A Study of Effectiveness of Swachha Bharat Abhiyan … Faridabad Volume III, Special Issue I April 2017 Page 1 A Study of Effectiveness of Swachha Bharat Abhiyan in Delhi

IMT Faridabad Volume III, Special Issue I April 2017 Page 1

A Study of Effectiveness of Swachha Bharat Abhiyan in Delhi

Prof. (Dr.) Tusshar Mahajan

Professor, Management Deptt., Institute of Management Studies, Ghaziabad

Mail-id: [email protected] Mob. +91-7042816601

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Abstract

Indian government decided to launch the Swachh Bharat Mission on October 2, 2014. Swachh Bharat Mission is a

massive mass movement which seeks to create a Clean India by 2019. The mission will cover all rural and urban areas.

The urban component of the mission will be implemented by the Ministry of Urban Development, and the rural

component by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. The mission is divided into 3 different parameters i.e.

Status of Drinking Water, Status of Sanitation and status of Hygiene.

Major share of population in India is shared by young people; statistics says approximately 66% of the total population.

Hence they can play an important role for the effectiveness of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA). The present study focused

on the effectiveness of SBA in Urban Areas with special focus on Delhi, being capital of India. The study focused on the

initiatives undertaken till now and the effectiveness of those initiatives. The study showed how youth can become the

change agent and reduce the functionality gap between the initiatives taken and the actual implementation.

Keywords: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA), Urban Areas, Young people, Change agent.

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INTRODUCTION

Since 1 April 1999, the Government of India reorganized the Comprehensive Rural Sanitation Programme and

launched the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC). Later on Total Sanitation Campaign, with effect from June 2003 the

government launched an incentive scheme in the form of an award for total sanitation coverage, maintenance of a

clean environment and open defecation-free panchayat villages, blocks and districts called Nirmal Gram

Puraskar.After 1 April 2012, the TSC was renamed to Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan. It evolved from the limited

achievements of the first structured programme for rural sanitation in India, the Central Rural Sanitation

Programme, which had minimal community participation. The main goal of Total Sanitation Campaign is to

eradicate the practice of open defecation by 2017. Community-led total sanitation is not focused on building

infrastructure, but on changing cultural norms to prevent open defecation. (Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan)

mailto:[email protected]


Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

The father of our nationMahatma Gandhi always gave emphasis on “Swachhta” as it leads to healthy and prosperous

life. Keeping this in mind, the Indian government decided to launch the Swachh Bharat Mission on October 2, 2014.

Swachh Bharat Mission is a massive mass movement which seeks to create a Clean India by 2019. The mission will

cover all rural and urban areas. The urban component of the mission will be implemented by the Ministry of Urban

Development, and the rural component by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. The mission is divided

into 3 different parameters i.e. Status of Drinking Water, Status of Sanitation and status of Hygiene. The campaign

was launched by considering the following objectivesi.e. Elimination of open defecation, Conversion of insanitary

toilets to pour flush toilets, Eradication of manual scavenging, 100% collection and scientific

processing/disposal/reuse/recycling of municipal solid waste, A behavioral change in people regarding healthy

sanitation practices, Generation of awareness among citizens about sanitation and its linkages with public health,

Supporting urban local bodies in designing, executing and operating waste disposal systems, Facilitating private-

sector participation in capital expenditure. (Swachh Bharat Mission, 2014)

Significance of Youth in Implementing SBA in Delhi

Major share of population in India is shared by young people; statistics says approximately 66% of the total

population. Hence they can play an important role for the effectiveness of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA). The

present study focused on the effectiveness of SBA in Urban Areas with special focus on Delhi, being capital of

India. The study focused on the initiatives undertaken till now and the effectiveness of those initiatives. The study

showed how youth can become the change agent and reduce the functionality gap between the initiatives taken and

the actual implementation.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The aim of Swachh Bharat Abhiyanprogramme is to bring improvement in the quality of life in the urban and rural

areas, by promoting cleanliness, hygiene and eliminating open defecation and accelerate sanitation coverage in rural

areas. An article on February, 2015 opined that the government has made an allocation of Rs 1700 crores for

effective implementation of the programme1.Another report by thePress Trust of India, 2015

2 revealed that the main

activities under the mission of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan are incentives for individual household latrines, construction

of community sanitary complexes, solid and liquid waste management projects, information education and

communication, capacity building, monitoring and evaluation.

1http://www.firstpost.com:http://www.firstpost.com/business/modi-govt-allocates-rs-1700-crores-swachh-

bharat-abhiyan-2077149.html 2http://ibnlive.in.com/news/open-defecationfree-country-became-national-slogan-in-2014/520778-3.html


‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’ was launched by The Honorable Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi launched in New

Delhi on October 2, 2014. The Prime Minister paid homage to two great sons of Mother India, Mahatma Gandhi and

former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri, on their birth anniversary. It was a landmark initiative to build

consciousness about cleanliness and create a sense of accountability and responsibility in every Indian about keeping

the country clean as stated in a Press Release by ICICI Bank in November 20143.

Dr. Shubhangi Rathispecifiedthe concept of Swachh Bharat is to provide sanitation facilities to every family,

including toilets, solid and liquid waste disposal systems, village cleanliness, and safe and adequate drinking water

supply and to achieve this by 2019 as a befitting tribute to the Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi, on his 150th

birth anniversary.

In a report published by Government of India4, it was published that the Hon’ble Prime Minister had nominated few

eminent personalities to take forward this campaign. The invited nine public figures were: Mridula Sinha, Sachin

Tendulkar, Baba Ramdev, Shashi Tharoor, Anil Ambani, Kamal Hasan, Salman Khan, Priyanka Chopra and Team

Tarak Mehta ka Oolta Chashma – to make a contribution towards Swachh Bharat, share the same on social media,

and invite nine other people to do the same, hence forming a chain, where he also urged people to share their

contributions on social media.

According to an article published by Priyanka Bhardwaj (2014)directives of the central government, all states and

departments joined the Prime Minister’s march and more than 3 million government employees and students of

schools and colleges were administered the Clean India pledge. Activities like walking, running and flying kites

were conducted to highlight the significance of the mission. Prime minister called out to the 1.25 billon citizens to

assume responsibility of the outcome of the movement, individually dedicate 10 hours every year and to discipline

themselves. The banks were also invited by our Prime Minister Narendra Modi to create one lakh "Swachhta

Entrepreneurs" within a year, to make the "Swachh Bharat" vision a sustainable reality.5

Effective Implementations towards SBA

A. Implementation by of Government of India

India is the first country to implement mandatory CSR for certain class of companies who are required to

shell out at least 2 per cent of their three year annual average net profit towards Corporate Social

3http://www.icicibank.com/aboutus/article.page?identifier=news--20141111115728149

4http://india.gov.in/spotlight/swachh-bharat-abhiyaan-ek-kadam-swachhata-ki-ore

5http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pm-modi-calls-for-creating-swachhta-entrepreneurs/521025-3.html


Responsibility (CSR) activities under the Companies Act, 2013.The amount will be used in the initiatives

of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. The article published in livemint in October 2014 pointed that widening the

activities coming under ambit of corporate social responsibility (CSR), contributions made by corporates

towards the Swachh Bharat and Clean Ganga schemes will now be considered as social welfare spending

work.6

Ministry of Human Resource Development, 20147 initiated a programme namely Swachh Bharat: Swachh

Vidyalaya also known as Clean India: Clean Schools. The key feature of the campaign is to ensure that

every school in India has a set of functioning and well maintained water, sanitation and hygiene facilities.

Water, sanitation and hygiene in schools refers to a combination of two aspects i.e. technical which

includes drinking water, hand washing, toilet and soap facilities in the school compound for use by children

and teachers and human development components are the activities that promote conditions within the

school and the practices of children that help to prevent water, hygiene and sanitation related diseases.

In an effort by Ministry of Women and Child Development, 20148on 14th November 2014, Smt. Menka

Gandhi launched the National Bal Swachhta Mission in New Delhi on 125th birth anniversary of first

Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru. The mission is a part of the nationwide sanitation initiative of

‘Swachh Bharat Mission’ launched by the Prime Minister on 2nd October, 2014.

The nationwide Bal Swachhta Mission consisted of six themes:-

Clean Anganwadis

Clean Surroundings e.g. Playgrounds

Clean Self (Personal Hygiene/Child Health)

Clean Food

Clean Drinking Water

Clean Toilets

Under this mission, Bal Swachhta Week was observed from 14th to 19th November, 2014, the Women and

Child Development Departments of various states will implement the Bal Swachhta Mission with the help

of Departments of School Education, Urban Development, Drinking Water and Sanitation, and Information

and Publicity.

6http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Py6EO6gzxfVggvuUGjZTvO/Money-spent-on-Swachh-Bharat-Clean-Ganga-

schemes-brought-un.html 7http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/Eng_Swachch-Bharat-Swachch-Vidhalaya.pdf

8http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=111387


B. Implementation by Corporates

The Hindu9 published in an article cited that the staff of Spencer's retail outlets launched a clean-up drive in

Abhiramapuram and Mandaveli as part of the 'Clean India' campaign.Prasad, business manager of the

Spencer's, stated the campaign is part of their obligation to the society.He said Spencer's has 21 outlets in

Chennai. He hopes to carry forward the campaign in areas covered by all these outlets.’

After the launch of the cleanliness drive, in Varanasi nine new members were invited by Prime Minister

Narendra Modi ji, the 5000 dabbawalas of Mumbai, who have become world-famous for their efficiency

and co-ordination, were one of them as reported by the correspondent of The Hindu.10

In an article mentioned in IBN live11

, major beverage company Coca-Cola will target 1,000 schools and 3,

50,000 students in the next two years by the name 'Support My School' to help the government in its

"Swachh Bharat, Swachh Vidyalaya" initiative, as a part of Coca-Cola India, NDTV and UN-Habitat's

multi partner programme for 'Happy, Healthy and Active schools.

As stated in an online article published by Zeenews12

, India, it was briefed that joining Prime Minister

Narendra Modi's call, TCS, Vedanta, Bharti Enterprises and Laresn & Toubro will construct toilets across

the country to strengthen government's "Swachh Bharat" campaign”.

A M Naik, Group Executive Chairman, L&T, announced a major CSR initiative that would add

traction to the ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’ programme.Observing that the objectives of L&T’s ongoing

CSR programme were aligned to the mission”.

Sunil Mittal-led Bharti Enterprises' development arm Bharti Foundation had also announced

investment of up to Rs 100 crore in constructing toilets in Ludhiana over the next three years.

Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) had pledged Rs 100 crore towards financing hygienic sanitation

facilities for girl students across 10,000 schools.

Vedanta Group announced to build 10,000 more toilets in addition to 30,000 which they are already

building in collaboration of Rajasthan government.

9http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/spencers-launches-clean-

up%20drive/article6640261.ece?topicpage=true&topicId=1813 10

http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dabbawalas-join-swachh-bharat-drive/article6725090.ece?topicpage=true&topicId=1813

11http://ibnlive.in.com/news/coca-cola-to-cover-1000-schools-under-cleanliness-drive/512579-3.html

12http://zeenews.india.com/business/news/companies/swachh-bharat-abhiyan-tcs-bharti-vedanta-landt-to-build-

toilets-on-pm-modi-s-call_109377.html


Industry body CII will also work with companies to help mobilise construction of 10,000 toilets in

schools across the country by FY 2015-16.

C. Implementation by Educational Institution

Correspondent of HT Campus 13

reported that the members of Rotaract Club of MCKV Institute of

Engineering took an initiative of Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan There were 40 Rotaractors, College faculty

members, Administrative Staffs, Dean, Students affairs involved in this project that took place in the

Howrah railway station subway. The groups to clean the surrounding areas and also create awareness

among the people to support this initiative of social and personal hygiene and help make our country a

better place to live in.

One of the private universities of India, Galgotias University conducted its flagship event – Nirmaan, a

youth parliament on 15th

November, 2014 which aimed atpromoting participation of youth into politics and

also the event highlighted the 'Bal Swachhta Mission' which was observed between 14th and 19th,

November 2014.14

Prasad Joshi from Indian express15

revealed that the Marathi department of the Savitribai Phule Pune

University participated in the Abhiyaan. The department including student and teachers participated in the

Abhiyan by removing the scrap from a room that was immediately converted into a reading room for

students and their efforts went on for almost a week.

Nidhi Bahl from HT Campus16

reported that DIAS an institute affiliated with GGSIPU, organized a

Cleanliness and Sanitation Drive with the help of its social responsibility cell ‘Kartavaya’ along with Eco-

Club organized a Cleanliness and Sanitation Drive in compliance with Swachh Bharat Abhiyan on 2nd

October,2014.

The ‘Social Management Philosophy’ of Suryadatta Group of Institutes, Pune, organized a rally on ‘Clean

India Healthy India’ theme. It was an initiative towards creating an awareness which coincided with the

‘Clean India Project’ inaugurated by PM Shri Narendra Modi on the same day. The rally was flagged off by

13

http://www.htcampus.com/article/swachh-bharat-abhiyaan-initiative-mckv-institute-engineering/ 14

http://www.htcampus.com/article/galgotias-university-conduct-its-flagship-event-nirmaan-youth-parliament-2014/

15http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/swacch-bharat-abhiyaan-carves-out-space-in-marathi-department-of-university/

16http://www.htcampus.com/article/cleanliness-and-sanitation-drive-delhi-institute-advanced-studies-dias/

http://www.htcampus.com/college/mckvinstitute-engineering/

http://www.htcampus.com/college/mckvinstitute-engineering/

http://www.htcampus.com/college-search/galgotia-university/


two freedom fighters namely Shri Shivaji Sambhaji Jindum and Shri Ranganath Balaji Sonawne along with

other dignitaries from Ahmadnagar from Delhi Gate. The rally went through Chitale road, Kapad bazaar,

Surjepura and reached back to Delhi gate. The rally had a gathering of 300 people. 250 Highly Energetic

students of Suryadatta Group of Institutes, Pune, were joined by 50 local citizens as cited in article

published by India education diary.17

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The present study focuses on the effectiveness of SBA in Urban Area with special reference to Delhi, being capital

of India. The study aims on how youth can become the change agent and help in reducing the functionality gap

between the initiatives taken and the actual implementation.

This study attempted to describe the characteristics of college going students specifically with regard to

effectiveness of SBA. Hence this study is based on Descriptive Research Design with retrospective perspective.

Source of primary data collection for the present study is self-designed questionnaire. The area of study was Delhi

and sample size selected for the study was 100 college-going students from Delhi to know how youth can play the

role of change agent for effectiveness of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. Questionnaire designing was based on the

objectives for which closed ended questions with multiple choice questions based on 5 point Likert scale were used.

The questionnaire consists of two parts, section A is demographic profile and section B, SBA related questions.

Data analysis was based on Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 21. SPSS software is used to

check the reliability of questionnaire by calculating Cronbach's Alpha value. KMO and Bartlett’s test of sphericity is

used to measure of sampling adequacy. Also, the Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity relates to the significance of the study

and thereby shows the validity and suitability of the responses collected. Since there is homogeneity in population,

so parametric tests can be applied hence for the present study; Weighted Mean method and Independent-sample t-

test were applied.

Objectives of the study:

1. To study effectiveness of Government initiatives towards SBA in Delhi.

2. To determine attitude of youth towards SBA in Delhi.

3. To suggest measures for Effective Implementation of SBA through youth as change agent.

Hypotheses of the study:

Ho1: There is no significance difference between attitude of under graduate and post graduate levelyouth towards

SBA.

Ho2: There is no significance difference between attitude of under-graduate male and female youth towards SBA.

17

http://indiaeducationdiary.in/Shownews.asp?newsid=31735


Ho3: There is no significance difference between attitude of post-graduate male and female youth towards SBA.

FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

Independent samples t-test has been applied to prove the following hypotheses:-

Ho1: There is no significance difference between attitude of under graduate and post graduate level youth

towards SBA.

Result: After analysis, p-value of t-Test is found to be 0.564. Since p-value > 0.05 hence Ho1 is accepted.

Hence no significance difference was found between attitude of under graduate and post graduate level

youth towards SBA.

Ho2: There is no significance difference between attitude of under-graduate male and female youth towards

SBA.

Result: After analysis, p-value of t-Test is found to be 0.319. Since p-value > 0.05 hence Ho2 is accepted. It

indicates that no significance difference was found between attitude of under-graduate male and female

youth towards SBA.

Ho3: There is no significance difference between attitude of post-graduate male and female youth towards

SBA.

Result: After analysis, p-value of t-Test is found to be 0.814. Since p-value > 0.05 hence Ho3is accepted. It

indicates that no significance difference was found between attitude of post-graduate male and female

youth towards SBA.

WEIGHTED MEAN ANALYSIS

1 SBA is a good initiative of GOI Weighted Mean 4 Agree

2 People in your area/locality have awareness towards SBA Weighted Mean 4 Agree

3 Government policy is appropriate for SBA Weighted Mean 4 Agree

4 GOI is following policy implementation Weighted Mean 4 Agree

5 Actual performance is as per pre-determined goal for projecting

better image of India Weighted Mean

3 Neutral

6 Mission can be completed by 2019 Weighted Mean 3 Neutral


7 Government and private organizations are adopting and following

SBA Weighted Mean

3 Neutral

8 Educational institutes can play more important role for SBA Weighted Mean 4 Agree

9 Youth are most effective agents towards SBA Weighted Mean 4 Agree

10 Youth are participating and showing positive attitude towards SBA Weighted Mean 4 Agree

11 Sanitation facility is proper in your locality Weighted Mean 3 Neutral

12 NGO’s and students together can work in this field Weighted Mean 4 Agree

13 Written instructions should be there in every locality for disposition

of waste matter Weighted Mean

4 Agree

14 Major illnesses are caused due to non-availability of sanitation

facilities Weighted Mean

4 Agree

15 Active participation in “Swachh Bharat Abhiyan” is a matter of

pride Weighted Mean

4 Agree

16 Loss of Unity and Commitment is a reason for uncleanliness Weighted Mean 4 Agree

17 Concepts like local circles in different regions of Delhi should be

propagated among youth Weighted Mean

4 Agree

18 Willingly youth should come forward for this Social Cause leading

to betterment of our country Weighted Mean

4 Agree

19 RWA(Resident welfare association) of society Should work in this

aspect Weighted Mean

4 Agree

20 Bringing 9 more youth along with you for this social cause will lead

to a chain movement Weighted Mean

4 Agree

21 Promotion of strategy like “If not helping in cleaning, then at least

don’t litter” will be helpful for SBA Weighted Mean

4 Agree

22 Youth should make a group and offer voluntary service to any one

particular area for helping in SBA Weighted Mean

4 Agree

23 SBA is a movement of the Indians, by Indians and for the Indians

i.e. for better India Weighted Mean

4 Agree

Hence, majority of respondents agree with the statement


CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

1. A Behavioral Change is needed among citizens, youth and also civic authorities/municipalities for SBA. As

observed the two critical elements needed for success of SBA are:

a) Effective engagement of Local Civic Bodies/Municipalities.

b) Civic Sense inculcation in Citizens specially among youth as being generation next

2. Local Circles should be created by youth of particular locality which will enable people of that locality to

connect with functionary bodies like government, NGO’s etc. which will help in identifying Causes, Interests

and Needs and will seek information/assistance when needed thus enabling to come together for various

initiatives and improvements.

3. This circle connects all citizens who want to give inputs to the new Delhi Government and play a role in

Making Delhi Better. Youth can serve as volunteers as needed by the Government to help with a particular issue

or solution.

4. Initiatives by youth with help of various functionary bodies can assist in improving governance and thus in turn

will help in SBA.

5. India being a religious and pious country following various religious customs across the country, different

occasions are celebrated with large gatherings generally at public places with offering of various food items. .At

such places appropriate steps should be taken for waste management by organizers/youth volunteers/local

circles to contribute towards SBA.

6. As a Swachh Bharat mission every youth must act as a representative/Ambassador of their locality towards

cleanliness

7. Youth should act as representative of government for maintaining hygiene and cleanliness of public places.Like

public offices, banks, post offices, petrol pumps, bus stops, railway stations, Metro stations, hospitals, schools,

health centres etc.

8. Keeping in view the above mentioned facts youth should help in creating awareness and spreadinstructions

issued by all municipal commissioners, civic bodies etc. to ensure effectiveness of SBA.

9. Spitting and writing at public places are very common problem and is a big menace. Our streets, walls, public

places, historical places are dirty due to spits and writing. Youth should act as a role model and should make

“not spitting and not writing at public places” a movement. Also they should encourage people to avoid such

activities and contribute towards “Clean India, Green India”.

10. Service Level Benchmarks should be created by Municipal Corporations and mst be embarked at all

RWA.Youth can also help in tracking the performance/delivery of a municipal corporation. RWA must follow

one rule that everybody should use the dust bin supplied by the Municpal .Nobodyshould throw the garbage on

the road or back side of the house.


11. The mission to clean India brings with it new business opportunities for entrepreneurs and new jobs for our

young workforce. For example joint ventures can be formed say they should bid for different cities and given

charge to build and maintain hygiene and cleanliness as a corporate activity not as a corporate social

responsibility.

12. Youth along with NGO’s and various working agencies can implement one idea that there should be a

competition among colonies or sectors of particular area /region of Delhi regarding cleanliness and should

award colony of the month.A cleaner neighborhood is a healthier neighborhood, an organized neighborhood,

where home values also rises at a faster rate than the others.

13. Generally it is observed that some equipment are missing with most of the civic authorities/municipalities like:-

a) Small Dumpers of the size of fork-lift for scooping debris on the road and loading to truck.

b) The drainage cleaning staff does not have bamboos and iron rods.

c) They should have pumps which suck sewage, grind and fill tanks.

d) Washable and reusable nose mash for the employees is missing.

e) Municipality has no equipment for pruning the trees.

f) Hand glove, gum boots etc. to handle the waste are mostly missing.

g) Cleaning staff is also missing ‘litter grabbers’.

h) Automated vehicles to empty the large municipal bins are missing.

i) Dust protection eye-glasses.

j) Light weight shovels.

k) Small oxygen cylinders with oxygen pipes for people working inside the Hume pipes of drainage system.

l) Vehicle with motorized ladders for emergencies and contingencies.

In this direction youth can look into which equipment’s are missing in their locality and further they can play

intermediate role between locality and civic authorities for the information and action needed.


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Documents

A Study of Effectiveness of Swachha Bharat Abhiyan … Faridabad Volume III, Special Issue I April 2017 Page 1 A Study of Effectiveness of Swachha Bharat Abhiyan in Delhi