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NCTU Yuwen Lai
RecordingNullam id dolor id nibh ultricies vehicula ut id elit. Integer posuere erat a ante Nullam id dolor id nibh ultricies vehicula ut id elit. Integer posuere erat a ante venenatis dapibus posuere velit aliquet. venenatis dapibus posuere velit aliquet.
Articulatory descriptionvoiceless alveolar fricative voiceless bilabial plosive high front unrounded vowel voiceless postalveolar affricate
Documenting speech3
Transcription - narrow & broad transcription[spitʃ]
^O
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ghoti
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ghotilaugh women nation
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Orthographical Reform-I
• For example, in Year 1 that useless letter ‘c’ would be dropped to be replased either by ‘k’ or ‘s’, and likewise ‘x’ would no longer be part of the alphabet. The only kase in which ‘c’ would be retained would be the ‘ch’ formation, which will be dealt with later. Year 2 might reform ‘w’ spelling, so that ‘which’ and ‘one’ would take the same konsonant, wile Year 3 might well abolish ‘y’ replasing it with ‘i’ and iear 4 might fiks the ‘g-j’ anomali wonse and for all.
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Orthographical Reform-II
• Jenerally, then, the improvement would continue iear bai iear withiear 5 doing awai with useless double konsonants, and iears 6-12 orso modifaiing vowlz and the rimeining voist and unvoist konsonants.Bai iear 15 or sou, it wud fainali be posibl tu meik ius ov thi ridandantleterz ‘c’, ‘y’ and ‘x’ – bai now jast a memori in the maindz of oulddoderers- tu replais ‘ch’, ‘sh’ and ‘th’ rispektivli.
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Orthographical Reform-III
• Fainali, xen, after sam 20 iers ov orxogrefikl riform, we wud hev a lojikl, kohirnt speling in ius xrewawt xe Ingliy spiking werld…
A set of symbols for representing all the possible distinctive sounds in world’s languages
Use ordinary Roman letters as much as possible
Use of diacritics for suprasegmentals, minute shades of a sound– economy of the system
One symbol -- one sound
Show pronunciation in a dictionary
Form the basis of a writing system for a language
Record a language in linguistic fieldwork
International Phonetic Alphabets (IPA)a phonetic alphabetic system used by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent sounds
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DiacriticsAccessories for sounds
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Online IPA typewriterPainless IPA typing
Native language and Transcriptiontranscriptions are always language-dependent
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Your L1 at work
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raise tongue to block the air
ta a ʃʃ
Unprejudiced transcription
tongue tip gets close to the alveo-palatal area
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raise tongue to block the air
ta a ʃʃ
Unprejudiced transcription
t ʃ
block the air partially release air
tongue tip gets close to the alveo-palatal area
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raise tongue to block the air
ta a ʃʃ
Unprejudiced transcription
How to describe a suspect
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A variety of general description information about the suspect should be noted:• Sex• Race or national origin• Age (estimated)• Weight (estimated)• Build-fat, husky, slim, muscular, etc.
Facial information is also important:• Hair-note the color, texture, hairline, style; also possible dyes or wigs• Eyes-note the color, shape (round, slanted), whether clear or bloodshot, and the
heaviness of eyelashes and eyebrows• Nose-overall shape (long, wide, flat, etc.) and nostrils (wide, narrow, flared) are
important• Ears-note size and prominence (protruding or flat against head)• Mouth-are lips thin, medium, full? do corners turn up, turn down, or level?• Chin-what is the shape (round, oval, pointed, square)? double chin, dimpled, cleft?• Neck-note protruding Adam’s apple or hanging jowls• Complexion-note pores, pockmarks, acne, razor rash, bumps• Facial hair-clean shaven? unshaven? beard, mustache, goatee, sideburns?• Tattoos-shape and style; on what part of the body
Transcription
[phone] /phoneme/ phonological representation
Physical realization
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To write down something that is spoken
distinctive featuredetailed description
Transcription
[phone] /phoneme/ phonological representation
Physical realization
18
To write down something that is spoken
distinctive featuredetailed description
Transcription
[phone] /phoneme/ phonological representation
Physical realization
18
To write down something that is spoken
distinctive featuredetailed description
Broad & narrow transcription19
Broad (phonemic transcription)
/ /
Narrow (phonetic transcription)
captures as many aspects of a specific pronunciation as possible
[ ]
/kæt/
[ khæt ][ khæt ]
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Phonemes (phone + -eme)
• mental representation of a sound
• distinctive phones which change meanings of words
Allophones
• pronunciation predictable, variants of a same phoneme
• Superman and Clark
Phonemes and Allophones
/ /
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• Two words with different meanings that are identical except forone sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string.
e. g. cab [kæb]and cad [kæd]
Minimal pair
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Transcription practice
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Allophonic variant - Aspiration
t
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Voice Onset Time (VOT)
t
The temporal interval between the release of the consonantal constriction and the onset of voicing
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Voicing and Aspiration
fully voiced
voiceless unaspirated
voiceless aspirated
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Aspiration (GA)
‘creaky’
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Aspiration (GA)
‘creaky’
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Aspiration (GA)
‘creaky’
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Aspiration (GA)
‘creaky’
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Devoicing (GA)
Aspiration devoice following approximants (sometimes partially)
Word-final voiced stop and fricative sometimes are devoiced as well
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CoarticulationArticulatory overlap
Anticipatory/right-to-left/backward Preservative/left-to-right/carry-over/progressive
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CoarticulationArticulatory overlap
Anticipatory/right-to-left/backward Preservative/left-to-right/carry-over/progressive
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Consonantal releaseStops
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Flap and tapStops
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Glottal plosive/stoptightly closing the vocal folds for a short time
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Syllabic consonants-
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Velarization
/l/ light - syllable initial /l/ dark - postvocalic
back of the tongue raised toward velum
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Intrusionadding sound
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Duration
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Not to mention…
• Paris
• Jesus
• Francois
• JerusalemFrench pronunciation
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Not to mention…
• Paris
• Jesus
• Francois
• Jerusalem
François (French pronunciation: [fʁɑ.swɑ]
French pronunciation
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Rhotic speech
• rhotic and non-rhotic
• linking ‘r’ link
• intrusive ‘r’ following [ɑ:] [ɔ:] [ɜ:]
“A famous example is "Park the car in Harvard Yard", pronounced [pʰaːk ðə ˈkʰaːɹ‿ɪn ˈhaːvəd ˈjaːd], or as if spelled "pahk the cah(r) in Hahvuhd Yahd". Note that the r in car would usually be pronounced in this case, because the following word begins with a vowel.”
‘America in spring’
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Rhotacizationr-coloring
• rhotic and non-rhotic
• linking ‘r’ link
• intrusive ‘r’ following [ɑ:] [ɔ:] [ɜ:]
“A famous example is "Park the car in Harvard Yard", pronounced [pʰaːk ðə ˈkʰaːɹ‿ɪn ˈhaːvəd ˈjaːd], or as if spelled "pahk the cah(r) in Hahvuhd Yahd".
