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Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Biotic factor: living, or once living, factor in an ecosystem
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Abiotic factor: physical, or non living, factor in an ecosystem– Abiotic factors were
NEVER living
Characteristics of Living Things
• Universal genetic code (DNA)
• Made up of cells
How do we know something is alive?
• Reproduction
• Growth and development
How do we know something is alive?
• Response to environment
• Energy
How do we know something is alive?
• Maintain stable internal environment (homeostasis)
• Adaptation and Evolution
How do we know something is alive?
Is it ALIVE?!• Chalk• Fire• Earthworm• Apple seed• Pine tree• Mildew• Sand• Potato• Rose bush• Ocean
• Corn• Mouse• Dirt• Virus• Mushroom• Frog• Snake• Milk• Blood• Chair
As a pair, tell me whether each object above is alive or not alive. Explain your reasoning for each using what you just learned about living vs. non-living things.
Organisms in their Environment
• Individual• Species • Population• Community• Ecosystem• Biome• Biosphere
Classification of Living Things
Classification
• Grouping organisms based on external characteristics can cause problems
• Phylogeny: evolutionary relationships– Scientists now group based on evolutionary
descent, not just physical characteristics– This is called evolutionary classification
Cladograms
• Shows evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms
• Derived characters: characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in older members
How are organisms classified?
• Similarities in:– Habitat– Adaptations– DNA sequences and number of genes– Evolutionary relationships
• Homologous structures• Similarities in embryology
Hierarchy of Classification
KingdomPhylum
ClassOrderFamilyGenus Species
Kingdoms
Five Kingdoms• Monera• Protista• Fungi• Plantae• Animalia
Six Kingdoms• Eubacteria• Archaebacteria• Protista• Fungi• Plantae• Animalia
Animals
• Multicellular• Heterotrophic• No cell walls
Animal Phyla• Porifera• Cnidaria• Ctenophora • Platyhelminthes• Annelids (Annelida)• Nematoda• Echinoderm
(Echinodermata)• Arthropods (arthropoda)• Mollusks (molussca)• Chordates (chordata)
Characteristics of Vertebrates• Bilateral symmetry • Two pairs of appendages• Outer covering of protective skin• Well-developed body cavity (coelom) completely lined with epithelium
(cellular tissue), that may be divided into 2 to 4 compartments. • Internal skeleton of cartilage and bone• Brain enclosed by skull • Well-developed sense organs (eyes, ears, nostrils) located on the head
(cephalization)• Respiratory system: gills or lungs • Closed circulatory system with ventral heart and median dorsal artery. • Genital and excretory systems closely related, utilizing common ducts and
pathways• Digestive tracts with two major digestive glands (liver and pancreas)
Types of Vertebrates
• Myxini - hagfishes • Cephalaspidomorpha - lampreys• Chondrichthyes - cartilagenous fishes • Osteichthyes - bony fishes • Amphibia - frogs, toads, salamanders• Reptilia - turtles, snakes, lizards• Aves - birds • Mammalia - mammals