Academic Integrity and Plagiarism

Ms Erika GavilletDr Richy Hetherington

Do you agree to take part?

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Testing…

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1. If you are male2. If you are female

Which of the following professional bodies are you a member of

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1. General Medical Council2. The Health Professions

Council3. The Science Council4. Chartered Scientists5. British Association of

Accredited Researchers6. None of the above

Professional Bodies

membership organisation representing the learned societies and professional institutions

A single chartered mark for all scientists, recognising high levels of professionalism and competence in science

Registers doctors to practise medicine in the UK. Promote and maintaining the health and safety of the public by ensuring proper standards in the practice of medicine.

A regulator protecting the public by registering health professionals ensuring standards of training, professional skills, behaviour and health.

B.A.A.R. I made that one up, to test your integrity

Project Approval

Ethics advice

Research Ethics (16th January) Research Governance (13th Nov)

-National Research Ethics Service Institute of Neuroscience Psychology Ethics

Committee Research Ethics in a Wider context - for 2nd year and

above only (HASS http://pgrdp.ncl.ac.uk/) Your Handbooks for Research students http://www.ncl.ac.uk/res/research/ethics_governance/

Funding Integrity

Pharmaceuticals manufacturer support

Other interested parties

E.g. Dr Andrew Wakefield

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Experimental Integrity: Can the circled data point be dropped

1. Yes2. no

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Should you publish this result?

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1. Yes2. No

sample Control

Authorship and Acknowledgement

YES NO

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Should a technician who produced results but had no input to design or interpretation of results be an author?

Open Access Publishing

Maintaining academic integrity in research

Avoiding Misconduct Fabrication (inventing data) Falsification (distorting data or results) Plagiarism (copying)

Consider whether you have an intention to deceive

Duplication, redundancy or self plagiarism

Sending the same article to more than one journal Using the data twice without a significantly different

outcome Copying your introduction for another piece of work Using data generated from one degree e.g. MRes or

MSc in another PhD

Reference

Scientists behaving badlyBrian C. Martinson, Melissa S. Anderson & Raymond de VriesNature 435, 737-738(9 June 2005)

The 'self-plagiarism' oxymoron: can one steal from oneself?Chrousos GP, Kalantaridou SN, Margioris AN, Gravanis A. Eur J Clin

Invest. 2012 Mar;42(3):231-2.

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/

Academic integrity. Plagiarism – what’s okay and what’s notErika GavilletMedical LibrarianWalton Library

Academic integrity – the dilemma

Show you have done your research…BUT …write something new and original

Appeal to experts and authorities…BUT …improve upon or disagree with experts and

authorities

Academic integrity – the dilemma

Demonstrate you ability to write by mimicking what you hear and read…

BUT …use your own words and voice

Give credit where credit is due…BUT …make your own significant contribution.

Academic integrity – the dilemma

Remember…supervisors and other readers will not be able to tell if plagiarism is deliberate or not.

You are under pressure with your lab experiment which then goes wrong. Your colleague ran a similar experiment last week and gives you the figures.

You use them in your report. Is this:

Accep

table

practic

e?

Plagiar

ism?

Collusio

n?

0% 0%0%

1. Acceptable practice?2. Plagiarism?3. Collusion?

When writing your research, you take short phrases from a number of sources, add your own words to make a coherent structure and list all

your sources in your bibliography. Is this:

Accep

table

practic

e?

Plagiar

ism?

Collusio

n?

0% 0%0%

1. Acceptable practice?2. Plagiarism?3. Collusion?

Tools for detecting plagiarism

JISC software ‘Watermarked’ e journals and books Internet detection software Experience

Tools for detecting plagiarism

JISC software ‘Watermarked’ e journals and books Internet detection software Experience

Types of plagiarism

For the following slides, demonstrating examples of plagiarism, I am indebted to South Bank University’s website:

Acceptable and Unacceptable use of non-original material

http://cise.sbu.ac.uk/plagposter/[Accessed 5th May 2008]

‘Copy and paste’

The writer copies the exact words that have already been published into their work without any indication of their origin.

Disguise

Some words are changed from the original source. Arguably a more serious offence than ‘copy and

paste’ as it indicates a deliberate attempt to pass the work off as the writer’s own.

Incorrect referencing

Where it is not made clear within the writer’s work which parts of the writing have been taken from the original source and which belong to them.

Mosiac

Fragments of the original are scattered between parts that the writer has written.

The sequence of ideas and examples show that it has been lifted directly from the original source.

The writer’s comments between add no value or make no difference to the writing.

Multiple sources

Where content is mixed from more than one source. This does not make the writing any more original or

valuable

Paraphrasing

In this example, nearly all the words are those of the writer

However, the sequence, the ideas, the references used to support the arguments etc are identical to the original source.

Correct but inappropriate usage

No attempt to mislead or cheat…correctly acknowledged and formatted…

But so little of the writer’s work that it is pointless!

So…when should you give credit?

When you are referring to someone else’s words or ideas

When using information gained through interviewing someone

So…when should you give credit? (cont..)

When you reproduce or reprint any diagrams, illustrations, charts or photos

When you choose to use the exact words or ‘unique phrase’ from another’s work

Making sure you are safe

Techniques to ensure that you can’t be accused of plagiarism…

When researching, note-taking, and interviewing

Make sure you indicate clearly when the words belong to someone else – use a ‘Q’ in the margin, or quotation marks.

Always keep a full record of your sources (page numbers, titles etc)

Always acknowledge in your final text using in-text citation, footnotes, bibliography, quotation marks or indirect quotations.

When paraphrasing or summarising

Write your paraphrase or summary from memory – don’t look at the original text. Then check with the original for accuracy.

In your work, begin by giving credit: According to Esther Blodgitt…

If you want to use a unique phrase, put it in quotation marks: The Prime Minister’s response to the opposition was a “poisonous diatribe” (Blodgitt).

Quotes

Don’t use too many – it starts to look like there’s not many of your own ideas in your work

Mention the author somewhere in the sentence and use quotation marks.

You have found a fantastic article. You copy out a few sentences word for word, include quotation marks and an in text citation and

include full details in your bibliography. Is this?

Accep

table

practic

e?

Plagiar

ism?

Collusio

n?

0% 0%0%

1. Acceptable practice?2. Plagiarism?3. Collusion?

You want to use a graph from a textbook. You contact the author who gives you permission and

you reference it in your bibliography. Is this:

Accep

table

practic

e?

Plagiar

ism?

Collusio

n?

0% 0%0%

1. Acceptable practice?2. Plagiarism?3. Collusion?

Where to go for further information

Citing references by David Fisher

Citing your references by David Bosworth

Electronic styles: a handbook for citing electronic information by Xia Li

University Student Handbook

Academic integrity pages on the ResIN website: http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/resin/writing_up/academic_integrity/plagiarism.php

General academic good practice: http://www.ncl.ac.uk/right-cite/

If you have been listening…

Thank you!

This is your opportunity to comment or ask questions…

Or later…medliaison@ncl.ac.uk