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Àbdu'l-Bah

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Abdul-Bah

Abdul-Bah, Center of the Cause

Born 'Abbs Nr

May 23 , 1844

Tihran , Persia

Died November 28 ,1921 , (aged 77)

Haifa ,Israel

Nationality Persian

Religion Baha'i Faith

Spouse(s) Munrih Khnum (1873-1921)

Children iy'iyyih Khnum, Tb Khnum ,Rh Khnum , Munavvar Khnum ,

(amongst others)

Parents Father: Bahullh

Mother: syih Khnum

Bah' Faith

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected fromAbdul Baha)

Àbdul-Bah'(Arabic: ; 23 May 1844 28November 1921), born Abbs Effend, was the eldest

son of Bah'u'llh ,[1]the founder of the Bah' Faith. In

1892, Àbdu'l-Bah was appointed in his father's willto

be his successor and head of the Bah' Faith.[2][3]

Àbdu'l-Bah was born in Tehran to an aristocratic

family of the realm. At the age of eight his father was

imprisoned and the family's possessions were looted,

leaving them in virtual poverty. Along with his father,

Àbdu'l-Bah was exiled to Baghdad where the family

lived for nine years.

During his youth he was faithful to his father and was

regarded as an outstanding member of the Bah exile

community. As a teenager he was his fathersamanuensis and was regularly seen debating theological

issues with the learned men of the area. In 1863

Bah'u'llh was again exiled to Constantinople . During

the 1860s the family was banished from Constantinople

to Adrianople , and then finally to the penal-colony of

Acre, Palestine.

With his father's death in 1892, and his appointment as

head of the Bah faith, there was much opposition to

him, including virtually all his family members.

Notwithstanding this, practically all of the worldwide

Bah community accepted his leadership. In 1908, at

the age of 64 and after forty years imprisonment,

Àbdul-Bah was freed by the Young Turks and he and

his family began to live in relative safety. Hisjourneys to

the West, and his "Tablets of the Divine Plan " spread the Bah' message

beyond its middle-eastern roots, and his Will and Testamentlaid the

foundation for the current "Bah' administrative order . Many of his writings,

prayers and letters are extant, and his discourses with the Western Bah's

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V T E

emphasize the growth of the faith by the late 1890s. Àbdu'l-Bah's given

namewas Àbbs, but he preferred the title of Àbdu'l-Bah (servant of the

glory of God). He is commonly referred to in Bah' texts as "The Master",

and received the title of KBEafter his personal storage of grain was used to

relieve famine in Palestine following World War I , but never used the title.

Contents [hide]

1 Early life

2 Baghdad

3 Constantinople/Adrianople

4 Acre

4.1 Later in Acre

4.2 Marriage and family life

5 Early years of his ministry

5.1 First Western pilgrims

5.2 Ministry, 19011912

6 Journeys to the West

7 Final years

8 Works

9 See also

10 Notes

11 References

12 Further reading

13 External links

Early life [edit]

Àbdu'l-Bah was born in Tehran , Iran on 23 May 1844 (5th of Jamadiyu'l-

Avval, 1260 AH), [4]the eldest son of Bah'u'llh andNavvb . He was born

on the very same night on which the Bb declared his mission. [5]Born with

the given name of Àbbs,[3]he was named after his grandfather Mrz

Àbbs Nr, a prominent and powerful nobleman.[6]As a child, Àbdu'l-

Bah was shaped by his father's position as a prominent Bb . He recalled

how he met the Bb leader Thirihand how she would take "me on to her

knee, caress me, and talk to me. I admired her most deeply".[7]Àbdul-Bah had a happy and carefreechildhood. The familys Tehran home and country houses were comfortable and beautifully decorated.

Àbdu'l-Bah enjoyed playing in the gardens with his younger sister with whom he was very close.[8]Along

with his younger siblings a sister, Bahyyih , and a brother, Mihd the three lived in an environment o

privilege, happiness and comfort.[6]With his father's declination of the position as minister of the court;

during his young boyhood Àbdul-Bah witnessed his parents' various charitable endeavours,[9]which

included converting part of the home to a hospital ward for women and children.[8]

Àbdu'l-Bah received a haphazard education during his childhood. It was customary not to send children of

nobility to schools. Most noblemen were educated at home briefly in scripture, rhetoric, calligraphy and

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basic mathematics. Many were educated to prepare themselves for life in the royal court. Despite a brief

spell at a traditional preparatory school at the age of seven for one year,[10]Àbdu'l-Bah received no

formal education. As he grew he was educated by his mother, and uncle.[11]Most of his education however

came from his father.[12]Years later in 1890 Edward Granville Browne described how Àbdu'l-Bah was

"one more eloquent of speech, more ready of argument, more apt of illustration, more intimately acquainted

with the sacred books of the Jews, the Christians, and the Muhammadans...scarcely be found even amongst

the eloquent."[13]

When Àbdu'l-Bah was seven, he contracted tuberculosis and was expected to die.

[14]

Though the maladyfaded away,[15]he would be plagued with bouts of illness for the rest of his life.[16]

One event that affected Àbdu'l-Bah greatly during his childhood was the imprisonment of his father when

Àbdu'l-Bah was eight years old; the imprisonment led to his family being reduced to poverty and being

attacked in the streets by other children.[5]Àbdu'l-Bah accompanied his mother to visit Bah'u'llh w

was then imprisoned in the infamous subterranean dungeon the Syh-Chl.[6]He described how "I saw a

dark, steep place. We entered a small, narrow doorway, and went down two steps, but beyond those one

could see nothing. In the middle of the stairway, all of a sudden we heard His [Bahullh's]voice: 'Do

not bring him in here', and so they took me back".[17]

Baghdad [edit]

Bah'u'llh was eventually released from prison but ordered into exile, and Àbdu'l-Bah then eight joined

his father on the journey to Baghdad in the winter (January to April) [18]of 1853. [17]During the journey

Àbdu'l-Bah suffered from frost-bite. After a year of difficulties Bah'u'llh absented himself rather than

continue to face the conflict with Mirza Yahya and secretly secluded himself in the mountains of

Sulaymaniyah in April 1854 a month before Àbdu'l-Bah's tenth birthday.[18]Mutual sorrow resulted in

him, his motherand sisterbecoming constant companions. [19]Àbdu'l-Bah was particularly close to

and his mother took active participation in his education and upbringing.[20]During the two-year absence o

his father Àbdu'l-Bah took up the duty of managing the affairs of the family,[21]before his age of maturi

(14 in middle-eastern society) [22]and was known to be occupied with reading and, at a time of hand-cop

scriptures being the primary means of publishing, was also engaged in copying the writings of the Bb .[23]

Àbdul-Bah also took an interest in the art of horse riding and, as he grew, became a renowned rider.[24]

In 1856, news of an ascetic carrying on discourses with local Sf leaders that seemed to possibly be

Bah'u'llh reached the family and friends. Immediately, family members and friends went to search for the

elusive dervish and in March[18]brought Bah'u'llh back to Baghdad.[25]On seeing his father, Àbdu'l-

Bah fell to his knees and wept loudly "Why did you leave us?", and this followed with his mother and sister

doing the same.[24][26]Àbdu'l-Bah soon became his father's secretary and shield. [5]During the sojo

the city Àbdul-Bah grew from a boy into a young man. He was noted as a "remarkably fine looking

youth",[24]

and remembered for his charity and amiableness.[5]

Having passed the age of maturity ÀbBah was regularly seen in the mosques of Baghdad discussing religious topics and the scripture as a young

man. Whilst in Baghdad, Àbdu'l-Bah composed a commentary at the request of his father on the Muslim

tradition of "I was a Hidden Treasure" for a Sf leader named Àl Shawkat Psh.[5][27]Àbdu'l-Bah was

fifteen or sixteen at the time and Àl Shawkat Psh regarded the more than 11000 word essay as a

remarkable feat for somebody of his age.[5]In 1863 in what became known as the Garden of Ridvn

Bah'u'llh announced to a few that he was the manifestation of God and He whom God shall make

manifestwhose coming had been foretold by the Bb . On day eight of the twelve days, it is believed

Àbdu'l-Baha was the first person Baha'u'llah revealed his claim to.[28][29]
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Abdu'l-Bah (right) with

his brother Mrz Mihd

Prison in Acre

Constantinople/Adrianople [edit]

In 1863 Bah'u'llh was summoned to Constantinople (Istanbul ), and

thus his whole family including Àbdu'l-Bah, then nineteen, accompanied

him on his 110-day journey.[30]The journey to Constantinople was

another wearisome journey,[24]and Àbdu'l-Bah helped feed the

exiles.[6]It was here that his position became more prominent amongst the

Bahs.[3]This was further solidified by Bahullh s tablet of the

Branchin which he constantly exalts his son's virtues and station. [31]The

family were soon exiled to Adrianople and Àbdu'l-Bah went with the

family.[3]Àbdul-Bah again suffered from frostbite. [24]

In Adrianople Àbdul-Bah was regarded as the sole comforter of his

family in particular to his mother.[24]At this point Àbdu'l-Bah was

known by the Bah's as "the Master", and by non-Bah's as Àbbs

Effendi ("Effendi" signifies "Sir"). It was in Adrianople that Bahullh

referred to his son as "the Mystery of God".[24]The title of "Mystery of God" symbolises, according to

Bah's, that Àbdu'l-Bah is not a manifestation of God but how a "person of Àbdu'l-Bah the

incompatible characteristics of a human nature and superhuman knowledge and perfection have beenblended and are completely harmonized".[32][33]Àbdu'l-Bah was at this point noted for having black hair

which flowed to his shoulders, large blue eyes, alabaster coloured skin and a slight Roman nose.[34]

Bah'u'llh gave his son many other titles such as "the Most Mighty Branch" the "Branch of Holiness", "the

Center of the Covenant" and the apple of his eye.[3]Àbdu'l-Bah ("the Master") was devastated when

hearing the news that he and his family were to be exiled separately from Bah'u'llh . It was, according to

Bah's, through his intercession that the idea was reverted and the family were allowed to be exiled

together.[24]

Acre [edit]

At the age of 24, Àbdu'l-Bah was clearly chief-steward to his

father and an outstanding member of the Bah community.[30]

Bahullh and his family were in 1868 exiled to the penal

colony of Acre, Palestine where it was expected that the family

would perish.[35]Arrival in Acre was distressing for the family and

exiles.[3]They were greeted in a hostile manner by the surrounding

population and his sister and father fell dangerously ill.[5]When

told that the women were to sit on the shoulders of the men to

reach the shore, Àbdu'l-Bah took a chair and carried the women

to the bay of Acre.[24]Àbdu'l-Bah was able to procure someanesthetic and nursed the sick.[24]The Bahs were imprisoned under horrendous conditions in a cluster of

cells covered in excrement and dirt.[5]Àbdu'l-Bah himself fell dangerously ill with dysentery ,[5]

however a sympathetic soldier permitted a physician to help cure him.[24]The population shunned them, the

soldiers treated them the same, and the behaviour of Siyyid Muhammad-i-Isfahani (an Azali) did not help

matters.[6][30]Morale was further destroyed with the accidental death of Àbdu'l-Bahs youngest brother

Mrz Mihd at the age of 22.[24]His death devastated the family particularly his motherand father and

the grieving Àbdu'l-Bah kept a night-long vigil beside his brothers body.[6][24]
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Abdu'l-Bah at age 24

Later in Acre [edit]

Over time, he gradually took over responsibility for the relationships between the small Bah'i exile

community and the outside world. It was through his interaction with the people of Acre that, according to

the Bah's, they recognized the innocence of the Bah's, and thus the conditions of imprisonment were

eased.[36]Four months after the death of Mihd the family moved from the prison to the House of

Àbbd.[36]The people of Acre started to respect the Bah's and in particular, Àbdu'l-Bah. Àbdu'l-Bah

was able to arrange for houses to be rented for the family, the family later moved to the Mansion of Bahj

around 1879 when an epidemic caused the inhabitants to flee.Àbdu'l-Bah soon became very popular in the penal colony and Myron Henry Phelps a wealthy New York

lawyer described how "a crowd of human beings...Syrians, Arabs, Ethiopians, and many others",[37]all

waited to talk and receive Àbdu'l-Bah.[38]He undertook a history of the Bb religion through publication

of A Traveller's Narrative(Makla-i-Shakhs Sayyh) in 1886, [39]later translated and published in

translation in 1891 through Cambridge University by the agency of Edward Granville Browne who

described Àbdu'l-Bah as:

Seldom have I seen one whose appearance impressed me more. A tall strongly built man

holding himself straight as an arrow, with white turban and raiment, long black locks reaching

almost to the shoulder, broad powerful forehead indicating a strong intellect combined withan unswerving will, eyes keen as a hawk's, and strongly marked but pleasing features such

was my first impression of 'Abbs Efend, "the master".[40]

Marriage and family life [edit]

As a young man speculation was rife amongst the Bahs to whom

Àbdu'l-Bah would marry.[5][41]Several young girls were seen as

marriage prospects but Àbdul-Bah seemed disinclined to

marriage.[5]On 8 March 1873, at the urging of his father,[6][42]the

twenty-eight-year-old Àbdul-Bah married Ftimih Nahr of

Isfahn(18471938) a twenty-five-year-old noblewoman.[43]Her

father was Mrz Muammad Àl Nahr of Isfahan an eminent

Bah of the city and prominent aristocrat.[5]Ftimih was brought

from Persia to Acre, Israel after both Bahullh and his wife

Navvb expressed an interest in her to marry Àbdul-

Bah.[5][43][44]After a wearisome journey from Isfahn to Akka she

finally arrived accompanied by her brother in 1872.[5][44]The young

couple were betrothed for about five months before the marriage

itself commenced. In the mean time, Ftimih lived in the home of

Àbdu'l-Bahs uncle Mrz Ms . According to her later memoirs, Ftimih fell in love with Àbdu'l-Bahon seeing him. Àbdu'l-Bah himself had showed little inkling to marriage until meeting Ftimih;[44]who

was entitled Munrih by Bahullh .[6]Munrih is a title meaning "Luminous".[45]

The marriage resulted in nine children. The first born was a son Mihd Effendi who died aged about 3. He

was followed by iy'iyyih Khnum, Fudyyih Khnum (d. few years old), Rhangz Khnum (d. 1893)

Tb Khnum, Husayn Effendi (d.1887 aged 5), Tb Khnum, Rh Khnum and Munnavar Khnum.

The death of his children caused Àbdul-Bah immense grief in particular the death of his son Husayn

Effendi came at a difficult time following the death of his mother and uncle.[46]The surviving children (all

daughters) were; iy'iyyih Khnum (mother of Shoghi Effendi ) (d. 1951) Tb Khnum (18801959)
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Abdu'l-Bah

Early Western Bah' pilgrims. Standing

left to right: Charles Mason Remey,Sigurd

R Khnum and Munavvar Khnum (d. 1971). [5]Bah'u'llh wished that the Bah's follow the exam

of Àbdu'l-Bah and gradually move away from polygamy.[44][45][47]The marriage of Àbdul-Bah to one

woman and his choice to remain monogamous,[44]from advice of his father and his own wish, [44][45]

legitimised the practice of monogamy[45]to a people whom hitherto had regarded polygamy as a righteous

way of life.[44][45]

Early years of his ministry [edit]

After Bah'u'llh died on 29 May 1892, the Will and Testament ofBah'u'llh named Àbdu'l-Bah as Centre of the Covenant, successor and

interpreter of Bah'u'llh's writings.[2]In the Will and Testament Àbdu'l-

Bah's half-brother, Muhammad Àl , was mentioned by name as being

subordinate to Àbdu'l-Bah. Muhammad Àl became jealous of his half-

brother and set out to establish authority for himself as an alternative leader

with the support of his brothers Badi'u'llah and Diya'u'llah.[4]He began

correspondence with Bah's in Iran, initially in secret, casting doubts in

others' minds about Àbdu'l-Bah.[48]While most Bah's followed Àbdu'l

Bah, a handful followed Muhammad Àl including such leaders as Mirza

Javad and Ibrahim Khayru'llah, the famous Bah' missionary to

America.[49]

Muhammad Àl and Mirza Javad began to openly accuse Àbdu'l-Bah of

taking on too much authority, suggesting that he believed himself to be a Manifestation of God , equal in

status to Bah'u'llh.[50]It was at this time that Àbdu'l-Bah, in order to provide proof of the falsity of the

accusations leveled against him, in tablets to the West, stated that he was to be known as "Àbdu'l-Bah" an

Arabicphrase meaning the Servant of Bah to make it clear that he was not a Manifestation of God, and

that his station was only servitude.[51][52]Àbdu'l-Bah left a Will and Testament that set up the framew

of administration. The two highest institutions were the Universal House of Justice, and the Guardianship,

for which he appointed Shoghi Effendi as the Guardian.[2]

First Western pilgrims [edit]

By the end of 1898, Western pilgrims started coming to

Akka on pilgrimage to visit Àbdu'l-Bah; this group of

pilgrims, including Phoebe Hearst, was the first time that

Bah's raised up in the West had met Àbdu'l-Bah.[53]

The first group arrived in 1898 and throughout late 1898

to early 1899 Western Bahs sporadically visited

Àbdu'l-Bah. The group was relatively young containing

mainly women from high American society in their

20s.[54]The group of Westerners aroused suspicion for

the authorities, and consequently Àbdu'l-Bahs

confinement was tightened.[55]During the next decade

Àbdu'l-Bah would be in constant communication with

Bah's around the world, helping them to teach the

religion; the group included May Ellis Bolles in Paris,

Englishman Thomas Breakwell , American Herbert

Hopper, French Hippolyte Dreyfus, Susan Moody, Lua
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Russell, Edward Getsinger and Laura Clifford

Barney; Seated left to right: Ethel Rosenberg,

Madam Jackson, Shoghi Effendi, Helen Ellis

Cole, Lua Getsinger, Emogene Hoagg

Getsinger, and American Laura Clifford Barney.[56]It

was Laura Clifford Barney who, by asking questions of

Àbdu'l-Bah over many years and many visits to Haifa,

compiled what later became the book Some Answered

Questions.[57]

Ministry, 19011912 [edit]

During the final years of the 19th century, while Àbdu'l-Bah was still officially a prisoner and confined toÀkka, he organized the transfer of the remains of the Bb from Iran to Palestine. He then organized the

purchase of land on Mount Carmel that Bah'u'llh had instructed should be used to lay the remains of the

Bb, and organized for the construction of the Shrine of the Bb . This process took another 10 years.[58]

With the increase of pilgrims visiting Àbdu'l-Bah, Muhammad Àl worked with the Ottoman authorities

to re-introduce stricter terms on Àbdu'l-Bah's imprisonment in August 1901.[2][59]By 1902, however, due

to the Governor of Àkka being supportive of Àbdu'l-Bah, the situation was greatly eased; while pilgrims

were able to once again visit Àbdu'l-Bah, he was confined to the city.[59]In February 1903, two followers

of Muhammad Àl, including Badi'u'llah and Siyyid Àliy-i-Afnan, broke with Muhammad Àli and wrote

books and letters giving details of Muhammad Àli's plots and noting that what was circulating about

Àbdu'l-Bah was fabrication.[60][61]

From 1902 to 1904, in addition to the building of the Shrine of the Bbthat Àbdu'l-Bah was directing,

started to put into execution two different projects; the restoration of the House of the Bbin Shiraz, Iran

and the construction of the first Bah' House of Worshipin Ashgabat , Turkmenistan. [62]Àbdu'l-Bah

asked Aqa Mirza Aqa to coordinate the work so that the house of the Bb would be restored to the state that

it was at the time of the Bb's declaration to Mulla Husayn in 1844; [62]he also entrusted the work on the

House of Worship to Vakil-u'd-Dawlih.[63]

Also in 1904, Muhammad Àli continued his accusations against Àbdu'l-Bah which caused an Ottoman

commission summoning Àbdu'l-Bah to answer the accusations levelled against him. During the inquiry

the charges against him were dropped and the inquiry collapsed.[64][65]The next few years in Àkka were

relatively free of pressures and pilgrims were able to come and visit Àbdu'l-Bah. By 1909 the mausoleum

of the Shrine of the Bb was completed.[63]

Journeys to the West [edit]

Main article: Àbdu'l-Bah's journeys to the West

The 1908 Young Turks revolution freed all political prisoners in

the Ottoman Empire, and Àbdu'l-Bah was freed from

imprisonment. His first action after his freedom was to visit the

Shrine of Bah'u'llhin Bahji.[66]While Àbdu'l-Bah

continued to live in Àkka immediately following the

revolution, he soon moved to livein Haifanear the Shrine of

the Bb.[66]In 1910, with the freedom to leave the country, he

embarked on a three-year journey to Egypt , Europe, and North

America, spreading the Bah' message.[2]

From August to December 1911, Àbdu'l-Bah visited cities in

Europe, including London, Bristol, and Paris. The purpose of

these trips was to support the Bah' communities in the west
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Àbdu'l-Bah, during his trip to the

United States

and to further spread his father's teachings.[67]

In the following year, he undertook a much more extensive

journey to the United States and Canada to once again spread

his father's teachings. He arrived in New York City on 11 April

1912, after declining an offer of passage on the RMS Titanic , telling the Bah' believers, instead, to

"Donate this to charity." He instead travelled on a slower craft, the S.S. Cedric, and cited preference of a

longer sea journey as the reason.[68]Upon arriving in New York, he arranged a private meeting with the

survivors of the ill-fated Titanic, who asked him if he knew the Titanic's ultimate destruction would occur,

to which, 'Abdu'l-Baha replied, "God gives man feelings of intuition". While he spent most of his time in

New York, he visited Chicago, Cleveland , Pittsburgh , Washington, D.C., Boston and Philadelphia . In

August of the same year he started a more extensive journey to places includingNew Hampshire , the Gree

Acreschool in Maine , and Montreal (his only visit to Canada). He then travelled west to Minneapolis , S

Francisco, Stanford , and Los Angeles before starting to return east at the end of October. On 5 December

1912 he set sail back to Europe.[67]

During his visit to North America he visited many missions, churches, and groups, as well as having scores

of meetings in Bah's' homes, and offering innumerable personal meetings with hundreds of people.[69]

During his talks he proclaimed Bah' principles such as the unity of God , unity of the religions , oneness

humanity, equality of women and men , world peace and economic justice.[69]He also insisted that all his

meetings be open to all races.[69]

His visit and talks were the subject of hundreds of newspaper articles.[69]In Boston newspaper reporters

asked Àbdu'l-Bah why he had come to America, and he stated that he had come to participate in

conferences on peace and that just giving warning messages is not enough.[70]Àbdu'l-Bah's visit to

Montreal provided notable newspaper coverage; on the night of his arrival the editor of the Montreal Daily

Starmet with him and that newspaper along with The Montreal Gazette , Montreal Standard, Le Devoir

and La Presse among others reported on Àbdu'l-Bah's activities.[71][72]The headlines in those papers

included "Persian Teacher to Preach Peace", "Racialism Wrong, Says Eastern Sage, Strife and War Caused

by Religious and National Prejudices", and "Apostle of Peace Meets Socialists, Abdul Baha's Novel Scheme

for Distribution of Surplus Wealth."[72]The Montreal Standard, which was distributed across Canada,

took so much interest that it republished the articles a week later; the Gazette published six articles and

Montreal's largest French language newspaper published two articles about him.[71]His 1912 visit to

Montreal also inspired humourist Stephen Leacock to parody him in his bestselling 1914 bookArcadian

Adventures with the Idle Rich.[73]In Chicago one newspaper headline included "His Holiness Visits Us,
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Àbdu'l-Bah on Mount Carmel with pilgrims in

1919

Not Pius X but A. Baha,"[72]and Àbdu'l-Bah's visit to California was reported in the Palo Altan.[74]

Back in Europe, he visited London, Paris (where he stayed for two months), Stuttgart , Budapest , and

Vienna . Finally on 12 June 1913 he returned to Egypt , where he stayed for six months before returning to

Haifa.[67]

Final years [edit]

During World War I Àbdu'l-Bah stayed in Palestine,

under the continued threat of Allied bombardment

and threats from the Turkish commander. As the war

ended, the British Mandate over Palestine brought

relative security to Àbdu'l-Bah. During his final

year, a growing number of visitors and pilgrims came

to see him in Haifa.[75]

On 27 April 1920, he was awarded a knighthood

(KBE) by the British Mandate of Palestine for his

humanitarian efforts during the war.[2]Àbdu'l-Bah

died on 28 November 1921 (27th of Rabi'u'l-Avval, 1340 AH.) [4]On his funeral, Esslemont notes:

"... a funeral the like of which Haifa, nay Palestine itself, had surely never seen... so deep was the feeling

that brought so many thousands of mourners together, representative of so many religions, races and

tongues".[76]

He is buried in the front room of the Shrine of the Bb on Mount Carmel. Plans are in place to one day

a Shrine of Àbdu'l-Bah. In his Will and Testament he appointed his grandson Shoghi Effendi Rabba

the Guardian of the Bah' Faith.[2]

Works [edit]

The total estimated number of tablets that Àbdu'l-Bah wrote are over 27,000, of which only a fraction

have been translated into English.[77]His works fall into two groups including first his direct writings and

second his lectures and speeches as noted by others.[2]The first group includes The Secret of Divine

Civilizationwritten before 1875, A Traveller's Narrativewritten around 1886, the Resla-ye ssya or

Sermon on the Art of Governancewritten in 1893, the Memorials of the Faithful, and a large number

of tablets written to various people; [2]including various Western intellectuals such as August Forel whi

has been translated and published as the Tablet to Auguste-Henri Forel . The Secret of Divine Civilizatio

and the Sermon on the Art of Governancewere widely circulated anonymously.

The second group includes Some Answered Questions , which is an English translation of a series of ta

talks with Laura Barney, and Paris Talks ,Àbdu'l-Baha in Londonand Promulgation of Universal

Peacewhich are respectively addresses given by Àbdu'l-Bah in Paris, London and the United States.[2]

The following is a list of some of Àbdu'l-Bah's many books, tablets, and talks:

Foundations of World Unity

Memorials of the Faithful

Paris Talks

Secret of Divine Civilization

Some Answered Questions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knighthoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mandate_of_Palestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi%27_al-awwalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine_of_the_B%C3%A1bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine_of_the_B%C3%A1bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Carmelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine_of_%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_and_Testament_of_%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoghi_Effendihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_(religious)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_of_Divine_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_of_Divine_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablets_(religious)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Forelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_to_Dr._Forelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Answered_Questionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Talkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Talkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_World_Unityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Talkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_of_Divine_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Answered_Questionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Answered_Questionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_of_Divine_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Talkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_World_Unityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Talkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Answered_Questionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_to_Dr._Forelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Forelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablets_(religious)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_of_Divine_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_of_Divine_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_(religious)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoghi_Effendihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_and_Testament_of_%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine_of_%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Carmelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine_of_the_B%C3%A1bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi%27_al-awwalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mandate_of_Palestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knighthoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AAbdul-baha_late_life.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AAbdul-baha_late_life.jpg


10/13



Tablets of the Divine Plan

Tablet to Auguste-Henri Forel

Tablet to The Hague

Will and Testament of Àbdu'l-Bah

Promulgation of Universal Peace

Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bah

Divine Philosophy

Treatise on Politics / Sermon on the Art of Governance[78]

See also [edit]

Bah'u'llh's family

Mrz Mihd

syih Khnum

Bahiyyih Khnum

Munirih Khnum

Shoghi Effendi

House of Àbdu'l-Bah

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Chambers Biographical

Dictionary, ISBN 0-550-

18022-2, page 2

2. ^ abcdefghijBausani,

Alessandro (1989), "Abd-

al-Bah : Life and work" ,

Encyclopdia Iranica.

3. ^ abcdefSmith 2000 ,pp. 1420

4. ^ abcMuhammad Qazvini

(1949). "Àbdu'l-Bah

Meeting with Two

Prominent Iranians" .

Retrieved 5 September

2007.

5. ^ abcdefghijklmno

Esslemont 1980

6. â

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

Kazemzadeh2009

7. ^ Blomfield 1975, p. 21

8. ^ abBlomfield 1975, p. 40

9. ^ Blomfield 1975, p. 39

10. ^ Taherzadeh, p.105

11. ^ Blomfield, p.68

12. ^ Hogenson 2010, p. 40

13. ^ Browne 1891, p. xxxvi

14. ^ Hogenson, p.81

27. ^ "'Abdu'l-Baha's

Commentary on The Islamic

Tradition: "I Was a Hidden

Treasure ..."" . Baha'i

Studies Bulletin 3:4 (Dec.

1985), 435. Retrieved 20

December 2009.

28. ^ Declaration of Baha'u'llah29. ^ The history and

significance of the Bah'

festival of Ridvn BBC

30. ^ abcBalyuzi 2001, p. 17

31. ^ "Tablet of the Branch" .

Wilmette: Baha'i Publishing

Trust. Retrieved 5 July

2008.

32. ^ "The Covenant of

Bah'u'llh" . US Bah

Publishing Trust. Retrieved

5 July 2008.

33. ^ "The World Order of

Bahullh" . Baha'i

Studies Bulletin 3:4 (Dec.

1985), 435. Retrieved 20

December 2009.

34. ^ Gail 1987 ,

p. 281[citation not found]

47. ^ Ma'ani 2008 , p. 360

48. ^ Balyuzi 2001 , p. 53

49. ^ Browne 1918, p. 145

50. ^ Browne 1918, p. 77

51. ^ Balyuzi 2001 , p. 60

52. ^ Abdul-Baha. "Tablets of

Abdul-Baha Abbas" .

53. ^ Balyuzi 2001 , p. 69

54. ^ Hogenson, p.x


56. ^ Balyuzi 2001 , pp. 7296

57. ^ Balyuzi 2001 , p. 82

58. ^ Balyuzi 2001 , pp. 9093

59. ^ abBalyuzi 2001, pp. 94

95

60. ^ Balyuzi 2001 , p. 102

61. ^ Afroukhteh 2003, p. 166

62. ^ abBalyuzi 2001, p. 10763. ^ abBalyuzi 2001, p. 109

64. ^ Balyuzi 2001 , pp. 11111

65. ^ Momen 1981 , pp. 32032

66. ^ abBalyuzi 2001, p. 131

67. ^ abcBalyuzi 2001,

pp. 159397

68. ^ Balyuzi 2001 , p. 171

69. ^ abcdGallagher &

Ashcraft 2006, p. 196
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablets_of_the_Divine_Planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_to_Dr._Forelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_to_The_Haguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_and_Testament_of_%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h%27s_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADrz%C3%A1_Mihd%C3%ADhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81s%C3%ADyih_Kh%C3%A1numhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahiyyih_Kh%C3%A1numhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munirih_Kh%C3%A1numhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoghi_Effendihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_World_Centre_buildings#The_House_of_.60Abdu.27l-Bah.C3.A1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambers_Biographical_Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambers_Biographical_Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0550180222http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0550180222http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v1f1/v1f1a064.htmlhttp://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v1f1/v1f1a064.htmlhttp://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v1f1/v1f1a064.htmlhttp://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v1f1/v1f1a064.htmlhttp://bahai-library.com/qazvini_abdulbaha_prominent_iranianshttp://bahai-library.com/qazvini_abdulbaha_prominent_iranianshttp://bahai-library.com/qazvini_abdulbaha_prominent_iranianshttp://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_kuntu_kanzan_makhfiyyanhttp://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_kuntu_kanzan_makhfiyyanhttp://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_kuntu_kanzan_makhfiyyanhttp://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_kuntu_kanzan_makhfiyyanhttp://www.paintdrawer.co.uk/david/folders/Spirituality/001=Bahai/Ridvan.pdfhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/bahai/holydays/ridvan.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/bahai/holydays/ridvan.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/bahai/holydays/ridvan.shtmlhttp://bahai-library.com/bahaullah_surih_ghusnhttp://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/WOB/wob-39.html.utf8?query=completely&action=highlight#gr8http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/WOB/wob-39.html.utf8?query=completely&action=highlight#gr8http://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_kuntu_kanzan_makhfiyyanhttp://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_kuntu_kanzan_makhfiyyanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_workhttp://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/TAB/tab-473.html.utf8?query=my%7Cname%7Cabdul&action=highlight#gr5http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/TAB/tab-473.html.utf8?query=my%7Cname%7Cabdul&action=highlight#gr5http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/TAB/tab-473.html.utf8?query=my%7Cname%7Cabdul&action=highlight#gr5http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/TAB/tab-473.html.utf8?query=my%7Cname%7Cabdul&action=highlight#gr5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_workhttp://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_kuntu_kanzan_makhfiyyanhttp://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_kuntu_kanzan_makhfiyyanhttp://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/WOB/wob-39.html.utf8?query=completely&action=highlight#gr8http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/WOB/wob-39.html.utf8?query=completely&action=highlight#gr8http://bahai-library.com/bahaullah_surih_ghusnhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/bahai/holydays/ridvan.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/bahai/holydays/ridvan.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/bahai/holydays/ridvan.shtmlhttp://www.paintdrawer.co.uk/david/folders/Spirituality/001=Bahai/Ridvan.pdfhttp://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_kuntu_kanzan_makhfiyyanhttp://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_kuntu_kanzan_makhfiyyanhttp://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_kuntu_kanzan_makhfiyyanhttp://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_kuntu_kanzan_makhfiyyanhttp://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_kuntu_kanzan_makhfiyyanhttp://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_kuntu_kanzan_makhfiyyanhttp://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_kuntu_kanzan_makhfiyyanhttp://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_kuntu_kanzan_makhfiyyanhttp://bahai-library.com/qazvini_abdulbaha_prominent_iranianshttp://bahai-library.com/qazvini_abdulbaha_prominent_iranianshttp://bahai-library.com/qazvini_abdulbaha_prominent_iranianshttp://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v1f1/v1f1a064.htmlhttp://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v1f1/v1f1a064.htmlhttp://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v1f1/v1f1a064.htmlhttp://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v1f1/v1f1a064.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0550180222http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0550180222http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambers_Biographical_Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambers_Biographical_Dictionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_World_Centre_buildings#The_House_of_.60Abdu.27l-Bah.C3.A1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoghi_Effendihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munirih_Kh%C3%A1numhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahiyyih_Kh%C3%A1numhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81s%C3%ADyih_Kh%C3%A1numhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADrz%C3%A1_Mihd%C3%ADhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h%27s_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_and_Testament_of_%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_to_The_Haguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_to_Dr._Forelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablets_of_the_Divine_Plan


11/13



15. ^ Balyuzi, p.12


17. ^ abBalyuzi 2001, p. 12

18. ^ abcChronology of

persecutions of Babis and

Baha'is compiled by

Jonah Winters

19. ^ Blomfield 1975, p. 54

20. ^ Blomfield 1975, p. 69

21. ^ The Revelation of

Bah'u'llh, volume two ,

page 391

22. ^ Can women act as agents

of a democratization of

theocracy in Iran? by

Homa Hoodfar, Shadi Sadr,

page 9

23. ^ Balyuzi 2001 , p. 14

24. ^ abcdefghijklmPhelps 1912, pp. 2755

25. ^ Smith 2008 , p. 17

26. ^ Balyuzi 2001 , p. 15

35. ^ Foltz 2004 , pp. 151

36. ^ abBalyuzi 2001, pp. 33

43

37. ^ Phelps 1912 , pp. 3

38. ^ Smith 2000 , pp. 4

39. ^ A Traveller's Narrative,

(Makla-i-Shakhs

Sayyh)

40. ^ Àbdu'l-Bah(1891),Browne, E.G. (Tr.), ed.,A

Traveller's Narrative:

Written to illustrate the

episode of the Bab ,

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge

University Press, pp. (See

Browne's "Introduction" and

"Notes", esp. "Note W".)


42. ^ Ma'ani 2008 , p. 112

43. ^ abSmith 2000, p. 255

44. ^ abcdefgPhelps 1912 ,

pp. 8594

45. ^ abcdeSmith 2008 , p. 35

46. ^ Ma'ani 2008 , p. 323

70. ^ Balyuzi 2001 , p. 232

71. ^ abVan den Hoonaard

1996, pp. 5658

72. ^ abcBalyuzi 2001, p. 256

73. ^ Wagner, Ralph D. Yahi-

Bahi Society of Mrs.

Resselyer-Brown, The .

Accessed on: 19 May 200874. ^ Balyuzi 2001 , p. 313

75. ^ Balyuzi 2001 , pp. 40043

76. ^ Esslemont 1980, p. 77,

quoting 'The Passing of

Àbdu'l-Bah", by Lady

Blomfield and Shoghi

Effendi, pp 11, 12.

77. ^ Universal House of Justice

(September 2002).

"Numbers and

Classifications of Sacred

Writings texts" . Retrieved

20 March 2007.

78. ^ Translations of Shaykhi,

Babi and Baha'i Texts

Vol. 7, no. 1 (March, 2003)

References [edit]

Afroukhteh, Youness (2003) [1952], Memories of Nine Years in 'Akk, Oxford, UK: George Rona

ISBN0-85398-477-8Balyuzi, H.M. (2001), Àbdu'l-Bah: The Centre of the Covenant of Bah'u'llh(Paperback ed.),

Oxford, UK: George Ronald, ISBN0-85398-043-8

Blomfield, Lady (1975) [1956], The Chosen Highway , London, UK: Bah' Publishing Trust,

ISBN0-87743-015-2

Browne, E.G. (1918), Materials for the Study of the Bb Religion , Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press

Esslemont, J.E. (1980), Bah'u'llh and the New Era (5th ed.), Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bah'

Publishing Trust, ISBN0-87743-160-4

Foltz, Richard. C (2004), Spirituality in the Land of the Noble: How Iran Shaped the World's

Religions, Oneworld Publications, ISBN1-85168-336-4

Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael (2006), New and Alternative Religions in America

Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN0-275-98712-4

Kazemzadeh, Firuz (2009), "Abdul-Bah Abbs (18441921)" , Bah Encyclopedia Project

(Evanston, IL: National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahs of the United States).

Momen, M. (editor) (1981), The Bb and Bah' Religions, 18441944 Some Contemporary

Western Accounts, Oxford, UK: George Ronald, ISBN0-85398-102-7

Phelps, Myron Henry (1912), Life and Teachings of Abbas Effendi , New York: Putnam,

ISBN978-1-890688-15-8
http://bahai-library.com/winters_chronology_babi_persecutionshttp://bahai-library.com/winters_chronology_babi_persecutionshttp://bahai-library.com/winters_chronology_babi_persecutionshttp://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha'i/Others/ROB/V2/p388-396Ch18.htmlhttp://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha'i/Others/ROB/V2/p388-396Ch18.htmlhttp://www.unrisd.org/unrisd/website/document.nsf/8b18431d756b708580256b6400399775/2e975aca2a81aa54c12576580028735c/$FILE/WebIran.pdfhttp://www.unrisd.org/unrisd/website/document.nsf/8b18431d756b708580256b6400399775/2e975aca2a81aa54c12576580028735c/$FILE/WebIran.pdfhttp://www.unrisd.org/unrisd/website/document.nsf/8b18431d756b708580256b6400399775/2e975aca2a81aa54c12576580028735c/$FILE/WebIran.pdfhttp://www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/books/A-E/B/browne/tn/tnfrnt.htmhttp://www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/books/A-E/B/browne/tn/tnfrnt.htmhttp://www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/books/A-E/B/browne/tn/tnfrnt.htmhttp://www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/books/A-E/B/browne/tn/hometn.htmhttp://www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/books/A-E/B/browne/tn/hometn.htmhttp://www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/books/A-E/B/browne/tn/hometn.htmhttp://www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/books/A-E/B/browne/tn/hometn.htmhttp://bahai-library.com/leacock_yahi_bahi_societyhttp://bahai-library.com/leacock_yahi_bahi_societyhttp://bahai-library.com/leacock_yahi_bahi_societyhttp://bahai-library.com/uhj_numbers_sacred_writingshttp://bahai-library.com/uhj_numbers_sacred_writingshttp://bahai-library.com/uhj_numbers_sacred_writingshttp://www.h-net.org/~bahai/trans/vol7/govern.htmhttp://www.h-net.org/~bahai/trans/vol7/govern.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85398-477-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_M._Balyuzihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85398-043-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Blomfieldhttp://bahai-library.com/blomfield_chosen_highwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87743-015-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.G._Brownehttp://www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/books/A-E/B/browne/material/msbrtoc.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Esslemonthttp://reference.bahai.org/en/t/je/BNE/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87743-160-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85168-336-4http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oZiScvbS6-cChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98712-4http://www.bahai-encyclopedia-project.org/index.php?view=article&catid=36%3Aadministrationinstitutions&id=81%3Aabdul-baha-abbas-1844-1921&option=com_content&Itemid=74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85398-102-7http://books.google.com/books?id=WVrQ1gfZPfgChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890688-15-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890688-15-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=WVrQ1gfZPfgChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85398-102-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.bahai-encyclopedia-project.org/index.php?view=article&catid=36%3Aadministrationinstitutions&id=81%3Aabdul-baha-abbas-1844-1921&option=com_content&Itemid=74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98712-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oZiScvbS6-cChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85168-336-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87743-160-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://reference.bahai.org/en/t/je/BNE/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Esslemonthttp://www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/books/A-E/B/browne/material/msbrtoc.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.G._Brownehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87743-015-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://bahai-library.com/blomfield_chosen_highwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Blomfieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85398-043-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_M._Balyuzihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85398-477-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1&action=edit&section=15http://www.h-net.org/~bahai/trans/vol7/govern.htmhttp:/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Wikimedia Commons has

media related to Àbdu'l-

Bah.

Wikiquote has a collection of

quotations related to:

Àbdu'l-Bah

Wikisourcehas original works

written by or about:

Àbdu'l-Bah

Van den Hoonaard, Willy Carl (1996), The origins of the Bah' community of Canada, 1898

1948 , Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, ISBN0-88920-272-9

Smith, Peter (2000), "Àbdu'l-Bah" (PDF), A concise encyclopedia of the Bah' Faith(Oxfo

Oneworld Publications), ISBN1-85168-184-1 .

Hogenson, Kathryn J. (2010), Lighting the Western Sky: The Hearst Pilgrimage & Establishmen

of the Baha'i Faith in the West, George Ronald, ISBN978-0-85398-543-3

Ma'ani, Baharieh Rouhani (2008), Leaves of the Twin Divine Trees, Oxford, UK: George Ronald,

ISBN0-85398-533-2

Further reading [edit]

Browne, E.G. (1891), A Traveller's Narrative , Cambridge

Effendi, Shoghi (1944), God Passes By , Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bah' Publishing Trust, ISBN0

87743-020-9

Smith, Peter (2008), An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

ISBN978-0-521-86251-6, ISBN 0-521-86251-5

Zarqni, Mrz Mahmd-i- (1998) [1913], Mahmd's Diary: Chronicling Abdu'l-Bah's Journey

America , Oxford, UK: George Ronald, ISBN0-85398-418-2Mcglinn, Sen (22 April 2011). "Abdul-Bahas British knighthood" . Sen McGlinn's Blog. Retrieve

26 April 2011. (also relevant to Abdu'l-Baha's business interests and income).

External links [edit]

Selections from the Writings of Àbdu'l-Bah

Tablets of Àbdu'l-Bah Abbas

Abbas Effendi-Àbdu'l-Bah

Author ity controlWorldCat VIAF: 96995970 LCCN: n79065595 GND: 118500082 BNF:

cb12110346z (data) NKC:jn19990210004

Categories : 1844 births 1921 deaths Bah' central figures Bah' holy family

People from Tehran Iranian Bah's Burials in Haifa, Israel People from Acre, Israel

Prisoners and detainees of the Ottoman EmpireHonorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire 20th-century Bah's

19th-century Bah's
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