is the number ofgray wolf subspecies populating North America?There are five subspecies of the gray wolf in North America. The currentlyrecognized subspecies are the Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi), the Great Plains or buffalo wolf (Canis lupus nubilus), the Rocky Mountain orMackenzie Valley wolf (Canis lupus occidentalis), the eastern timber wolf(Canis lupus lycaon), and the arctic wolf (Canis lupus arctos). ■

CORRECTION The following information was omitted from thecredit for the photo on the upper left of page 7 of the Fall 2002 issue ofInternational Wolf: Image courtesy of Matthew and Leann Youngbauer.

Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi)


Dispersing to New Territory

At our flagship interpretive center in Ely, Minnesota, and our Twin Cities office, we at the International Wolf Center have built a strong and impressive base. In 1985 came a cadre of volunteers who conceptualized an educational effort

in support of wolves. They lobbied for legislative funding, oversaw construction of the Ely facility, opened it in 1993, and guided the development of a healthy, well-staffedinfrastructure. We have a strong educational program supported by management,communications, development, retail and office functions. This heart of theInternational Wolf Center beats powerfully.

From this base, the Center is ready to launch a new strategic plan that says the exis-tence of healthy populations of wolves will become one of our importantmeasures of success. We also embrace as part of our mission the conceptof wild lands and the importance they hold for successful wolf recoveryand its sustainability. It is a revolutionary step, and one that takes us intochallenging new territory.

In the Twin Cities we are searching for a new headquarters to houseadministrative offices and space to offer education, volunteer opportu-nities and other resources to the public. An outreach educator will joinour staff to bring programs to our urban audience.

In support of wolf populations, we have helped found the WolfForum for the Southern Rockies. In this partnership with organizationsbased in Colorado and New Mexico, the Center will launch an educational

effort about the potential to recover wolf populations in the Southern Rockies—the “next best hope for wolves.”

We are moving in these new directions in deliberate steps. An example is ourrecently formed partnership with retired National Park Service interpreter NormBishop, whose efforts in Yellowstone are helping to correct misinformation aboutwolves in the regional press.

Clearly this is an exciting, risky and rewarding time for the organization. We arechallenged to wisely allocate our resources so that we can grow our base while we take on new outreach efforts. In Ely we will incorporate the importance of wild landsinto our educational programs, renew our cornerstone Wolves and Humans exhibitand challenge ourselves to increase visitation and retail support. In the Twin Cities,besides bringing on a new educator, we will continue to take advantage of the finan-cial, media and philanthropic resources concentrated in this area.

The International Wolf Center stands firmly on the remarkable creativity and commitment of our board of directors and staff. We will rely on them for our foundationas we reach out.

Our capabilities will be challenged, but we know that in rising to these new opportunities we will meet our mission, build our sustainability and really begin tomake a difference to populations of wolves! ■

From the Executive DirectorINTERNATIONAL

WOLF CENTER

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Nancy jo TubbsChair

Dr. L. David MechVice Chair

Dr. Rolf O. PetersonSecretary

Paul B. AndersonTreasurer

Dr. Larry D. Anderson

Thomas T. Dwight

Nancy Gibson

Hélène Grimaud

Cornelia Hutt

Dr. Robert Laud

Mike Phillips

Dr. Robert Ream

Deborah Reynolds

Paul Schurke

Teri Williams

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

Walter M. Medwid

MISSION

The International WolfCenter advances the survival

of wolf populations byteaching about wolves, their

relationship to wild lands andthe human role in their future.

Educational services and informational resources

are available at:

1396 Highway 169Ely, MN 55731-8129, USA

1-800-ELY-WOLF1-218-365-4695

e-mail address:[email protected]

Web site: http://www.wolf.org

I n t e r n a t i o n a l W o l f W i n t e r 2 0 0 2 3

Walter Medwid



Iwas stunned when I learned how

well wolves interact to solve a

problem. In the mountains of the

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, three of

us were watching a wolf pack. We

rotated six-hour shifts, watching the

animals with a spotting scope from a

tent three-quarters of a mile from their

den. The pack included eight adults and

four pups. All the wolves were brown

except the mother, which was white. A

wolf of great importance to the pack, we

referred to her as Pearl.

A PackSolves aProblem

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When the wolf pups became old enough to stay alone, Pearl taught them thatif she walked away at the speed puppies could go, they were to accompanyher, but when she moved at an adult pace, they were to stay where they were.



themselves up toward the babysitter’sface, pulling energetically on itsjowls. Frequently they jump backand race around the adult wolf.

Wolves don’t have hands to carryfood to their young, so adults bringhome chunks of meat in theirmouths and stomachs. Pups indicatetheir hunger by mouthing an adult.The hungrier they are, the harderthey mouth. If the adult has eatenrecently, it regurgitates the meat onto the ground.

Eventually the puppies realize thebabysitter wolf has no food, and they

calm down. The babysitter (does itremember it has a job to do?) trotsback to the den. When it gets toPearl, it turns to look behind, but thepuppies aren’t there.

When the wolf pups became oldenough to stay alone, Pearl taughtthem that if she walked away at thespeed puppies could go, they were toaccompany her, but when she movedat an adult pace, they were to staywhere they were. Being well trained,the puppies didn’t follow thebabysitter wolf. They remained at therendezvous site.

A week before, Pearl had movedher pups a half-mile from the den.Scientists are not sure why wolvesmove their pups. Some suggest pupsare moved away from filth around the den, or to where they can practicetheir hunting skills. Whatever thereason, such moves are common.Scientists call the new location arendezvous site. The French wordrendezvous means “all meet together.”During the week, as the wolvesreturned from their travels, theydiscovered the pups were no longer at the den. They searched until theyfound the rendezvous site and thereafter returned there from hunts.

Now that you know the back-ground, come look through the spot-ting scope with me. It’s morning, aweek after the pups were moved. The puppies have been alone formany hours, lying quietly within anopen patch of tall willows. I noticePearl, heavy with milk, trottingsteadily back home. The pups arecertainly thirsty and hungry, butPearl passes below the willows and arrives at the empty den.

Soon another wolf trots up toPearl and lies nearby. Because I can’t tell the brown wolves apart, I don’t know if one is male or femaleunless it urinates. I never discoverthe gender of this new wolf, so I will refer to it as the babysitter.

Pearl and the brown wolf liequietly. I don’t notice any noises orbody movements. Does Pearl indicate,“Bring the pups to me”? That is whatthe babysitter wolf attempts to do.

The babysitter trots north acrosslow vegetation, over the steep,unstable, rough rocks of a talus slope(the fallen rocks at the base of a hill) and through dense, six-foot-high willows. When it reaches therendezvous site, the pups run up tothe babysitter wolf, their bodieswagging from tail to nose, and throw

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I don’t notice any noises or body movements. Does Pearl indicate, “Bring the pups to me”? That is

what the babysitter wolf attempts to do.


6 F a l l 2 0 0 2 w w w . w o l f . o r g

then s-l-o-w-l-y puts it down. Thepuppies may think this is odd, butthey follow the adult wolf.

When the puppies reach the talusslope, however, they refuse to followthe adult farther. Already partwayacross, the babysitter turns to face thepuppies, lowers its front shoulders,wags its tail, bounces up and downand yips. But it is unable to enticeany of the puppies out onto therocks, so it returns to the puppies.

Now the babysitter stands behinda puppy, lowers its head and gentlypushes the puppy onto the rocks. But the young wolf stumbles andruns behind the others. Pushingdoesn’t work.

Next, the babysitter turns awayfrom the talus, picks up a puppy and

turns back. The little animal’s bottombangs against the stones. The puppyyips, the babysitter drops it, and the puppy runs off the rocks.Carrying doesn’t work.

Is the babysitter wolf out of ideas?It returns to the rendezvous site,followed by the pups, but now itwalks at the proper pace for puppies.

Soon the babysitter wolf movesagain, at the proper speed. The youngwolves follow it through the willowsand again halt at the edge of the talus slope. The babysitter walks out onto the rocks, faces the puppies, andjumps and yips for several minutes.Finally, one pup steps onto the rocks.The adult backs slowly away from the puppies. The puppy tentativelypicks its way across the stones. Asecond pup moves onto the talusslope, and then a third pup follows.

I am bouncing with excitement. The babysitter tried repeatedly, learned new

skills and finally led three of the puppies to their mother.

Do the two adults communicateagain? I cannot say, but the babysittertrots back to the pups and is mobbeda second time. Soon the babysitteragain moves toward the den. Thistime it trots only a few steps before itstops and looks back. The puppiesscamper up, and the babysitter trotsoff again. They travel in this haltingmanner halfway through the willows,but then the babysitter no longerpauses. When it reaches Pearl again,there are still no puppies.

Within minutes the babysitterwolf walks back to the north. Nowthe puppies wag only their hips and jump less forcefully. Again thebabysitter moves toward the den, butthis time it s-l-o-w-l-y lifts one foot,

Dominated by the Brooks Range, the ArcticNational Wildlife Refuge provides habitat for avariety of wildlife including wolves, caribou,musk oxen, wolverines and snow geese.

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When the babysitter arrives at theend of the rocks, it continues back-wards, leading the pups. As soon asthe pups see their mother, they dashto her and nurse.

I am bouncing with excitement.The babysitter tried repeatedly, learnednew skills and finally led three of thepuppies to their mother. But one pupremains back at the rendezvous site,lying inconspicuous in a shadow. Do the adults know a pup is missing?

Somehow, the adults communi-cate again, and the babysitter trotsback to the lone puppy. When theadult arrives, the young wolf jumpsand wags from tail to nose. Soon thetwo wolves walk to the slope, and thebabysitter moves onto the rocks. As it did before, the babysitter faces the puppy and bounces energetically. It tries for many minutes, but the pupnever walks onto the rocks.

Head drooping, the babysitterreturns to the willows with the pup, where they lie quietly for fifteenminutes. This is the longest thebabysitter has stayed while trying to move the puppies. Is it hopingPearl will come? Is it thinking ofsomething new to try?

The babysitter rises and wandersthrough the willows. Scattered amongthe shrubs are pieces of bone. Thebabysitter picks up a caribou leg

bone and shakes it. It looks like a dogplaying tug-of-war.

The puppy bounds over, grabbingthe other end of the bone. Sometimesthe puppy lets go of the bone andleaps forward to grab it again. Playingthis way, the adult moves backwardpulling the puppy through the willows,but gradually they drift toward thetalus slope.

When the wolves are halfway tothe rocks, the babysitter changes therules. Now when the pup leaps up, theadult moves the bone just out of itsreach. As the babysitter backs slowlytoward the talus, it continues to shakethe bone in front of the pup. But eachtime the pup leaps, the babysittermoves the bone. The pup has eyesonly for the bone above its head. Inthis way, the babysitter lures the pupacross the rocks. When the pupnotices Pearl, it abandons the boneand races over to nurse energetically.

I am stunned. Pearl seems to haveset up this whole interaction. Shewaited patiently, confident that thebabysitter would succeed. During thetwo hours it took to bring her puppieshome, she never intervened. And the babysitter never gave up, stayedfocused on the task and overcameeach challenge. It even used a tool ofsorts to distract the last puppy. Thisglimpse into the behavior of a family

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of wolves taught me much about howwolves interact and solve problems.It taught me, too, that the qualitiesthat make a good parent, or an effec-tive surrogate, are not the exclusiveproperty of any one species. ■

This article is an abbreviated version of an inter-pretive program presented by Cathy Curby. Theobservations were made while conducting researchthrough a partnership between the U.S. Fish andWildlife Service, the National Park Service andthe University of Alaska. The complete text can befound at http://arctic.fws.gov/wolfstory.html.

Cathy Curby, a Wildlife InterpretiveSpecialist for the U.S. Fish and WildlifeService, has worked at the ArcticNational Wildlife Refuge since 1976.She lives with her family in a cabin 25 miles outside of Fairbanks, Alaska.

Cathy Curby works as a Wildlife InterpretiveSpecialist at the Arctic National WildlifeRefuge.

Pups indicate their hunger bymouthing an adult. The hungrierthey are, the harder they mouth.



This combination of prime wildlands and state protection hasprompted action by people in theregion who do not support wolfrestoration. Anti-wolf activity inCalifornia and Oregon began toincrease in late 1999 when Defendersof Wildlife announced they weregoing to co-fund a feasibility study for the potential restoration of wolvesand other large carnivores to theSiskiyou-Klamath region. In April2001, Defenders filed a petition withthe U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,requesting that a portion of federallands in western Klamath Countyalong with other lands in Oregon andCalifornia be designated as a popula-tion segment for the gray wolf. Withina month, the executive director of theSiskiyou County Farm Bureau andCattlemen’s Association had proposedan anti-wolf ordinance for the county.

Siskiyou County, California, andits sister county Klamath, Oregon, liein an area of the West that containsprime wolf habitat, according toDefenders of Wildlife and other environmental groups. The Siskiyou-Klamath region is one of the most biologically diverse areas inNorth America north of Mexico. Theregion’s wild lands and low humanpopulation give it great potential forwolf recovery. Additionally, a little-known state Endangered Species Actaffords wolves in Oregon specialprotection and mandates that thestate encourage wolf recovery onOregon’s state and federal lands.

b y L I Z H A R P E R

Information Specialist, International Wolf Center

As wolves near federal reclassification, the politics of wolf

restoration are heating up. Within the past year and a half,

the state of Idaho and counties in California, Oregon and

Wyoming have all passed anti-wolf legislation.

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In response to the proposed ordinance, Defenders, along with the California Wolf Center, presentedinformation on wolves and wolfrecovery to the Siskiyou County Boardof Supervisors on November 6, 2001.In spite of Defenders’ presentation,substantial press coverage after themeeting focused mostly on the viewsof those opposed to regional wolfrecovery. At the board’s next meeting,on November 13, 2001, membersunanimously passed Resolution 01-231, opposing the introduction or reintroduction to Siskiyou Countyof “unacceptable predatory mammals”that are “potentially harmful to man as well as livestock.”

Seven months later, a similar situ-ation occurred in Klamath County,Oregon, when on June 4, 2002, thecounty commissioners enacted theirown anti-wolf ordinance. The ordi-

nance prohibits the introduction ofgray wolves to the county. In addi-tion, several anti-wolf groups inOregon have petitioned the OregonFish and Wildlife Commission toremove wolves from the state list of endangered species, and Oregonlawmakers who oppose wolves aremobilizing to revise or repeal thestate’s Endangered Species Act.

Anti-wolf sentiment also arose in Fremont County, Wyoming, anarea that covers portions of thesoutheastern corner of the greaterYellowstone ecosystem. The countycommission announced that it was“drawing a line in the sand” when it came to wolf reintroduction. InMarch 2002, it passed resolutionsbanning wolves and other “unaccept-able species” from the county.

All of these county-level resolu-tions and ordinances are unenforce-able, however, as wolves arecurrently protected under the federalEndangered Species Act. Oncewolves are removed from federalprotection, the laws would still beunenforceable, as wolves would beunder the state’s authority. Despitetheir unenforceability, the ordinancesare clear statements of what theseelected officials think of wolves

The combination of prime

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in the Siskiyou-Klamath

region who do not

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Despite the claims of the Central Idaho WolfCoalition, there is no evidence that wolvesare destroying big-game herds in Idaho.



inhabiting the counties in whichthey live.

Counties are not the only level of government passing anti-wolflegislation. On March 6, 2001, theIdaho House of Representativespassed the House Joint Memorial Bill 5. This bill demanded that wolvesbe removed from Idaho “by whatevermeans necessary.” The law does not supersede federal law, so noaction will be taken, but like thecounty legislation, it is a reflection ofhow some Idahoans feel about wolves.

Anti-wolf groups were activeagain in Idaho this year. In May theCentral Idaho Wolf Coalition boughtnewspaper ads throughout Idaho topublish its anti-wolf beliefs. The ads stated that the Coalition’s “soleobjective is the immediate removal ofthe Canadian gray wolf from Idahobecause of the catastrophic slaughterof our big game herds, serious livestock predation, loss of wildlifeviewing—causing unnecessary andextreme hardship to ‘mom and pop’businesses.” (Despite their claims,there is no evidence that wolves are destroying big-game herds inIdaho. Additionally, wolf depredationaccounts for only a small portion oflivestock losses each year.)

In the midst of the anti-wolf sentiment in Idaho, however, havecome important actions that supportwolves and their presence on wildlands. On June 13, 2002, in a lawsuitagainst the U.S. Forest Service by theWestern Watersheds Project and theIdaho Conservation League, a federalDistrict Court judge ruled in favor ofwolves. He stated that the 1972 lawthat created the Sawtooth NationalRecreation Area (SNRA) in Idaho gavewildlife, and hence wolves, prece-dence over livestock that graze on theSNRA. The judge also stated that thislaw must be balanced with thoseestablished prior to the reintroductionof wolves in the state, which direct the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to

relocate and eventually kill wolvesthat repeatedly prey on livestock.

Additionally, the judge ruled thatthe U.S. Forest Service is in violationof the federal Rescissions Act, passedin 1995, which orders the service tocreate a schedule to conduct environ-mental analyses for each of thegrazing allotments in the nationalforest system. The main result of theruling is that the service must reviewall 28 of its grazing plans for theSNRA to determine whether they areadequately protecting wolves.

A subsequent ruling by the samejudge on July 19, 2002, decreed that

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wolves cannot be killed in the SNRAin summer 2002, even if they killlivestock within the SNRA. Thislatest decision follows a secondlawsuit filed by the WesternWatersheds Project and the IdahoConservation League to close eightgrazing allotments in the SNRAwhere wolves and livestock have hadpast conflict. While the judge’s decision does not close the allot-ments to grazing, it sends a messagethat wolves will have precedenceover livestock in the SNRA.

For now, wolves are protected bythe federal Endangered Species Act.But wolves have reached recoverygoals and may soon be removed fromthe endangered species list. Whenthat happens, wolves will be managedby the states, and the states must beready to manage them. Idaho hascompleted a wolf plan, Montana’s isexpected to be complete by the endof the year, and Wyoming expects itsplan to be completed by March 2003.Once the plans are in place, theprocess for removing the wolf fromthe Endangered Species Act maybegin. It will then be interesting to see how all the local anti-wolfsentiment plays out. ■

For now, wolves are protected

by the federal Endangered

Species Act. But wolves have

reached recovery goals and

may soon be removed from the

endangered species list. When

that happens, wolves will be

managed by the states, and

the states must be ready to

manage them.

Current gray wolf range inthe northwestern states



Mary Imsdahl wanted to make her father-

daughter canoe trip acrossthe Boundary Waters CanoeArea Wilderness “morespecial.” She certainly did—she turned the trip into afund-raiser for an outreacheducator position for theInternational Wolf Center.Mary is asking people todonate an amount per milepaddled. So far, she and her father, Mark, haveraised over $4,700. Themoney they raise will bematched by a $5,000 grant.

The pair began their200-mile journey at GrandPortage along the easternborder of the state on June23, reaching Crane Lake,125 straight-line miles west,on July 12. They paddledendlessly and trudged overlong muddy portages, swat-ting masses of mosquitoesand blackflies, but according

to Mark, “that is all part ofthe experience.”

What inspired Mary, age13, to give up part of hersummer to raise money forwolves? Since the age oftwo, Mary has visited Ely,Minnesota, and the Centerevery year. “I have had agreat time watching [thewolves].... I fell in love withthem,” said Mary. When the government announcedthe gray wolf would betaken off the federalendangered species list,Mary decided shewould help out. Theeducator positionwil l inform thepublic about howwolves and humanscan coexist.

If you would like tocontribute to the fund,contact the Center at 1-800-ELY-WOLF.

INTERNATIONAL WOLF CENTER

Notes From Home

Father-Daughter Team RaisesFunds by Paddling for Wolves

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Nancy jo Tubbs presenting Milt Stenlund with the proclamation naming the “Stenlund Spur”

Minnesota’s First Wolf Biologist Honored

Milt Stenlund was recently recognized for his lifelongconservation work. Stenlund, an early student of Sigurd

Olson, carried out one of the earliest wolf studies in Minnesotaand has been called Minnesota’s first wolf biologist. He worked with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resourcesfor 35 years before retiring. Stenlund also served on theInternational Wolf Center’s board of directors for 6 years.

On June 14, the city of Ely, Minnesota, and theInternational Wolf Center dedicated the spur of the TrezonaTrail, which leads to the Center, the “Stenlund Spur.”Gretchen Diessner, assistant director of the Center, said, “Itwas wonderful to watch Milt be honored with his family athis side. It seems appropriate that the hiking trail that bringsthe public to the International Wolf Center be renamed forMilt. After all, his early research helped to lay the ground-work for our mission of teaching the world about wolves.”

This was the second time Stenlund has been honored inthe past year. In October 2001, Stenlund received the prestigious Judge John W. Tobin award from the IzaakWalton League (IWL) for his conservation work. Stenlundhas been active in the IWL for many years, serving the leaguein many ways, including as the Grand Rapids, Minnesota,chapter president.


★


Gary Laidig Receives “Who Speaks for Wolves” Award

Evidence of Gary Laidig’s dedication to the InternationalWolf Center is everywhere—from the new wolf pond

to the auditorium’s spacious seating. During his 28-yearpolitical career, the former state senator successfully laboredfor Center funding from the Minnesota Legislature. In April he earned this year’s “Who Speaks for Wolves” awardfor navigating the complex maze of the legislative process in support of wolves and the environment. Laidig courageously fought in an arena where politicians rarelymake decisions based on biology.

In accepting the award, he said, “It is important to remind lawmakers that healthy wolf populations are a stateresponsibility.” Laidig, an avid outdoorsman, was captivatedby the first wolf he met in 1987. He found the predatoryanimals fascinating and mysterious. Keenly aware thateducation was key to their long-term survival, Laidig realized that supporting the Center’s work was essential: “It is important to demonstrate that such projects can work, and that people no longer just come to Minnesota to hunt and fish but to learn about wolves.”

Laidig recently changed careers, but thousands of visitors to the Center will benefit from his tireless efforts and personal enthusiasm for wolves. A big congratulationsto Laidig—he deserves it.

The TruthAboutWolves

Are wolves actually ‘wicked’ and do

they eat people? Ofcourse not, but folktales like‘Little Red Riding Hood’perpetuate the miscon-ceptions surrounding theendangered gray wolf.”These sentences began anarticle for Science & Childrenmagazine, May 2002, writtenby Jean Mannesto, a readingteacher at R. J. WallisElementary School inKincheloe, Michigan.

In December 2000Mannesto r e c e i v e d a fellowship to attend anInternational Wolf Center

Wolf Educator work-shop. “I will neverforget the moment Isaw a wolf at theCenter,” she said. “Thewolf pressed its noseagainst the glass, and I placed my handthere, too — just a small layer of materialbetween us.”

Talking about howshe has used what shelearned at the work-shop, Mannesto said,“In Michigan, as inother places, manyhunters shoot wolvesbecause they thinkthey eat all the deer.So I decided to use

Gary Laidig, recipient of the “Who Speaks for Wolves” award, with Nancy Gibson,Center board member.

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my writing skills to teachothers about this malignedanimal. I am currentlyworking on a persuasiveessay for teachers on thewolf as a hero in literature.The International WolfCenter’s information hasbeen extremely helpful inpresenting the accurate,unbiased facts.” The Center’s“Gray Wolves, Gray Matter”online curriculum was oneof the highlights of theworkshop.

Mannesto has beendoing wolf activities withher reading classes for aboutthree years, and each yearshe continues to learn more.She encourages teachers,parents and adults every-where to incorporate thewolf in their lessons andreading about endangeredanimals to help dispel themyths about this intelligentwild creature. ■

Editor’s note: A “Gray Wolves,Gray Matter” student workbook for grades 6–12 can be found onlineat www.wolf.org. The entirecurriculum may be available online in early 2003.


★★★


INTERNATIONAL WOLF CENTER

Contributors

Thank You!

Major DonorsElmer & Eleanor AndersenFoundation

Bob Andrews

Virginia Atterbury

Thomas & Shirley Bivens

Mark Carson

Genevieve Crooks

Valerie Gates

Mimi Gowen

Joe Greenhalgh

Julie & Parker Hall III

F. B. Hubachek

Neil Hutt

Patty Miller

Dody Nesbit

Candy & Rolf Peterson

Debbie Reynolds

Martha Schoonover

Robert & Leslie Smith

Charlotte Spak

Nancy jo Tubbs

In-Kind DonationsMary Beaudoin

John O’Shaughnessy

Kim Wolfgram Salz

Jerry Sanders

Muriel Sibley

HonoraryIn Honor of Marcia McKalvey:Scott & Amy McKalvey

Steve, Andrea, Ryan &Sasha McKalvey

RoyaltiesMBNA America

Matching GiftsLibby Bezek & Toro

Kim Casteel & General Mills Foundation

Robert Dewar & Microsoft Matching GiftsProgram

Dorene Eklund & General Mills Foundation

Randy Johnson & Toro

Kirsten Langhor & General Mills Foundation

Kevin Oliver & United Wayof Orange County

Cynthia Wong & Gerson Bakar Foundation

MemorialIn Memory of Kenneth Chester:Renee Chester

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The International Wolf Center would like to thank

members for their remarkable generosity in responding

to our needs. We continue to need the following items. If

you are able to donate, please call our administrative offices

in Brooklyn Center at 763-560-7374. Donors who contribute

any of the items listed below or the cash equivalent will

receive documentation of their gift for their tax records.

GENERAL★ Luggage rack for a

15-passenger van★ Portable compact disc

player for the van★ Child-size snowshoes★ Closed trailer for

hauling prey food★ Spotting scope

with tripod★ Binoculars★ Podium or small work

station for concierge desk

RETAIL★ Free-standing mirror

for store customers★ Rolling display rack

for clothing

WOLVES AND WOLF CARE★ Insulated coveralls

for wolf-care duties★ Travel crates for fire

evacuation★ Cosequin double-strength

chewable tablets★ Vita-Min Tabs Senior and

Regular (multivitamins)★ Fly-Off fly ointment

AUDITORIUM ANDCLASSROOM★ Sanyo multimedia

projector★ Set of Audix PH

5-VS speakers★ Cart for projector

and speakers with electrical outlet

★ Classroom chairs

EDUCATION★ Laminating machine★ Business-band long-range

walkie-talkie set★ Tanned pelts, hides,

antlers or bones fromanimals associated withwolves (deer, beaver,moose, elk etc.) foreducational programs

★ Slide scanner★ iMac, 500 MHz or higher★ New iBook or

PowerBook G4

International Wolf Center



When we last leftomega wolf Lakota in

the Summer 2001 issue ofInternational Wolf, sheranked at the bottom of the Center’s pack. It was all downhill from there.Dominance toward Lakotaincreased as the arcticwolves Shadow and Malikmatured. Thus, on February19, 2002, the wolf manage-ment team decided toremove Lakota from thepack after she was the objectof several aggressive attacks.

Lakota spent severalmonths in an adjacent enclo-sure, receiving daily visits

from staff, getting her owndeer carcass on feeding dayand generally being treatedlike an alpha, instead of anomega. This intensive careseemed to improve Lakota’sphysical and psychologicalcondition. After discussionswith veterinarian Dr. ChipHanson, the team decided to attempt to return Lakotato the pack. A reintroductionplan was formulated and im-plemented on June 23, 2002.

The reintroduction startedby placing Malik in a specialholding area with Lakota todetermine if Malik would beaggressive toward Lakota.This introduction wentwell, beginning with Lakotarunning toward Malik in asubmissive play bow. Malikshowed dominant bodypostures toward Lakota anddid a stand-over, resting his head on Lakota’s shoulder.

At first Lakota was very intimidated but later uncov-ered a cached deer leg in thestraw bed and proceeded toguard the leg from Malik.Students attending a wolfethology (behavior) courseat Vermilion CommunityCollege spent several nightsobserving the introduction in case of aggressive inter-actions.

On the morning of June24, we lured Shadow into a holding area while wereleased Malik and Lakotaback into the pack. Lakotabehaved excitedly, swim-ming in the pond, runningthrough the upper enclo-sure and interacting withMalik. She continued thisbehavior throughout theday. Shadow remained inthe holding area overnightto give Lakota a full day toreacclimate to the wolves inthe main enclosure.

The next day we releasedShadow at 7 a.m. Malikinitially approached to greetShadow, but the alphas,

Tracking the Pack

Lakota is the omega, orbottom-ranking, wolf in theCenter’s ambassador pack.

The Return of the Omega Wolfb y L o r i S c h m i d t , W o l f C u r a t o r ,I n t e r n a t i o n a l W o l f C e n t e r

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MacKenzie and Lucas,began dominating Shadowintensively for the first fiveminutes of the introduction,keeping Shadow away fromLakota. Although this reintroduction has beensuccessful so far, dominanceissues requiring interven-tion are likely to arise ashormones increase duringfall. To stay informed aboutthe actions of the pack,check the Wolf Logs on theWeb site at www.wolf.org. ■

As predicted, the fall broughtincreased aggression towardLakota as well as MacKenzie,

and both were moved intoretirement in August 2002. TheCenter is currently fund-raisingfor a new retirement enclosure

for Lakota, MacKenzie and,eventually, Lucas. To donate

to the ambassador pack’s retirement enclosure, send

your donation to the Wolf Care Fund,

International Wolf Center, 1396 Highway 169,

Ely, MN 55731-8129. You can also donate by

purchasing the video“Highlights of the AmbassadorPack at the International Wolf

Center” (all proceeds will go tothe retirement enclosure); go tothe Web site at www.wolf.org

and click on the Pack Page forinformation about the video.

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b y J a k k i H a r b o l i c k

Keepers of the Wolves:The Early Years ofWolf Recovery inWisconsinby Richard P. ThielUniversity of WisconsinPress, 2001

By t h e m i d - 2 0 t h c e n t u r y,survival had become a brutallydifficult, odds-off proposition

for the gray wolf. Once foundthroughout most of the contiguous48 states, this true native of theAmerican wilderness was now rare,day by day walking a thin linebetween fragile life and the human-made abyss of extinction. Remnantpopulations still lived in northeasternMinnesota, but in Wisconsin, thismajestic predator seemed gone forgood. And then Richard Thiel and his colleagues documented one of the great wolf recoveries of modernconservation. More than 300 wolvesnow inhabit Wisconsin.

Thiel, however, is unfailinglymodest about his work. In his latestbook, Keepers of the Wolves: The EarlyYears of Wolf Recovery in Wisconsin,he i s never boas t fu l or se l f -aggrandizing, allowing a naturallycompelling story to tell itself.

In 1978, when Thiel joined theDepartment of Natural Resources asan assistant biologist, resident timberwolves had been gone fromWisconsin for 20 years, victims ofsingle-minded extermination andcompromised habitat. As a collegestudent majoring in wildlife biology,Thiel had searched tirelessly for signs

that wolves might still visit whatremained of their former Wisconsinranges. By 1974, he had collectedenough evidence of their occasionalpresence to single-handedly convincethe state to reclassify wolves from“extirpated” to “endangered.” Finallyprotected by the federal EndangeredSpecies Act, their populations wouldnow begin a slow, agonizing recovery.And this recovery would be moni-tored and protected over the nextdecade by Thiel.

But Keepers of the Wolves is morethan mere chronicling of this incred-ible recovery project, because Thiel is also, in the best tradition of James Herriot, a gifted storyteller.Understated, utterly lacking inpretension, Keepers is informative,heartbreaking and indescribablyfunny—Thiel’s account of his first“flight” in a Piper Cub borders oncomic genius.

Thiel evinces as well an unusualability to balance resolute objectivitywith unfailing generosity of spirit. Heis equally unwilling to romanticizethe wolf or to vilify humans. Eventhose whom Thiel might be expectedto deplore on the basis of attitude orbehavior are treated with respect,

humanity and humor, from grum-bling hunters hunkered around thebar at the local tavern to theblowhard politician ever seeking tofurther his self-interest. Thiel givesfull credit, too, for willingness, whereit exists, to revise long-held mis-conceptions and beliefs.

In his dedication, Thiel thanks hiswife, Deborah, “who has allowed meto live my dream and who has sharedwith me the trials and triumphs ofthis life’s journey. . . .” We, in turn,owe Thiel for sharing his journey andits riches with us. The recovery of the Wisconsin wolf population is aworthy legacy. ■

Jakki Harbolick is a language arts andwriting teacher. She lives in Leesburg,Virginia, with her husband, Pete, andtheir two children.


some eastern countries havealso expanded westwardinto Germany, while someItalian wolves have migratednorthward into France.

Wolves in Europe preyon animals ranging fromlarge ungulates to domesticlivestock to rodents. Someeven subsist on garbage,


Wolves, brown bears,wolverines, and two

species of lynx once roamedEurope’s broad mosaic of forests, plains and mountains. Humans, everincreasing, came to domi-nate Europe’s landscapes,depleting these large carni-vores and forcing them tosurvive in small pockets andon the fringes of the humanlandscape.

Wolves were extermi-nated from most of westernEurope during the past

two centuries. Yet, small buthealthy populations havesurvived in Portugal, Spain,Italy, Scandinavia and Greece.Larger populations havesurvived in Romania, theBalkans, Poland and neigh-boring countries to the east.In some cases remnantgroups are isolated and stilldecreasing.

In a few areas, such as the Alps and Scandinavia,wolves are returning towhere they were earlierexterminated. Wolves from

having adapted to livingamazingly close to humans.Wolf predation on livestockhas been the historic reasonfor the elimination orcontrol of the predators.

Wolves are now protectedin most European countries,although enforcement insome countries is very weak.

W O LV E S I N E U R O P E

The Action Plan for WolfConservation in Europeb y J a y H u t c h i n s o n

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In others, especially ineastern Europe, wolves areconsidered a game species.Whether wolves are pro-tected or hunted, poachingis widespread.

During the 1990s, publicinterest in saving wolvesspurred a unified effortamong Europeans. In 1995,experts from 17 countries(all countries west of theformer Soviet Union exceptTurkey) and the World WideFund for Nature launchedplans to save Europe’s largecarnivores. Action plans for each species were drawnup. For the Wolf ActionPlan, questionnaires weresent to at least one wolfexpert in each country, and

the resulting draft wascommented on and revisedby the experts.

The Wolf Action Plan wasmeant to guide each countryin implementing a nationalplan in conformity with its own laws. Because wolvescan disperse widely andmany European countriesare relatively small, the planalso stressed coordinatedcontinental efforts: eachnational plan had to considerstrategies being adopted by neighboring countries.After extensive collabora-tion, the plan received wide c o n s e n s u s a n d w a s recommended by the BernConvention. Each country is supposed to draft its own

national action plan and adopt legislation toaccommodate the provi-sions.

The overall objective ofthe plan is to “maintain andrestore, in coexistence withpeople, viable populationsof wolves as an integral part of ecosystems andlandscapes across Europe.”Specific goals are:1. Allow the wolf to recover

and live throughoutEurope wherever it isbiologically and econom-ically feasible;

2. Ensure wolf-human coex i s t ence and asustainable compromiseby limiting the conflicts;and

3. Achieve a Pan-Europeanperspective in managingwolf recovery and helpensure wolf conservationand management on acontinental scale.Factors to be considered

are habitat restoration,travel corridors, ensuringfood supplies (such aspossibly reintroducingnatural wild prey), humanattitudes, problem wolvesand damage to livestock,compensation to farmersand shepherds, and wolf-dog hybrids.

The plan discusses waysthe wolf can be madeeconomically profitable to

communities, includingguided tours, howlingsessions, selling plastercasts of tracks, wolf logosand labels on tourist goods,and interpretive centerswith captive animals. Theplan also stresses thateducation, media contactsand public involvement arenecessary to win acceptanceby the local community.

Lastly, the plan acknowl-edges the need for appliedresearch, especially onEuropean wolf genetics,dispersal, mortality and theinteresting tolerance ofwolves to human distur-bance to an extent unknownin North America.

For more information, see

Action Plan for theConservation of Wolves(Canis lupus) in Europe,April 2000, compiled by Luigi Boitani, at www.large-carnivores-lcie.org.

Jay Hutchinson is a writerand editor, retired from theU.S. Forest Service’s NorthCentral Forest ExperimentStation, in St. Paul,Minnesota. Between travels,he enjoys writing aboutvarious natural historysubjects, including wolves.

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Wolves, brown bears, and twospecies of lynx once roamedEurope’s broad mosaic offorests, plains and mountains.These large carnivores nowsurvive in small pockets and on the fringes of the humanlandscape.

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Wolf predation on livestock has been thehistoric reason for the elimination or controlof wolves in Europe.



W O LV E S I N G E R M A N Y

Outlookfor German Wolves Positivein Spite ofLivestockLossesb y N e i l H u t t

The attitude towardwolves is extremely positive, but we all knowhow fast this can changeto the extreme opposite.— Oliver Matla, president,German Wolf Association,International Wolf, Winter 2001

The excitement over thereturn of the wolf to

Germany and the birth ofthe first pups (spring 2001)in more than 150 years has been tempered byrecent livestock losses. Inlate April 2002, a new packbelieved to consist of three2-year-old wolves, killed 27sheep in the Lausitz regionof Saxony.

Following the attacks,shepherds lost no time inemploying a number ofdeterrents, including flarepistols, electrified fencingand 24-hour vigils by teamsof volunteers. Oliver Matla,president of the GermanWolf Association, reportedthat although a couple ofshepherds demanded thewolves be killed, no organi-zations or individuals have

called for a wolf hunt. Thestate of Saxony compen-sated the owner of the sheepat 100 percent of the marketprice. The law calls for 80 percent compensation inthe future, but some shep-herds want wolf organiza-tions to pay the remaining20 percent.

The attacks surprisedSaxony’s Agriculture andEnvironment Ministry. Thearea has abundant prey,including wild boar anddeer. Matla, cautious fromthe beginning about naivepresumptions regardingwolves and domestic animalsin proximity, expressed regretat the depredations. “Wehoped it wouldn’t happenthat early,” he said, “but youknow how wolves are.”

Nevertheless, Matlaexpressed admiration for theshepherd, whom he charac-terized as “very considerate”despite the loss of his sheep.This shepherd related aclose encounter with thewolves after the volunteersstopped guarding his flock.The wolves returned to thepasture, where, Matla said,the shepherd noticed the

pack in the distance. Hehammered on the enginehood of his tractor, but thatseemed to attract the wolvesrather than scaring them off.The shepherd said thewolves approached andcame very close to him. Hetossed a lighter at one of thewolves, but this had noeffect. He then climbed backonto his tractor, and thewolves moved away.

Christoph Promberger,director of the CarpathianLarge Carnivore Project,observed that in Romania,shepherds have noticed thatwolves living near to live-stock are less fearful ofhumans. Yet in spite of theattacks on sheep and theencounter reported by the

In April 2002, a wolf pack killed 27 sheep in Saxony, Germany, but inspite of these attacks, the outlook remains positive for wolves repopulatingeastern Germany. No other losses have been reported as of August 2002.

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Whenever I talk toforesters or hunters, theyinvariably offer to pay me to bring in a deadwolf; I offer to buy them a drink for each wolf they do not kill.— Alan Wittbecker, Ph.D., ecologist, Balkani Wildlife Society

In Bulgaria public atti-tudes toward wolves are

often negative, especially inrural areas, where manypeople believe wolves preyon humans. Moreover,wolves are frequentlyblamed for livestock deaths,many of which are actuallycaused by disease andattacks by feral dogs.Hunters, too, have miscon-ceptions about wolves,insisting they reduce gamepopulations and kill all thevaluable trophy animals.

Because of limited large-scale monitoring, the numberof wolves in Bulgaria is notknown. However, based on

harvest data, questionnaires,surveys for sign (tracks,scat, fur and snow urina-tions) and incidental sight-ings, the Action Plan for the Conservation of Wolves(Canis lupus) in Europe(April 2000) estimates thatperhaps 800 to 1,000 wolvessurvive in Bulgaria’s frag-mented habitats. The popu-lation trend is stable,according to the plan.

This is encouragingnews. In 1980, an estimated100 wolves existed only in

the most remote and inac-cessible regions of Bulgaria.As in other parts of theworld, including manyareas of North America,wolves have been thevictims of habitat reduction,encroaching human settle-ment and relentless exter-mina t ion . Gradua l l y,however, wolves haveincreased, and surveys todetermine accurate popula-tion numbers are now beingconducted by nongovern-menta l organiza t ions(NGOs) such as the BalkaniWildlife Society. The cost ofradio-collaring and aerialtracking is often prohibi-

shepherd, the outlookremains positive for wolvesrepopulating much ofeastern Germany. No otherlosses have been reported asof August 2002, and moni-toring of the wolves in theoriginal pack indicates thatthey have continued to huntonly moufflon (wild sheep),wild boar and deer.

Matla hopes humans andwolves can coexist in aregion where wolves reap-peared after being extinctsince the 19th century. Withthat objective in mind, theSociety for the Protection ofWolves initiated an informa-tion weekend for huntersand shepherds following the attacks. Attended bymembers of the GermanWolf Association, the sessionincluded lectures by wolfbiologists Gesa Kluth, Erik Zimen and ChristophPromberger. Meanwhile, inSaxony, where wolves arelegally protected, nonlethalmeasures are being taken tohelp the region’s shepherdsdeal with the threat.

The author thanks Oliver Matla forproviding regular updates on thewolves in Germany.

W O LV E S I N B U L G A R I A

Wolves Make Steady Gains in Bulgariab y N e i l H u t t

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tive; however, some moneyhas been obtained from theMinistry of Environmentand Water and from severalNGOs and private donors.

In addition to publiceducation and outreachinitiatives, conservationistsare pushing hard for legalprotective measures. Forexample, last year theBalkani Wildlife Society andthe Semperviva Societychallenged specific articlesin a federal hunting andgame management regula-tion. In May 2002, the High Administrative Courtof Bulgaria decided thatcontrary to the governmentregulation, traps cannot beused for hunting predators.The judgment also statesthat traps and poison should

W O LV E S I N T H EU N I T E D S TAT E S

AdaptiveManagement:A SuccessStory for RedWolves?b y S h a u n a B a r o n

Interbreeding (hybridiza-tion) between red wolves

and coyotes has long been athreat to the survival of thehighly endangered red wolf.In 1999, U.S. Fish andWildlife Service biologistspartnered with other scien-tists to conduct researchand design an AdaptiveManagement Plan to betterunderstand the inter-breeding phenomenon.Estimates showed that ifinterbreeding could not becontrolled, the red wolfwould be unrecognizable asa distinct species within asfew as three to six genera-tions (12 to 14 years).

Today the Red WolfRecovery Program field teamis demonstrating that inter-breeding can be managedsuccessfully in eastern NorthCarolina. By early 2001, thefield team had created acoyote-free and hybrid-free

not be used for hunting game. Additionally, thecourt issued a decision thatwolves killed by huntersmust be recorded, a reversalof the regulation articlestating that no recording isrequired.

Research is needed tounderstand both the statusof wolves in Bulgaria andthe extent of the threats totheir long-term survival.The Balkani Wildlife Societyis exchanging data withother carnivore projects,and the Carpathian LargeCarnivore Project, underthe direction of ChristophPromberger, assisted withradio-collaring Bulgarianwolves in May 2002.Information and outreachefforts and management

of predators need to beincreased. To this end,education sessions havebegun in selected schools,and the Balkani Wi ld l i f eSociety has launched aprogram to provide shep-herds in southern andwestern Bulgaria withKarakachan guard dogs.

Researchers are deter-mined and hopefu l .“Whenever I ask children ifthey want to live nearwolves, they say, yes,” AlanWittbecker reports. “I agree.I would not want to live in a wolf-less Bulgaria muchless a wolf-less world.”

For more information, see:

Action Plan for theConservation of Wolves (Canislupus) in Europe, April 2000,compiled by Luigi Boitani, atwww.large-carnivores-lcie.org;

The Large Carnivore Initiativefor Europe (LCIE), News and Events, May 8, 2002,www.large-carnivoreslcie.org/news70.htm;

and report by Alan Wittbecker,Balkani Wildlife Society, April 11, 2002, http://forums.delphiforums.com/Wolfseeker/.

Neil Hutt is an educator andInternational Wolf Centerboard member who lives inPurcellville, Virginia.

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zone known as Zone 1 of thered wolf experimental popu-lation area (see map).Immediately to the west inZone 2, any known hybridshave been sterilized so theycannot produce offspring.These sterile animals holdterritorial space until wolvescan take their place.Additionally, the number ofhybrids in Zone 3, the mostwestern zone, has beenreduced.

In 2001 three hybridlitters were found in themanagement area, all on thewestern edge of Zone 3,where interface with coyoteswas expected. However, atthe beginning of the denningseason in spring 2002 onlyone hybrid litter, also at theedge of Zone 3, was found.The boundaries of Zones 1and 2 are, therefore, beingextended to reflect theexpansion of the coyote- andhybrid-free zone.

To establish a healthyand viable population, thered wolves must defendtheir territories against non-wolf canids. Recent obser-vations suggest that redwolves are beginning todisplace coyotes and hybrids,though confirmation of this requires further investi-gation.

The red wolf field teamhas extraordinary plans for2003. One effort will focuson removing sterile hybridsfrom Zone 2. This measurewill allow red wolves toacquire territories in thatzone through natura ldispersal. In addition, twored wolves from a programwhere wolves were raisednaturally on an island willbe released into the wild.Finally, plans call for theinsertion of captive-bornpups into wild litters, amethod also known asfostering. These threemethods will augment thewild population andincrease genetic diversity,thus enhancing the long-term survival of red wolves.

The fostering of captive-born pups into wild-bornlitters was first attempted in May 2002. The NorthCarolina Zoo donated twopups, a male and a female,from a litter of six born at the zoo. Microchips wereimplanted in the pups foridentification, and theanimals were transported tothe Alligator River NationalWildlife Refuge. The pupswere placed into a dencontaining two wild-bornpups. All four pups were the same age. The 6-year-

old mother, Wolf 978F, had raised six pups theprevious years, and U.S.Fish and Wildlife biologistswere optimistic that shecould manage a litter offour. Frequent monitoringof the den site using radiotelemetry showed that 978Fhad accepted the new pupsas her own. The biologistsreported that all was goingwell as of September 2002,exciting news indeed.

If it continues to besuccessful, the fosteringmethod may help the RedWolf Recovery Programcontinue to build theworld’s only wild red wolfpopulation. Research ingenetics and exciting newtechniques such as fostering

Photo far left: (Left to right) ChrisLucash, John Weller and BarronCrawford weighing a red wolf pup

Middle and right photos: In May2002 two captive-born red wolfpups were placed into a dencontaining two wild-born pups.Frequent monitoring of the den siteshowed that the mother wolf hadaccepted the new pups as her own.

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nurture hope for achievingmilestones in red wolfrecovery and for increasingthe chances that this rareand beautiful predator willsurvive in the wild. ■

Shauna Baron is theEducation and OutreachCoordinator for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service inManteo, North Carolina.

The North Carolina red wolf experimental population area. Zone 1 of thearea is coyote- and hybrid-free. In Zone 2 any known hybrids have beensterilized so they cannot produce offspring, and in Zone 3 the number ofhybrids has been reduced.

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our inner wolf and to learn moreabout this endangered animal. And tohave a little howl.

Aubrey White, executive directorof the Red Wolf Coalition, is ourguide for the evening, along with theU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’sShauna Baron. The two groupssponsor the frequent red wolfhowling safaris. “It is a really goodopportunity for people to make anemotional connection to the wolvesand realize they are in our backyard,”says Baron, the service’s red wolfoutreach coordinator. “Not manypeople know they are here, and thatonly 250 exist in the world.”

At 8 p.m., we meet at the entranceto the Creef Cut Wildlife Trail, justpast highway signs reading “PleaseDon’t Stop to Feed the Bears.” As thisis very much a user-friendly wilder-ness experience, our group of 20 is

A version of this article originally appeared in theWashington Post, Wednesday, August 7, 2002.

At just past 8:30 in the evening,I find myself surrounded bythe inky dark of the Carolina

night, the only sounds the hum ofcrickets and croaking of bullfrogsand the scuffling of feet on a gravelroad. Light from a half-moon reflectsoff black waters bordering the road.Members of the small group I havetraveled here with huddle closetogether, not too eager to stray closeto those waters or the neighboringpiney woods. Many vacationers inNorth Carolina’s Outer Banks arelikely mini-golfing, walking along thebeach or enjoying some nice seafoodor a summer action flick. But we’re inan altogether different place, outsidethe boundaries of the traditionalbeach experiences. High-pitchedyelps interrupt the quiet.

We’re just 20 minutes west ofNags Head—but a world removedfrom the Outer Banks’ beaches,rolling dunes, strip developments,Wright Brothers and Lost Colonylandmarks. This is the flat, swampyheart of the Alligator River NationalWildlife Refuge, surrounded by fieldsand scrubby woods. The 152,000-acre refuge is home to 200 species ofbirds, overly friendly black bears, thecountry’s northernmost alligators andthe source of those yelps, the redwolf. Somewhere in the surroundingforest is one of the East Coast’s fewpopulations of wild wolves. We havegathered here for a low-key foray intothe wilderness, to get in touch with

Calls in the Night Howling with Red Wolves

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diverse, ranging from young childrento seniors. Baron passes around a redwolf pelt, generating excited oohsand aahs, and points out the longears and reddish heads characteristicof red wolves.

While we swat away mosquitoesand yellow flies in the gathering dusk,White provides some facts about thered wolf, the first carnivore declaredextinct in the wild ever to be reintro-duced to its native range. They onceroamed throughout the southeasternUnited States. But by the early 1970sthe animals—like their larger cousin,the gray wolf—had been made nearlyextinct by centuries of trapping andhunting and deforestation. At thattime, the few remaining wild wolveswere captured and sent to zoos toprevent the species from beingentirely wiped out. From this smallband, four red wolves were reintro-duced into the wild in 1987. TheAlligator River refuge was chosen forits isolation and lack of development.(A similar effort in the Great SmokyMountains failed.)

Since 1987, the red wolf popula-tion in the refuge has grown toroughly 100 wolves, almost halfwayto a goal of 220. At that, they arespread thin, with packs of six to eightwolves stretched across this broad

patch of eastern North Carolina.Even so, the future looks promising.Although at one time wolf bountieswere paid in the state, locals havemostly come to accept the animals,and programs are now in place toprevent interbreeding with coyotes,the biggest threat to their future as aspecies.

With all this in mind, and eager toescape the bugs and stretch our vocalcords (which several of us have beenwarming up, sounding like wanna-beTarzans), we climb into cars tocaravan six miles over dusty, wash-board roads into the refuge.

We park and step out into thepaludal, black night. A few of thechildren move forward, led by White.Soon, they let out high-pitched yells,which elicit no response from a packof seven wolves located roughly ahalf-mile away, but will likely keep

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Since 1987, the red wolf population in the Alligator National Wildlife Refuge has grownto roughly 100 wolves, almost halfway to a goal of 220.

For more information about wolfhowling safaris and red wolves,contact:

The Red Wolf Coalition, P.O. Box 2318 Kill Devil Hills, NC 27948phone/fax: 252-441-3946; e-mail:[email protected]

Web site: www.redwolves.com

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’sRed Wolf Recovery Program, Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, P.O. Box 1969, Manteo, NC 27954

Web site: http://alligatorriver.fws.gov/redwolf.html

continued on next page



The BBC Natural History Unit is looking for footage for a

documentary about gray wolves.

Specifically we would like to see unusual or exciting behavior of the following:

Wolves, elk, moose, bears (any animals with wolf interaction)

If you have relevant video footage that you think maymake an exciting contribution to our documentary,

please contact Kathryn Jeffs, tel: +44 (0) 117 9742472fax: +44 (0) 117 9747687

e-mail: [email protected], or send your vhs tapes to Kathryn Jeffs, Wild Battlefields, Room 31 11-13 TPR,

BBC Broadcasting House, Whiteladies Road, Bristol, BS8 2LR, UK.

We will endeavor to return any tapes sent provided you pass on your full address details. Those whose footage is selected for inclusion

in the final program will receive payment.

like distant city sirens than thedoleful howls of the gray wolf. Whenthe calls fade, White encourages us asa group to respond. We let out acollective noise that sounds more likethe shrieks of large mammals beingslowly devoured by bugs thananything wolflike. The only response

we get is the heckling of bullfrogs.Perhaps we’ve made it all too clearwe’re just humans crying wolf. AsBaron explained earlier in theevening, the already-shy animalshave learned from hard experience tobe deathly afraid of humans.

White then takes the lead again,sending out another deep, piercingcall. The red wolves respond in kind,their calls barely rising above thecrickets and frogs. We all pause beforeheading back. It’s a nice note to leaveon, one that reminds us of whatbrought us here and away from thenearby beach playgrounds in the firstplace—the call of the wild and a soundlike no other on the East Coast. ■

Hugh Biggar is a Washington D.C.–based writer. He has published articlesin the Washington Post, the ClevelandPlain Dealer, Defenders magazine andthe Environment News Service.

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any friendly bears away. White thentakes over and lets out an ululatingcall that might send a chill down thespine of the unknowing—or even theknowing.

It certainly captures the attentionof the red wolves. Immediately, yelpscome floating back, sounding more

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WO LV E S I N S PA I N arefeatured in a new book in

Spanish by Juan Carlos Blanco andYolanda Cortes titled Ecología,Censos, Percepción Y Evolución Del Lobo En España, publishedby Sociedad Española para laConservación y Estudio de losMamíferos in Malaga, Spain.

WO L F A N D C O U G A R

CONTROL on VancouverIsland, British Columbia, is beingconsidered by the B.C. Ministry ofWater, Land, and Air Protection,according to the Vancouver Sun(August 14, 2002). The proposal is to reduce the estimated 400 cougarsand 150 wolves by a third to helpincrease the deer herd. Wolf advocates disagree that this effortwould be effective.

AWOLF HUNTING BAN?

That is the question aroundBanff National Park in Alberta. Asaround most national parks withwolves, some wolves live both insideand outside the park. The CanadianBroadcasting Corporation hasreported that Parks Canada officialshave asked the Alberta governmentto reevaluate wolf hunting aroundthe park, but that Alberta plans nochange for now.

WO L F S I G H T I N G S inYellowstone National Park

have been made during 580 consecu-tive days as of September 11, 2002,according to park naturalist RickMcIntyre. McIntyre himself has spent822 consecutive days attempting toobserve wolves in the park and has actually observed them on 388consecutive days.

ANEW WOLF PACK, called theHalfway pack, has been found

near Avon, Montana. The pack ofeight had killed a domestic calf in the area and was reported by a localsportsman to the U.S. Fish andWildlife Service, which thenconfirmed the report.

WOLF DUCKS UNDER

FLADRY. “Fladry,” or flag-ging, is being tested around a numberof ranches for its effectiveness inkeeping wolves out of pastures.However, at one such plot inMontana, a black wolf was seenducking under the fladry, showingthat it does not always work.

WOLF REINTRODUCTION

has been mentioned as apossible method of reducing elk inEstes Park, Colorado. According to aSeptember 2, 2002, article in theDenver Post, elk numbers have“exploded” in the Estes Park area,and wolf reintroduction could be oneway of controlling them.

WEST NILE VIRUS HITS

WOLF. This mosquito-bornevirus, new to North America, haskilled a dog and a wolf, according to a CBS news report from the

University of Illinois. What thevirus’s effect will be on wolf popula-tions is unknown.

WOLF DELISTING is beingurged by a group of Montana

state legislators. Calling wolves“killing machines” and “breedingmachines,” the group fears that theincreasing wolf population willreduce the state’s elk population.Montana harbors an estimated 120wolves and tens of thousands of elk.

WO L V E S I N U T A H ?

Based on sightings, howlingand depredated sheep, U.S. Fish andWildlife Service officials haveconcluded that at least one wolf hasrecently made it far into Utah. TheSalt Lake Tribune reported this newrecord in its September 14, 2002,edition.

WOLF INFORMATION andinformation about other canids

will soon be published online by theIUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Groupat http:/canids.org/canidnews/. Thejournal Canid News will be peer-reviewed and will be edited by ClaudioSillero and David MacDonald. ■

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and each phylum contains differentclasses, and so on down the line.

Here are all the groups that thegray wolf belongs to:KINGDOM: Animal (all animals)PHYLUM: Chordates (animals with

a spinal chord)CLASS: Mammals (animals that have

hair and feed milk to their young)ORDER: Carnivores (animals that eat

meat)FAMILY: Canids (doglike animals)GENUS: Canis (wolves, coyotes,

jackals and domestic dogs)SPECIES: lupus (gray wolf)

Usually scientists refer to ananimal by its genus and species. Thatway even if they speak differentlanguages, they still know they aretalking about the same species.Different languages may havedifferent common names for a

Every year Mrs. Chapman’sfourth-grade class looksforward to its visit to the local

zoo. There, a naturalist teaches themabout the different animals they see.Some of the students notice that thejackals and the foxes look a little bitlike wolves, but the coyotes look awhole lot like them.

The naturalist tells them, “That’sbecause all those animals are in thesame family, the Canids, while wolvesand coyotes are in the same genus.”“What is a genus?” asks one of thestudents. “Genus is one of the wordsscientists use in taxonomy,” the natu-ralist explains. “It helps us say howmuch alike different species are.”

Taxonomy is the study of orga-nizing living things into differentcategories. Describing and keepingtrack of species is easier if they areput into categories based on whatthey have in common. Taxonomy canbe compared to your mailing address.Parts of your address are moregeneral, like the state you live in.Another part is very specific, likeyour street and house number. Eachplant or animal species has its owntaxonomic “address.” The differentparts are kingdom, phylum, class,order, family, genus and species.Kingdoms are the largest category.Each kingdom can be divided intoseveral phyla (plural for phylum),

Let’s Play Categoriesb y T a m a t h y S t a g e , I n t e r n a t i o n a l W o l f C e n t e r I n t e r n

The wolf (left) and the coyote look a lot alike because they are in the same genus.

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species. For example, the word forwolf in French is loup. In Finnish, thewolf is called susi; in Spanish, lobo;in Swedish, varg. The taxonomicnames are in Latin and can be hard toremember, so common names areeasier to use in everyday conversation.

Once you learn how the differentcategories fit together, you can havefun learning what animals belongtogether, and what makes themdifferent. ■

ANIMALCANIDCANIS LUPUS

CARNIVORECHORDATECLASSFAMILY

GENUSKINGDOMMAMMALORDER

PHYLUMSPECIESTAXONOMY

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depending on how many elk leaveYellowstone National Park because of snow depth.

Wolf predation can accelerate preypopulation declines or slow increases,but herd size is most often deter-mined by a combination of otherfactors, primarily habitat conditions,weather, and human hunting of adultfemales. Wolf predation can affectungulate populations, and that issueremains a legitimate concern of theU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, statefish and game agencies and hunters.

Ongoing long-term cooperativeresearch by the National Park Service,U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Fish andWildlife Service, U.S. GeologicalSurvey, Nez Perce Tribe, Montana,Idaho, and Wyoming and variousuniversities will be able to clarify thepotential effect of wolf predation onelk and other ungulate species. At thistime the drastic impacts of wolf preda-

tion on GYA elk populations claimedby some are not supported by fielddata. The experimental populationrules for wolves in the GYA providespecific management options shouldwolf predation significantly reduceungulate populations. The U.S. Fishand Wildlife Service, in cooperationwith the states, will not hesitate torelocate wolves should the need toreduce wolf predation on native ungulate herds arise, but currently it appears premature to “cry wolf.” ■

More information can be obtained at http://northerngraywolf.fws.gov/.

Ed Bangs is the Northwestern Wolf Recovery Coordinator for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Wolf Predation and Elk in the Greater Yellowstone Areab y E d B a n g s

In response to rumors that elk herdsin the Greater Yellowstone Area(GYA) have been severely affected

by wolves, I asked to review the datacollected by Montana and Wyomingabout their ungulate herds. Studies inthe GYA show that 92 percent of wolfkills are elk, and worldwide researchhas demonstrated that predation canaffect prey populations.

No scientific information indicatesthat elk populations in Wyominghave been significantly reduced bywolves. With a total population of34,255, all six herds of wintering elkin the GYA were larger than the state’smanagement objective. Calf / cowratios have been lower (low 20s/100cows) recently than they were in theearly 1980s, but Wyoming still usesliberal hunting seasons to manage elk populations and has not madeany changes in hunting because ofwolves.

All Montana elk herds in the GYA,except one herd south of Bozeman,contain populations larger than stateobjectives. Northern range elk, the largest herd, have fluctuatedbetween 9,000 and 19,000 in the past20 years. The ratio of 14 calves/100cows counted in 2002 was the lowestin over 20 years, but the ongoingregionwide drought is thought to bethe major cause of the lower ratio,although wolves and other predatorsundoubtably contributed. Montanaalso uses winter cow hunts to reduceelk populations. Annual harvestsrange from hundreds to thousands W

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Documents

A PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL WOLF CENTER WINTER 2002 · THE QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL WOLF CENTER VOLUME 12, NO. 4 WINTER 2002 On The Cover 8 Wolves and Western