Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Absolutism and Absolutism and ConstitutionalismConstitutionalism
France and The BourbonsFrance and The BourbonsThe Decline of SpainThe Decline of SpainConstitutionalism in Constitutionalism in
EnglandEnglandThe English Civil WarThe English Civil War
• Absolutism– What is absolutism
• The King and the State• God and the rule of the king• State Bureaucracies• Standing Armies• Nobility• State institutions• Totalitarianism vs. Absolutism
– Foundations of Absolutism in France• Henry IV Taxes, Peace, and the Nobility• Sully (minister)- stability and growth
•Cardinal Richelieu (Louis XIII)– French Nobility– Total Subordination– Royal Council and Nobility– Administrative System
» Intendants– Huguenots and Catholic Church
•Edict of Nantes (Henry IV)– Louis XIII and Richelieu– High Taxes and Shortages
•France and Richelieu– Habsburgs– Sweden and French support– Land and influence in Germany
– French Absolutism•French Government and Taxes
(Nobility and Middle Class- Tax exempt status
•Mazarin and France•Frande
– Civil Wars– Government Centralization– Economy– Louis XIV and Absolutism
• Absolute Monarchy of Louis XIV– Sun King– Nobility and Louis XIV
•Control of the Nobility• Institution of the court at Versaille
– Palace of Versailles• Royal power• State policy an nobility• Overawe the nobility• French Language and culture• Separating power from status• Centralized state administration• Professional class
– Economy and Louis XIV• Peasants and Taxes• Wars and cost• Tariffs and Merchant Marine• Canada• Heavy taxation and agriculture• Inflation
– The Edict of Nantes- Revoked•1685•Destruction of Protestant churches and schools
•Division and French people
– French Classicism•Resembles the arts of ancient renaissance
•More than art•Composers- Lully, Courperin, and Charpentier
•Theater- Moliere and Racine
• The Wars of Louis XIV– Professional Army
•Employed by the state not nobility•Centralized control•Louis and personal control
– Richelieu’s Policies continued•Flanders 1667•Strasbourg 1681 and Lorraine 1684•League of Augsburg and England
– Banks and Enemies Finance– William III of England– Dutch King
– The War of Spanish Succession 1701-1713• Louis XIV claimed the Spanish Throne
after the death of Charles II• Charles left everything to his half-
sister grandson Phillip (Phillip V of Spain)
• Phillip V was a grandson of Louis XIV• Fought to preserve the balance of
power in Europe• Grand Alliance- Dutch, Prussia (HRE)
Austrians, and English• Fought in North America as well
– Spanish main (Privateers and English Ships vs. Spanish fleet)
– Queen Anne’s War
Charles II Hapsburg King of Spain
Louis XIV Bourbon King of France
Phillip V King of Spain
•Most of the War fought in the low countries (Dutch republics and Netherlands)
•The Peace of Utrecht in 1713•The Treaty of Rastatt 1714•France and peasant rebellion•French economy
• The Decline of Spain (17th Century)– Decline of Spanish Absolute
monarch•Fiscal problems•Political incompetence• Isolationism•Mercantilism•Middle Class
•Trade Monopoly- Dutch and English•Silver Supply and Inflation (New World Silver)
•Aristocrats and extravagance•Spanish kings
– War and Spanish Decline•War with France•War with the Dutch•Treaty of Pyrenees of 1659
– Don Quixote•Spanish impractical dreams of grandeur
• Constitutionalism in England– Constitutionalism
•Rule of law in the state•Balance of between power of the
government and rights of the people•Constitution must be respected by
government– Not the same as a full democracy– Not everyone can participate
– Decline of absolutism (1603-1649)•Since Elizabeth I the Stuart Kings
lacked the political wisdom and power needed
• James I and divine right monarch•Absolutism and England
•House of Commons in England– James I and rule– Middle Class growth– King vs. House of Commons– Charles I ruled without parliament
from 1620-1640
•Religious differences– English Puritans- a majority– Dissatisfaction with Church of
England- Catholic rituals/rights in church
– Charles I and Archbishop Laud- Pro Catholic
– Protestant Reformation and England
• The English Civil War 1642-1649– Parliament
•Taxation without consent•Despotism•Limitation of Royal Power•Scottish revolt
– Religion – Army
•King compelled to summon parliament every 3 years
• Impeachment of archbishop Laud• Irish revolt
– Charles I and England•Where should sovereignty reside?•Military action against parliament•Was beheaded in 1649
– The Fighting•Cavaliers and Roundheads•Parliament and their military forces
under Oliver Cromwell•Surrender of Charles I•Execution of Charles I- 1649
– People of England– Loss of the King– Rule of the King
– Puritanical Absolutism•Commonwealth of England
– Power of Parliament– Power of the Army in the State– Oliver Cromwell and Lord Protector
•Cromwell’s defeat of the Royalists•Cromwell as Lord Protector
– Puritan ideological rule– Religious toleration- except Catholicism– Revolt in Ireland– Censorship– Navigation Acts- British Merchants
» Would lead to war with the Dutch» Boom to the economy
– Restoration of the Monarchy•Removal of Cromwell’s institution•Charles II
– Son of Charles I– Return to normalcy– The Test Act of 1673– The Cabal- Council of 5
» Members of Parliament» Advisors to Charles
•Forerunner to the Cabinet system– Relationship with Parliament
• James II– Charles II deathbed- Catholicism– James and Catholicism
•Rule of James II– Secret Catholicism– Favor of the people and parliament at first– Had lost favor because of his Catholicism
but that threat was forgotten/disappeared during the rule of his brother Charles II
– Violated Test Act» Gave government jobs to Catholics
•Threat to Rule of James II– Rebellions– Parliament objections to rule (Catholic
issues)– Absoluter rule after he disbanded
parliament– England feared a Catholic monarchy– Rebellions against James came from Holland– William Duke of Orange (nephew/son in law)
– Glorious Revolution•Peaceful bloodless exchange of Power•Return to Protestant rule
– James II son was Catholic– Mary was married to the William Duke of
Orange form Holland– James II would be expelled from England
•William and Mary would rule on the Laws and Acts passed by Parliament
– Establishment of separation of Powers– Power divided between two institutions
•The Bill of Rights 1689– Parliament met every three years – Elected without interference from the
King– Judiciary was independent from the crown
– John Locke and Government• Government was invented to protect
the people- Life, Liberty, and Property• Natural or Universal Rights
– Cabinet System and England• King and parliament• Relationship between two
• The Dutch Republic- 17th Century– The United Provinces of the
Netherlands• Won independence from Spain• Peace of Westphalia 1648• Dutch Golden Age
– The Dutch Republic•Confederation of provinces•Based on certain values that led to economic growth and the formation of a commercial empire
•Dutch Fishing Industry•The Dutch East India Company 1602
– Portuguese trade in East Asia
•The Dutch West India Company 1622
– Traded in Africa and Latin America
•War with England in 1670’s– Hurt economic growth of the Dutch
Absolutism in Absolutism in Eastern EuropeEastern Europe
RussiaRussiaAustriaAustriaPrussiaPrussia
Baroque ArchitectureBaroque Architecture
• Lords and Peasants in Eastern Europe– 1400-1650 advancements for
peasants were rolled back•Serfdom was re-imposed•Done by nobility and rulers
– Medieval background•1050-1300 personal and economic
freedoms were attained•Serfdom nearly gone•Post 1300- revival of serfdom to
combat economic problems– Laws passed to restrict movement and
peasants rights– Heavy labor obligations and land seized
– Consolidation of serfdom•Reestablishment of hereditary serfdom
– Poland, Russia, and Prussia– 1500-1650
•Growth of estate agriculture– Lords seized peasant lands– Demanded unpaid serfdom labor
•Political reasons for Eastern European Serfdom
– Weak monarchs and nobility demands– Western idea of sovereignty– Peasants- Less solidarity and political
power– Landlords and town system– Ideas toward Eastern Europe
The rise of Austria and PrussiaAustria and the Ottoman Turks○Thirty Years War- Habsburgs
consolidation of powerAbsolutism was achievedSerfdom increasesProtestantism wiped outFerdinand III created a standing army
and centralized the government
○Hungary and land○Ottomans and Hungary/Transylvania○Ottomans under Suleiman the
MagnificentOttoman State
•Ottomans attack Austria in 1683– Habsburgs defeat the Ottomans by 1699– Conqueror Hungary and Transylvania– Louis XIV of France and Nobles from
Hungary
•Habsburg’s controlled Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary
– Prussia in the 17th century•Hohenzollern control of Prussia after
the 30 Years War•Fredrick William (The Great Elector)
– Military force– Weakened Junkers (nobility)– Traditional Parliaments and Estates
•Consolidation of Power to Absolutism– Prussian militarism– Junker class became military elite
• Early Russia– Russia and development
vs. rest of Europe (Mongols)
– Mongol Control and Rise of Moscow•Princes of Moscow and the
Mongols•Duchy of Moscow• Ivan I• Ivan III- Novgorod and
Independence– Mongol Khan– Dispute among the Khanates– The Khanate Golden Horde– Isolationism of Russia– Orthodox Church and freedom
from the Mongols
– Russian Czar/Tsar• Prince of Moscow/Duchy of Moscow• Czar and Boyars
– Service Nobility– Military service
• Ivan the Terrible– Autocratic Ruler– Orthodox Church– Boyars– Cossacks– Middle Class– Oprichnina/Oprichnikie
• Time of Troubles– Ivan heir and death of his son– Invasion of Swedish and Polish armies– Cossacks in eastern regions– Nobility and control
•Michael Romanov– Reestablishment of autocracy– Czarist control over people– Enserfment of peasants– Nobility and power
– Reforms in Russia and Peter the Great•Russian westernization- Ivan III, Ivan IV
and Peter the Great– Catherine the Great and enlightened
despotism
•Peter and Army– Prussian and other western advisors
•Great Northern War– St. Petersburg– Army and size
•Russian Bureaucracy•Russian Peasant life
– People and assignments
•Territorial Expansion– St. Petersburg and Baltic Sea– Peter and War in the South- Ottoman lands
and Crimea
•Peter and western Ideas
• Absolutism and Baroque Architecture– Palaces and Power
•Show places for the authority of the king•Architecture played an important role in
politics because it enhanced the image of a ruler and awed the people
•The Royal Palace was a favorite architectural expression of absolutist power
•Baroque was a dramatic and emotional style
– Cities and Urban Planning•Cities were built along orderly lines•Large imposing public buildings•New avenues brought speed to cities•Long straight streets
– The growth of St. Petersburg•Example of the tie among architecture, politics, and urban development
•Peter the Great built the new western city in the baroque style
•Show place for Russia and the Czar•In the 18th century one of the worlds largest cities
– Straight avenues– Houses were built in uniform line– Parks, Canals, and streetlights– Each social groups was to live in a
specific section– Western section was Peters favorite
•Peasants bore the heavy burdens to construct the city
