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Adolescence and Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Emerging Adulthood: A
Cultural ApproachCultural Approach
Chapter 4Chapter 4
Cultural BeliefsCultural Beliefs
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter OverviewChapter Overview
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Processes and outcomes of socializationProcesses and outcomes of socialization Defining cultural beliefsDefining cultural beliefs Understanding the custom complexUnderstanding the custom complex Cultural beliefs in multicultural societiesCultural beliefs in multicultural societies Religious beliefs and cognitive Religious beliefs and cognitive
developmentdevelopment Moral development theories and Moral development theories and
critiquescritiques Political beliefs and socializationPolitical beliefs and socialization
Rooted inRooted in Symbolic Inheritance Symbolic Inheritance -- -- beliefs, “ideas and understandings, beliefs, “ideas and understandings, both implicit and explicit, about both implicit and explicit, about persons, society, nature and divinity”persons, society, nature and divinity”
Norms and moral standards that Norms and moral standards that arise from these beliefs, ideas and arise from these beliefs, ideas and understandingsunderstandings
Cultural Beliefs are…Cultural Beliefs are…
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
(Shweder et al, 1998, p. 868)(Shweder et al, 1998, p. 868)
Cultural Belief and RolesCultural Belief and Roles
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Gender RolesGender Roles Age-related RolesAge-related Roles
Social Status RolesSocial Status Roles
Explain these pictures as examples of possible Explain these pictures as examples of possible cultural roles...cultural roles...
Quick Quick Question: Cultural RolesQuestion: Cultural Roles
Why do adolescents become Why do adolescents become increasingly aware of their increasingly aware of their cultural roles and what is cultural roles and what is expected of them?expected of them?
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
FLY-IN ANSWER!
•Increasing cognitive capacities in adolescence (i.e., abstract thinking & self-reflection)
•The transition to adulthood is approaching along with the need to adapt to adult role requirements
Socialization is…Socialization is…The process by which people acquire the The process by which people acquire the behaviors and beliefs of their culturebehaviors and beliefs of their culture
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Socialization OutcomesSocialization Outcomes
1.1. Self-regulationSelf-regulation – ability to comply with social norms – ability to comply with social norms
2.2. Role preparation Role preparation – for roles in work, gender, – for roles in work, gender, institutions such as marriage, parenthoodinstitutions such as marriage, parenthood
3. Cultivation of 3. Cultivation of sources of meaning sources of meaning – “– “what’s what’s important?” “What’s to be lived forimportant?” “What’s to be lived for?”?”
Why is adolescence Why is adolescence such an important such an important life period in relation life period in relation to the three to the three socialization socialization outcomes? Discuss outcomes? Discuss and explain.and explain.
Discussion StopDiscussion Stop
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Cultural ValuesCultural ValuesIndividualismIndividualism CollectivismCollectivism
IndependenceIndependenceSelf-expressionSelf-expressionBroad socializationBroad socialization““Western”Western”
ObedienceObedienceConformityConformityNarrow socializationNarrow socialization““Eastern”Eastern”
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Independent Independent SelfSelf
Interdependent Interdependent SelfSelf
Keep in Mind-Cultures’ belief systems are not “pure types” -There are individual differences in any culture-Diversity also exists within individuals
Keep in Mind…
Individualism-collectivism and Broad-Narrow are NOT meant to imply moral evaluations!
Socialization: Broad & NarrowSocialization: Broad & Narrow Cultures define the Cultures define the rangerange and and focusfocus
of acceptable personal variationof acceptable personal variation
Cultures differ in the Cultures differ in the degreedegree of of restrictiveness they imposerestrictiveness they impose
NarrowNarrow socialization is to socialization is to collectivismcollectivism as as BroadBroad socialization is to socialization is to individualismindividualism
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Socialization: SourcesSocialization: Sources
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
School Workplace
Peers/Friends Community
Media
Legal System
Cultural Belief
SystemFamily
Influence of family
diminishes in adolescence
Influence of friends, media, school,
community, legal system increases
Socialization Example: “The Law”Socialization Example: “The Law”(Burbank, 1988)(Burbank, 1988)
Adolescent socialization amongst Australian Aborigines Adolescent socialization amongst Australian Aborigines involves ritual teaching of a set of cultural beliefs known as involves ritual teaching of a set of cultural beliefs known as “The Law”:“The Law”:
- Moral precepts for conducting interpersonal Moral precepts for conducting interpersonal relationships, e.g., marriagerelationships, e.g., marriage
- Explanation for how the world beganExplanation for how the world began- Instructions for rites of passageInstructions for rites of passage
““The Law” is a set of guidelines about relations between The Law” is a set of guidelines about relations between individuals, society, and divine forcesindividuals, society, and divine forces
““The Law” is premised upon collectivistic beliefsThe Law” is premised upon collectivistic beliefs
Globalization has dramatically affected the relationship Globalization has dramatically affected the relationship between adolescents and “The Law”between adolescents and “The Law”
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Socialization Example: “Middletown”Socialization Example: “Middletown”
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
0
20
40
60
80
1928 1978
Loyalty to church
Strict obedience
Independence
Tolerance
Study 1 – (Lynd and Lynd, 1929) Life in a typical American communityStudy 2 – (Caplow et al, 1978) Same community, 50 years later
What can you say about trends in broad and narrow What can you say about trends in broad and narrow socialization in Middletown?socialization in Middletown?
Discuss the examples of Discuss the examples of “The Law” and “The Law” and “Middletown” in terms “Middletown” in terms of broad and narrow of broad and narrow socialization and factors socialization and factors that influence changes?that influence changes?
Discussion StopDiscussion Stop
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Defining Custom ComplexDefining Custom Complex
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
“… customary practice and…the beliefs, values, sanctions, rules, motives and satisfactions associated with it” (Whiting & Child, 1953, p. 27)
1953
1998 Scholars place the custom complex at the center of cultural psychology, which examines human development from a perspective combining psychology and anthropology
Simply Put: Typical practice in a culture and the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for the practice
““Is it Ontogenic?”Is it Ontogenic?”
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Is dating something that is “ontogenic?” That is, do adolescents naturally begin dating when they reach a certain age?
Discuss in terms of the analysis of dating as custom complex.
As a class, generate other practices and decide whether they relate to a custom complex or if they are ontogenic in nature
Think about it…Think about it…Living in America – Majority and Living in America – Majority and
Minority CulturesMinority Cultures
Research has shown that cultural Research has shown that cultural beliefs of American minority beliefs of American minority cultures tend to be less cultures tend to be less individualistic and more individualistic and more collectivistic than the beliefs of the collectivistic than the beliefs of the American majority culture.American majority culture.
What happens when the socialization What happens when the socialization young people experience is not young people experience is not consistent across sources?consistent across sources?
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Discussion StopDiscussion Stop Consider Feldman’s study Consider Feldman’s study
of adolescents living in the of adolescents living in the USA and Australia who have USA and Australia who have emigrated from China. How emigrated from China. How might the length of time might the length of time lived in the new culture lived in the new culture (i.e., first or second (i.e., first or second generation) influence generation) influence cultural beliefs?cultural beliefs?
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
How do the results in the following slide compare?
Cultural Differences: Cultural Differences: Valuing Family as Residential UnitValuing Family as Residential Unit
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
The longer time in USA or
Australia, the less the family is valued as the residential unit
Religious Beliefs are Cultural BeliefsReligious Beliefs are Cultural Beliefs Virtually all cultures have religious Virtually all cultures have religious
beliefs of some kindbeliefs of some kind
The content of cultures’ religious The content of cultures’ religious beliefs is diversebeliefs is diverse
Typically contain prescriptions for Typically contain prescriptions for socialization – roles, self-regulation, socialization – roles, self-regulation, sources of meaningsources of meaning
Typically specify a code for behaviorTypically specify a code for behavior
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Religious Beliefs & Religious Beliefs & Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development
Poetic-conventional faith
Individuating-reflective faith
Fowler’s Stage(1981, 1991)
Late adolescence/ emerging adulthood
Early adolescence
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Age
Awareness of symbolism
Question beliefs, incorporate personal experiences, Develop individualized faith
Caveat – Fowler’s theory is based on American majority Caveat – Fowler’s theory is based on American majority culture and individualistic valuesculture and individualistic values
Discussion StopDiscussion Stop Is it possible to apply Is it possible to apply
Fowler’s theory of changes Fowler’s theory of changes in religious beliefs in in religious beliefs in adolescence to the beliefs adolescence to the beliefs and practices of Muslim and practices of Muslim adolescents with respect to adolescents with respect to Ramadan?Ramadan?
Read Pages 117-118 of Read Pages 117-118 of your text for backgroundyour text for background
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Discussion DetourDiscussion Detour Industrialized countries Industrialized countries
tend to be more tend to be more secularsecular (based on non-religious (based on non-religious beliefs).beliefs).
Why do you think Why do you think Americans generally are Americans generally are more religious than people more religious than people in other industrialized in other industrialized countries?countries?
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Moral Development (Piaget)Moral Development (Piaget)Piaget observed children play games and Piaget observed children play games and
practiced and discussed rules. practiced and discussed rules.
Two Stages Based on cognitive development:Two Stages Based on cognitive development:
Heteronomous Morality (ages 4-7)Heteronomous Morality (ages 4-7)
““You can’t change the rules! The rules were made by You can’t change the rules! The rules were made by my Mother!”my Mother!”
Autonomous Morality (reached at age 10-12)Autonomous Morality (reached at age 10-12)
““I dropped the glass by accident, that wasn’t as bad as I dropped the glass by accident, that wasn’t as bad as when Julie tore up her book because she was mad.”when Julie tore up her book because she was mad.”
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Moral Reasoning (Kohlberg)Moral Reasoning (Kohlberg) Kohlberg presented his participants with Kohlberg presented his participants with
hypotheticalhypothetical moral dilemmasmoral dilemmas, asked them , asked them to make a judgment and explain their to make a judgment and explain their reasons for their decision.reasons for their decision.
Whether a person judged the actions of Whether a person judged the actions of the main character in the dilemma as the main character in the dilemma as right or wrong was not important. Rather, right or wrong was not important. Rather, his* his* reasoningreasoning for the judgment was key for the judgment was key to determining stage of moral reasoning.to determining stage of moral reasoning.
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
*Note: Kohlberg’s research began with a study of 72 boys *Note: Kohlberg’s research began with a study of 72 boys aged 10, 13, and 16.aged 10, 13, and 16.
Moral Reasoning Stages (Kohlberg)Moral Reasoning Stages (Kohlberg)Level & StagesLevel & Stages DescriptionDescription ExampleExample
PreconventionalPreconventional Includes Stages Includes Stages 1 and 21 and 2
Based on Based on perceptions of perceptions of likelihood of likelihood of external reward or external reward or punishmentpunishment
Stage 1Stage 1 “He shouldn’t steal because “He shouldn’t steal because he’ll go to jail.”he’ll go to jail.”
Stage 2Stage 2 “He should steal because he “He should steal because he needs the money.”needs the money.”
ConventionalConventionalIncludes Stages Includes Stages 3 and 43 and 4
Right is what agrees Right is what agrees with rules with rules established by established by tradition and tradition and authorityauthority
Stage 3Stage 3 “He shouldn’t steal because “He shouldn’t steal because good sons don’t do that.”good sons don’t do that.”
Stage 4Stage 4 “He shouldn’t steal because if “He shouldn’t steal because if everyone steals there will be chaos.”everyone steals there will be chaos.”
PostconventionalPostconventionalIncludes Stages Includes Stages 5 and 65 and 6
What is right is What is right is derived from derived from universal principlesuniversal principles
Stage 5Stage 5 “He should steal because laws “He should steal because laws need to be changed to reflect peoples’ need to be changed to reflect peoples’ basic rights.”basic rights.”
Stage 6Stage 6 “He shouldn’t steal because “He shouldn’t steal because the universal principle of ownership the universal principle of ownership must be primary over an individual’s must be primary over an individual’s needs.”needs.”
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Gender Critique (Gilligan)Gender Critique (Gilligan)
Male (Autonomy) vs. Female (Relationship)Male (Autonomy) vs. Female (Relationship)
Morality of Justice vs. Morality of CareMorality of Justice vs. Morality of Care
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Constructing IdeasConstructing Ideas
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Consider Shweder’s Cultural Critique of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development pointing out a bias toward Western Individualism.
If you were a researcher studying moral development, how would you design a research project that would address this critique. Look at the examples of research in your textbook for ideas (e.g., Walker and colleagues 1999 study of moral reasoning and real-life dilemmas).
Worldviews ApproachWorldviews Approach
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Jensen (1997, 2000, 2003); Shweder et al, (1997)
Set of cultural beliefs
Explanations for why an action is right or wrong
Judgments as to whether an action is right or wrong
Prescribed byMoral judgments;
reinforce world view
Worldviews Approach: Worldviews Approach: 33 “Ethics” “Ethics”
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Research shows! Emerging adults in the USA rely especially on the Ethic of Autonomy
AutonomyAutonomy CommunityCommunity DivinityDivinity
Individual is Individual is primary moral primary moral authority having authority having right to do as right to do as they wish as they wish as long as their long as their behavior does behavior does no harm to no harm to othersothers
Responsibilities Responsibilities of roles in of roles in family, family, community are community are basis for moral basis for moral judgmentsjudgments
Individual is a Individual is a spiritual entity spiritual entity subject to the subject to the prescriptions of prescriptions of a divine a divine authorityauthority
Political Beliefs (Adelson)Political Beliefs (Adelson)
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Adelson’s (1971, 1991) Hypothetical Dilemma:
“Imagine that a thousand men and women, dissatisfied with the way things are going in this country, decide to purchase and move to an island in the Pacific where they must devise laws and modes of government.”
Considering the results discussed in Chapter 4, discuss how this dilemma may be resolved by:
-Middle school students (ages 12-14) in America-Emerging adults in China-Adolescents aged 16-18 in Great Britain-Use your own examples to highlight issues in the research