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Adolescence and Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Cultural Approach Chapter 10 Chapter 10 School School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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Page 1: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Adolescence and Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Emerging Adulthood: A

Cultural ApproachCultural Approach

Chapter 10Chapter 10

SchoolSchool

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Page 2: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

history and current state of schooling for adolescents history and current state of schooling for adolescents in the United States, other industrialized countries, in the United States, other industrialized countries, and developing countriesand developing countries

characteristics of effective schools, and the effects of characteristics of effective schools, and the effects of school climateschool climate

effects of family environments and friends’ influence effects of family environments and friends’ influence on adolescent achievement.on adolescent achievement.

part-time work and adolescents' academic part-time work and adolescents' academic achievement.achievement.

cultural, ethnic, gender, and intellectual differences on cultural, ethnic, gender, and intellectual differences on adolescents' school experiences.adolescents' school experiences.

factors leading to school dropout and related factors leading to school dropout and related prevention programs. prevention programs.

the emerging adult in college and university.the emerging adult in college and university.

Page 3: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

The Rise of SchoolingThe Rise of Schooling

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Compulsory Compulsory education for education for adolescents is a adolescents is a recent advent in recent advent in AmericaAmerica

The “Age of Adolescence”The “Age of Adolescence”

In other Western In other Western countries, a countries, a similar trend took similar trend took place.place.

Page 4: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Developing CountriesDeveloping Countries

Effects of economic development is Effects of economic development is evident in literacy rates of youth vs. evident in literacy rates of youth vs. older generations:older generations:

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Males 15 – 19 years oldMales 15 – 19 years old 74% can read & write74% can read & write

Males 65 + years oldMales 65 + years old

Females 15 – 19 years oldFemales 15 – 19 years old

30% can read & write30% can read & write

59% can read & write59% can read & write

Females 65 + years oldFemales 65 + years old 9% can read & write9% can read & write

E.g., EgyptE.g., Egypt

Page 5: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Secondary School in America: Secondary School in America: Changes Changes

19th CFor the wealthy,

esp. males;Broad liberal arts

1920Training for work and

citizenship; college prep,

vocational training

Mid-20th CExpanding

school population; curriculum expands to

include family life, arts

1980sBack to Basics

movement

Discuss social and political factors that impacted these Discuss social and political factors that impacted these changes in the school system…E.g., immigration, changes in the school system…E.g., immigration,

declining achievement scores in the 1980setc.declining achievement scores in the 1980setc.

Page 6: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Should high school Should high school courses be offered courses be offered only on academic only on academic subjects such as math subjects such as math and English, or should and English, or should courses in music and courses in music and physical education also physical education also be available? Justify be available? Justify your answer.your answer.

Discussion StopDiscussion Stop

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Page 7: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Diversity of American EducationDiversity of American Education Local and state level legislation and fundingLocal and state level legislation and funding

Results in diversity in curriculum, rules and Results in diversity in curriculum, rules and requirements and resource disparity requirements and resource disparity

19941994 – “Goals 2000” est. by federal government – “Goals 2000” est. by federal government toward national educational policytoward national educational policy

20012001 – “No Child Left Behind Act” passed – “No Child Left Behind Act” passed provided federal funding for national testing, provided federal funding for national testing, teacher training standards and evaluationteacher training standards and evaluation

Even still, only Even still, only 5%5% of school funding is provided of school funding is provided by the federal governmentby the federal government

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

77% of Americans support national standards for academic performance (1997)66% of Americans supported a national curriculum (1997)

Page 8: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Secondary Education Around the WorldSecondary Education Around the World

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Page 9: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Secondary Education in Secondary Education in Industrialized CountriesIndustrialized Countries

USA, Canada, Japan –USA, Canada, Japan –

Comprehensive High Comprehensive High School School

European Countries:European Countries:

1.1. College PreparatoryCollege Preparatory

2.2. Vocational SchoolVocational School

3.3. Professional SchoolProfessional School

Some European countries Some European countries have apprenticeship have apprenticeship programsprograms

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

What are benefits and drawbacks of these different systems?

Page 10: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

In Developing Countries…In Developing Countries…Latin America – public Latin America – public secondary schools secondary schools overcrowded and underfunded; overcrowded and underfunded; private schools for wealthyprivate schools for wealthy

China and Japan – admission to China and Japan – admission to university for highest university for highest performing studentsperforming students

Arab Countries of North Africa Arab Countries of North Africa --- secular education system, --- secular education system, influence of Islam is stronginfluence of Islam is strong

Sub-Saharan Africa – lowest Sub-Saharan Africa – lowest rates of literacy; enrollment rates of literacy; enrollment varies across countriesvaries across countries

India – colonial origins & British India – colonial origins & British model; 50% of adolescents model; 50% of adolescents enrolledenrolled

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Gender gap not prevalent; Gender gap not prevalent; economic gap is.economic gap is.

Japan – nearly all graduate high Japan – nearly all graduate high schoolschool

China – less than 75% attendChina – less than 75% attend

Girls’ enrollment is rising as Girls’ enrollment is rising as marriage age risesmarriage age rises

Rates of enrollment low for Rates of enrollment low for girlsgirls

Less than 50% attend overallLess than 50% attend overall

Sharp differences by gender, Sharp differences by gender, class and rural-urban residenceclass and rural-urban residence

Page 11: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

International Comparison: International Comparison: Grade 8 Achievement TestsGrade 8 Achievement Tests

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Countries that perform the best?Countries that perform the best?

Lowest ranking of all Industrialized Countries?Lowest ranking of all Industrialized Countries?

Lowest performance?Lowest performance?

Industrialized Western Countries;Industrialized Western Countries;Japan, S. KoreaJapan, S. Korea

United StatesUnited States

Developing Countries in Africa, Developing Countries in Africa, Latin America and AsiaLatin America and Asia

Discuss factors associated with these results…

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Effective Schools: Size MattersEffective Schools: Size Matters Large schools Large schools

• Offer diverse courses and extracurricular Offer diverse courses and extracurricular activitiesactivities

Small schoolsSmall schools• Less diversity in offerings; students more likely Less diversity in offerings; students more likely

to participate in extracurricular activitiesto participate in extracurricular activities

Scholars agree: optimum school size for Scholars agree: optimum school size for adolescents is?....adolescents is?....

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Between 500 – 1000 studentsBetween 500 – 1000 students

What size of school did you go to?

Page 13: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Scholars don’t agree: How do your experiences compare?

Effective Schools: Size MattersEffective Schools: Size Matters Some research claims direct negative relation Some research claims direct negative relation

between class size and academic performancebetween class size and academic performance

Other scholars claim that typical variation Other scholars claim that typical variation (between 20 and 40 students) has little affect on (between 20 and 40 students) has little affect on achievementachievement

Small Class SizeSmall Class Size preferable for students with preferable for students with academic difficulties, more individual attentionacademic difficulties, more individual attention

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Page 14: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Junior High, Middle School or Neither?Junior High, Middle School or Neither?

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

PlanPlan ExplanationExplanation

6-3-36-3-3 6 years elementary; 3 years junior high; 6 years elementary; 3 years junior high; 3 years high school3 years high school

5-3-45-3-4 5 years elementary; 3 years middle 5 years elementary; 3 years middle school; 4 years high schoolschool; 4 years high school

8-48-4 8 years elementary; 4 years high school8 years elementary; 4 years high school

Discussion Detour:Discussion Detour: Which system did you attend? What were the benefits? Drawbacks? Which do you think is best? Discuss in terms of research, particularly regarding transitions and adolescence.

Page 15: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Improving Adolescents’ School Improving Adolescents’ School ExperienceExperience

““. . . some of the motivational . . . some of the motivational problems seen at early adolescence problems seen at early adolescence may be a consequence of the may be a consequence of the negative changes in the school negative changes in the school environment rather than environment rather than characteristics of the developmental characteristics of the developmental period per se.”period per se.” (Eccles et al., 1993, p. 92) (Eccles et al., 1993, p. 92)

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

(Eccles et al, 1993, 1997)

Page 16: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Transition from Elementary SchoolTransition from Elementary School In comparison to Elementary In comparison to Elementary

Schools, Secondary Schools:Schools, Secondary Schools:1.1. Place greater emphasis on teacher control Place greater emphasis on teacher control

and discipline.and discipline.

2.2. Provide fewer opportunities for student Provide fewer opportunities for student decision-making, choice, and self-decision-making, choice, and self-management.management.

3.3. Secondary School teachers spend more time Secondary School teachers spend more time controlling and less time teaching.controlling and less time teaching.

4.4. Less personal and positive teacher-student Less personal and positive teacher-student relationships. Students perceive teachers relationships. Students perceive teachers less friendly, less supportive, and less caring. less friendly, less supportive, and less caring.

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Page 17: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

School ClimateSchool Climate Includes….the kinds of Includes….the kinds of

interactions teachers and interactions teachers and students have in the students have in the classroom, expectations of classroom, expectations of standards, methods used in standards, methods used in the classroom….the classroom….

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Describe your idea of a positive school climate.

What does research say?

Page 18: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Optimum School ClimateOptimum School Climate Supportive teachers, involved with Supportive teachers, involved with

students, dedicatedstudents, dedicated

Firm but fair disciplineFirm but fair discipline

High expectations for student High expectations for student performance and conductperformance and conduct

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

-Higher attendance-Higher achievement scores-Lower rates of delinquency

Page 19: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Violence in the SchoolViolence in the School The past decade has seen numerous highly The past decade has seen numerous highly

publicized murders in schoolspublicized murders in schools

Yet, in recent years, there is an overall decline in Yet, in recent years, there is an overall decline in violence in U.S. schoolsviolence in U.S. schools

Widespread perception that U.S. have become Widespread perception that U.S. have become more dangerous in the past decademore dangerous in the past decade

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

-Security practices in schools – e.g., metal detectors-Federal funding for violence prevention programs

-Research on bullying

Page 20: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Engagement and AchievementEngagement and Achievement

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

EngagementEngagement: Being psychologically : Being psychologically committed to learningcommitted to learning

Research indicates that more and more, Research indicates that more and more, students are “physically present but students are “physically present but psychologically absent” (Steinberg, psychologically absent” (Steinberg, 1996, p. 67)1996, p. 67)

How do the results in the following slide compare?

Page 21: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

American High School Students’ American High School Students’ School EngagementSchool Engagement

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Page 22: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Positive Impacts on EngagementPositive Impacts on Engagement Positive school climatePositive school climate

Parents’ high expectations Parents’ high expectations for achievementfor achievement

Parents’ involvement in Parents’ involvement in their adolescent child’s their adolescent child’s educationeducation

Parenting style: High Parenting style: High demandingness and high demandingness and high responsivenessresponsiveness

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Page 23: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

What makes social What makes social class so important in class so important in predicting academic predicting academic achievement?achievement?

Discuss social, cultural, Discuss social, cultural, and political-economic and political-economic factors.factors.

Discussion StopDiscussion Stop

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Page 24: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Peers, Friends & SchoolPeers, Friends & School In relation to school, the influence of In relation to school, the influence of

friends is greater than that of parents friends is greater than that of parents in some respects:in some respects:

Consistency of class attendanceConsistency of class attendance Time spent doing homeworkTime spent doing homework GradesGrades

Adolescent friends with high Adolescent friends with high achievement and aspirations support achievement and aspirations support and encourage each other in schooland encourage each other in school

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Page 25: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

High Achieving Friends vs. PeersHigh Achieving Friends vs. Peers

Peer GroupPeer Group FriendsFriendsIf surrounded by high-If surrounded by high-achieving peer group, achieving peer group, adolescents have lower adolescents have lower academic self-concept academic self-concept and expectationsand expectations

In schools with lower In schools with lower achievement levels, achievement levels, adolescents have better adolescents have better academic self-concepts academic self-concepts and expectations and expectations

Even low achieving Even low achieving adolescents with high-adolescents with high-achieving friends are achieving friends are likely to have higher likely to have higher expectations and expectations and aspirationsaspirations

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Big Fish in a little pond effect

Page 26: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Relation Between Work Hours & Relation Between Work Hours & School PerformanceSchool Performance

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Beyond 10 Beyond 10 hrs/week, the more hrs/week, the more adolescents work, adolescents work, the poorer their the poorer their school school performance.performance.

Page 27: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Steinberg (1996) asserts that Steinberg (1996) asserts that to change American to change American adolescents’ school adolescents’ school performance, Americans performance, Americans would have to change their would have to change their beliefs about what should be beliefs about what should be required of adolescents.required of adolescents.

Do you think more should be Do you think more should be required of American required of American adolescents in high school? adolescents in high school? Why or why not?Why or why not?

Discussion StopDiscussion Stop

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Page 28: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Discussion DetourDiscussion Detour Are you in America or Canada?Are you in America or Canada?

In either case, see if there is In either case, see if there is someone from the other country in someone from the other country in your class.your class.

Compare and contrast aspects of Compare and contrast aspects of secondary education and the school secondary education and the school system in the two countries. system in the two countries.

Extend the discussion to include Extend the discussion to include students’ perspectives from other students’ perspectives from other countries.countries.

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Page 29: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Ethnic Differences: AchievementEthnic Differences: Achievement

Consider the ethnic differences in Consider the ethnic differences in academic achievement outlined in your academic achievement outlined in your chapterchapter

What explains these differences?What explains these differences? Some differences are intertwined with issues of Some differences are intertwined with issues of

social class, parenting practices, friends’ social class, parenting practices, friends’ influencesinfluences

Systemic prejudice and discriminationSystemic prejudice and discrimination Consider these issues in relation to the Consider these issues in relation to the

next slide on dropout rates….next slide on dropout rates….Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Page 30: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Ethnic Differences in High School Ethnic Differences in High School Dropout RatesDropout Rates

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Page 31: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Much more research has been Much more research has been conducted on why adolescent conducted on why adolescent girls do less well than adolescent girls do less well than adolescent boys in math and science than boys in math and science than on why boys generally do worse on why boys generally do worse than girls on virtually every than girls on virtually every other measure of academic other measure of academic achievement.achievement.

What hypotheses would you What hypotheses would you propose to explain why boys propose to explain why boys generally do worse than girls generally do worse than girls academically, from grade school academically, from grade school through adolescence?through adolescence?

Discussion StopDiscussion Stop

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Page 32: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Gifted AdolescentsGifted Adolescents Traditional criterion = IQ of at least 130Traditional criterion = IQ of at least 130 Today, gifted programs recognize special talents Today, gifted programs recognize special talents

(e.g., art, music, creativity, leadership)(e.g., art, music, creativity, leadership) Four characteristics of giftedness:Four characteristics of giftedness:

1.1. PrecocityPrecocity2.2. IndependenceIndependence3.3. Drive for MasteryDrive for Mastery4.4. Excellence in Information ProcessingExcellence in Information Processing

Advanced Placement classes include higher level Advanced Placement classes include higher level material in specific subjectsmaterial in specific subjects

Issues: Issues: Gifted adolescents may become bored and alienated from Gifted adolescents may become bored and alienated from

school or socially isolatedschool or socially isolated Challenges in defining giftedness have implications for Challenges in defining giftedness have implications for

gifted educationgifted education

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Page 33: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Adolescents with DisabilitiesAdolescents with Disabilities Disabilities related to school Disabilities related to school

difficulties include speech handicaps, difficulties include speech handicaps, mental retardation, emotional mental retardation, emotional disorders, and learning disabilitiesdisorders, and learning disabilities

About About 10%10% of adolescents in of adolescents in American schools have been American schools have been diagnosed with learning disabilitydiagnosed with learning disability

• ReadingReading is the most common source of is the most common source of difficultydifficulty

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Page 34: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Spotlight: ADHDSpotlight: ADHD Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder:Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder:

• Problems of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivenessProblems of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsiveness

• Classified as learning disabilityClassified as learning disability

• One-halfOne-half of adolescents with LD have been diagnosed of adolescents with LD have been diagnosed with ADHDwith ADHD

• Boys Boys four timesfour times as likely as girls to be diagnosed with as likely as girls to be diagnosed with ADHDADHD

• Nearly Nearly 50%50% of those diagnosed have a sibling or parent of those diagnosed have a sibling or parent with the disorderwith the disorder

• Critics argue the levels of diagnosis indicate improper Critics argue the levels of diagnosis indicate improper diagnosis in many casesdiagnosis in many cases

• Diagnosis often made without full professional evaluationDiagnosis often made without full professional evaluation

• Nearly Nearly 90%90% of children diagnosed are treated with Ritalin of children diagnosed are treated with Ritalin or other medicationor other medication

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Page 35: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Adolescents with Disabilities: StrategiesAdolescents with Disabilities: Strategies InclusionInclusion

• Goal is to make the education of the adolescents Goal is to make the education of the adolescents with disabilities as similar to the experience of with disabilities as similar to the experience of other adolescents and to have contact with the other adolescents and to have contact with the full range of studentsfull range of students

• Resource Room and specially trained teacher Resource Room and specially trained teacher usually available for extra help or scheduled usually available for extra help or scheduled periodsperiods

TrackingTracking (Stratified levels) (Stratified levels)1.1. Upper – college preparatory levelUpper – college preparatory level2.2. General – for average studentsGeneral – for average students3.3. Remedial/special education – for students academically Remedial/special education – for students academically

behind their peersbehind their peers

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Page 36: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Discuss the Discuss the possible benefits possible benefits and problems and problems associated with associated with tracking and tracking and inclusion.inclusion.

Discussion StopDiscussion Stop

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Page 37: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

High School DropoutHigh School Dropout

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

By the year 2000, what By the year 2000, what percentage of young people had percentage of young people had not obtained a high school not obtained a high school diploma by age 24?diploma by age 24?

11%11%

Factors Associated with Dropout?Factors Associated with Dropout?

Repeating a gradeHistory of school

difficulties

Active, aggressive, high-sensation

seeking personality

Having a Learning Disability

Girls – having a child during adolescenceParents’ education

and incomeParents who have

dropped outLow income –

lower school qualitySingle-parent familyLarge schoolSchool Climate

Other factors?Other factors?Are these individual, social, cultural, Are these individual, social, cultural, systemic factors?systemic factors?

Page 38: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Ethnic Differences in High School Ethnic Differences in High School Dropout RatesDropout Rates

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Page 39: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Discuss Discuss intervention intervention strategies for high strategies for high school dropout.school dropout.

What might a What might a successful strategy successful strategy look like?look like?

Discussion StopDiscussion Stop

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Page 40: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

College Attendance Through the YearsCollege Attendance Through the Years

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Page 41: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Characteristics of College StudentsCharacteristics of College Students

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Recent high school grads that enter college?Recent high school grads that enter college?

Female Undergraduate population? Female Undergraduate population?

White students?White students?

60%60%

66.6%66.6%

Discuss factors associated with these results…Discuss “retention” in terms of SES

56%56%

Asian Americans who enter college? Asian Americans who enter college?

60%60% Black students?Black students? 55%55%

Latino Students?Latino Students? 33.3%33.3%

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Consider the Consider the changing trends in changing trends in areas of study areas of study chosen in college chosen in college and gender and gender differences.differences.

Discuss possible Discuss possible reasons for these reasons for these changes.changes.

Discussion StopDiscussion Stop

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Page 43: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

College Life: Four SubculturesCollege Life: Four Subcultures

1.1. CollegiateCollegiate

2.2. VocationalVocational

3.3. AcademicAcademic

4.4. RebelRebel

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

(Trow, 1966)

Do these hold true today? Can you recognize these groups amongst your friends, peers, yourself?

Page 44: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 10 School Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

College Classroom Experience: College Classroom Experience: Your ExperienceYour Experience

Considering the factors Considering the factors associated with a associated with a satisfying college satisfying college educational experience educational experience outlined in your outlined in your chapter, reflect on your chapter, reflect on your own experience.own experience.

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.