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Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 1 Introduction Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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Themes of the Book: An Overview Cultural Contrasts Cultural Contrasts Historical Contrasts Historical Contrasts Interdisciplinary Approach Interdisciplinary Approach Gender Issues Gender Issues Globalization Globalization Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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Chapter Content Overview Adolescence in Western Cultures throughout the ages Adolescence in Western Cultures throughout the ages Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Transitions to adulthood Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Transitions to adulthood Research and theory on adolescence and emerging adulthood Research and theory on adolescence and emerging adulthood Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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Adolescence is. The period after puberty begins and before adult roles are taken on culturally constructed a fairly new term, coming into common usage in the early 20 th Century Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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Adolescence: A Cultural Construct Almost all cultures recognize adolescence as a life period Almost all cultures recognize adolescence as a life period The length, content and daily experience differs across cultures The length, content and daily experience differs across cultures Different cultures define adult status, roles and responsibilities differently Different cultures define adult status, roles and responsibilities differently Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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Ancient Times Ancient Times Early Christian Times through the Middle Ages Early Christian Times through the Middle Ages 1500 1890 1500 1890 The Age of Adolescence, 1890-1920 The Age of Adolescence, 1890-1920 Adolescence in Western Cultures Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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Adolescence in Western Cultures Ancient Greece Infancy (birth 7) Childhood (7-14) Adolescence (14-21) Plato on EducationLife Stage Capacity for reason allows for study of science and math Education should focus on sports and music The infants mind is too undeveloped to learn much Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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The Age of Adolescence: 1890-1920 Contributing Factors: 1.Legislation prohibiting child labour 2.Compulsory education 3.Adolescence as a distinct field of scholarship Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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Inventionist Views: Do you Agree? Child labor laws are a way of keeping young people out of useful work. The education system just institutionalizes young people to make them passive and compliant to authority. Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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G. Stanley Hall: Key Ideas Child Study Movement research to better the lives of children and adolescents Child Study Movement research to better the lives of children and adolescents Recapitulation development of an individual reenacts evolution of human species Recapitulation development of an individual reenacts evolution of human species Storm and Stress upheaval and disorder is a normal part of adolescent development Storm and Stress upheaval and disorder is a normal part of adolescent development Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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Adolescence: From Halls Time to Our Time From 1900 to 1970, initial age of menarche has declined (from 15 to 12.5 years) From 1900 to 1970, initial age of menarche has declined (from 15 to 12.5 years) First signs of puberty begin about 2 years prior to menarche First signs of puberty begin about 2 years prior to menarche 19002000 14-24 years 10-18 years Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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Emerging Adulthood is the age of Identity explorations Identity explorations Instability Instability Self-focus Self-focus Feeling in-between Feeling in-between Possibilities Possibilities Who Am I? Am I going to find an apartment? Am I going to like moving away to study? Am I really an adult now? Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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The Transition to Adulthood: American Style Legally an adult at age 18 Legally an adult at age 18 Characterized by Individualism: Characterized by Individualism: Accepting responsibility for oneselfAccepting responsibility for oneself Making independent decisionsMaking independent decisions Becoming financially independentBecoming financially independent Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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The Transition to Adulthood: Other Perspectives IsraelArgentina S. Korea Completing Military Service Being able to support a family financially Being able to support their parents financially Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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Individualism & Interdependence In traditional cultures, marriage marks the transition to adulthood Explain this in terms of values of individualism vs. collectivism or interdependence. Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Applying Standards of the Scientific Method: Applying Standards of the Scientific Method: Hypotheses finding an answer to an important question that emerges from theory or previous researchHypotheses finding an answer to an important question that emerges from theory or previous research Sampling choosing participants to represent the population of interestSampling choosing participants to represent the population of interest Procedure the way the study is conducted and data is collectedProcedure the way the study is conducted and data is collected Methods strategies for collecting dataMethods strategies for collecting data Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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Research Issue: Sampling a Population A researcher surveys young adults in a drug rehabilitation program to find out about the frequency of drug use among American urban adolescents. She determines that 100% of the young adults in the sample have used drugs. Is this sample generalizable to the population? Explain and discuss. Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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Research Issue: Informed Consent A researcher wants to observe adolescents in their habitat. She goes to a school and hangs out, taking pictures and talking to students about their lives. The adolescents do not know she is a researcher. Is this an ethical way of conducting research? Explain and discuss in terms of informed consent. Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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Research Issue: Reliability & Validity You have a 50 pound weight that has been tested on a NASA scale. You put it on your bathroom scale and it reads 45 pounds. You weigh it five more times, each yielding a result of 45 pounds. Is your scale a reliable measure? Is your scale a valid measure? Explain. FLY-IN ANSWER! The scale is reliable because it obtains the same results every time. The scale is NOT valid because it is NOT truly or accurately measuring the weight (given that the NASA scale is valid). Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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Research Methods MethodDescriptionExample Ethnography Ethnography Participant observation Participant observation Mead in Samoa Mead in Samoa Harvard Adolescence Project Harvard Adolescence Project Biological Measurement Biological Measurement Measurement of biological factors (e.g., timing of puberty) Measurement of biological factors (e.g., timing of puberty) Tanner (timing and sequence of pubertal change) Tanner (timing and sequence of pubertal change) Experimental Research Experimental Research Treatment and control (non- treatment) groups Treatment and control (non- treatment) groups Research on media use (p. 24) Research on media use (p. 24) Testing anti-smoking interventions Testing anti-smoking interventions Daily Records Daily Records Participants wear beepers and record their experiences at intervals Participants wear beepers and record their experiences at intervals Experience Sampling Method Beeper studies Experience Sampling Method Beeper studies Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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Research Methods Note: Combining methods allows for a rich and comprehensive understanding Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Type of Data Quantitative Quantitative Qualitative Qualitative Strategies Close ended questionnaires Close ended questionnaires Interviews Interviews Applications Large scale surveys (e.g., Monitoring the Future) Large scale surveys (e.g., Monitoring the Future) Adolescents and emerging adults describe their own experiences in their own words Adolescents and emerging adults describe their own experiences in their own words Drawbacks Restrictive in terms of responses Restrictive in terms of responses Coding and categorizing is time-consuming Coding and categorizing is time-consuming Benefits Yields Large scale, comprehensive data Yields Large scale, comprehensive data Richness and complexity Richness and complexity

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Correlation versus Causation Example: In a study, physical exercise was found to be related to happiness. The more people exercised they tended to be happier. Can we assert that exercise causes happiness? FLY-IN ANSWER! Correlation does not imply causation. Interpretation is needed to understand relation between correlation and causation. Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.